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Aili Y, Maimaitiming N, Qin H, Ji W, Fan G, Wang Z, Wang Y. Tumor microenvironment and exosomes in brain metastasis: Molecular mechanisms and clinical application. Front Oncol 2022; 12:983878. [PMID: 36338717 PMCID: PMC9631487 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.983878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is one of the important biological features of malignant tumors and one of the main factors responsible for poor prognosis. Although the widespread application of newer clinical technologies and their continuous development have significantly improved survival in patients with brain metastases, there is no uniform standard of care. More effective therapeutic measures are therefore needed to improve prognosis. Understanding the mechanisms of tumor cell colonization, growth, and invasion in the central nervous system is of particular importance for the prevention and treatment of brain metastases. This process can be plausibly explained by the “seed and soil” hypothesis, which essentially states that tumor cells can interact with various components of the central nervous system microenvironment to produce adaptive changes; it is this interaction that determines the development of brain metastases. As a novel form of intercellular communication, exosomes play a key role in the brain metastasis microenvironment and carry various bioactive molecules that regulate receptor cell activity. In this paper, we review the roles and prospects of brain metastatic tumor cells, the brain metastatic tumor microenvironment, and exosomes in the development and clinical management of brain metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yirizhati Aili
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Nuersimanguli Maimaitiming
- Department of Four Comprehensive Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hu Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Wenyu Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Guofeng Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Zengliang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- School of Health Management, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinjiang Bazhou People’s Hospital, Xinjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Zengliang Wang, ; Yongxin Wang,
| | - Yongxin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- *Correspondence: Zengliang Wang, ; Yongxin Wang,
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2
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Tang SW, Yuen W, Kaur I, Pang SW, Voelcker NH, Lam YW. Capturing instructive cues of tissue microenvironment by silica bioreplication. Acta Biomater 2020; 102:114-126. [PMID: 31756551 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cells in tissues are enveloped by an instructive niche made of the extracellular matrix. These instructive niches contain three general types of information: topographical, biochemical and mechanical. While the combined effects of these three factors are widely studied, the functions of each individual one has not been systematically characterised, because it is impossible to alter a single factor in a tissue microenvironment without simultaneously affecting the other two. Silica BioReplication (SBR) is a process that converts biological samples into silica, faithfully preserving the original topography at the nano-scale. We explored the use of this technique to generate inorganic replicas of intact mammalian tissues, including tendon, cartilage, skeletal muscle and spinal cord. Scanning electron and atomic force microscopy showed that the resulting replicas accurately preserved the three-dimensional ultrastructure of each tissue, while all biochemical components were eradicated by calcination. Such properties allowed the uncoupling the topographical information of a tissue microenvironment from its biochemical and mechanical components. Here, we showed that human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) cultured on the replicas of different tissues displayed vastly different morphology and focal adhesions, suggesting that the topography of the tissue microenvironment captured by SBR could profoundly affect MSC biology. MSC cultured on tendon replica elongated and expressed tenocytes marker, while MSC on the spinal cord replica developed into spheroids that resembled neurospheres, in morphology and in the expression of neurosphere markers, and could be further differentiated into neuron-like cells. This study reveals the significance of topographical cues in a cell niche, as tissue-specific topography was sufficient in initiating and directing differentiation of MSC, despite the absence of any biochemical signals. SBR is a convenient and versatile method for capturing this topographical information, facilitating the functional characterisation of cell niches. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Various studies have shown that three major factors, topographical, biochemical and mechanical, in a tissue microenvironment (TME) are essential for cellular homeostasis and functions. Current experimental models are too simplistic to represent the complexity of the TME, hindering the detailed understanding of its functions. In particular, the importance each factor in a tissue microenvironment have not been individually characterised, because it is challenging to alter one of these factors without simultaneously affecting the other two. Silica bioreplication (SBR) is a process that converts biological samples into silica replicas with high structural fidelity. SBR is a convenient and versatile method for capturing this topographical information on to a biologically inert material, allowing the functional characterisation of the architecture of a TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze Wing Tang
