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Miller R, Balshaw TG, Massey GJ, Maeo S, Lanza MB, Haug B, Johnston M, Allen SJ, Folland JP. Sex differences in muscle morphology between male and female sprinters. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 136:1568-1579. [PMID: 38660724 PMCID: PMC11365543 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00009.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a marked difference between males and females in sprint running performance, yet a comprehensive investigation of sex differences in the muscle morphology of sprinters, which could explain the performance differences, remains to be completed. This study compared muscle volumes of 23 individual leg muscles and 5 functional muscle groups, assessed with 3 T magnetic resonance imaging, between male (n = 31) and female (n = 22) sprinters, as well as subgroups of elite males (EM, n = 5), elite females (EF, n = 5), and performance-matched (to elite females) males (PMMEF, n = 6). Differences in muscle volume distribution between EM, EF, and unathletic male (UM) controls were also assessed. For the full cohorts, male sprinters were more muscular than their female counterparts, but the differences were nonuniform and anatomically variable, with the largest differences in the hip extensors and flexors. However, among elite sprinters the sex differences in the volume of the functional muscle groups were almost uniform (absolute volume +47-53%), and the muscle volume distribution of EM was more similar to EF than to UM (P < 0.039). For PMMEF, relative hip extensor volume, but not stature or percent body fat, differentiated for performance (PMMEF and EF < EM) rather than sex. In conclusion, although the full cohorts of sprinters showed a marked sex difference in the amount and distribution of muscle mass, elite sprinters appeared to be selected for a common muscle distribution phenotype that for these elite subgroups was a stronger effect than that of sex. Relative hip extensor muscle volume, rather than stature, percent body fat, or total relative muscle volume, appeared to be the primary determinant of the sex difference in performance.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We present novel evidence suggesting muscle volume, specifically relative hip extensor volume, may be a primary deterministic variable for the sex difference in sprint performance, such that with matched sprint times, male and female sprinters may be expected to have equivalent muscle morphology. We highlight striking similarities in distribution of leg muscle mass between elite male and female sprinters and provide evidence for the existence of a muscular distribution phenotype specific to elite sprinters, irrespective of sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Miller
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
- British Athletics, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas G Balshaw
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Garry J Massey
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Sumiaki Maeo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Marcel B Lanza
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Bill Haug
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Johnston
- British Athletics, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
- Applied Sports Technology Exercise and Medicine Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Sam J Allen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P Folland
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
- National Institute of Health and Care Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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Barrenetxea-García J, Nuell S, Garai S, Murua-Ruiz A, Mielgo-Ayuso J, Calleja-González J, Sáez de Villarreal E. Effect of Foam Roll recovery method on performance in water polo players: a randomized controlled trial. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2024; 52:262-270. [PMID: 37526535 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2023.2240274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This intervention study aimed to evaluate how the use of Foam Roller (FR) as a recovery strategy affects water polo performance after a seven-week (28-session) program. DESIGN A randomized controlled trial. METHODS Thirty water polo players (14 male amateur players and 16 female sub-elite players) were assigned by means of sealed opaque envelopes to the control group (CG) or Foam Roller Group (FRG) and performed the same total number and intensity of training sessions. Test protocols were performed before (pretest), in-test (week 5), and after the intervention period (posttest). These included water polo-specific performance tests such as in-water boost, throwing speed, and 20 m sprint swimming tests. In addition, during the intervention, heart rate (HR), the scale of perceived exertion of the session (sRPE), and total quality recovery scale (TQR) data were recorded. RESULTS There were no differences in the baseline values in any of the variables analyzed between CG and FRG. A small decrease in in-water boost was observed in CG (-2%, ES = -0.35 [-0.95: 0.26], p = 0.016, very likely small) and in FRG (-2%, ES = -0.33 [-0.93: 0.27], p = 0.021, likely small). No significant changes were found in either the 20 m swim test or the throwing test in CG and FRG. No clear differences among groups and weeks were found in sRPE, TQR and HR. CONCLUSION The findings indicate that the use of FR as a recovery tool after training and matches is not useful in water polo players.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergi Nuell
