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Huizenga JM, Semprini L. Fluorescent spectroscopy paired with parallel factor analysis for quantitative monitoring of phenanthrene biodegradation and metabolite formation. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 316:137771. [PMID: 36621684 PMCID: PMC9892308 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of environmental contaminants released into the environment from both natural and anthropogenic sources that are associated with carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic health effects. Many remediation strategies for the treatment of PAH contaminated material, including bioremediation, can lead to the formation of toxic transformation products. Analytical techniques for PAHs and PAH transformation products often require extensive sample preparation including solvent extraction and concentration, chromatographic separation, and mass spectrometry to identify and quantify compounds of interest. Excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescent spectroscopy paired with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) is an approach for analyzing PAHs that eliminates the need for extensive sample preparation and separation techniques before analysis. However, this technique has rarely been applied to monitoring PAH biotransformation and formation of PAH metabolites. The objectives of this research were to compare an established targeted analytical method to two-dimensional fluorescent spectroscopy and combined EEM-PARAFAC methods to monitor phenanthrene degradation by a bacterial pure culture, Mycobacterium Strain ELW1, identify and quantify phenanthrene transformation products, and derive kinetic constants for phenanthrene degradation and metabolite formation. Both phenanthrene and its primary transformation product, trans-9,10-dihydroxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene, were identified and quantified with the EEM-PARAFAC method. The value of the EEM-PARAFAC method was demonstrated in the superiority of sensitivity and accuracy of quantification to two-dimensional fluorescent spectroscopy. Quantification of targets and derivation of kinetic constants using the EEM-PARAFAC method were validated with an established gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to use an EEM-PARAFAC method to monitor, identify, and quantify both PAH biodegradation and PAH metabolite formation by a bacterial pure culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana M Huizenga
- Oregon State University, School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, 105 SW 26th St, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Lewis Semprini
- Oregon State University, School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, 105 SW 26th St, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
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Schmidt I, Nagengast WB, Robinson DJ. Characterizing factors influencing calibration and optical property determination in quantitative reflectance spectroscopy to improve standardization. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2022; 27:074714. [PMID: 35393792 PMCID: PMC8988964 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.27.7.074714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The combination of reflectance and fluorescence spectroscopy allows the determination of tissue optical properties and the calculation of the intrinsic fluorescence in vivo. These parameters can discriminate between tissues and may allow the discrimination of malignant from benign tissue. While this approach has significant clinical potential, the lack of standardization and quality assessment prevents the upscaling of research. AIM Investigate which factors influence device calibration and tissue optical property determination. Improve system quality assessment and allow upscaling of the clinical research using multidiameter single fiber reflectance/singe fiber fluorescence spectroscopy. APPROACH Two studies, one phantom based on uniform calibrations and skin measurements and a clinical study including clinical calibrations. The first validates the effect of factors under identical conditions and the effect of calibration quality on the optical property determination of skin. The second shows the effect of different system configurations and the performance of the system and probe over an extended period. RESULTS Phantom calibrations showed stability over a period of 20 weeks except for a 16-week-old intralipid phantom which showed a significant difference (at least p = 0.0032) for all five probes evaluated. For clinical calibrations, only the fiber tree had a significant influence (probe 4: p < 0.000001 and probe 5: p = 0.00038) on the calibration quality. Interestingly, no degradation of probe performance was detected over a period of 21 months despite the exposure to stress during clinical measurements. Calibration quality affected μs' and the power law scattering exponent, but the degree of the influence was different per fiber. CONCLUSIONS Intralipid phantom quality and fiber tree performance are the main factors influencing the calibration quality. Probe and user performance did not show any effect, which makes the upscaling of research to multicenter trials easier. A high-quality assessment procedure should be implemented to track changes during clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Schmidt