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wai Yuen
- HealthBaby Biotech (Hong Kong) Co., Ltd, Hong Kong
| | - Ishdeep Kaur
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication, Australia; Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Australia
| | - Stella W Pang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication, Australia; Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Australia
| | - Yun Wah Lam
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Wilhelm I, Fazakas C, Molnár K, Végh AG, Haskó J, Krizbai IA. Foe or friend? Janus-faces of the neurovascular unit in the formation of brain metastases. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:563-587. [PMID: 28920514 PMCID: PMC5888855 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17732025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the potential obstacle represented by the blood-brain barrier for extravasating malignant cells, metastases are more frequent than primary tumors in the central nervous system. Not only tightly interconnected endothelial cells can hinder metastasis formation, other cells of the brain microenvironment (like astrocytes and microglia) can also be very hostile, destroying the large majority of metastatic cells. However, malignant cells that are able to overcome these harmful mechanisms may benefit from the shielding and even support provided by cerebral endothelial cells, astrocytes and microglia, rendering the brain a sanctuary site against anti-tumor strategies. Thus, cells of the neurovascular unit have a Janus-faced attitude towards brain metastatic cells, being both destructive and protective. In this review, we present the main mechanisms of brain metastasis formation, including those involved in extravasation through the brain vasculature and survival in the cerebral environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imola Wilhelm
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
- Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldiş Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania
| | - Csilla Fazakas
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Kinga Molnár
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila G Végh
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - János Haskó
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - István A Krizbai
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
- Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldiş Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania
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Zhong W, Hu C. [Tumor Cells and Micro-environment in Brain Metastases]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2017; 19:626-35. [PMID: 27666556 PMCID: PMC5972957 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2016.09.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
近年来,随着早期诊断的方法的出现及精准治疗的应用,肺癌患者的生存及生活质量都得到很大改善。然而,对于肺癌的脑转移病灶,目前仍缺乏一个理想的治疗方案,严重影响了该部分患者生存状态。了解肿瘤细胞如何在中枢神经系统定植、生长和侵袭等相关生物学行为及其产生机制对预防及治疗肿瘤细胞脑转移病灶具有重大的意义。“种子-土壤”这一假说可以很好的解释这一过程,这一假说的关键即肿瘤细胞可与中枢神经系统微环境各组成之间产生相互适应性变化,正是这种相互作用决定了脑转移病灶的发生发展。本文就脑转移肿瘤细胞、脑转移肿瘤微环境及他们之间的相互作用进行综述,旨在为脑转移病灶的治疗提供新的思路。
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Chengping Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
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Naftali O, Maman S, Meshel T, Sagi-Assif O, Ginat R, Witz IP. PHOX2B is a suppressor of neuroblastoma metastasis. Oncotarget 2016; 7:10627-37. [PMID: 26840262 PMCID: PMC4891146 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Paired like homeobox 2B (PHOX2B) is a minimal residual disease (MRD) marker of neuroblastoma. The presence of MRD, also referred to as micro-metastases, is a powerful marker of poor prognosis in neuroblastoma. Lung metastasis is considered a terminal event in neuroblastoma. Lung micro-metastatic neuroblastoma (MicroNB) cells show high expression levels of PHOX2B and possess a less malignant and metastatic phenotype than lung macro metastatic neuroblastoma (MacroNB) cells, which hardly express PHOX2B. In vitro assays showed that PHOX2B knockdown in MicroNB cells did not affect cell viability; however it decreased the migratory capacity of the MicroNB-shPHOX2B cells. An orthotopic inoculation of MicroNB-shPHOX2B cells into the adrenal gland of nude mice resulted in significantly larger primary tumors and a heavier micro-metastatic load in the lungs and bone-marrow, than when control cells were inoculated. PHOX2B expression was found to be regulated by methylation. The PHOX2B promoter in MacroNB cells is significantly more methylated than in MicroNB cells. Demethylation assays using 5-azacytidine demonstrated that methylation can indeed inhibit PHOX2B transcription in MacroNB cells. These pre-clinical data strongly suggest that PHOX2B functions as a suppressor of neuroblastoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osnat Naftali
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel 69978
| | - Shelly Maman
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel 69978
| | - Tsipi Meshel
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel 69978
| | - Orit Sagi-Assif
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel 69978
