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Hefler J, Marfil-Garza BA, Pawlick RL, Freed DH, Karvellas CJ, Bigam DL, Shapiro AMJ. Preclinical models of acute liver failure: a comprehensive review. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12579. [PMID: 34966588 PMCID: PMC8667744 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute liver failure is marked by the rapid deterioration of liver function in a previously well patient over period of days to weeks. Though relatively rare, it is associated with high morbidity and mortality. This makes it a challenging disease to study clinically, necessitating reliance on preclinical models as means to explore pathophysiology and novel therapies. Preclinical models of acute liver failure are artificial by nature, and generally fall into one of three categories: surgical, pharmacologic or immunogenic. This article reviews preclinical models of acute liver failure and considers their relevance in modeling clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Hefler
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Braulio A Marfil-Garza
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,National Institutes of Medical Sciences & Nutrition Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico.,CHRISTUS-LatAm Hub Excellence & Innovation Center, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Rena L Pawlick
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Darren H Freed
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Constantine J Karvellas
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - David L Bigam
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - A M James Shapiro
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Clinical Islet Transplant Program, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Wang Z, Yao T, Song Z. Extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 suppression aggravates transforming growth factor-beta1 hepatotoxicity: a potential mechanism for liver injury in methionine-choline deficient-diet-fed mice. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2010; 235:1347-55. [PMID: 20962016 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2010.010160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte cell death is a characteristic indication in the development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); however, the underlying mechanism is still unclear. In this study, we examined the potential mechanism(s) involved in the development of liver injury using a methionine-choline deficient (MCD) diet feeding NASH model. Male C57BL6/J mice were fed MCD and methionine-choline sufficient (MCS) diet for two weeks before being killed. Our results showed that MCD diet feeding resulted in fatty liver and liver injury, evidenced by increased hepatic triglyceride (TG), plasma alanine aminotransferases and hepatic thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels in MCD-fed mice. Furthermore, we found that MCD diet feeding caused remarkable suppression of hepatic extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2 activation and increased transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 levels in plasma and the liver tissue. In vitro investigations showed that intracellular MEK/ERK1/2 activation status played a critical role in the determination of sensitivity of hepatocytes to TGF-beta1-induced cell death. HepG2 cells, otherwise resistant to TGF-beta1 killing due to high level of ERK1/2 activation, was sensitized by U0126, a specific MEK/ERK1/2 inhibitor, to TGF-beta1 cytotoxicity. H4IIEC3 cells, which have lower level of constitutive ERK1/2 activity, are sensitive to TGF-beta1-induced cell death. Lastly, we demonstrated that administration of epidermal growth factor, a strong ERK1/2 activator, to MCD-fed mice attenuated liver injury without affecting hepatic TG accumulation. Our findings demonstrated that hepatic ERK1/2 inactivation aggravates TGF-beta1-induced hepatotoxicity, which may contribute, at least in part, to the initiation of liver injury in NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Wang
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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