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Bhattacharya A, Chatterji U. Exosomal misfolded proteins released by cancer stem cells: dual functions in balancing protein homeostasis and orchestrating tumor progression. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:392. [PMID: 39215782 PMCID: PMC11365921 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01262-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), the master regulators of tumor heterogeneity and progression, exert profound influence on cancer metastasis, via various secretory vesicles. Emerging from CSCs, the exosomes serve as pivotal mediators of intercellular communication within the tumor microenvironment, modulating invasion, angiogenesis, and immune responses. Moreover, CSC-derived exosomes play a central role in sculpting a dynamic landscape, contributing to the malignant phenotype. Amidst several exosomal cargoes, misfolded proteins have recently gained attention for their dual functions in maintaining protein homeostasis and promoting tumor progression. Disrupting these communication pathways could potentially prevent the maintenance and expansion of CSCs, overcome treatment resistance, and inhibit the supportive environment created by the tumor microenvironment, thereby improving the effectiveness of cancer therapies and reducing the risk of tumor recurrence and metastasis. Additionally, exosomes have also shown potential therapeutic applications, such as in drug delivery or as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Therefore, comprehending the biology of exosomes derived from CSCs is a multifaceted area of research with implications in both basic sciences and clinical applications. This review explores the intricate interplay between exosomal misfolded proteins released by CSCs, the potent contributor in tumor heterogeneity, and their impact on cellular processes, shedding light on their role in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuran Bhattacharya
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700019, India
| | - Urmi Chatterji
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700019, India.
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2
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Gozdz A. Proteasome Inhibitors against Glioblastoma-Overview of Molecular Mechanisms of Cytotoxicity, Progress in Clinical Trials, and Perspective for Use in Personalized Medicine. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:9676-9688. [PMID: 37999122 PMCID: PMC10670062 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30110702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteasome inhibitors are moieties targeting the proteolytic activity of a proteasome, with demonstrated efficacy in certain hematological malignancies and candidate drugs in other types of cancer, including glioblastoma (GBM). They disturb the levels of proteasome-regulated proteins and lead to the cell cycle inhibition and apoptosis of GBM cells. The accumulation of cell cycle inhibitors p21 and p27, and decreased levels of prosurvival molecules NFKB, survivin, and MGMT, underlie proteasome inhibitors' cytotoxicity when used alone or in combination with the anti-GBM cytostatic drug temozolomide (TMZ). The evidence gathered in preclinical studies substantiated the design of clinical trials that employed the two most promising proteasome inhibitors, bortezomib and marizomib. The drug safety profile, maximum tolerated dose, and interaction with other drugs were initially evaluated, mainly in recurrent GBM patients. A phase III study on newly diagnosed GBM patients who received marizomib as an adjuvant to the Stupp protocol was designed and completed in 2021, with the Stupp protocol receiving patients as a parallel control arm. The data from this phase III study indicate that marizomib does not improve the PFS and OS of GBM patients; however, further analysis of the genetic and epigenetic background of each patient tumor may shed some light on the sensitivity of individual patients to proteasome inhibition. The mutational and epigenetic makeup of GBM cells, like genetic alterations to TP53 and PTEN, or MGMT promoter methylation levels may actually determine the response to proteasome inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Gozdz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Centre for Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
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3
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Purow B. Cannabinoids and NF-κB: Hijacking a pro-cancer signal Can Be Done. Neuro Oncol 2021; 23:1810-1811. [PMID: 34347090 PMCID: PMC8563302 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noab187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Purow
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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4
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Medeiros M, Candido MF, Valera ET, Brassesco MS. The multifaceted NF-kB: are there still prospects of its inhibition for clinical intervention in pediatric central nervous system tumors? Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:6161-6200. [PMID: 34333711 PMCID: PMC11072991 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03906-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the basic biology and pathogenesis of pediatric central nervous system (CNS) malignancies, patients still have an extremely unfavorable prognosis. Over the years, a plethora of natural and synthetic compounds has emerged for the pharmacologic intervention of the NF-kB pathway, one of the most frequently dysregulated signaling cascades in human cancer with key roles in cell growth, survival, and therapy resistance. Here, we provide a review about the state-of-the-art concerning the dysregulation of this hub transcription factor in the most prevalent pediatric CNS tumors: glioma, medulloblastoma, and ependymoma. Moreover, we compile the available literature on the anti-proliferative effects of varied NF-kB inhibitors acting alone or in combination with other therapies in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials. As the wealth of basic research data continues to accumulate, recognizing NF-kB as a therapeutic target may provide important insights to treat these diseases, hopefully contributing to increase cure rates and lower side effects related to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Medeiros
- Department of Cell Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Ferreira Candido
- Department of Cell Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elvis Terci Valera
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - María Sol Brassesco
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, FFCLRP-USP, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Bairro Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, CEP 14040-901, Brazil.