- Sport Performance Department Escola Universitària de la Salut I l'Esport (EUSES), Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Susana Garai
- Uribe Integrated Health Organization, Sopelana Primary Care Unit, Sopelana, Spain
| | - Antxon Murua-Ruiz
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria, Spain
| | - Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - Julio Calleja-González
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria, Spain
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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de la Cruz VM, Carranza VR, González Ravé JM. Road to Paris 2024: force-velocity profile in different speed climbers' abilities. Biol Sport 2024; 41:131-137. [PMID: 38524813 PMCID: PMC10955744 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.131824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Speed climbing will be a new discipline in Paris 2024. The physical requirements of speed climbing are different from the other climbing modalities due to the short event time requiring higher level of strength and power. These parameters have been measured through the Force-Velocity (F-V) profile in different climbing disciplines. However, there are no known results evaluating different speed climbing abilities to establish whether F-V relationship is a determining factor between performance levels. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the upper and lower limbs F-V profile in different speed climbing abilities considering sex. Twenty-six speed climbers were divided into two groups based on their level of performance: international level (men n = 7 and women n = 2) and national level (men n = 8 and women n = 7). Participants performed pull-ups and squat incremental tests and F-V profile variables [Maximum theorical values of force (F0), velocity (V0) and power (Pmax)], one-repetition maximum value (1RM) and %1RM where peak power was expressed were collected using a linear encoder. There were significant differences in F0, relative force, %1RM where peak power was expressed, and 1RM in pull-ups (p < 0.05) between groups. However, there were not significant differences between groups in squat variables. No significant sex differences were found in any variable. There were moderate-strong correlations between running time and 1RM (pull-ups and squat), F0 and FV-slope (pull-ups) (p < 0.05) analyzed in the whole group. In conclusion, F0 and 1RM in pull-ups were significantly higher in international climbers. Therefore, national climbers should focus their training on improving force by training with heavy loads. Additionally, squat F-V profile variables do not seem to be as important as in the pull-up for performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Muñoz de la Cruz
- Sports Training Lab: Sports Performance Research Group (GIRD) University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Víctor Rodrigo Carranza
- Sports Training Lab: Sports Performance Research Group (GIRD) University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - José María González Ravé
- Sports Training Lab: Sports Performance Research Group (GIRD) University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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Kantor MA, Bleetman A, Tenbrink J, Garg H. The 21-foot principle: Effects of age and sex on knife attack characteristics. J Forensic Leg Med 2024; 101:102637. [PMID: 38147813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2023.102637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Knives are commonly-used weapons in criminal activities and interpersonal assaults worldwide. Injury reports have identified the upper body as the most frequent location of knife injuries, and that stabbing attacks are more fatal than slashing attacks. The first two aims of the study explore whether the type of attack and attack location could be predicted from age and sex group. The following aims compared attack times between sex and age groups and evaluated the influence of subject characteristics on attack duration. The exploratory aim surveyed subjects on attack location during the scenario if the target was not wearing body armor. METHODS A total of 74 subjects (male: n = 40; female: n = 34) participated. Subjects were video recorded during a 21-foot (ft) attack and participated in follow-up questions and completed a push-up test to determine physical strength. Attack time (AT), concealment location, attack type, and demographic information were correlated to age group and sex. RESULTS Mean AT from 21 ft was 2.40 ± 0.47 s, with the fastest of 1.75 s. The most commonly observed concealment location, attack type, and attack location on the target included the right hip (n = 62), stab (n = 62), and the chest (n = 28), respectively. After controlling for push-up ability (p < 0.05), no differences were reported between any combination of sex and age group in AT from 21 ft. Push-up ability was the sole significant predictor of AT from 21 ft (p < 0.05). Twenty-eight subjects reported they purposely avoided the body armor vest during the 21 ft attack. CONCLUSION Law enforcement officers are encouraged to train for quick defensive or offensive responses, such as hand-to-knife combat or rapid firearm skills that can be performed in under 1.75 s. Stronger people were predicted to complete the 21 ft attack faster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Kantor
- Doctor of Philosophy in Health Sciences Program, Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions, Provo, UT, USA; Office of Research and Sponsored Projects, Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions, Provo, UT, USA; School of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH, USA.
