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Si B, Hu Y, Yao L, Jin Q, Zheng C, Wu Y, Wu X, Gao X. Spectroscopic Techniques and Hydrogen-Sensitive Compounds: A New Horizon in Hydrogen Detection. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:3146. [PMID: 38794000 PMCID: PMC11124781 DOI: 10.3390/s24103146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Detecting hydrogen leaks remains a pivotal challenge demanding robust solutions. Among diverse detection techniques, the fiber-optic method distinguishes itself through unique benefits, such as its distributed measurement properties. The adoption of hydrogen-sensitive materials coated on fibers has gained significant traction in research circles, credited to its operational simplicity and exceptional adaptability across varied conditions. This manuscript offers an exhaustive investigation into hydrogen-sensitive materials and their incorporation into fiber-optic hydrogen sensors. The research profoundly analyzes the sensor architectures, performance indicators, and the spectrum of sensing materials. A detailed understanding of these sensors' potentials and constraints emerges through rigorous examination, juxtaposition, and holistic discourse. Furthermore, this analysis judiciously assesses the inherent challenges tied to these systems, simultaneously highlighting potential pathways for future innovation. By spotlighting the hurdles and opportunities, this paper furnishes a view on hydrogen sensing technology, particularly related to optical fiber-based applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bu Si
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (B.S.); (L.Y.); (C.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.G.)
| | - Yan Hu
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China;
| | - Longchao Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (B.S.); (L.Y.); (C.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.G.)
| | - Qiwen Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (B.S.); (L.Y.); (C.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.G.)
| | - Chenghang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (B.S.); (L.Y.); (C.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.G.)
| | - Yingchun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (B.S.); (L.Y.); (C.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.G.)
| | - Xuecheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (B.S.); (L.Y.); (C.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.G.)
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China;
| | - Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (B.S.); (L.Y.); (C.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.G.)
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Wang B, Sun L, Schneider-Ramelow M, Lang KD, Ngo HD. Recent Advances and Challenges of Nanomaterials-Based Hydrogen Sensors. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:1429. [PMID: 34832840 PMCID: PMC8626019 DOI: 10.3390/mi12111429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Safety is a crucial issue in hydrogen energy applications due to the unique properties of hydrogen. Accordingly, a suitable hydrogen sensor for leakage detection must have at least high sensitivity and selectivity, rapid response/recovery, low power consumption and stable functionality, which requires further improvements on the available hydrogen sensors. In recent years, the mature development of nanomaterials engineering technologies, which facilitate the synthesis and modification of various materials, has opened up many possibilities for improving hydrogen sensing performance. Current research of hydrogen detection sensors based on both conservational and innovative materials are introduced in this review. This work mainly focuses on three material categories, i.e., transition metals, metal oxide semiconductors, and graphene and its derivatives. Different hydrogen sensing mechanisms, such as resistive, capacitive, optical and surface acoustic wave-based sensors, are also presented, and their sensing performances and influence based on different nanostructures and material combinations are compared and discussed, respectively. This review is concluded with a brief outlook and future development trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Wang
- Department of Microsystem Technology, University of Applied Sciences Berlin, 12459 Berlin, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration IZM, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (M.S.-R.); (K.-D.L.)
| | - Ling Sun
- Department of Mathematics, Free University Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Martin Schneider-Ramelow
- Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration IZM, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (M.S.-R.); (K.-D.L.)
- Center of Microperipheric Technologies, Technical University Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus-Dieter Lang
- Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration IZM, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (M.S.-R.); (K.-D.L.)
- Center of Microperipheric Technologies, Technical University Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ha-Duong Ngo
- Department of Microsystem Technology, University of Applied Sciences Berlin, 12459 Berlin, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration IZM, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (M.S.-R.); (K.-D.L.)
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Du B, He J, Yang M, Wang Y, Xu X, Wang J, Zhang Z, Zhang F, Guo K, Wang Y. Highly sensitive hydrogen sensor based on an in-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer with polymer infiltration and Pt-loaded WO 3 coating. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:4147-4158. [PMID: 33771000 DOI: 10.1364/oe.417424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A highly sensitive fiberized hydrogen sensor based upon Mach-Zehnder interference (MZI) is experimentally demonstrated. The hydrogen sensor consists of an MZI realized by creating an air cavity inside the core of a half-pitch graded-index fiber (GIF) by use of femtosecond laser micromachining. Thermosensitive polymer was filled into the air cavity and cured by UV illumination. Subsequently, the external surface of the polymer-filled MZI was coated with Pt-loaded tungsten trioxide (WO3). The exothermic reaction occurs as Pt-loaded WO3 contacts the target of the sensing, i.e. hydrogen in the atmosphere, which leads to a significant local temperature rise on the external surface of the coated MZI sensor. The sensor exhibits a maximum sensitivity up to -1948.68 nm/% (vol %), when the hydrogen concentration increases from 0% to 0.8% at room temperature. Moreover, the sensor exhibits a rapid rising response time (hydrogen concentration increasing) of ∼38 s and falling response time (hydrogen concentration decreasing) of ∼15 s, respectively. Thanks to its small size, strong robustness, high accuracy and repeatability, the proposed in-fiber MZI hydrogen sensor will be a promising tool for hydrogen leakage tracing in many areas, such as safety production and hydrogen medical treatment.