- University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter B. Nagengast
- University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dominic J. Robinson
- Erasmus Medical Center, Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Voskuil FJ, de Jongh SJ, Hooghiemstra WTR, Linssen MD, Steinkamp PJ, de Visscher SAHJ, Schepman KP, Elias SG, Meersma GJ, Jonker PKC, Doff JJ, Jorritsma-Smit A, Nagengast WB, van der Vegt B, Robinson DJ, van Dam GM, Witjes MJH. Fluorescence-guided imaging for resection margin evaluation in head and neck cancer patients using cetuximab-800CW: A quantitative dose-escalation study. Theranostics 2020; 10:3994-4005. [PMID: 32226534 PMCID: PMC7086353 DOI: 10.7150/thno.43227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-positive resection margins are present in up to 23% of head and neck cancer (HNC) surgeries, as intraoperative techniques for real-time evaluation of the resection margins are lacking. In this study, we investigated the safety and potential clinical value of fluorescence-guided imaging (FGI) for resection margin evaluation in HNC patients. We determined the optimal cetuximab-800CW dose by quantification of intrinsic fluorescence values using multi-diameter single-fiber reflectance, single-fiber fluorescence (MDSFR/SFF) spectroscopy. Methods: Five cohorts of three HNC patients received cetuximab-800CW systemically: three single dose cohorts (10, 25, 50 mg) and two cohorts pre-dosed with 75 mg unlabeled cetuximab (15 or 25 mg). Fluorescence visualization and MDSFR/SFF spectroscopy quantification was performed and were correlated to histopathology. Results: There were no study-related adverse events higher than Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events grade-II. Quantification of intrinsic fluorescence values showed a dose-dependent increase in background fluorescence in the single dose cohorts (p<0.001, p<0.001), which remained consistently low in the pre-dosed cohorts (p=0.6808). Resection margin status was evaluated with a sensitivity of 100% (4/4 tumor-positive margins) and specificity of 91% (10/11 tumor-negative margins). Conclusion: A pre-dose of 75 mg unlabeled cetuximab followed by 15 mg cetuximab-800CW was considered the optimal dose based on safety, fluorescence visualization and quantification of intrinsic fluorescence values. We were able to use a lower dose cetuximab-800CW than previously described, while remaining a high sensitivity for tumor detection due to application of equipment optimized for IRDye800CW detection, which was validated by quantification of intrinsic fluorescence values.
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Hartmans E, Tjalma JJ, Linssen MD, Allende PBG, Koller M, Jorritsma-Smit A, Nery MESDO, Elias SG, Karrenbeld A, de Vries EG, Kleibeuker JH, van Dam GM, Robinson DJ, Ntziachristos V, Nagengast WB. Potential Red-Flag Identification of Colorectal Adenomas with Wide-Field Fluorescence Molecular Endoscopy. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:1458-1467. [PMID: 29556334 PMCID: PMC5858160 DOI: 10.7150/thno.22033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoma miss rates in colonoscopy are unacceptably high, especially for sessile serrated adenomas / polyps (SSA/Ps) and in high-risk populations, such as patients with Lynch syndrome. Detection rates may be improved by fluorescence molecular endoscopy (FME), which allows morphological visualization of lesions with high-definition white-light imaging as well as fluorescence-guided identification of lesions with a specific molecular marker. In a clinical proof-of-principal study, we investigated FME for colorectal adenoma detection, using a fluorescently labelled antibody (bevacizumab-800CW) against vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), which is highly upregulated in colorectal adenomas. Methods: Patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (n = 17), received an intravenous injection with 4.5, 10 or 25 mg of bevacizumab-800CW. Three days later, they received NIR-FME. Results: VEGFA-targeted NIR-FME detected colorectal adenomas at all doses. Best results were achieved in the highest (25 mg) cohort, which even detected small adenomas (<3 mm). Spectroscopy analyses of freshly excised specimen demonstrated the highest adenoma-to-normal ratio of 1.84 for the 25 mg cohort, with a calculated median tracer concentration in adenomas of 6.43 nmol/mL. Ex vivo signal analyses demonstrated NIR fluorescence within the dysplastic areas of the adenomas. Conclusion: These results suggest that NIR-FME is clinically feasible as a real-time, red-flag technique for detection of colorectal adenomas.