| | | | - Joel Tenbrink
- Physical Therapy Program, Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Hina Garg
- Physical Therapy Program, Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions, Provo, UT, USA
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Knaus KR, Handsfield GG, Fiorentino NM, Hart JM, Meyer CH, Blemker SS. Athlete Muscular Phenotypes Identified and Compared with High-Dimensional Clustering of Lower Limb Muscle Volume Measurements. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:1913-1922. [PMID: 37259254 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Athletes use their skeletal muscles to demonstrate performance. Muscle force generating capacity is correlated with volume, meaning that variations in sizes of different muscles may be indicative of how athletes meet different demands in their sports. Medical imaging enables in vivo quantification of muscle volumes; however, muscle volume distribution has not been compared across athletes of different sports. PURPOSE The goal of this work was to define "muscular phenotypes" in athletes of different sports and compare these using hierarchical clustering. METHODS Muscle volumes normalized by body mass of athletes (football, baseball, basketball, or track) were compared with control participants to quantify size differences using z -scores. z -Scores of 35 muscles described the pattern of volume deviation within each athlete's lower limb, characterizing their muscular phenotype. Data-driven high-dimensional clustering analysis was used to group athletes presenting similar phenotypes. Efficacy of clustering to identify similar phenotypes was demonstrated by grouping athletes' contralateral limbs before other athletes' limbs. RESULTS Analyses revealed that athletes did not tend to cluster with others competing in the same sport. Basketball players with similar phenotypes grouped by clustering also demonstrated similarities in performance. Clustering also identified muscles with similar volume variation patterns across athletes, and principal component analysis revealed specific muscles that accounted for most of the variance (gluteus maximus, sartorius, semitendinosus, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and rectus femoris). CONCLUSIONS Athletes exhibit heterogeneous lower limb muscle volumes that can be characterized and compared as individual muscular phenotypes. Clustering revealed that athletes with the most similar phenotypes do not always play the same sport such that patterns of muscular heterogeneity across a group of athletes reflect factors beyond their specific sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Knaus
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | | | - Joseph M Hart
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
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Fields JB, Jagim AR, Kuhlman N, Feit MK, Jones MT. Comparison of Match External Loads across a Men's and Women's Lacrosse Season. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:119. [PMID: 37606414 PMCID: PMC10443359 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8030119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare external workloads between collegiate men's (MLAX) and women's lacrosse (WLAX) matches and examine positional differences across the season. Athletes (MLAX: n = 10; WLAX: n = 13) wore a global positional system device during all matches. External load metrics included in the analysis were total distance (TD), sprint distance (SD), accelerations (>3 m/s2), sprint efforts, player load per minute (PL/min), top speed, and distances spent in various speed zones. WLAX had higher TD (p = 0.001), SD (p < 0.001), distances in SZs 2-5 (p < 0.001), PL (p < 0.001), and sprint efforts (p < 0.001) compared to MLAX. However, MLAX performed more acceleration (p < 0.001) and deceleration (p < 0.001) efforts. WLAX midfielders (M) and defenders (D) reached higher top speeds and performed more accelerations than attackers (p < 0.001). Midfielders covered the greatest distance at high speeds (p = 0.011) and the smallest distance at low speeds (<0.001) for WLAX. For MLAX, midfielders performed the highest SDs, top speeds, accelerations, decelerations, and distances in higher speed zones (p < 0.001) compared to attackers and defenders. Results indicate that there are significant gender and positional differences in external workload demands during match play, specifically for volume- and intensity-derived workload parameters, between men's and women's lacrosse. Therefore, sports performance coaches should create gender- and position-specific conditioning programs to prepare athletes for match demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B. Fields
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA;
- Department of Exercise Science and Athletic Training, Springfield College, Springfield, MA 01109, USA;
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA;
| | - Andrew R. Jagim
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA;
- Sports Medicine Department, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