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Mikami M, Komatsu D, Hosoki A, Nishiyama M, Igawa H, Seki A, Kubodera S, Watanabe K. Quick response hydrogen LSPR sensor based on a hetero-core fiber structure with palladium nanoparticles. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:48-58. [PMID: 33362100 DOI: 10.1364/oe.412789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel fiber optic localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) hydrogen sensor has been developed based on the hetero-core structured with palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) onto a cylindrical cladding surface. In a light-intensity-based experiment with an LED operating at 850 nm, it has been observed that a transmitted loss change of 0.23 dB was induced with response and recovery times of 1.5 and 3.2 s for 4% hydrogen which are the fastest response times among optical fiber hydrogen sensors. The proposed sensor resolved the inevitable trade-off issue between sensitivity and response time which existed in the previously reported SPR sensors, with keeping the response time below 2.0 s even in a high sensitivity region of interest.
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Kefer S, Dai J, Yang M, Schmauss B, Hellmann R. Hypersensitive H 2 sensor based on polymer planar Bragg gratings coated with Pt-loaded WO 3-SiO 2. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:3601-3604. [PMID: 32630909 DOI: 10.1364/ol.395341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This Letter demonstrates a novel, to the best of our knowledge, hydrogen sensor based on a polymer planar Bragg grating coated with Pt-loaded WO3-SiO2. The reflected Bragg signal shows a distinct peak splitting correlated to substrate anisotropies originating from the injection molding process. Especially at low H2 concentrations, both sensing peaks exhibit an outstanding response to the heat generated by the exothermic reaction between hydrogen molecules and coating. Thereby, a hydrogen volume ratio of 50 ppm leads to a Bragg wavelength shift of -37pm, which yields an outstandingly low detection limit of only 5 ppm H2 in air. Thus, functionalized polymer planar Bragg gratings are eminently suitable for H2 leak detection applications.
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Wang X, Chen Z, Wang W, Xu Y, Li Q, Xie C, Wang J, Yang Z, Luo GN. Fibre Bragg grating sensors for fusion diagnostics: Temperature monitoring of a tungsten mono-block mock-up under high heat flux. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2019.111378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Peternella FG, Esselink T, Dorsman B, Harmsma P, Horsten RC, Zuidwijk T, Urbach HP, Adam ALC. On-chip interrogator based on Fourier transform spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:15456-15473. [PMID: 31163742 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.015456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the design and the characterization of a novel interrogator based on integrated Fourier transform (FT) spectroscopy is presented. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first integrated FT spectrometer used for the interrogation of photonic sensors. It consists of a planar spatial heterodyne spectrometer, which is implemented using an array of Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) with different optical path differences. Each MZI employs a 3×3 multi-mode interferometer, allowing the retrieval of the complex Fourier coefficients. We derive a system of non-linear equations whose solution, which is obtained numerically from Newton's method, gives the modulation of the sensor's resonances as a function of time. By taking one of the sensors as a reference, to which no external excitation is applied and its temperature is kept constant, about 92% of the thermal induced phase drift of the integrated MZIs has been compensated. The minimum modulation amplitude that is obtained experimentally is 400 fm, which is more than two orders of magnitude smaller than the FT spectrometer resolution.
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Shao L, Liu Z, Hu J, Gunawardena D, Tam HY. Optofluidics in Microstructured Optical Fibers. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9040145. [PMID: 30424079 PMCID: PMC6187474 DOI: 10.3390/mi9040145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we review the development and applications of optofluidics investigated based on the platform of microstructured optical fibers (MOFs) that have miniature air channels along the light propagating direction. The flexibility of the customizable air channels of MOFs provides enough space to implement light-matter interaction, as fluids and light can be guided simultaneously along a single strand of fiber. Different techniques employed to achieve the fluidic inlet/outlet as well as different applications for biochemical analysis are presented. This kind of miniature platform based on MOFs is easy to fabricate, free of lithography, and only needs a tiny volume of the sample. Compared to optofluidics on the chip, no additional waveguide is necessary to guide the light since the core is already designed in MOFs. The measurements of flow rate, refractive index of the filled fluids, and chemical reactions can be carried out based on this platform. Furthermore, it can also demonstrate some physical phenomena. Such devices show good potential and prospects for applications in bio-detection as well as material analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Shao
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; (L.S.); (J.H.)
| | - Zhengyong Liu
- Photonics Research Center, Department of Electrical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong; (D.G.); (H.-Y.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jie Hu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; (L.S.); (J.H.)
| | - Dinusha Gunawardena
- Photonics Research Center, Department of Electrical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong; (D.G.); (H.-Y.T.)
| | - Hwa-Yaw Tam
- Photonics Research Center, Department of Electrical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong; (D.G.); (H.-Y.T.)
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