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Liu Y, Gou S, Qiu L, Xu Z, Yang H, Yang S, Zhao Y. A CRISPR/Cas12a-powered gold/nickel foam surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy biosensor for nucleic acid specific detection in foods. Analyst 2024; 149:4343-4350. [PMID: 39051914 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00778f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Food is a necessary source of energy, but it also serves as a pathway for transmitting infectious pathogens, making food safety a matter of great concern. Rapid, accurate, and specific detection methods for foodborne viruses are crucial. Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS), due to its superior sensitivity and characteristic fingerprint spectra, holds enormous potential. However, due to the limitations of SERS, it requires specific conditions to achieve specificity. In order to enhance the specificity and accuracy of nucleic acid detection based on SERS, we have developed a CRISPR-Cas12a-mediated SERS technique to identify target DNA, harnessing the targeting recognition capability of CRISPR-Cas12a and ultra-sensitive SERS tags and successfully addressing SERS' lack of specific detection capability. This system includes a gold/nickel foam substrate (Au-NFs) and a reporter (ssDNA-ROX). The phenomenon of colloidal gold/silver nano-aggregation due to magnesium ions, which is commonly encountered in CRISPR-SERS, was simultaneously solved using AuNFs. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of target DNA in drinking water was performed by monitoring the intensity change of ROX Raman reporter molecules. The results showed that the sensor detected DNA within 30 min and the limit of detection (LOD) was 8.23 fM. This is expected to become one of the alternative methods for nucleic acid detection for its rapid detection and high specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shirui Gou
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Long Qiu
- Wuxi Tolo Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- Technology Center for Animal Plant and Food Inspection and Quarantine of Shanghai Customs, Shanghai, China
| | - Haifeng Yang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiping Yang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
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Srichan C, Danvirutai P, Tuantranont A. Anomalous Current Steps in 3D Graphene Electrochemical Systems at Room Temperature. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:19591-19600. [PMID: 38708217 PMCID: PMC11064023 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we report a new phenomenon in electrochemical systems whereby uniform current steps of 1 mA per 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.1 cm3 (width × width × depth) of electrode volume occurred during the electrodeposition of gold and silver nanoparticles onto 3D microporous graphene on nickel layers (GF/Ni) at room temperature. The effect was exhibited only at specific applied electrical potentials. The experiments (magnetic interference, temperature dependence, and surface area dependence) were repeated, and the results were reproducible. Finally, we proposed classical electrochemical theory using the Butler-Volmer equation and quantum theory using the Landauer formalism to describe this new effect. Both theories could be used to explain the experimental results: temperature dependence, surface area dependence, blocking effects, and external magnetic field dependence. In addition, the stepwise current presented in this work facilitates the trapping and supplying of a large amount of electric charge via an inherent magnetic field in a sharp time step (∼1 s). A video clip of the recorded effect can be found at https://youtu.be/pPJh45w1sUQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chavis Srichan
- Faculty
of Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | | | - Adisorn Tuantranont
- Graphene
and Printed Electronics for Dual-Use Application (GPERD), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
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Yu J, Yang M, Li Z, Liu C, Wei Y, Zhang C, Man B, Lei F. Hierarchical Particle-In-Quasicavity Architecture for Ultratrace In Situ Raman Sensing and Its Application in Real-Time Monitoring of Toxic Pollutants. Anal Chem 2020; 92:14754-14761. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P.R. China
- School of Physics and Electronics, Institute of Materials and Clean Energy, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P.R. China
| | - Maosen Yang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Institute of Materials and Clean Energy, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Li
- School of Physics and Electronics, Institute of Materials and Clean Energy, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P.R. China
| | - Chundong Liu
- School of Physics and Electronics, Institute of Materials and Clean Energy, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P.R. China
| | - Yisheng Wei
- School of Physics and Electronics, Institute of Materials and Clean Energy, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P.R. China
| | - Chao Zhang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Institute of Materials and Clean Energy, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P.R. China
| | - Baoyuan Man
- School of Physics and Electronics, Institute of Materials and Clean Energy, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P.R. China
| | - Fengcai Lei
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P.R. China
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Gao X, Zhang H, Fan X, Zhang C, Sun Y, Liu C, Li Z, Jiang S, Man B, Yang C. Toward the highly sensitive SERS detection of bio-molecules: the formation of a 3D self-assembled structure with a uniform GO mesh between Ag nanoparticles and Au nanoparticles. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:25091-25106. [PMID: 31510388 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.025091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report a structure to form a hybrid system in which a mesh is sandwiched between Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) and Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs). This self-assembly method uses smaller and denser AgNPs "hot spots" that are spin-coated on a AuNPs@GO mesh nanostructure formed by the reaction of GO@MoS2 and HAuCl4 to form AuNPs@GO mesh@AgNPs SERS substrates. Sub-40-nm mesh and 10-nm gaps ensure the landing sites and spacing of the AgNPs. Consequently, the design integrates the strong plasmonic effects of AgNPs and AuNPs with the biological compatibility of the GO mesh. Crystal violet (CV) as low as 10-15 M can be detected, which confirms the ultrahigh sensitivity of AuNPs@GO mesh@AgNPs. Furthermore, the reproducibility, stability, and finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations confirm the value of this SERS substrate. This material can be used for label-free DNA detection, and the AuNPs@GO mesh@AgNPs substrate facilitated single-molecule DNA detection limits.