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Bravo JJ, Paulsen KD, Roberts DW, Kanick SC. Sub-diffuse optical biomarkers characterize localized microstructure and function of cortex and malignant tumor. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:781-4. [PMID: 26872187 PMCID: PMC4769594 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.000781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This study uses a sub-diffusive light transport model to analyze fiber-optic measurements of reflectance spectra to recover endogenous tissue biomarkers and to correct raw fluorescence emissions for distortions from background optical properties. Measurements in tissue-simulating phantoms validated accurate recovery of the reduced scattering coefficient [(0.3-3.4 mm-1), error 10%], blood volume fraction [(1-3 vol%), error 7%], and a dimensionless metric of anisotropic scattering, γ, that is sensitive to submillimeter tissue ultrastructure [(1.29-2.06), error 11%]. In vivo sub-diffusive optical data acquired during clinical neurosurgeries characterize differences in microstructure (γ), perfusion (blood volume), and metabolism (PpIX fluorescence) between normal cortex and malignant tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime J. Bravo
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Keith D. Paulsen
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Dr., Bldg. 50, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03766, USA
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Dr., Bldg. 50, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03766, USA
| | - David W. Roberts
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Dr., Bldg. 50, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03766, USA
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Dr., Bldg. 50, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03766, USA
| | - Stephen C. Kanick
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Dr., Bldg. 50, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03766, USA
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Rollakanti KR, Anand S, Davis SC, Pogue BW, Maytin EV. Noninvasive Optical Imaging of UV-Induced Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Murine Skin: Studies of Early Tumor Development and Vitamin D Enhancement of Protoporphyrin IX Production. Photochem Photobiol 2015. [PMID: 26223149 DOI: 10.1111/php.12503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Better noninvasive techniques are needed to monitor protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) levels before and during photodynamic therapy (PDT) of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin. Our aim was to evaluate (1) multispectral fluorescent imaging of ultraviolet light (UV)-induced cancer and precancer in a mouse model of SCC and (2) multispectral imaging and probe-based fluorescence detection as a tool to study vitamin D (VD) effects on aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-induced PpIX synthesis. Dorsal skin of hairless mice was imaged weekly during a 24-week UV carcinogenesis protocol. Hot spots of PpIX fluorescence were detectable by multispectral imaging beginning at 14 weeks of UV exposure. Many hot spots disappeared after cessation of UV at week 20, but others persisted or became visible after week 20, and corresponded to tumors that eventually became visible by eye. In SCC-bearing mice pretreated with topical VD before ALA application, our optical techniques confirmed that VD preconditioning induces a tumor-selective increase in PpIX levels. Fluorescence-based optical imaging of PpIX is a promising tool for detecting early SCC lesions of the skin. Pretreatment with VD can increase the ability to detect early tumors, providing a potential new way to improve efficacy of ALA-PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore R Rollakanti
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Sanjay Anand
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.,Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Scott C Davis
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
| | - Brian W Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
| | - Edward V Maytin
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.,Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
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Brooks S, Hoy CL, Amelink A, Robinson DJ, Nijsten TE. Sources of variability in the quantification of tissue optical properties by multidiameter single-fiber reflectance and fluorescence spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:57002. [PMID: 25938208 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.5.057002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a multidiameter single-fiber reflectance and fluorescence spectroscopy device has been developed that enabled us to extract the autofluorescence of tissue that is corrected for the optical properties. Such a system has been incorporated in the population-based Rotterdam Study to investigate the autofluorescence of the skin. Since the device will be used by different operators over many years, it is essential that the results are comparable between users. It is, however, unclear how different methods of handling the probe might influence the outcome. Variability of blood oxygen saturation, blood volume fraction and vessel diameter, average gamma, reduced scattering coefficient at 800 nm, and integrated intrinsic fluorescence measured in three volunteers were assessed within and between eight untrained users. A variability of less than one standard deviation from the group mean was defined as an acceptable limit. Three mature volunteers were also included to assess the intrauser variability of mature skin. The variation in the measured parameters suggests that variation is dominated by tissue heterogeneity. Most users measured within one standard deviation of the group mean. Notably, corrected intrinsic fluorescence showed low intra- and interuser variability. These results strongly suggest that variability is mostly caused by tissue heterogeneity and is not user induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Brooks
- Erasmus Medical Center, Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Dermatology, P.O. Box 2040, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher L Hoy
- Erasmus Medical Center, Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Dermatology, P.O. Box 2040, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Amelink