| | - Ravit Ginat
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel 69978
| | - Isaac P Witz
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel 69978
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Karunasena E, Mciver LJ, Bavarva JH, Wu X, Zhu H, Garner HR. 'Cut from the same cloth': Shared microsatellite variants among cancers link to ectodermal tissues-neural tube and crest cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:22038-47. [PMID: 26246470 PMCID: PMC4673144 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The pluripotent cells of the embryonic ectodermal tissues are known to be a precursor for multiple tumor types. The adaptability of these cells is a trait exploited by cancer. We previously described cancer-associated microsatellite loci (CAML) shared between glioblastoma (GBM) and lower-grade gliomas. Therefore, we hypothesized that these variants, identified from germline DNA, are shared by cancers from tissues originating from ectodermal tissues: neural tube cells (NTC) and crest cells (NCC). Using exome sequencing data from four cancers with origins to NTC and NCC, a ‘signature’ of loci significant to each cancer (p-value ≤ 0.01) was created and compared with previously identified CAML from breast cancer. The results of this analysis show that variant loci among the cancers with tissue origins from NTC/NCC were closely linked. Signaling pathways linked to genes with non-coding CAML genotypes revealed enriched connections to hereditary, neurological, and developmental disease or disorders. Thus, variants in genes from tissues initiating from NTC/NCC, if recurrently detected, may indicate a common etiology. Additionally, CAML genotypes from non-tumor DNA may predict cancer phenotypes and are common to shared embryonic tissues of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enusha Karunasena
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Medical Informatics and Systems Division, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Lauren J Mciver
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Medical Informatics and Systems Division, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Jasmin H Bavarva
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Medical Informatics and Systems Division, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Xiaowei Wu
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Hongxiao Zhu
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Harold R Garner
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Medical Informatics and Systems Division, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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7
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Kim Y, Williams KC, Gavin CT, Jardine E, Chambers AF, Leong HS. Quantification of cancer cell extravasation in vivo. Nat Protoc 2016; 11:937-48. [PMID: 27101515 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2016.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cell 'invasiveness' is one of the main driving forces in cancer metastasis, and assays that quantify this key attribute of cancer cells are crucial in cancer metastasis research. The research goal of many laboratories is to elucidate the signaling pathways and effectors that are responsible for cancer cell invasion, but many of these experiments rely on in vitro methods that do not specifically simulate individual steps of the metastatic cascade. Cancer cell extravasation is arguably the most important example of invasion in the metastatic cascade, whereby a single cancer cell undergoes transendothelial migration, forming invasive processes known as invadopodia to mediate translocation of the tumor cell from the vessel lumen into tissue in vivo. We have developed a rapid, reproducible and economical technique to evaluate cancer cell invasiveness by quantifying in vivo rates of cancer cell extravasation in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of chicken embryos. This technique enables the investigator to perform well-powered loss-of-function studies of cancer cell extravasation within 24 h, and it can be used to identify and validate drugs with potential antimetastatic effects that specifically target cancer cell extravasation. A key advantage of this technique over similar assays is that intravascular cancer cells within the capillary bed of the CAM are clearly distinct from extravasated cells, which makes cancer cell extravasation easy to detect. An intermediate level of experience in injections of the chorioallantoic membrane of avian embryos and cell culture techniques is required to carry out the protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Kim
- Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Translational Prostate Cancer Research Laboratory, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karla C Williams
- Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Translational Breast Cancer Research Unit, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carson T Gavin
- Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Translational Prostate Cancer Research Laboratory, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emily Jardine
- Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Translational Prostate Cancer Research Laboratory, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ann F Chambers
- Translational Breast Cancer Research Unit, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hon S Leong
- Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Translational Prostate Cancer Research Laboratory, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Karginova O, Siegel MB, Van Swearingen AED, Deal AM, Adamo B, Sambade MJ, Bazyar S, Nikolaishvili-Feinberg N, Bash R, O'Neal S, Sandison K, Parker JS, Santos C, Darr D, Zamboni W, Lee YZ, Miller CR, Anders CK. Efficacy of Carboplatin Alone and in Combination with ABT888 in Intracranial Murine Models of BRCA-Mutated and BRCA-Wild-Type Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 14:920-30. [PMID: 25824335 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Patients with breast cancer brain metastases have extremely limited survival and no approved systemic therapeutics. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) commonly metastasizes to the brain and predicts poor prognosis. TNBC frequently harbors BRCA mutations translating to platinum sensitivity potentially augmented by additional suppression of DNA repair mechanisms through PARP inhibition. We evaluated brain penetrance and efficacy of carboplatin ± the PARP inhibitor ABT888, and investigated gene-expression changes in murine intracranial TNBC models stratified by BRCA and molecular subtype status. Athymic mice were inoculated intracerebrally with BRCA-mutant: SUM149 (basal), MDA-MB-436 (claudin-low); or BRCA-wild-type (wt): MDA-MB-468 (basal), MDA-MB-231BR (claudin-low). TNBC cells were treated with PBS control [intraperitoneal (IP), weekly], carboplatin (50 mg/kg/wk, IP), ABT888 (25 mg/kg/d, oral gavage), or their combination. DNA damage (γ-H2AX), apoptosis (cleaved caspase-3, cC3), and gene expression were measured in intracranial tumors. Carboplatin ± ABT888 significantly improved survival in BRCA-mutant intracranial models compared with control, but did not improve survival in BRCA-wt intracranial models. Carboplatin + ABT888 revealed a modest survival advantage versus carboplatin in BRCA-mutant models. ABT888 yielded a marginal survival benefit in the MDA-MB-436, but not in the SUM149 model. BRCA-mutant SUM149 expression of γ-H2AX and cC3 proteins was elevated in all treatment groups compared with control, whereas BRCA-wt MDA-MB-468 cC3 expression did not increase with treatment. Carboplatin treatment induced common gene-expression changes in BRCA-mutant models. Carboplatin ± ABT888 penetrates the brain and improves survival in BRCA-mutant intracranial TNBC models with corresponding DNA damage and gene-expression changes. Combination therapy represents a potential promising treatment strategy for patients with TNBC brain metastases warranting further clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Karginova
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Marni B Siegel
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Amanda E D Van Swearingen
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Allison M Deal
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Biostatistics Core Facility, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Barbara Adamo
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria J Sambade
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Soha Bazyar
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Nana Nikolaishvili-Feinberg
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ryan Bash
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sara O'Neal
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Katie Sandison
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Joel S Parker
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Charlene Santos
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - David Darr
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - William Zamboni
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Translational Oncology and Nanoparticle Drug Development Initiative (TOND2I) Laboratory, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Carolina Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. UNC Institute of Pharmacogenomics and Individualized Therapy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Yueh Z Lee
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - C Ryan Miller
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Neurology and Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Carey K Anders
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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Liu RZ, Garcia E, Glubrecht DD, Poon HY, Mackey JR, Godbout R. CRABP1 is associated with a poor prognosis in breast cancer: adding to the complexity of breast cancer cell response to retinoic acid. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:129. [PMID: 26142905 PMCID: PMC4491424 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0380-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical trials designed to test the efficacy of retinoic acid (RA) as an adjuvant for the treatment of solid cancers have been disappointing, primarily due to RA resistance. Estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer cells are more resistant to RA than ER-positive cells. The expression and subcellular distribution of two RA-binding proteins, FABP5 and CRABP2, has already been shown to play critical roles in breast cancer cell response to RA. CRABP1, a third member of the RA-binding protein family, has not previously been investigated as a possible mediator of RA action in breast cancer. Methods CRABP1 and CRABP2 expression in primary breast tumor tissues was analyzed using gene expression and tissue microarrays. CRABP1 levels were manipulated using siRNAs and by transient overexpression. RA-induced