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Moradzadeh M, Karamouzian M, Najafizadeh S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi V, Haghdoost AA. International Journal of Health Policy and Management (IJHPM): A Decade of Advancing Knowledge and Influencing Global Health Policy (2013-2023). Int J Health Policy Manag 2023; 12:8124. [PMID: 37579384 PMCID: PMC10425691 DOI: 10.34172/ijhpm.2023.8124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mina Moradzadeh
- Health Services Management Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Karamouzian
- Centre On Drug Policy Evaluation, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Sahar Najafizadeh
- Health Services Management Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi
- Health Services Management Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali-Akbar Haghdoost
- Modeling in Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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2
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Schmidt H. Pandemics and Politics: Analyzing the politicization and polarization of pandemic-related reporting. NEWSPAPER RESEARCH JOURNAL 2023; 44:26-52. [PMID: 37038391 PMCID: PMC10076240 DOI: 10.1177/07395329221095850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic generated tremendous journalistic attention, and occurred during a period of increasing politicization and polarization in America's news media. This study considers the intersection of both phenomena, and the extent of politicization in recent and historical pandemic-related reporting. Results suggest that political topics, actions and actors have frequently been the focus of COVID-19-related reporting, and that such political content has grown more substantial over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Schmidt
- Hans Schmidt (Ph.D., Temple University) is an associate
professor of communications at Penn State University, Brandywine
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3
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Oude Groeniger J, Gugushvili A, de Koster W, van der Waal J. Population health, not individual health, drives support for populist parties. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac057. [PMID: 36741456 PMCID: PMC9896918 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent electoral shifts toward populist parties may have been partly driven by deteriorating health, although empirical evidence on this link is primarily confined to ecological designs. We performed both ecological- and individual-level analyses to investigate whether changes in health are associated with changes in the support for populist parties. Data were used on the strategic Dutch case, the only liberal democracy featuring leftist and rightist populist politicians in parliament for over a decade. We used: (a) fixed effects models to examine whether changes in the standardized mortality ratios and self-assessed health (SAH) in municipalities were associated with changes in the populist vote share in four parliamentary elections (2006/2010/2012/2017); and (b) 10 waves of panel data collected in 2008 to 2018 to investigate if changes in individual-level SAH were linked to movement in the sympathy, intention to vote, and actual voting for populist parties. The ecological analyses showed that: changes in municipality mortality ratios were positively linked to changes in the vote share of right-wing populist parties, while changes in the prevalence of less-than-good SAH were negatively associated with changes in the vote share for left-wing populist parties. The individual-level analyses identified no such associations. Our findings imply that support for populist parties may be driven by health concerns at the ecological, but not the individual, level. This suggests that sociotropic (e.g. perceiving population health issues as a social problem), but not egotropic (e.g. relating to personal health issues like experienced stigma), concerns may underlie rising support for populist parties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexi Gugushvili
- Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo, Postboks 1096, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway,Nuffield College, University of Oxford, New Rd, Oxford OX1 1NF, UK
| | - Willem de Koster
- Department of Public Administration and Sociology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen van der Waal
- Department of Public Administration and Sociology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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Wong BLH, Delgrange M, Nathan NL, Luévano CD, Martin-Moreno JM, Otok R, Tulchinsky TH, Middleton JD. The Association of Schools of Public Health in the European Region Statement on the Erosion of Public Health Systems. Public Health Rev 2021; 42:1604112. [PMID: 34692180 PMCID: PMC8386754 DOI: 10.3389/phrs.2021.1604112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brian L H Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Department of Population Science and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, London, United Kingdom.,COVID-19 Task Force, Association of Schools of Public Health in the European Region (ASPHER), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marine Delgrange
- Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi L Nathan
- COVID-19 Task Force, Association of Schools of Public Health in the European Region (ASPHER), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Jose M Martin-Moreno
- COVID-19 Task Force, Association of Schools of Public Health in the European Region (ASPHER), Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Preventive Medicine and INCLIVA, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Honours Committee, Association of Schools of Public Health in the European Region (ASPHER), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Robert Otok
- COVID-19 Task Force, Association of Schools of Public Health in the European Region (ASPHER), Brussels, Belgium.,Secretariat, Association of Schools of Public Health in the European Region (ASPHER), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ted H Tulchinsky
- COVID-19 Task Force, Association of Schools of Public Health in the European Region (ASPHER), Brussels, Belgium.,Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - John D Middleton
- COVID-19 Task Force, Association of Schools of Public Health in the European Region (ASPHER), Brussels, Belgium.,Executive Board, Association of Schools of Public Health in the European Region (ASPHER), Brussels, Belgium
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5