- Erasmus Medical Center, Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Dermatology, P.O. Box 2040, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Dominic J Robinson
- Erasmus Medical Center, Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, P.O. Box 2040, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Tamar E Nijsten
- Erasmus Medical Center, Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Dermatology, P.O. Box 2040, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
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Rogatkin D, Guseva I, Lapaeva L. Nonlinear Behavior of the Autofluorescence Intensity on the Surface of Light-Scattering Biotissues and its Theoretical Proof. J Fluoresc 2015; 25:917-24. [PMID: 25903160 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-015-1572-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In the up-to-date medical laser fluorescence spectroscopy (LFS) in vivo, there is a problem of quantification of fluorophores concentrations in optically-turbid biotissues by measurements of the laser induced autofluorescence flux on the surface of these tissues. One of the main problems is: whether the flux depends linearly or non-linearly on the concentration of fluorophores in tissues? The purpose of this work was both experimental and theoretical study of the character of dependencies between measured fluorescence intensities and fluorophores concentrations in optically-turbid media. In the experimental part of our study, measurements of the superficial fluorescence on phantoms at various known concentrations of fluorophores in them were carried out. As a result, experimental dependencies of registered intensities of the laser-induced autofluorescence emission were plotted against fluorophore concentrations. In the theoretical part of the study, the analytical solution for the fluorescence emission by Kokhanovsky's method based on the well-known two-flux Kubelka-Munk approach (KMA) was used. In addition, in our study the Kokhanovsky's method was modified by its association with our improved KMA, allowing us to receive exact analytical solutions for boundary intensities collected by optical probes. As a result, a set of theoretical curves describing the influence of fluorophore concentrations on the registered autofluorescence intensities was obtained, as well. Both experimental and theoretical results show a good qualitative agreement with each other. Also, these results demonstrate that the dependence of the fluorescence intensity on tissues' optical properties and on the concentration of fluorophores in light-scattering tissues can be both nonlinear and non-monotonic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Rogatkin
- Moscow Regional Research & Clinical Institute "MONIKI" named after M.F. Vladimirskiy, Shchepkina str. 61/2, Moscow, 129110, Russian Federation,
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Correction for tissue optical properties enables quantitative skin fluorescence measurements using multi-diameter single fiber reflectance spectroscopy. J Dermatol Sci 2015; 79:64-73. [PMID: 25911633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Fluorescence measurements in the skin are very much affected by absorption and scattering but existing methods to correct for this are not applicable to superficial skin measurements. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS The first use of multiple-diameter single fiber reflectance (MDSFR) and single fiber fluorescence (SFF) spectroscopy in human skin was investigated. MDSFR spectroscopy allows a quantification of the full optical properties in superficial skin (μa, μs' and γ), which can next be used to retrieve the corrected - intrinsic - fluorescence of a fluorophore Qμa,x(f). Our goal was to investigate the importance of such correction for individual patients. We studied this in 22 patients undergoing photodynamic therapy (PDT) for actinic keratosis. RESULTS The magnitude of correction of fluorescence was around 4 (for both autofluorescence and protoporphyrin IX). Moreover, it was variable between patients, but also within patients over the course of fractionated aminolevulinic acid PDT (range 2.7-7.5). Patients also varied in the amount of protoporphyrin IX synthesis, photobleaching percentages and resynthesis (>100× difference between the lowest and highest PpIX synthesis). The autofluorescence was lower in actinic keratosis than contralateral normal skin (0.0032 versus 0.0052; P<0.0005). CONCLUSIONS Our results clearly demonstrate the importance of correcting the measured fluorescence for optical properties, because these vary considerably between individual patients and also during PDT. Protoporphyrin IX synthesis and photobleaching kinetics allow monitoring clinical PDT which facilitates individual-based PDT dosing and improvement of clinical treatment protocols. Furthermore, the skin autofluorescence can be relevant for diagnostic use in the skin, but it may also be interesting because of its association with several internal diseases.
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10
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Du Le VN, Patterson MS, Farrell TJ, Hayward JE, Fang Q. Experimental recovery of intrinsic fluorescence and fluorophore concentration in the presence of hemoglobin: spectral effect of scattering and absorption on fluorescence. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:127003. [PMID: 26720881 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.12.127003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The ability to recover the intrinsic fluorescence of biological fluorophores is crucial to accurately identify the fluorophores and quantify their concentrations in the media. Although some studies have successfully retrieved the fluorescence spectral shape of known fluorophores, the techniques usually came with heavy computation costs and did not apply for strongly absorptive media, and the intrinsic fluorescence intensity and fluorophore concentration were not recovered. In this communication, an experimental approach was presented to recover intrinsic fluorescence and concentration of fluorescein in the presence of hemoglobin (Hb). The results indicated that the method was efficient in recovering the intrinsic fluorescence peak and fluorophore concentration with an error of 3% and 10%, respectively. The results also suggested that chromophores with irregular absorption spectra (e.g., Hb) have more profound effects on fluorescence spectral shape than chromophores with monotonic absorption and scattering spectra (e.g., black India ink and polystyrene microspheres).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinh Nguyen Du Le