| | - Nicholas Kuhlman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA;
- Department of Exercise Science and Athletic Training, Springfield College, Springfield, MA 01109, USA;
| | - Mary Kate Feit
- Department of Exercise Science and Athletic Training, Springfield College, Springfield, MA 01109, USA;
| | - Margaret T. Jones
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA;
- Sport, Recreation, and Tourism Management, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
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Ferguson H, Harnish C, Klich S, Michalik K, Dunst AK, Zhou T, Chase JG. Track cycling sprint sex differences using power data. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15671. [PMID: 37456896 PMCID: PMC10340095 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Currently, there are no data on sex differences in the power profiles in sprint track cycling. This cross-section study analyses retrospective data of female and male track sprint cyclists for sex differences. We hypothesized that women would exhibit lower peak power to weight than men, as well as demonstrate a different distribution of power durations related to sprint cycling performance. Design We used training, testing, and racing data from a publicly available online depository (www.strava.com), for 29 track sprint cyclists (eight women providing 18 datasets, and 21 men providing 54 datasets) to create sex-specific profiles. R2 was used to describe model quality, and regression indices are used to compare watts per kilogram (W/kg) for each duration for both sexes against a 1:1 relationship expected for 15-s:15-s W/kg. Results We confirmed our sample were sprint cyclists, displaying higher peak and competition power than track endurance cyclists. All power profiles showed a high model quality (R2 ≥ 0.77). Regression indices for both sexes were similar for all durations, suggesting similar peak power and similar relationship between peak power and endurance level for both men and women (rejecting our hypothesis). The value of R2 for the female sprinters showed greater variation suggesting greater differences within female sprint cyclists. Conclusion The main finding shows female sprint cyclists in this study have very similar relationships between peak power and endurance power as men. Higher variation in W/kg for women in this study than men, within these strong relationships, indicates women in this study, had greater inter-athlete variability, and may thus require more personalised training. Future work needs to be performed with larger samples, and at different levels to optimize these recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish Ferguson
- Centre for Bioengineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Chris Harnish
- Department of Exercise Science, Murphy Deming College of Health Sciences, Mary Baldwin College, Fisherville, Virginia, United States
| | - Sebastian Klich
- Department of Paralympic Sport, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Wrocław University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Michalik
- Department of Human Motor Skills, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Wrocław University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Tony Zhou
- Centre for Bioengineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J Geoffrey Chase
- Centre for Bioengineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Galantine P, Sudlow A, Peyrot N, Vercruyssen F, Bélard C, Dalleau G, Duché P. Force-velocity profile in sprinting: sex effect. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:911-921. [PMID: 36595048 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05121-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The ability to produce muscle power during sprint acceleration is a major determinant of physical performance. The comparison of the force-velocity (F-v: theoretical maximal force, F0; velocity, v0 and maximal power output, Pmax) profile between men and women has attracted little attention. Most studies of sex differences have failed to apply a scaling ratio when reporting data. The present study investigated the sex effect on the F-v profile using an allometric model applied with body mass (BM), fat-free mass (FFM), fat-free mass of the lower limb (FFMLL), cross-sectional area (CSA) and leg length (LL) to mechanical parameters. Thirty students (15 men, 15 women) participated. Raw velocity-time data for three maximal 35 m sprints were measured with a radar. Mechanical parameters of the F-v relationship were calculated from the modelling of the velocity-time curve. When F0 and Pmax were allometrically scaled with BM (p = 0.538; ES = 0.23) and FFM (p = 0.176; ES = 0.51), there were no significant differences between men and women. However, when the allometric model was applied to Pmax with FFMLL (p = 0.015; ES = 0.52), F0 with CSA (p = 0.016; ES = 0.93) and v0 with LL (p ≤ 0.001; ES = 1.98) differences between men and women persisted. FFM explained 83% of the sex differences in the F-v profile (p ≤ 0.001). After applying an allometric model, sex differences in the F-v profile are explained by other factors than body dimensions (i.e., physiological qualitative differences).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Galantine