subcellular translocation of CRABPs was examined by immunofluorescence microscopy and immunoblotting. RA-induced transactivation of RAR was analyzed using a RA response element (RARE)-driven luciferase reporter system. Effects of CRABP1 expression and RA treatment on downstream gene expression were investigated by semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis. Results Compared to normal mammary tissues, CRABP1 expression is significantly down-regulated in ER+ breast tumors, but maintained in triple-negative breast cancers. Elevated CRABP1 levels are associated with poor patient prognosis, high Ki67 immunoreactivity and high tumor grade in breast cancer. The prognostic significance of CRABP1 is attributed to its cytoplasmic localization. We demonstrate that CRABP1 expression attenuates RA-induced cell growth arrest and inhibits RA signalling in breast cancer cells by sequestering RA in the cytoplasm. We also show that CRABP1 affects the expression of genes involved in RA biosynthesis, trafficking and metabolism. Conclusions CRABP1 is an adverse factor for clinical outcome in triple-negative breast cancer and a potent inhibitor of RA signalling in breast cancer cells. Our data indicate that CRABP1, in conjunction with previously identified CRABP2 and FABP5, plays a key role in breast cancer cell response to RA. We propose that these three RA-binding proteins can serve as biomarkers for predicting triple-negative breast cancer response to RA, with elevated levels of either cytoplasmic CRABP1 or FABP5 associated with RA resistance, and elevated levels of nuclear CRABP2 associated with sensitivity to RA. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-015-0380-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Zong Liu
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, T6G 1Z2, AB, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Garcia
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, T6G 1Z2, AB, Canada
| | - Darryl D Glubrecht
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, T6G 1Z2, AB, Canada
| | - Ho Yin Poon
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, T6G 1Z2, AB, Canada
| | - John R Mackey
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, T6G 1Z2, AB, Canada
| | - Roseline Godbout
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, T6G 1Z2, AB, Canada.
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10
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Hartman ML, Talar B, Gajos-Michniewicz A, Czyz M. MCL-1, BCL-XL and MITF Are Diversely Employed in Adaptive Response of Melanoma Cells to Changes in Microenvironment. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128796. [PMID: 26035829 PMCID: PMC4452715 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma cells can switch their phenotypes in response to microenvironmental insults. Heterogeneous melanoma populations characterized by long-term growth and a high self-renewal capacity can be obtained in vitro in EGF(+)bFGF(+) medium whilst invasive potential of melanoma cells is increased in serum-containing cultures. In the present study, we have shown that originally these patient-derived melanoma populations exhibit variable expression of pro-survival genes from the BCL-2 family and inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs), and differ in the baseline MCL-1 transcript stability as well. While being transferred to serum-containing medium, melanoma cells are well protected from death. Immediate adaptive response of melanoma cells selectively involves a temporary MCL-1 increase, both at mRNA and protein levels, and BCL-XL can complement MCL-1, especially in MITFlow populations. Thus, the extent of MCL-1 and BCL-XL contributions seems to be cell context-dependent. An increase in MCL-1 level results from a transiently enhanced stability of its transcript, but not from altered protein turnover. Inhibition of MCL-1 preceding transfer to serum-containing medium caused the induction of cell death in a subset of melanoma cells, which confirms the involvement of MCL-1 in melanoma cell survival during the rapid alteration of growth conditions. Additionally, immediate response to serum involves the transient increase in MITF expression and inhibition of ERK-1/2 activity. Uncovering the mechanisms of adaptive response to rapid changes in microenvironment may extend our knowledge on melanoma biology, especially at the stage of dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz L. Hartman
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Beata Talar
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Malgorzata Czyz
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- * E-mail:
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Huang JC, Basu SK, Zhao X, Chien S, Fang M, Oehler VG, Appelbaum FR, Becker PS. Mesenchymal stromal cells derived from acute myeloid leukemia bone marrow exhibit aberrant cytogenetics and cytokine elaboration. Blood Cancer J 2015; 5:e302. [PMID: 25860293 PMCID: PMC4450324 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2015.