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5
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Targeting poor proteasomal function with radioiodine eliminates CT26 colon cancer stem cells resistant to bortezomib therapy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14308. [PMID: 32868872 PMCID: PMC7459321 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71366-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that tumor response to conventional bortezomib (BTZ) treatment is enhanced by targeted radiotherapy of resistant cancer stem cells (CSCs) that have characteristically poor proteasome function. This was accomplished by augmenting 131I uptake through expression of a sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) fusion protein that accumulates in cells with low proteasome activity. The NIS gene fused with the C-terminal of ornithine decarboxylase degron (NIS-cODC) was cloned. Stably expressing CT26/NIS-cODC cells and tumorsphere-derived CSCs were evaluated for NIS expression and radioiodine uptake. CT26/NIS-cODC cells implanted into mice underwent PET imaging, and tumor-bearing mice were treated with BTZ alone or with BTZ plus 131I. CT26/NIS-cODC cells accumulated NIS protein, which led to high radioiodine uptake when proteasome activity was inhibited or after enrichment for stemness. The cell population that survived BTZ treatment was enriched with CSCs that were susceptible to 131I treatment, which suppressed stemness features. Positron emission tomography and uptake measurements confirmed high 124I and 131I uptake of CT26/NIS-cODC CSCs implanted in living mice. In CT26/NIS-cODC tumor-bearing mice, whereas BTZ treatment modestly retarded tumor growth and increased stemness markers, combining 131I therapy suppressed stemness features and achieved greater antitumor effects. The NIS-cODC system offer radioiodine-targeted elimination of CSCs that are tolerant to proteasome inhibition therapy.
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Recent insights how combined inhibition of immuno/proteasome subunits enables therapeutic efficacy. Genes Immun 2020; 21:273-287. [PMID: 32839530 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-020-00109-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The proteasome is a multicatalytic protease in the cytosol and nucleus of all eukaryotic cells that controls numerous cellular processes through regulated protein degradation. Proteasome inhibitors have significantly improved the survival of multiple myeloma patients. However, clinically approved proteasome inhibitors have failed to show efficacy against solid tumors, neither alone nor in combination with other therapies. Targeting the immunoproteasome with selective inhibitors has been therapeutically effective in preclinical models for several autoimmune diseases and colon cancer. Moreover, immunoproteasome inhibitors prevented the chronic rejection of allogeneic organ transplants. In recent years, it has become apparent that inhibition of one single active center of the proteasome is insufficient to achieve therapeutic benefits. In this review we summarize the latest insights how targeting multiple catalytically active proteasome subunits can interfere with disease progression in autoimmunity, growth of solid tumors, and allograft rejection.
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Raninga PV, Lee A, Sinha D, Dong LF, Datta KK, Lu X, Kalita-de Croft P, Dutt M, Hill M, Pouliot N, Gowda H, Kalimutho M, Neuzil J, Khanna KK. Marizomib suppresses triple-negative breast cancer via proteasome and oxidative phosphorylation inhibition. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:5259-5275. [PMID: 32373211 PMCID: PMC7196287 DOI: 10.7150/thno.42705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Lacking effective targeted therapies, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBCs) is highly aggressive and metastatic disease, and remains clinically challenging breast cancer subtype to treat. Despite the survival dependency on the proteasome pathway genes, FDA-approved proteasome inhibitors induced minimal clinical response in breast cancer patients due to weak proteasome inhibition. Hence, developing effective targeted therapy using potent proteasome inhibitor is required. Methods: We evaluated anti-cancer activity of a potent proteasome inhibitor, marizomib, in vitro using breast cancer lines and in vivo using 4T1.2 murine syngeneic model, MDA-MB-231 xenografts, and patient-derived tumor xenografts. Global proteome profiling, western blots, and RT-qPCR were used to investigate the mechanism of action for marizomib. Effect of marizomib on lung and brain metastasis was evaluated using syngeneic 4T1BR4 murine TNBC model in vivo. Results: We show that marizomib inhibits multiple proteasome catalytic activities and induces a better anti-tumor response in TNBC cell lines and patient-derived xenografts alone and in combination with the standard-of-care chemotherapy. Mechanistically, we show that marizomib is a dual inhibitor of proteasome and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in TNBCs. Marizomib reduces lung and brain metastases by reducing the number of circulating tumor cells and the expression of genes involved in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. We demonstrate that marizomib-induced OXPHOS inhibition upregulates glycolysis to meet the energetic demands of TNBC cells and combined inhibition of glycolysis with marizomib leads to a synergistic anti-cancer activity. Conclusions: Our data provide a strong rationale for a clinical evaluation of marizomib in primary and metastatic TNBC patients.