- Impact de l'Activité Physique sur la Santé (IAPS-UR n°201723207F), Université de Toulon, Toulon, France
| | - Anthony Sudlow
- Impact de l'Activité Physique sur la Santé (IAPS-UR n°201723207F), Université de Toulon, Toulon, France
| | - Nicolas Peyrot
- Movement-Interactions-Performance, MIP, Université Le Mans, EA 4334, Le Mans, France
| | - Fabrice Vercruyssen
- Impact de l'Activité Physique sur la Santé (IAPS-UR n°201723207F), Université de Toulon, Toulon, France
| | - Chrystal Bélard
- Impact de l'Activité Physique sur la Santé (IAPS-UR n°201723207F), Université de Toulon, Toulon, France
| | - Georges Dalleau
- Laboratoire IRISSE-EA4075, Université de la Réunion, Le Tampon, La Réunion, France
| | - Pascale Duché
- Impact de l'Activité Physique sur la Santé (IAPS-UR n°201723207F), Université de Toulon, Toulon, France.
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Hicks DS, Drummond C, Williams KJ, van den Tillaar R. Force-Velocity Profiling in Club-Based Field Hockey Players: Analyzing the Relationships between Mechanical Characteristics, Sex, and Positional Demands. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:142-155. [PMID: 36876183 PMCID: PMC9982534 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate differences between sex and positional demands in club-based field hockey players by analyzing vertical force-velocity characteristics. Thirty-three club-based field hockey athletes (16 males - age: 24.8 ± 7.3yrs, body mass: 76.8 ± 8.2kg, height: 1.79 ± 0.05m; 17 females - age: 22.3 ± 4.2yrs, body mass: 65.2 ± 7.6kg, height: 1.66 ± 0.05m) were classified into two key positional groups (attacker or defender) based on dominant field position during gameplay. Force-velocity (F-v) profiles were established by performing countermovement jumps (CMJ) using a three-point loading protocol ranging from body mass (i.e., zero external mass, 0%) to loads corresponding to 25% and 50% of their own body mass. Across all loads, between-trial reliability of F-v and CMJ variables was determined by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and coefficient of variation (CV) and deemed to be acceptable (ICC: 0.87-0.95, CV% 2.8-8.2). Analysis by sex identified male athletes had significantly greater differences in all F-v variables (12.81-40.58%, p ≤ 0.001, ES = 1.10-3.19), a more enhanced F-v profile (i.e., greater theoretical maximal force, velocity, and power values), plus overall stronger correlations between relative maximal power (PMAX) and jump height (r = 0.67, p ≤ 0.06) when compared to female athletes (-0.71≤ r ≥ 0.60, p = 0.08). Male attackers demonstrated a more 'velocity-oriented' F-v profile compared to defenders due to significant mean differences in theoretical maximal velocity (v0) (6.64%, p ≤ 0.05, ES: 1.11), however differences in absolute and relative theoretical force (F0) (15.43%, p ≤ 0.01, ES = 1.39) led to female attackers displaying a more 'force-oriented' profile in comparison to defenders. The observed mechanical differences identify the underpinning characteristics of position specific expression of PMAX should be reflected in training programmes. Therefore, our findings suggest F-v profiling is acceptable to differentiate between sex and positional demands in club-based field hockey players. Furthermore, it is recommended field hockey players explore a range of loads and exercises across the F-v continuum through on-field and gym-based field hockey strength and conditioning practices to account for sex and positional mechanical differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan S Hicks
- SHAPE Research Centre, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Claire Drummond
- SHAPE Research Centre, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Kym J Williams
- SHAPE Research Centre, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
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Barrons ZB, Esposito MJS, Stefanyshyn DJ, Wannop JW. The traction requirements of female and male basketball players. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2022.2141899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zach B. Barrons
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | | | | | - John W. Wannop