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Mashuri A, Putra IE, Kavanagh C, Zaduqisti E, Sukmawati F, Sakdiah H, Selviana S. The socio-psychological predictors of support for post-truth collective action. The Journal of Social Psychology 2021; 162:504-522. [PMID: 34340634 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2021.1935678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Politics in the current era are replete with unreliable media stories which lack evidence, sometimes disparagingly dubbed "fake news". A survey on a sample of Muslims in Indonesia (N = 518) in this work found that participants' endorsement of collective action in of support issues with little to no empirical evidence (i.e., post-truth collective action) increased as a function of their belief in fake news and prejudice against the outgroup (i.e., non-Muslims). Belief in fake news stemmed from participants' generic and specific conspiratorial thinking, whereas prejudice was positively predicted by relative Muslim prototypicality, denoting how much Muslims in Indonesia view that their group is more representative than non-Muslims of the superordinate Indonesian identity that encompasses both groups. Additionally, our findings revealed that generic conspiratorial thinking and relative Muslim prototypicality were positively predicted by collective narcissism, which in turn spurred participants' support for collective action by augmenting belief in fake news.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mashuri
- Department of Psychology and Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | | | - Christopher Kavanagh
- Centre for Studies of Social Cohesion, School of Anthropology & Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford, London, United Kingdom.,College of Contemporary Psychology, Rikkyo University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Esti Zaduqisti
- Department of Islamic Counselling and Guidance, Faculty of Ushuluddin, Adab, and Dakwah, IAIN Pekalongan, Indonesia
| | - Fitri Sukmawati
- Department of Islamic Psychology, Faculty of Ushuluddin, Adab, and Dakwah, IAIN Pontianak, Pontianak, Indonesia
| | - Halimatus Sakdiah
- Department of Islamic Counselling and Guidance, Faculty of Dakwah and Communication Science, Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari, Banjarmasin, Indonesia
| | - Selviana Selviana
- Faculty of Psychology, Persada Indonesia University, Jakarta, Indonesia
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“Divide, Divert, & Conquer” Deconstructing the Presidential Framing of White Supremacy in the COVID-19 Era. SOCIAL SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/socsci10080280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Based on the analysis of President Donald J. Trump’s social media, along with excerpts from his speeches and press releases, this study sheds light on the framing of white supremacy during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Our findings reveal that the triad of divide, divert, and conquer was crucial to Trump’s communications strategy. We argue that racist nativism—or racialized national threats to American security—is key to comprehending the external divisiveness in this strategy. When Trump bitterly cast China as the cause of America’s pandemic fallout and Mexico as the source of other key American problems (i.e., crime and low-paid jobs for U.S.-born Americans), he sowed clear racialized divisions between the United States (U.S.). and these two nations. We further argue that nativist racism—or the framing of descendants from those nations as incapable of ever being American—is key to comprehending the internal divisiveness in the former President’s pandemic rhetoric. Trump’s framing of China and Mexico as enemies of America further found its culprits in Asian and Latino Americans who were portrayed as COVID-19 carriers. Trump’s narrative was ultimately geared to diverting attention from his administration’s mishandling of COVID-19, the dismal structural conditions faced by detained and undocumented Latinos, and the anti-Asian bias faced by some of his Asian American constituents. In the conclusions, this article makes a call for countering white supremacy by developing comparative approaches that pay more attention to how different racisms play out for different groups.
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Barbieri PN, Bonini B. Political orientation and adherence to social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy. ECONOMIA POLITICA (BOLOGNA, ITALY) 2021; 38:483-504. [PMID: 35422606 PMCID: PMC7980748 DOI: 10.1007/s40888-021-00224-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Many governments have implemented social distancing and lockdown measures to curb the spread of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Using province-level geolocation data from Italy, we document that political disbelief can limit government policy effectiveness. Residents in provinces leaning towards extreme right-wing parties show lower rates of compliance with social distancing order. We also find that, during the Italian lockdown, provinces with high protest votes virtually disregarded all social distancing orders. On the contrary, in provinces with higher political support for the current political legislation, we found a higher degree of social distancing compliance. These results are robust to controlling for other factors, including time, geography, local COVID-19 cases and deaths, healthcare hospital beds, and other sociodemographic and economic characteristics. Our research shows that bipartisan support and national responsibility are essential to implement and manage social distancing efficiently. From a broader perspective, our findings suggest that partisan politics and discontent with the political class (i.e., protest voting) might significantly affect human health and the economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Nicola Barbieri
- Prometeia & Centre for Health Economics, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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8
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Aoun Barakat K, Dabbous A, Tarhini A. An empirical approach to understanding users' fake news identification on social media. ONLINE INFORMATION REVIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.1108/oir-08-2020-0333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PurposeDuring the past few years, the rise in social media use for information purposes in the absence of adequate control mechanisms has led to growing concerns about the reliability of the information in circulation and increased the presence of fake news. While this topic has recently gained researchers' attention, very little is known about users' fake news identification behavior. Hence, the purpose of this study is to understand the factors that contribute to individuals' identification of fake news on social media.Design/methodology/approachThis study employs a quantitative approach and proposes a behavioral model that explores the factors influencing users' identification of fake news on social media. It relies on data collected from a sample of 211 social media users which is tested using SEM.FindingsThe findings show that expertise in social media use and verification behavior have a positive impact on fake news identification, while trust in social media as an information channel decreases this identification behavior. Furthermore, results establish the mediating role of social media information trust and verification behavior.Originality/valueThe present study enhances our understanding of social media users' fake news identification by presenting a behavioral model. It is one of the few that focuses on the individual and argues that by identifying the factors that reinforce users' fake news identification behavior on social media, this type of misinformation can be reduced. It offers several theoretical and practical contributions.