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) play a fundamental role in the BM microenvironment (BME) and abnormalities of these cells may contribute to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) pathogenesis. The aim of the study was to characterize the cytokine and gene expression profile, immunophenotype and cytogenetics of BM-MSCs from AML patients compared to normal BM-MSCs from healthy donors. AML BM-MSCs showed decreased monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 levels compared to normal BM-MSCs. AML BM-MSCs expressed similar β1 integrin, CD44, CD73, CD90 and E-cadherin compared to normal BM-MSCs. Cytogenetic analysis revealed chromosomal aberrations in AML BM-MSCs, some overlapping with and others distinct from their corresponding AML blasts. No significant difference in gene expression was detected between AML BM-MSCs compared to normal BM-MSCs; however, comparing the differences between AML and MSCs from AML patients with the differences between normal hematopoietic cells and normal MSCs by Ingenuity pathway analysis showed key distinctions of the AML setting: (1) upstream gene regulation by transforming growth factor beta 1, tumor necrosis factor, tissue transglutaminase 2, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha and SWItch/Sucrose NonFermentable related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily a, member 4; (2) integrin and interleukin 8 signaling as overrepresented canonical pathways; and (3) upregulation of transcription factors FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog and v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog. Thus, phenotypic abnormalities of AML BM-MSCs highlight a dysfunctional BME that may impact AML survival and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Huang
- 1] Division of Hematology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA [2] Division of Gerontology & Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - S K Basu
- Section of Hematology & Oncology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - X Zhao
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - S Chien
- Division of Hematology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M Fang
- 1] Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA [2] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - V G Oehler
- 1] Division of Hematology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA [2] Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - F R Appelbaum
- 1] Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA [2] Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - P S Becker
- 1] Division of Hematology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA [2] Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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Interpretation of immunohistochemistry data of tumor should consider microenvironmental factors. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:4467-77. [PMID: 25753476 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of tumor surrounding microenvironment is often neglected when immunohistochemistry is performed to investigate tumor properties and search biomarkers of cancer. This study was designed to evaluate whether the influence of tumor microenvironment on biological features of tumor cells should be taken into account for interpretation of the immunohistochemistry data of tumor specimens. In this study, we showed an example by using three tumor cell lines (HeLa, WSU-HN6, and Tca83) to establish tumor-caused bone destruction models in nude mice and then to investigate the influence of bone marrow microenvironment (BMM) on biological features of tumor cells. Immunohistochemistry results showed that, compared with tumor cells located outside of BMM, tumor cells located inside of BMM presented huge differences in the expression of inflammation-related proteins including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), TNF receptor-associated factor protein-6 (TRAF-6), phosphorylated-NF-κB p65 (p-p65), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-11, matrix metalloproteinases including MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-13; and osteogenesis-related proteins including runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and osteocalcin (OCN) in all the models. However, when we compared the cell line pair derived from different sites (outside and inside of BMM, respectively) of the same HeLa tumor sample by real-time PCR, Western blot, and immunocytochemistry, the differences aforementioned in tumor tissues were not found. In addition, we verified that normal human bone marrow could not cause the above changes detected in vivo. Our results suggested that tumor-modified microenvironment could give the new biological features of the invaded tumor cells. Therefore, we should consider the influence of the surrounding microenvironment on tumor cells when we analyze tumor properties using immunohistochemistry.
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Medress Z, Hayden Gephart M. Molecular and Genetic Predictors of Breast-to-Brain Metastasis: Review and Case Presentation. Cureus 2015; 7:e246. [PMID: 26180670 PMCID: PMC4494590 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases are the most common intracranial malignancy, and breast cancer is the second most common cancer to metastasize to the brain. Intracranial disease is a late manifestation of breast cancer with few effective treatment options, affecting 15-50% of breast cancer patients, depending upon molecular subtype. In this review article, we describe the genetic, molecular, and metabolic changes in breast cancer cells that facilitate breast to brain metastasis. We believe that advances in the understanding of breast to brain metastasis pathogenesis will lead to targeted molecular therapies and to improvements in the ability to prospectively identify patients at increased risk for developing intracranial disease.
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