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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Jobe TK, Shaffer HN, Doci CL, Gries KJ. Sex Differences in Performance and Depth of Field in the United States Olympic Trials. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:3122-3129. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Yagi M, Taniguchi M, Tateuchi H, Hirono T, Fukumoto Y, Yamagata M, Nakai R, Yamada Y, Kimura M, Ichihashi N. Age- and sex-related differences of muscle cross-sectional area in iliocapsularis: a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr 2022; 22:435. [PMID: 35585587 PMCID: PMC9118574 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-022-03127-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to determine in how many individuals the iliocapsularis muscle (IC) could be identified on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and whether age and sex are associated with the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the IC. Methods Thirty-seven healthy younger adults and 40 healthy older adults were assigned to four groups: 1) 20 younger men; 2) 17 younger women; 3) 20 older men; and 4) 20 older women. The CSAs of the IC, IP, the rectus femoris (RF) and the quadriceps (QUAD) were quantified on an axial MRI. Results The number of individuals with the identified IC was n = 17 (85.0%) of 20 younger men, n = 15 (88.2%) of 17 younger women, n = 18 (90.0%) of 20 older men, and 19 (95.0%) of 20 older women. Our results showed the main effect of sex, but not age, in the CSA of the IC. The men-groups had larger CSA of the IC than the women-groups; however, no difference in CSA of the IC was found between the younger and older groups. Meanwhile, the main effects of age and sex were found for the IP, RF, and QUAD; thus, younger or men groups have larger CSAs of the three muscles than the older or women groups. The IC muscle can be discriminated in 85% – 95% of healthy individuals. Conclusion Although sex and age are associated with the CSA of lower-limb muscles other than the IC, only sex is associated with the CSA of the IC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahide Yagi
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Masashi Taniguchi
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hiroshige Tateuchi
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hirono
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Kojimachi Business Center Building, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan.,School of Health and Sport Science, Chukyo University, 101 Tokodachi, Kaizu-cho, Toyota, Aichi, 470-0393, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Fukumoto
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kansai Medical University, 18-89 Uyama Higashimachi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1136, Japan
| | - Momoko Yamagata
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kansai Medical University, 18-89 Uyama Higashimachi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1136, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Nakai
- Institute for the Future of Human Society, Kyoto University, 46 Shimoadachi-cho, Yoshida Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yosuke Yamada
- National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8636, Japan.,Institute for Active Health, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Nanjo Otani, 1-1 Sogabecho, Kameoka, Kyoto, 621-8555, Japan
| | - Misaka Kimura
- Institute for Active Health, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Nanjo Otani, 1-1 Sogabecho, Kameoka, Kyoto, 621-8555, Japan.,Faculty of Nursing, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Koudo, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0395, Japan
| | - Noriaki Ichihashi
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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13
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Hallam LC, Amorim FT. Expanding the Gap: An Updated Look Into Sex Differences in Running Performance. Front Physiol 2022; 12:804149. [PMID: 35058806 PMCID: PMC8764368 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.804149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Males consistently outperform females in athletic endeavors, including running events of standard Olympic distances (100 m to Marathon). The magnitude of this percentage sex difference, i.e., the sex gap, has evolved over time. Two clear trends in sex gap evolution are evident; a narrowing of the gap during the 20th century, followed by a period of stability thereafter. However, an updated perspective on the average sex gap from top 20 athlete performances over the past two decades reveals nuanced trends over time, indicating the sex gap is not fixed. Additionally, the sex gap varies with performance level; the difference in absolute running performance between males and females is lowest for world record/world lead performances and increases in lower-ranked elite athletes. This observation of an increased sex gap with world rank is evident in events 400 m and longer and indicates a lower depth in female competitive standards. Explanations for the sex difference in absolute performance and competition depth include physical (physiological, anatomical, neuromuscular, biomechanical), sociocultural, psychological, and sport-specific factors. It is apparent that females are the disadvantaged sex in sport; therefore, measures should be taken to reduce this discrepancy and enable both sexes to reach their biological performance potential. There is scope to narrow the sex performance gap by addressing inequalities between the sexes in opportunities, provisions, incentives, attitudes/perceptions, research, and media representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia C Hallam