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Zhang M, Yang J, Wang Y, Sun H, Zhou H, Liu X, Ye C, Bao Z, Liu J, Wu Y. Plasmon-coupled 3D porous hotspot architecture for super-sensitive quantitative SERS sensing of toxic substances on real sample surfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:19288-19297. [PMID: 31451821 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03058a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports a facile, fast, and cost-effective method for the synthesis of three-dimensional (3D) porous AgNPs/Cu composites as SERS substrates for the super-sensitive and quantitative detection of food organic contaminations. Due to the 3D porous hotspot architecture and the strong plasmonic coupling between Ag and Cu, the porous AgNPs/Cu substrate achieves ultrasensitive detection of multiple analytes as low as 10-11 M (crystal violet, CV), 10-9 M (malachite green, MG), 10-11 M (acephate), and 10-9 M (thiram) even with a portable Raman device. Moreover, this 3D solid substrate has good signal uniformity (RSD < 11%) and superior stability (<14% signal loss), allowing for practical SERS detections. Importantly, by simply wiping the real sample surface using the substrate, it successfully detects CV and MG residues on crayfish, and the limit of detection (LOD) of CV and MG is determined to be 1.14 × 10-9 M and 0.94 × 10-7 M, respectively. Further, the substrate can also be applied to detect acephate on eggplant with a LOD of 1.41 × 10-9 M and thiram on an apple surface with a LOD of 1.04 × 10-7 M. Note that all these SERS detections on real samples have a broad dynamic concentration range and a good linear dependence. As a "proof of concept", multi-component detection on a real sample has also been demonstrated. This 3D solid substrate possesses excellent detection sensitivity, diversity, and accuracy, which allows rapid and reliable determination of toxic substances in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maofeng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, 230009, China.
| | - Jian Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Yaru Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, 230009, China.
| | - Haoran Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Hongyang Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, 230009, China.
| | - Xiaonan Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Cheng Ye
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, 230009, China.
| | - Zhiyong Bao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Jiaqin Liu
- Institute of Industry and Equipment Technology, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, 230009, China.