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10
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Rinaldi C, Bekker MP. A Scoping Review of Populist Radical Right Parties' Influence on Welfare Policy and its Implications for Population Health in Europe. Int J Health Policy Manag 2021; 10:141-151. [PMID: 32610727 PMCID: PMC7947904 DOI: 10.34172/ijhpm.2020.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In light of worrying public health developments such as declining life expectancy gains and increasing health inequalities, there is a heightened interest in the relationship between politics and health. This scoping review explores the possible welfare policy consequences of populist radical right (PRR) parties in Europe and the implications for population health. The aim is to map the available empirical evidence regarding the influence of PRR parties on welfare policy reforms and to understand how this relationship is mediated by political system characteristics in different countries. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A scoping review of peer-reviewed empirical literature addressing the relationship between PRR parties, political systems and welfare policy in Europe was performed using the methodology by the Joanna Briggs Institute. Data was charted on main study characteristics, concepts and relevant results, after which a qualitative content analysis was performed. The data was categorised according to the political system characteristics: constitution, political economy, interest representation and partisanship. Five expert interviews were conducted for validation purposes. Early evidence from 15 peer-reviewed articles suggests that exclusionary welfare chauvinistic positions of PRR parties are likely to have negative effects on the access to welfare provisions and health of vulnerable population groups. Differences in implementation of welfare chauvinistic policy reforms are partly explained by mediation of the constitutional order (judicial institutions at national and European Union [EU] level), political economy (healthcare system funding and European single market) and partisanship (vote-seeking strategies by PRR and mainstream parties). No clear evidence was found regarding the influence of interest representation on welfare chauvinistic policies. DISCUSSION While early evidence suggests that the welfare chauvinistic ideology of PRR parties is harmful for public health, the possible mediating role of political system characteristics on PRR welfare policy influence offers risk and protective factors explaining why the PRR ideology plays out differently across Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Rinaldi
- Health and Society Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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11
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Mannion R, Speed E. Populism, pestilence and plague in the time of coronavirus. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN HEALTHCARE 2021. [DOI: 10.1108/ijhrh-10-2020-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to explore right wing populist government responses to the coronavirus pandemic.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper is a narrative overview of right-wing populist policies and strategies, which is loosely structured around fascistic themes set out in Albert Camus’ allegorical novel, The Plague.
Findings
Although individual responses to the coronavirus pandemic among right-wing populists differ, they appear to coalesce around four central themes: initial denial and then mismanagement of the pandemic; the disease being framed as primarily an economic rather than a public health crisis; a contempt for scientific and professional expertise; and the “othering” of marginal groups for political ends. Populist responses to the pandemic have given rise to increased levels of xenophobia, the violation of human rights and the denigration of scientific expertise.
Research limitations/implications
This is a narrative overview from a personal viewpoint.
Originality/value
Drawing on themes in Camus' novel The Plague, this is a personal perspective on right wing populist government responses to the coronavirus pandemic. Populist responses to the pandemic have given rise to increased levels of intolerance and xenophobia and the violation of human rights and civil liberties.
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Speed E, Mannion R. Populism and health policy: three international case studies of right-wing populist policy frames. SOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH & ILLNESS 2020; 42:1967-1981. [PMID: 32780437 DOI: 10.1111/1467-9566.13173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, some of the world's most stable parliamentary democracies have witnessed a revival in right-wing populist political parties, movements and leaders. Although there is a growing body of theoretical and empirical literature documenting the rise of populism, there has been very little exploration of the implications for health policy of this important political development. In this article, we draw from three illustrative international cases, originating from the USA, the UK and Italy, to explore the ways in which right-wing populism influences health policy: the election of President Trump in the United States (and subsequent healthcare reforms), the United Kingdom's vote to withdraw from the European Union (Brexit), and how this has played out in the context of the UK National Health Service, and the rise of a politically aligned anti-vaccination movement in Italy. Drawing on the work of the influential socio-political theorist Ernesto Laclau, we interpret populism as a performative political act, predicated on drawing logics of equivalence (and difference) between different actors. We use this theoretical framing to explore the ways in which the recent upsurge in right-wing populism creates a specific set of barriers and challenges for access to healthcare and the health of populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewen Speed
- School of Health and Social Care, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Russell Mannion
- Health Services Management Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Badell-Grau RA, Cuff JP, Kelly BP, Waller-Evans H, Lloyd-Evans E. Investigating the Prevalence of Reactive Online Searching in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Infoveillance Study. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22:e19791. [PMID: 32915763 PMCID: PMC7595752 DOI: 10.2196/19791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ongoing pandemic has placed an unprecedented strain on global society, health care, governments, and mass media. Public dissemination of government policies, medical interventions, and misinformation has been remarkably rapid and largely unregulated during the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in increased misinterpretations, miscommunication, and public panic. Being the first full-scale global pandemic of the digital age, COVID-19 has presented novel challenges pertinent to government advice, the spread of news and misinformation, and the trade-off between the accessibility of science and the premature public use of unproven medical interventions. OBJECTIVE This study aims to assess the use of internet search terms relating to COVID-19 information and misinformation during the global pandemic, identify which were most used in six affected countries, investigate any temporal trends and the likely propagators of key search terms, and determine any correlation