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise, and Sport Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Fabiano T Amorim
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise, and Sport Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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14
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Hori M, Suga T, Terada M, Tanaka T, Kusagawa Y, Otsuka M, Nagano A, Isaka T. Relationship of the knee extensor strength but not the quadriceps femoris muscularity with sprint performance in sprinters: a reexamination and extension. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:67. [PMID: 34112228 PMCID: PMC8194240 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00293-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This study examined the relationships of knee extensor strength and quadriceps femoris size with sprint performance in sprinters. Methods Fifty-eight male sprinters and 40 body size-matched male non-sprinters participated in this study. The knee extensor isometric and isokinetic strengths were measured using a dynamometer. The isokinetic strength measurements were performed with slow and fast velocities at 60°/s and 180°/s, respectively. The quadriceps femoris muscle volume (MV) was measured using magnetic resonance imaging. The relative knee extensor strengths and quadriceps femoris MV were calculated by normalizing to body mass. Results Absolute and relative knee extensor strengths during two velocity isokinetic contractions, but not during isometric contraction, were significantly higher in sprinters than in non-sprinters (P = 0.047 to < 0.001 for all). Such a significant difference was also observed for relative quadriceps femoris MV (P = 0.018). In sprinters, there were positive correlations between all three knee extensor strengths and quadriceps femoris MV (r = 0.421 to 0.531, P = 0.001 to < 0.001 for all). The absolute and relative strengths of the fast-velocity isokinetic knee extension correlated negatively with personal best 100-m sprint time (r = −0.477 and −0.409, P = 0.001 and < 0.001, respectively). In contrast, no such significant correlations were observed between absolute and relative quadriceps femoris MVs and personal best 100-m sprint time. Conclusions These findings suggest that despite the presence of the relationship between muscle strength and size, the knee extensor strength may be related to superior sprint performance in sprinters independently of the quadriceps femoris muscularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Hori
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Tadashi Suga
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan.
| | - Masafumi Terada
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tanaka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yuki Kusagawa
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Otsuka
- Faculty of Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akinori Nagano
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Tadao Isaka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
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15
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Sarto F, Spörri J, Fitze DP, Quinlan JI, Narici MV, Franchi MV. Implementing Ultrasound Imaging for the Assessment of Muscle and Tendon Properties in Elite Sports: Practical Aspects, Methodological Considerations and Future Directions. Sports Med 2021; 51:1151-1170. [PMID: 33683628 PMCID: PMC8124062 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01436-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound (US) imaging has been widely used in both research and clinical settings to evaluate the morphological and mechanical properties of muscle and tendon. In elite sports scenarios, a regular assessment of such properties has great potential, namely for testing the response to training, detecting athletes at higher risks of injury, screening athletes for structural abnormalities related to current or future musculoskeletal complaints, and monitoring their return to sport after a musculoskeletal injury. However, several practical and methodological aspects of US techniques should be considered when applying this technology in the elite sports context. Therefore, this narrative review aims to (1) present the principal US measures and field of applications in the context of elite sports; (2) to discuss, from a methodological perspective, the strengths and shortcomings of US imaging for the assessment of muscle and tendon properties; and (3) to provide future directions for research and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Sarto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Jörg Spörri
- Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel P Fitze
- Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan I Quinlan
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Marco V Narici