| | - Yucheng Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, 230009, China
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Xu K, Zhou R, Takei K, Hong M. Toward Flexible Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Sensors for Point-of-Care Diagnostics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1900925. [PMID: 31453071 PMCID: PMC6702763 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201900925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy provides a noninvasive and highly sensitive route for fingerprint and label-free detection of a wide range of molecules. Recently, flexible SERS has attracted increasingly tremendous research interest due to its unique advantages compared to rigid substrate-based SERS. Here, the latest advances in flexible substrate-based SERS diagnostic devices are investigated in-depth. First, the intriguing prospect of point-of-care diagnostics is briefly described, followed by an introduction to the cutting-edge SERS technique. Then, the focus is moved from conventional rigid substrate-based SERS to the emerging flexible SERS technique. The main part of this report highlights the recent three categories of flexible SERS substrates, including actively tunable SERS, swab-sampling strategy, and the in situ SERS detection approach. Furthermore, other promising means of flexible SERS are also introduced. The flexible SERS substrates with low-cost, batch-fabrication, and easy-to-operate characteristics can be integrated into portable Raman spectroscopes for point-of-care diagnostics, which are conceivable to penetrate global markets and households as next-generation wearable sensors in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaichen Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringNational University of Singapore4 Engineering Drive 3Singapore117576Singapore
- Department of Physics and ElectronicsOsaka Prefecture University SakaiOsaka599‐8531Japan
| | - Rui Zhou
- School of Aerospace EngineeringXiamen University422 Siming South Road, Siming DistrictXiamenFujian361005P. R. China
| | - Kuniharu Takei
- Department of Physics and ElectronicsOsaka Prefecture University SakaiOsaka599‐8531Japan
| | - Minghui Hong
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringNational University of Singapore4 Engineering Drive 3Singapore117576Singapore
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Gong W, Jiang S, Li Z, Li C, Xu J, Pan J, Huo Y, Man B, Liu A, Zhang C. Experimental and theoretical investigation for surface plasmon resonance biosensor based on graphene/Au film/D-POF. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:3483-3495. [PMID: 30732368 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.003483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A D-shape plastic optical fiber (D-POF) surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor based on the graphene/Au film (G/Au) was proposed and experimentally demonstrated for detection of DNA hybridization process. To improve the detection performance of SPR sensors, the Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) method was used to evaporate the Au film directly onto the graphene grown on copper foil, and the Au film acted as a role of traditional Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA). The process made graphene and Au film form seamless contact. Next, the G/Au was transferred onto the D-shape fiber together. We explored the G/Au SPR sensor by using the finite element method (FEM) and obtained the optimum materials thickness to form configuration. Compared to other plastic optical fiber experiments, the proposed sensor's sensitivity was improved effectively and calculated as 1227 nm/RIU in a range of glucose solution. Meanwhile, our proposed sensor successfully distinguishes hybridization and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) by observing the resonance wavelength change. It also exhibits a satisfactory linear response (R2 = 0.996) to the target DNA liquids with respective concentrations of 0.1nM to1µM, which shows this method's wide potential in medical diagnostics.
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Zhang M, Chen T, Liu Y, Zhang J, Sun H, Yang J, Zhu J, Liu J, Wu Y. Plasmonic 3D Semiconductor-Metal Nanopore Arrays for Reliable Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Detection and In-Site Catalytic Reaction Monitoring. ACS Sens 2018; 3:2446-2454. [PMID: 30335972 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b01023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is urgent to develop a rapid, reliable, and in-site determination method to detect or monitor trace amounts of toxic substances in the field. Here, we report an alternative surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) method coupled with a portable Raman device on a plasmonic three-dimension (3D) hot spot sensing surface. Plasmonic Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) were uniformly deposited on 3D TiO2 nanopore arrays as a sensitive SERS substrate, and further coated with graphene oxide (GO). We demonstrate the plasmon-induced SERS enhancement (5.8-fold) and the improvement of catalytic activity by incorporation of plasmonic AgNPs into the 3D TiO2 nanopore arrays. The modification of GO on the TiO2-Ag nanopore array further increases by a 6.2-fold Raman enhancement compared to TiO2-Ag while maintaining good uniformity (RSD < 10%). The optimized TiO2-Ag-GO substrate shows powerful quantitative detection potential for drug residues in fish scales via a simple scrubbing method, and the limit of detection (LOD) for crystal violet (CV) was 10-8 M. The SERS substrate also showed detection practicability of pesticide residues in banana peel with an LOD of 10-7 M. In addition, our TiO2-Ag-GO substrate exhibits excellent SERS self-monitoring performance for catalytic reduction of multiple organics in NaBH4 solution, and the substrate shows good recyclability of 6 cycles. Such a 3D TiO2-Ag-GO substrate is a promising SERS substrate with good sensitivity, uniformity, and reusability, and may be utilized for further miniaturization for point of analytical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maofeng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Tun Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yongkai Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Jiluan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Haoran Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Jian Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Jiping Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Jiaqin Liu
- Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yucheng Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, China
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Three-Dimensional Hierarchical Reticular Nanostructure of Fulfora candelaria Wing Decorated by Ag Nanoislands as Practical SERS-Active Substrates. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8110905. [PMID: 30400593 PMCID: PMC6266077 DOI: 10.3390/nano8110905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Although surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technology has been widely explored nowadays in various fields, the fabrication of practical SERS-active substrates with prominent recognition ability for various analyte molecules is still defective. Natural Fulfora candelaria wing (FCW) with three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical reticular nanostructure was selected as a new bioscaffold for rough silver (Ag) nanoislands to be assembled on to prepare a practical SERS substrate (Ag/FCW substrate). By adjusting the sputtering time of metal Ag, the morphology of the substrates could be easily tuned to control the formation and distribution of “hot spots”. Three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (3D-FDTD) simulation indicated that the excellent SERS performance under optimal morphology was ascribed to the local enhanced electric field in rough Ag surface and effective “hot spot” areas. The SERS measurement results show that the optimal Ag/FCW substrates had high SERS performance in terms of Raman signal sensitivity, reproducibility, uniformity and recognition ability for various analyte molecules. Coupled with flexibility of the biological substrates and the cost effectiveness, the sensitive SERS detection of varied analytes based on Ag/FCW substrates offered great potential for practical applications.