between the per capita cases and deaths with the adoption of these search terms in each of the six countries. METHODS This study uses relative search volume data extracted from Google Trends for search terms linked to the COVID-19 pandemic alongside per capita case and mortality data extracted from the European Open Data Portal to identify the temporal dynamics of the spread of news and misinformation during the global pandemic in six affected countries (Australia, Germany, Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States). A correlation analysis was carried out to ascertain any correlation between the temporal trends of search term use and the rise of per capita mortality and disease cases. RESULTS Of the selected search terms, most were searched immediately following promotion by governments, public figures, or viral circulation of information, but also in relation to the publication of scientific resources, which were sometimes misinterpreted before further dissemination. Strong correlations were identified between the volume of these COVID-19-related search terms (overall mean Spearman rho 0.753, SD 0.158), and per capita mortality (mean per capita deaths Spearman rho 0.690, SD 0.168) and cases (mean per capita cases Spearman rho 0.800, SD 0.112). CONCLUSIONS These findings illustrate the increased rate and volume of the public consumption of novel information during a global health care crisis. The positive correlation between mortality and online searching, particularly in countries with lower COVID-19 testing rates, may demonstrate the imperative to safeguard official communications and dispel misinformation in these countries. Online news, government briefings, and social media provide a powerful tool for the dissemination of important information to the public during pandemics, but their misuse and the presentation of misrepresented medical information should be monitored, minimized, and addressed to safeguard public safety. Ultimately, governments, public health authorities, and scientists have a moral imperative to safeguard the truth and maintain an accessible discourse with the public to limit fear.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brendan P Kelly
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Waller-Evans
- Medicine Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Emyr Lloyd-Evans
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Abstract
This paper uses the vocabulary of 'medical populism' to identify and analyse the political constructions of (and responses to) the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil, the Philippines, and the United States from January to mid-July 2020, particularly by the countries' heads of state: Jair Bolsonaro, Rodrigo Duterte, and Donald Trump. In all three countries, the leaders' responses to the outbreak can be characterised by the following features: simplifying the pandemic by downplaying its impacts or touting easy solutions or treatments, spectacularizing their responses to crisis, forging divisions between the 'people' and dangerous 'others', and making medical knowledge claims to support the above. Taken together, the case studies illuminate the role of individual political actors in defining public health crises, suggesting that medical populism is not an exceptional, but a familiar response to them. This paper concludes by offering recommendations for global health in anticipating and responding to pandemics and infectious disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Lasco
- Department of Anthropology, University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.,Development Studies Program, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
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15
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Lindström M. Populism and health inequality in high-income countries. SSM Popul Health 2020; 11:100574. [PMID: 32274415 PMCID: PMC7132163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise of populist parties and movements in general and right-wing populist parties in particular has been noted also in the public health literature. While economic and other factors behind the populist surge have been systematically analyzed in the political and social science literature, the understanding of this political phenomenon seems weak in important parts of the public health literature. The lack of analysis of economic effects on health inequity of immigration of people with low levels of work skills to many high-income countries is given with the WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health report as an example. Public health scholars should be able to fully analyze all effects on health inequity within countries. Public health scholars and professionals may lose credibility if they do not fully assess all relevant determinants, and the investigation of health inequity within countries should consider all systemic roots. Health inequity between countries is a crucial issue and should be addressed through international cooperation between countries, regions and international organizations. The approach from political science and social science should be adopted.
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Glasdam S, Jacobsen CB, Boelsbjerg HB. Nurses' refusals of patient involvement in their own palliative care. Nurs Ethics 2020; 27:969733020929062. [PMID: 32627661 PMCID: PMC7564292 DOI: 10.1177/0969733020929062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ideas of patient involvement are related to notions of self-determination and autonomy, which are not always in alignment with complex interactions and communication in clinical practice. AIM To illuminate and discuss patient involvement in routine clinical care situations in nursing practice from an ethical perspective. METHOD A case study based on an anthropological field study among patients with advanced cancer in Denmark. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS Followed the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. FINDINGS Two cases illustrated situations where nurses refused patient involvement in their own case. DISCUSSION Focus on two ethical issues, namely 'including patients' experiences in palliative nursing care' and 'relational distribution of power and knowledge', inspired primarily by Hannah Arendt's concept of thoughtlessness and a Foucauldian perspective on the medical clinic and power. The article discusses how patients' palliative care needs and preferences, knowledge and statements become part of the less significant background of nursing practice, when nurses have a predefined agenda for acting with and involvement of patients. Both structurally conditioned 'thoughtlessness' of the nurses and distribution of power and knowledge between patients and nurses condition nurses to set the agenda and assess when and at what level it is relevant to take up patients' invitations to involve them in their own case. CONCLUSION The medical and institutional logic of the healthcare service sets the framework for the exchange between professional and patient, which has an embedded risk that 'thoughtlessness' appears among nurses. The consequences of neglecting the spontaneous nature of human action and refusing the invitations of the patients to be involved in their life situation call for ethical and practical reflection among nurses. The conditions for interaction with humans as unpredictable and variable challenge nurses' ways of being ethically attentive to ensure that patients receive good palliative care, despite the structurally conditioned logic of healthcare.