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- CIR-MYO Myology Centre, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Martino V Franchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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16
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Höög S, Andersson EP. Sex and Age-Group Differences in Strength, Jump, Speed, Flexibility, and Endurance Performances of Swedish Elite Gymnasts Competing in TeamGym. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:653503. [PMID: 34056587 PMCID: PMC8158296 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.653503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To analyze sex and age group differences in strength, jump, speed, flexibility, and endurance performances of TeamGym athletes. Methods: A total of 91 Swedish elite gymnasts (junior female, n = 26, age = 15.4 y; senior female, n = 23, age = 20.0 y; junior male, n = 19, age = 15.6 y; senior male, n = 23, age = 20.6 y) participated in three testing sessions on three separate days. These were: (1) a series of flexibility tests for the lower- and upper-body; (2) strength tests for the lower- and upper-body; and (3) various types of jumps, a 20-m sprint-run, and a 3,000-m run test. Results: Males were 24% stronger in the back squat one-repetition maximum (relative to body mass) compared to females (P < 0.001, H g = 1.35). In the pull-ups and dips, 2.4 and 2.3 times more repetitions were completed by the males compared to the females (both P < 0.001, 0.70 ≤ R ≤ 0.77). However, females were similarly strong as males in the hanging sit-ups test (P = 0.724). The males jumped 29, 34, 33, and 17% higher in the squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), countermovement jump with arm swing (CMJa), and drop jump (DJ), respectively, compared to the females (all P ≤ 0.002, 0.14 ≤η p 2 ≤ 0.60). In the 20-m sprint run, males were 4% faster than females (P < 0.001, R = 0.40). Moreover, the females had significantly better flexibility than the males in the trunk forward bending, front split, and side split tests (all P < 0.001, 0.24 ≤η p 2 ≤ 0.54). In the 3,000-m run test, males were 11% faster than females (P < 0.001,η p 2 ≤ 0.54). Compared to junior athletes, seniors performed better in the pull-ups, dips, SJ, CMJ, CMJa, and 20-m sprint-run tests (all P ≤ 0.012, 0.31 ≤ R ≤ 0.56, 0.16 ≤η p 2 ≤ 0.25), with separate within-sex age-group differences (i.e., juniors vs. seniors) that were significant for the males but not for the females in the SJ, CMJ, CMJa, and 20-m sprint-run tests (males: all P < 0.001, 0.67 ≤ R ≤ 0.69, 1.37 ≤ H g ≤ 2.01; females: all P = 0.298-732). Conclusions: Large sex and age-group differences were observed for most physical performance metrics with specific within-sex age-group differences only observed for male athletes, with male seniors performing better than juniors in the SJ, CMJ, CMJa, and 20-m sprint-run tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Höög
- Department of Health Sciences, Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Erik P. Andersson
- Department of Health Sciences, Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
- School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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17
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Godiyal AK, Joshi D. Optimal Force Myography Placement For Maximizing Locomotion Classification Accuracy in Transfemoral Amputees: A Pilot Study. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2021; 25:959-968. [PMID: 32776884 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2020.3015317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Force myography (FMG), is shown to be a promising alternative to electromyography in locomotion classification. However, the placement of force myography sensors over the thigh during locomotion is not yet clear. To this end, an inhouse developed FMG strap was placed over the thigh muscles of healthy/amputees, while walking on different terrains. The performance of the system was tested on six healthy and two amputees during the five different placements of FMG strap i.e., base, distal, lateral, medial, and proximal. The study reveals that there is an increase in average accuracy (STD) from [mean (STD)] 96.4% (4.0) to 99.5% (0.5) for healthy individuals and 95.5% (3.0) to 99.1% (0.3) for amputees while moving the FMG strap to the proximal of the thigh/stump. The study further determines the combination of three FMG channels on anterior side (Rectus Femoris, Vastus lateralis, and Iliotibial Tract muscles) that provides classification accuracy at par (p > 0.05) to utilizing all eight channels for locomotion classification. The variation of humidity throughout the trials did not significantly (p > 0.05) affect the classification accuracy. The study concludes that the optimal location to place the FMG strap is proximal to the thigh/ stump with a minimum of three FMG channels on the anterior part of the thigh for superior classification accuracy.
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