- McMaster University, Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Michael S Patterson
- McMaster University, Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, CanadabJuravinski Cancer Centre, Hamilton, Ontario L8V 5C2, Canada
| | - Thomas J Farrell
- McMaster University, Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, CanadabJuravinski Cancer Centre, Hamilton, Ontario L8V 5C2, Canada
| | - Joseph E Hayward
- McMaster University, Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, CanadabJuravinski Cancer Centre, Hamilton, Ontario L8V 5C2, Canada
| | - Qiyin Fang
- McMaster University, Department of Engineering Physics, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
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Devi S, Panigrahi PK, Pradhan A. Detecting cervical cancer progression through extracted intrinsic fluorescence and principal component analysis. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:127003. [PMID: 25504494 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.12.127003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsic fluorescence spectra of the human normal, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 1 (CIN1), CIN2, and cervical cancer tissue have been extracted by effectively combining the measured polarized fluorescence and polarized elastic scattering spectra. The efficacy of principal component analysis (PCA) to disentangle the collective behavior from smaller correlated clusters in a dimensionally reduced space in conjunction with the intrinsic fluorescence is examined. This combination unambiguously reveals the biochemical changes occurring with the progression of the disease. The differing activities of the dominant fluorophores, collagen, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, flavins, and porphyrin of different grades of precancers are clearly identified through a careful examination of the sectorial behavior of the dominant eigenvectors of PCA. To further classify the different grades, the Mahalanobis distance has been calculated using the scores of selected principal components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Devi
- Indian Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Prasanta K Panigrahi
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Kolkata 741246, India
| | - Asima Pradhan
- Indian Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, Kanpur 208016, IndiacIndian Institute of Technology, Center for Lasers and Photonics, Kanpur 208016, India
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Keereweer S, Van Driel PBAA, Robinson DJ, Lowik CWGM. Shifting focus in optical image-guided cancer therapy. Mol Imaging Biol 2014; 16:1-9. [PMID: 24037176 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-013-0688-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer patients could benefit from a surgical procedure that helps the surgeon to determine adequate tumor resection margins. Systemic injection of tumor-specific fluorescence agents with subsequent intraoperative optical imaging can guide the surgeon in this process. However, tumor heterogeneity hampers tumor-specific targeting. In addition, determination of adequate resection margins can be very challenging due to invasive tumor strands that are difficult to resolve and because of the confounding effect of variations in tissue optical properties in the surgical margin. We provide an overview of the "classic approach" of imaging tumor-specific targets or tumor-associated pathophysiological processes, and explain the limitations of these targeting strategies. It is proposed that problems of tumor heterogeneity can theoretically be circumvented by shifting focus of tumor targeting towards the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR). Furthermore, we discuss why objective determination of resection margins is required to improve resection of the invasive strands, a goal that may be achieved by targeting the FSHR. When invasive strands would nevertheless extend beyond such a standardized resection margin, we suggest that adjuvant photodynamic therapy would be a very suitable therapeutic regimen. Finally, we describe how point optical spectroscopy can be used to scrutinize suspect tissue that is difficult to differentiate from normal tissue by measuring the local tissue optical properties to recover a local intrinsic fluorescence measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn Keereweer
- Department of Molecular Imaging, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands,
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Gamm UA, Hoy CL, van Leeuwen - van Zaane F, Sterenborg HJCM, Kanick SC, Robinson DJ, Amelink A. Extraction of intrinsic fluorescence from single fiber fluorescence measurements on a turbid medium: experimental validation. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:1913-25. [PMID: 24940549 PMCID: PMC4052919 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.001913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The detailed mechanisms associated with the influence of scattering and absorption properties on the fluorescence intensity sampled by a single optical fiber have recently been elucidated based on Monte Carlo simulated data. Here we develop an experimental single fiber fluorescence (SFF) spectroscopy setup and validate the Monte Carlo data and semi-empirical model equation that describes the SFF signal as a function of scattering. We present a calibration procedure that corrects the SFF signal for all system-related, wavelength dependent transmission efficiencies to yield an absolute value of intrinsic fluorescence. The validity of the Monte Carlo data and semi-empirical model is demonstrated using a set of fluorescent phantoms with varying concentrations of Intralipid to vary the scattering properties, yielding a wide range of reduced scattering coefficients (μ's = 0-7 mm (-1)). We also introduce a small modification to the model to account for the case of μ's = 0 mm (-1) and show its relation to the experimental, simulated and theoretically calculated value of SFF intensity in the absence of scattering. Finally, we show that our method is also accurate in the presence of absorbers by performing measurements on phantoms containing red blood cells and correcting for their absorption properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- U. A. Gamm
- Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Radiation Oncology, Postgraduate school Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam,
The Netherlands
| | - C. L. Hoy
- Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Radiation Oncology, Postgraduate school Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam,
The Netherlands
| | - F. van Leeuwen - van Zaane
- Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Radiation Oncology, Postgraduate school Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam,
The Netherlands
| | - H. J. C. M. Sterenborg
- Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Radiation Oncology, Postgraduate school Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam,
The Netherlands
| | - S. C. Kanick
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 8000 Cummings Hall, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755,
USA
| | - D. J. Robinson
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam,
The Netherlands
| | - A. Amelink
- Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Radiation Oncology, Postgraduate school Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam,
The Netherlands
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Kanick SC, Davis SC, Zhao Y, Hasan T, Maytin EV, Pogue BW, Chapman MS. Dual-channel red/blue fluorescence dosimetry with broadband reflectance spectroscopic correction measures protoporphyrin IX production during photodynamic therapy of actinic keratosis. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:75002. [PMID: 24996661 PMCID: PMC4082494 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.7.075002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Dosimetry for aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) photodynamic therapy of actinic keratosis was examined with an optimized fluorescence dosimeter to measure PpIX during treatment. While insufficient PpIX generation may be an indicator of incomplete response, there exists no standardized method to quantitate PpIX production at depths in the skin during clinical treatments. In this study, a spectrometer-based point probe dosimeter system was used to sample PpIX fluorescence from superficial (blue wavelength excitation) and deeper (red wavelength excitation) tissue layers. Broadband white light spectroscopy (WLS) was used to monitor aspects of vascular physiology and inform a correction of fluorescence for the background optical properties. Measurements in tissue phantoms showed accurate recovery of blood volume fraction and reduced scattering coefficient from WLS, and a linear response of PpIX fluorescence versus concentration down to 1.95 and 250 nM for blue and red excitations, respectively. A pilot clinical study of 19 patients receiving 1-h ALA incubation before treatment showed high intrinsic variance in PpIX fluorescence with a standard deviation/mean ratio of > 0.9. PpIX fluorescence was significantly higher in patients reporting higher pain levels on a visual analog scale. These pilot data suggest that patient-specific PpIX quantitation may predict outcome response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Chad Kanick
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
- Address all correspondence to: Stephen Chad Kanick, E-mail:
| | - Scott C. Davis
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Yan Zhao
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | | | - Brian W. Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
- Department of Surgery, Section of Dermatology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03766
| | - M. Shane Chapman
- Department of Surgery, Section of Dermatology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03766
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15
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Chen Y, Chen ZP, Yang J, Jin JW, Zhang J, Yu RQ. Quantitative Fluorescence Spectroscopy in Turbid Media: A Practical Solution to the Problem of Scattering and Absorption. Anal Chem 2013; 85:2015-20. [DOI: 10.1021/ac302815e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- State Key Laboratory
of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, PR China
| | - Zeng-Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory
of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, PR China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory
of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, PR China
| | - Jing-Wen Jin
- State Key Laboratory
of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, PR China
| | - Juan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory
of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, PR China
| | - Ru-Qin Yu
- State Key Laboratory
of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, PR China
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16
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Hoy CL, Gamm UA, Sterenborg HJCM, Robinson DJ, Amelink A. Use of a coherent fiber bundle for multi-diameter single fiber reflectance spectroscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 3:2452-64. [PMID: 23082287 PMCID: PMC3469986 DOI: 10.1364/boe.3.002452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Multi-diameter single fiber reflectance (MDSFR) spectroscopy enables quantitative measurement of tissue optical properties, including the reduced scattering coefficient and the phase function parameter γ. However, the accuracy and speed of the procedure are currently limited by the need for co-localized measurements using multiple fiber optic probes with different fiber diameters. This study demonstrates the use of a coherent fiber bundle acting as a single fiber with a variable diameter for the purposes of MDSFR spectroscopy. Using Intralipid optical phantoms with reduced scattering coefficients between 0.24 and 3 mm(-1), we find that the spectral reflectance and effective path lengths measured by the fiber bundle (NA = 0.40) are equivalent to those measured by single solid-core fibers (NA = 0.22) for fiber diameters between 0.4 and 1.0 mm (r ≥ 0.997). This one-to-one correlation may hold for a 0.2 mm fiber diameter as well (r = 0.816); however, the experimental system used in this study suffers from a low signal-to-noise for small dimensionless reduced scattering coefficients due to spurious back reflections within the experimental system. Based on these results, the coherent fiber bundle is suitable for use as a variable-diameter fiber in clinical MDSFR quantification of tissue optical properties.
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