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Campbell IH, Rudan I. Helping global health topics go viral online. J Glob Health 2020; 8:010101. [DOI: 10.7189/jogh.10.010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Lohm D, Davis M, Whittaker A, Flowers P. Role crisis, risk and trust in Australian general public narratives about antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance. HEALTH, RISK & SOCIETY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/13698575.2020.1783436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paul Flowers
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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19
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Campbell IH, Rudan I. Helping global health topics go viral online. J Glob Health 2020. [PMID: 32257176 PMCID: PMC7100623 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.10-010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To maintain support for further investments into health research and prevent large groups of people from questioning modern science, researchers will increasingly need to master their communication of scientific progress in the 21st century to broad general population. The new generations, who inform and educate themselves online, prefer to make their own choices in what they view. This makes them vulnerable to many types of online misinformation, which is placed there mainly to attract their clicks. This evolving context could strongly undermine a consensus in the population over very important public health issues and gains. Therefore, we believe that it deserves to be recognised as a serious problem of our time that needs to be addressed. In addition to possible inaccuracies of the health information found online, the other component of the problem is how to make global public health topics and issues attractive for viewing online and engaging with. They need to compete with popular music, celebrity gossip, sports, movies and other forms of entertainment. In this issue, we bring a novel series aiming to explore effective strategies to promoting global health issues online and through other mass media, and reaching wide audiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain H Campbell
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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Wandschneider L, Namer Y, Razum O. Public health scientists in the crosshairs. Science 2020; 367:861-862. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abb1787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Wandschneider
- Department of Epidemiology and International Public Health, School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, D-33501 Bielefeld, North Rhine Westphalia, Germany
| | - Yudit Namer
- Department of Epidemiology and International Public Health, School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, D-33501 Bielefeld, North Rhine Westphalia, Germany
| | - Oliver Razum
- Department of Epidemiology and International Public Health, School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, D-33501 Bielefeld, North Rhine Westphalia, Germany
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Brainard J, Hunter PR, Hall IR. An agent-based model about the effects of fake news on a norovirus outbreak. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 2020; 68:99-107. [PMID: 32037129 DOI: 10.1016/j.respe.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concern about health misinformation is longstanding, especially on the Internet. METHODS Using agent-based models, we considered the effects of such misinformation on a norovirus outbreak, and some methods for countering the possible impacts of "good" and "bad" health advice. The work explicitly models spread of physical disease and information (both online and offline) as two separate but interacting processes. The models have multiple stochastic elements; repeat model runs were made to identify parameter values that most consistently produced the desired target baseline scenario. Next, parameters were found that most consistently led to a scenario when outbreak severity was clearly made worse by circulating poor quality disease prevention advice. Strategies to counter "fake" health news were tested. RESULTS Reducing bad advice to 30% of total information or making at least 30% of people fully resistant to believing in and sharing bad health advice were effective thresholds to counteract the negative impacts of bad advice during a norovirus outbreak. CONCLUSION How feasible it is to achieve these targets within communication networks (online and offline) should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brainard
- Norwich Medical School, Norwich, United Kingdom.
| | - P R Hunter
- Norwich Medical School, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - I R Hall
- Public Health England, United Kingdom; University of Manchester School of Mathematics, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Żuk P, Żuk P. Right-wing populism in Poland and anti-vaccine myths on YouTube: Political and cultural threats to public health. Glob Public Health 2020; 15:790-804. [PMID: 31964228 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2020.1718733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The article describes the growing anti-vaccine movements in the context of right-wing populism, which is also gaining popularity around the world. According to the authors, these two phenomena have a lot in common, and the activists of the anti-vaccine movements often intermingle with populist right-wing movements. The connection between anti-vaccine activists and populists is illustrated in the analysis of discourse and anti-vaccine arguments presented in materials on the Polish-language YouTube channel, as well as in comments on YouTube forums. The slogans of the defence of 'ordinary people' against 'corrupt elites' in the medical dimension indicate a dislike for 'medical conspiracy' and doctors corrupted by pharmaceutical concerns. Just like right-wing populists, opponents of vaccines in Poland refer to nationalist slogans and have an aversion to the European Union. In addition to the rejection of the WHO standards on sex education and the sceptic attitude to environmental changes, the rejection of vaccines is another manifestation of the conspiracy ideologies of right-wing populists in Poland that may affect health and health policy. In the area of public health, this means rejecting medical knowledge and replacing it with myths and prejudices proclaimed by anti-vaccine movements, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Żuk
- Department of Sociology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland.,The Centre for Civil Rights and Democracy Research, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paweł Żuk
- Department of Sociology and Social Policy, Wrocław University of Economics, Wrocław, Poland
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23
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On the Coherence of Fake News Articles. ECML PKDD 2020 WORKSHOPS 2020. [PMCID: PMC7850087 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-65965-3_42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The generation and spread of fake news within new and online media sources is emerging as a phenomenon of high societal significance. Combating them using data-driven analytics has been attracting much recent scholarly interest. In this computational social science study, we analyze the textual coherence of fake news articles vis-a-vis legitimate ones. We develop three computational formulations of textual coherence drawing upon the state-of-the-art methods in natural language processing and data science. Two real-world datasets from widely different domains which have fake/legitimate article labellings are then analyzed with respect to textual coherence. We observe apparent differences in textual coherence across fake and legitimate news articles, with fake news articles consistently scoring lower on coherence as compared to legitimate news ones. While the relative coherence shortfall of fake news articles as compared to legitimate ones form the main observation from our study, we analyze several aspects of the differences and outline potential avenues of further inquiry.
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Brandmayr F. Public Epistemologies and Intellectual Interventions in Contemporary Italy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLITICS, CULTURE, AND SOCIETY 2019; 34:47-68. [PMID: 33686320 PMCID: PMC7931160 DOI: 10.1007/s10767-019-09346-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Building on recent work in the sociology of intellectual interventions, the study of cultural boundaries of science, and the role of ideas in politics, the article develops a theory of public epistemologies as argumentative tools people use to support or oppose political positions. Two prominent public epistemologies that have recently crystallized in Italian politics are taken as illustrations, with special attention paid to the role of two academics (an economist and an immunologist) turned public intellectuals. The article argues that the rise of populism in Italy has contributed to unusual alignments between political and epistemological positions, which has made questions about science and expert knowledge much more relevant in contesting and supporting political decisions.