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Wang Y, Wang M, Sun X, Shi G, Zhang J, Ma W, Ren L. Grating-like SERS substrate with tunable gaps based on nanorough Ag nanoislands/moth wing scale arrays for quantitative detection of cypermethrin. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:22168-22181. [PMID: 30130914 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.022168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Considering the complexity and high-consumption of the existing approaches to fabricate three-dimensional (3D) regular substrate templates, the scales of the moth wings with evenly-distributed nanoarrays were discovered to provide an ideal bioscaffold for metal silver (Ag) to decorate on to fabricate a flexible, highly-ordered, low-cost and large-scale Ag nanoislands/moth wing (Ag/MW) SERS-active substrate. The grating-like substrate with the optimal morphology of rough and hierarchical Ag nanoislands exhibited high enhancement factor (EF, ~4.16 × 105), low detection limit (10-10 M) to 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP), outstanding signal uniformity (the relative standard deviations were less than 15%) and superior identification performance in the quantitative detection of pesticide cypermethrin. The three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (3D-FDTD) method simulated the spatial distribution of the electric field intensity in the substrates with different morphologies, showing a potential strong enhancement of Raman signals in sub-10 nm gaps between two adjacent Ag nanoislands of different layers. These prominent SERS properties of novel Ag/MW SERS-active substrates suggest their potential value in rapid on-side biological and chemical sensing. Meanwhile, the highly-ordered nanoarrays of moth wings provide a new idea for the preparation of regular biomimetic nanomaterials.
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Jiang T, Wang X, Tang S, Zhou J, Gu C, Tang J. Seed-mediated synthesis and SERS performance of graphene oxide-wrapped Ag nanomushroom. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9795. [PMID: 28852103 PMCID: PMC5574994 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A facile seed-mediated method was developed to modify core-shell Ag nanosphere@PSPAA with another Ag layer for achieving an enhancement of their surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activity. Interestingly, an Ag bridge in the polymer shell connected the inner and outer Ag layers, resulting in a mushroom-like nanostructure. The outer Ag grew around the polymer shell to form the cap of the nanomushrooms (NMs) with the extension of the reaction time. The epitaxial growth mechanism of this novel nanostructure was investigated by tuning the type of seed from nanosphere to nanocube and nanorod. With the growth of the outer Ag cap, the SERS intensity of these Ag NMs increased significantly together with the red-shifting and broadening of their typical localized surface plasmon resonance band. Such a phenomenon can be attributed to the formation of SERS hotspots between the inner and outer Ag layers. The Ag NMs were then wrapped with a graphene oxide (GO) shell via static interactions. The GO-wrapped Ag NMs exhibited a further better SERS performance in terms of sensitivity, homogeneity and stability compared with non-wrapped ones, indicating that the heterostructure could be potentially useful for SERS-based immunoassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jiang
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Shiwei Tang
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Chenjie Gu
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Jing Tang
- Institute of Physics, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo, 315016, P. R. China
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