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Mannion R, Small N. On Folk Devils, Moral Panics and New Wave Public Health. Int J Health Policy Manag 2019; 8:678-683. [PMID: 31779296 PMCID: PMC6885862 DOI: 10.15171/ijhpm.2019.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
New wave public health places an emphasis on exhorting individuals to engage in healthy behaviour with good health being a signifier of virtuous moral standing, whereas poor health is often associated with personal moral failings. In effect, the medical is increasingly being collapsed into the moral. This approach is consistent with other aspects of contemporary neoliberal governance, but it fuels moral panics and creates folk devils. We explore the implications and dysfunctional consequences of this new wave of public health policy in the context of the latest moral panic around obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Mannion
- Health Services Management Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Neil Small
- Faculty of Health Studies, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
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26
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Lasco G, Larson HJ. Medical populism and immunisation programmes: Illustrative examples and consequences for public health. Glob Public Health 2019; 15:334-344. [DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2019.1680724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Lasco
- Department of Anthropology, University of the Philippines Diliman Quezon City, Philippines
- Development Studies Program, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Heidi J. Larson
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Plamondon KM, Bisung E. The CCGHR Principles for Global Health Research: Centering equity in research, knowledge translation, and practice. Soc Sci Med 2019; 239:112530. [PMID: 31539786 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Medical geography and global health share a fundamental concern for health equity. Both fields operate within similar multiple intersecting funding, academic, health systems, and development landscapes to produce scholarship. Both reflect complex interactions and partnerships between people, communities and institutions of unequal power. The Canadian Coalition of Global Health Research Principles for Global Health Research evolved from deep concern about the absence of standards for how Canadians engage in this field. They can serve as a broadly relevant framework to guide how to integrate equity considerations into everyday research, knowledge translation, and practice activities. Comprised of six principles (authentic partnering, inclusion, shared benefits, commitment to the future, responsiveness to causes of inequities, and humility), they are an aspirational and reflective frame that can elevate equity as a central procedural goal and outcome. In this commentary, we describe each of the six principles and offer examples of how they are being applied to guide research practices, inform knowledge translation science and build capacity. We invite collective reflection about moving our field toward more meaningful health equity research and action, using the CCGHR Principles for Global Health Research to spark dialogue about how to align our practices with desire for a more equitable world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina M Plamondon
- Faculty of Health & Social Development, School of Nursing, University of British Columbia; and Regional Practice Leader, Research & Knowledge Translation, Interior Health, Canada.
| | - Elijah Bisung
- School of Kinesiology & Health Studies, Queens University, Canada
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28
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Agartan TI, Kuhlmann E. New public management, physicians and populism: Turkey's experience with health reforms. SOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH & ILLNESS 2019; 41:1410-1425. [PMID: 31115914 DOI: 10.1111/1467-9566.12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent debates on the rise of right-wing or neoliberal populism globally have prompted public health and health systems researchers to explore its implications in the healthcare systems. This case study of Turkey's recent health reform initiative, the Health Transformation Program, aims to contribute to this debate by examining the nexus among populism, professionalism and the contemporary market and managerial reforms, often described as New Public Management (NPM). Building on document analysis and secondary sources, this article introduces a framework to explore whether and how populist agendas grow up in the shadow of NPM policies. We aim to deepen our understanding of the governance settings that might be used in different ways by right-wing populist leaders to advance their agendas. Our research reveals that the NPM reforms in Turkey have opened a 'backdoor' through which right-wing populist agendas were supported and the position of the medical profession as an important stakeholder in the institutional settings was weakened. However, what mattered most in the reform process was not the policies themselves but the ways new managerialist policies were implemented. Our analysis makes blind spots of the NPM reforms and healthcare governance research visible and calls for greater attention to implementation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuba I Agartan
- Health Policy and Management Department, Providence College, Providence, RI, USA
- Takemi Fellow in International Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ellen Kuhlmann
- Institute of Epidemiology, Social Medicine and Health Systems Research, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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29
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Gerrits RG, van den Berg MJ, Klazinga NS, Kringos DS. Statistics in Dutch policy debates on health and healthcare. Health Res Policy Syst 2019; 17:55. [PMID: 31159828 PMCID: PMC6547579 DOI: 10.1186/s12961-019-0461-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The notion of ‘fact-free politics’ is debated in Europe and the United States of America and has particular relevance for the use of evidence to underpin health and healthcare policies. To better understand how evidence on health and healthcare is used in the national policy-making process in the Netherlands, we explore how different statistics are used in various policy debates on health and healthcare in the Dutch government and parliament. Methods We chose eight ongoing policy debates as case studies representing the subject categories of morbidity, lifestyle, healthcare expenditure and healthcare outcomes, including (1) breast cancer screening rates, prevalence and incidence, (2) dementia prevalence and incidence, (3) prevalence of alcohol use by pregnant women, (4) mobility and school sports participation in children, (5) costs of smoking, (6) Dutch national healthcare expenditure, (7) hospital mortality rates, and (8) bedsore prevalence. Using selected keywords for each policy debate case, we performed a document search to identify documentation of the debates (2014–2016) on the websites of the Dutch government and parliament. We retrieved 163 documents and examined the policy debate cases through a content analyses approach. Results Sources of the statistics used in policy debates were primarily government funded. We identified two distinct functions, i.e. rhetorical and managerial use of statistics. The function of the debate is rhetorical when the specific statistic is used for agenda-setting or to convince the reader of the importance of a topic. The function of the debate is managerial when statistics determine planning, monitoring or evaluation of policy. When evaluating a specific policy, applied statistics were mostly the result of routine or standardised data collection. When policy-makers use statistics for a managerial function, the policy debate mirrors terms derived from scientific debates. Conclusion While statistics used for rhetorical functions do not seem to invite critical reflection, when the function of the debate is managerial, i.e. to plan, monitor or evaluate healthcare, their construction does receive attention. Considering the current role of statistics in rhetorical and managerial debates, there is a need to be cautious of too much leniency towards the technocratic process in exchange for the democratic debate. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12961-019-0461-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinie G Gerrits
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Michael J van den Berg
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Niek S Klazinga
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dionne S Kringos
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Pavolini E, Kuhlmann E, Agartan TI, Burau V, Mannion R, Speed E. Healthcare governance, professions and populism: Is there a relationship? An explorative comparison of five European countries. Health Policy 2018; 122:1140-1148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Power A, Bell SL, Kyle RG, Andrews GJ. 'Hopeful adaptation' in health geographies: Seeking health and wellbeing in times of adversity. Soc Sci Med 2018; 231:1-5. [PMID: 30268349 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Living with adversity can create wide-ranging challenges for people's health and wellbeing. This adversity may arise through personal embodied difference (e.g. acquiring a brain injury or losing mobility in older age) as well as wider structural relations that shape a person's capacity to adapt. A number of dichotomies have dominated our understanding of how people engage with health and wellbeing practices in their lives, from classifying behaviours as harmful/health-enabling, to understanding the self as being defined before/after illness. This paper critically interrogates a number of these dichotomies and proposes the concept of 'hopeful adaptation' to understand the myriad, often non-linear ways that people seek and find health and wellbeing in spite of adversity. We highlight the transformative potential in these adaptive practices, rather than solely focusing on how people persist and absorb adversity. The paper outlines an agenda for a health geography of hopeful adaptation, introducing a collection of papers that examine varied forms of adaptation in people's everyday struggles to find health and wellbeing whilst living with and challenging adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Power
- Geography & Environmental Science, University of Southampton, UK.
| | - Sarah L Bell
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, Medical School, University of Exeter, UK
| | - Richard G Kyle
- School of Health & Social Care, Edinburgh Napier University, UK
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32
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McKee M, Stuckler D. Revisiting the Corporate and Commercial Determinants of Health. Am J Public Health 2018; 108:1167-1170. [PMID: 30024808 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2018.304510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
We trace the development of the concept of the corporate determinants of health. We argue that these determinants are predicated on the unchecked power of corporations and that the means by which corporations exert power is increasingly unseen. We identify four of the ways corporations influence health: defining the dominant narrative; setting the rules by which society, especially trade, operates; commodifying knowledge; and undermining political, social, and economic rights. We identify how public health professionals can respond to these manifestations of power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin McKee
- Martin McKee is with the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK. David Stuckler is with the Department of Policy Analysis and Public Management and Dondena Research Centre, University of Bocconi, Milan, Italy
| | - David Stuckler
- Martin McKee is with the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK. David Stuckler is with the Department of Policy Analysis and Public Management and Dondena Research Centre, University of Bocconi, Milan, Italy
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Abstract
This article formulates precise questions and ‘rules of engagement’ designed to advance our understanding of the role populism can and should play in the present political conjuncture, with potentially significant implications for critical management and organization studies and beyond. Drawing on the work of Ernesto Laclau and others working within the post-Marxist discourse-theory tradition, we defend a concept of populism understood as a form of reason that centres around a claim to represent ‘the people’, discursively constructed as an underdog in opposition to an illegitimate ‘elite’. A formal discursive approach to populism brings with it important advantages. For example, it establishes that a populist logic can be invoked to further very different political goals, from radical left to right, or from progressive to regressive. It sharpens too our grasp of important issues that are otherwise conflated and obfuscated. For instance, it helps us separate out the nativist and populist dimensions in the discourses of the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP), Trump or the Front National (FN). Our approach to populism, however, also points to the need to engage with the rhetoric about populism, a largely ignored area of critical research. In approaching populism as a signifier, not only as a concept, we stress the added need to focus on the uses of the term ‘populism’ itself: how it is invoked, by whom and to what purpose and effect. This, we argue, requires that we pay more systematic attention to anti-populism and ‘populist hype’, and reflect upon academia’s own relation to populism and anti-populism.
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Speed E, Mannion R. The Politics and Power of Populism: A Response to the Recent Commentaries. Int J Health Policy Manag 2018; 7:365-366. [PMID: 29626408 PMCID: PMC5949231 DOI: 10.15171/ijhpm.2017.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ewen Speed
- School of Health and Social Care, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Russell Mannion
- Health Services Management Center, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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35
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De Cleen B. Populism, Exclusion, Post-truth. Some Conceptual Caveats Comment on "The Rise of Post-truth Populism in Pluralist Liberal Democracies: Challenges for Health Policy". Int J Health Policy Manag 2018. [PMID: 29524956 PMCID: PMC5890072 DOI: 10.15171/ijhpm.2017.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In their editorial, Speed and Mannion identify two main challenges "the rise of post-truth populism" poses
for health policy: the populist threat to inclusive healthcare policies, and the populist threat to well-designed
health policies that draw on professional expertise and research evidence. This short comment suggests some
conceptual clarifications that might help in thinking through more profoundly these two important issues. It
argues that we should approach right-wing populism as a combination of a populist down/up (people/elite) axis
with an exclusionary nationalist in/out (member/non-member) axis. And it raises some questions regarding the
equation between populism, demagogy and the rejection of expertise and scientific knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin De Cleen
- Department of Communication Studies, Vrije Universiteit Brussel-VUB, Brussels, Belgium.,Center for Media Data and Society, and Political Science Department, Central European University, Budapest, Hungary
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36
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Taggart D. Community Psychology as a Process of Citizen Participation in Health Policy Comment on "The Rise of Post-truth Populism in Pluralist Liberal Democracies: Challenges for Health Policy". Int J Health Policy Manag 2018. [PMID: 29524941 PMCID: PMC5819377 DOI: 10.15171/ijhpm.2017.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This brief commentary discusses a recent paper by Speed and Mannion that explores "The Rise of post truth populism in liberal democracies: challenges for health policy." It considers their assertion that through meaningful democratic engagement in health policy, some of the risks brought about by an exclusionary populist politics can be mediated. With an overview of what participation means in modern healthcare policy and implementation, the field of community psychology is presented as one way to engage marginalized groups at risk of exploitation or exclusion by nativist populist policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Taggart
- School of Health and Human Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
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Halikiopoulou D. The Far Right Challenge Comment on "The Rise of Post-truth Populism in Pluralist Liberal Democracies: Challenges for Health Policy". Int J Health Policy Manag 2018. [PMID: 29524946 PMCID: PMC5819382 DOI: 10.15171/ijhpm.2017.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Speed and Mannion make a good case that the rise of populism poses significant challenges for health policy. This commentary suggests that the link between populism and health policy should be further nuanced in four ways. First, a deconstruction of the term populism itself and a focus on the far right dimension of populist politics; second, a focus on the supply side and more specifically the question of nationalism and the ‘national preference’; third, the dynamics of party competition during economic crisis; and fourth the question of policy, and more specifically the extent to which certain labour market policies are able to mediate demand for the far right.
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Green J, Speed E. Critical analysis, credibility, and the politics of publishing in an era of ‘fake news’. CRITICAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09581596.2017.1421597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ewen Speed
- School of Health and Social Care, University of Essex, UK
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Powell M. This Is My (Post) Truth, Tell Me Yours Comment on "The Rise of Post-truth Populism in Pluralist Liberal Democracies: Challenges for Health Policy". Int J Health Policy Manag 2017; 6:723-725. [PMID: 29172380 PMCID: PMC5726323 DOI: 10.15171/ijhpm.2017.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a commentary on the article ‘The rise of post-truth populism in pluralist liberal democracies: challenges for health policy.’ It critically examines two of its key concepts: populism and ‘post truth.’ This commentary argues that there are different types of populism, with unclear links to impacts, and that in some ways, ‘post-truth’ has resonances with arguments advanced in the period at the beginning of the British National Health Service (NHS). In short, ‘post-truth’ populism’ may be ‘déjà vu all over again,’ and there are multiple (post) truths: this is my (post) truth, tell me yours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Powell
- Health Services Management Centre, School of Social Policy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Schrecker T. "Stop, You're Killing us!" An Alternative Take on Populism and Public Health Comment on "The Rise of Post-truth Populism in Pluralist Liberal Democracies: Challenges for Health Policy". Int J Health Policy Manag 2017; 6:673-675. [PMID: 29179294 PMCID: PMC5675586 DOI: 10.15171/ijhpm.2017.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewen Speed and Russell Mannion correctly identify several contours of the challenges for health policy in what it is useful to think of as a post-democratic era. I argue that the problem for public health is not populism per se, but rather the distinctive populism of the right coupled with the failure of the left to develop compelling counternarratives. Further, defences of ‘science’ must be tempered by recognition of the unavoidably political dimensions of the (mis)use of scientific findings in public policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted Schrecker
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, Stockton-on-Tees, UK
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McKee M, Stuckler D. "Enemies of the People?" Public Health in the Era of Populist Politics Comment on "The Rise of Post-truth Populism in Pluralist Liberal Democracies: Challenges for Health Policy". Int J Health Policy Manag 2017; 6:669-672. [PMID: 29179293 PMCID: PMC5675585 DOI: 10.15171/ijhpm.2017.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this commentary, we review the growth of populist politics, associated with exploitation of what has been termed fake news. We explore how certain words have been used in similar contexts historically, in particular the term "enemy of the people," especially with regard to public health. We then set out 6 principles for public health professionals faced with these situations. First, using their epidemiological skills, they can provide insights into the reasons underlying the growth of populist politics. Second using their expertise in modelling and health impact assessment, they can anticipate and warn about the consequences of populist policies. Third, they can support the institutions that are necessary for effective public health. Fourth they can reclaim the narrative, rejecting hatred and division, to promote social solidarity. Fifth, they can support fact checking and the use of evidence. Finally, they should always remember the lessons of history, and in particular, the way that public health has, on occasions, collaborated with totalitarian and genocidal regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin McKee
- ECOHOST, Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - David Stuckler
- Dipartimento di Analisi delle Politiche e Management Pubblico, Università Bocconi, Milan, Italy
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Yassi A, Lockhart K, Gray P, Hancock T. Is public health training in Canada meeting current needs? Defrosting the paradigm freeze to respond to the post-truth era. CRITICAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09581596.2017.1384796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Yassi
- Global Health Research Program, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - K. Lockhart
- Global Health Research Program, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - P. Gray
- Global Health Research Program, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - T. Hancock
- School of Public Health and Social Policy, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
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