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NPI-0052 and γ-radiation induce a synergistic apoptotic effect in medulloblastoma. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:785. [PMID: 31619667 PMCID: PMC6795856 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2026-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant solid paediatric brain tumour. The standard treatment for MB is surgical resection of the tumour, radiation and chemotherapy. This therapy is associated with high morbidity and adverse side effects. Hence, more targeted and less toxic therapies are vitally needed to improve the quality of life of survivors. NPI-0052 is a novel proteasome inhibitor that irreversibly binds the 20S proteasome subunit. This compound has anti-tumour activity in metastatic solid tumours, glioblastoma and multiple myeloma with a good safety profile. Importantly, NPI-0052 has a lipophilic structure and can penetrate the blood–brain barrier, making it a suitable treatment for brain tumours. In the present study, we performed an in silico gene expression analysis to evaluate the proteasome subunit expression in MB. To evaluate the anticancer activity of NPI-0052, we used a range of MB patient-derived MB cells and cell lines. The synergistic cell death of NPI-0052 with γ-radiation was evaluated in tumour organoids derived from patient-derived MB cells. We show that high expression of proteasome subunits is a poor prognostic factor for MB patients. Also, our preclinical work demonstrated that NPI-0052 can inhibit proteasome activity and activate apoptosis in MB cells. Moreover, we observe that NPI-0052 has a synergistic apoptotic effect with γ-radiation, a component of the current MB therapy. Here, we present compelling preclinical evidence that NPI-0052 can be used as an adjuvant treatment for p53-family-expressing MB tumours.
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Zaky W, Manton C, Miller CP, Khatua S, Gopalakrishnan V, Chandra J. The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in adult and pediatric brain tumors: biological insights and therapeutic opportunities. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2017; 36:617-633. [PMID: 29071526 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-017-9700-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nearly 20 years ago, the concept of targeting the proteasome for cancer therapy began gaining momentum. This concept was driven by increased understanding of the biology/structure and function of the 26S proteasome, insight into the role of the proteasome in transformed cells, and the synthesis of pharmacological inhibitors with clinically favorable features. Subsequent in vitro, in vivo, and clinical testing culminated in the FDA approval of three proteasome inhibitors-bortezomib, carfilzomib, and ixazomib -for specific hematological malignancies. However, despite in vitro and in vivo studies pointing towards efficacy in solid tumors, clinical responses broadly have been evasive. For brain tumors, a malignancy in dire need of new approaches both in adult and pediatric patients, this has also been the case. Elucidation of proteasome-dependent processes in specific types of brain tumors, the evolution of newer proteasome targeting strategies, and the use of proteasome inhibitors in combination strategies will clarify how these agents can be leveraged more effectively to treat central nervous system malignancies. Since brain tumors represent a heterogeneous subset of solid tumors, and in particular, pediatric brain tumors possess distinct biology from adult brain tumors, tailoring of proteasome inhibitor-based strategies to specific subtypes of these tumors will be critical for advancing care for affected patients, and will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafik Zaky
- Children's Cancer Hospital, Division of Pediatrics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Christa Manton
- Children's Cancer Hospital, Division of Pediatrics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Claudia P Miller
- Children's Cancer Hospital, Division of Pediatrics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Soumen Khatua
- Children's Cancer Hospital, Division of Pediatrics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Vidya Gopalakrishnan
- Children's Cancer Hospital, Division of Pediatrics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Joya Chandra
- Children's Cancer Hospital, Division of Pediatrics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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10
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Voutsadakis IA. Proteasome expression and activity in cancer and cancer stem cells. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:101042831769224. [DOI: 10.1177/1010428317692248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteasome is a multi-protein organelle that participates in cellular proteostasis by destroying damaged or short-lived proteins in an organized manner guided by the ubiquitination signal. By being in a central place in the cellular protein complement homeostasis, proteasome is involved in virtually all cell processes including decisions on cell survival or death, cell cycle, and differentiation. These processes are important also in cancer, and thus, the proteasome is an important regulator of carcinogenesis. Cancers include a variety of cells which, according to the cancer stem cell theory, descend from a small percentage of cancer stem cells, alternatively termed tumor-initiating cells. These cells constitute the subsets that have the ability to propagate the whole variety of cancer and repopulate tumors after cytostatic therapies. Proteasome plays a role in cellular processes in cancer stem cells, but it has been found to have a decreased function in them compared to the rest of cancer cells. This article will discuss the transcriptional regulation of proteasome sub-unit proteins in cancer and in particular cancer stem cells and the relationship of the proteasome with the pluripotency that is the defining characteristic of stem cells. Therapeutic opportunities that present from the understanding of the proteasome role will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis A Voutsadakis
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sault Area Hospital, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, Canada
- Division of Clinical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON, Canada
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11
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Huang WJ, Chen WW, Zhang X. Proteasome inhibitors in glioblastoma. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:1058-1062. [PMID: 28454213 PMCID: PMC5403505 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBM) are the tumors originating from the star shaped supportive cells in brain known as astrocytes. These tumors are highly cancerous as they have the ability to proliferate very quickly. New therapeutic strategies are being developed worldwide to fight against deadly GBM, which has median survival time of just 14 months. Proteasome inhibition is an upcoming strategy for GBM. Proteasome inhibition has shown promising results in cancers such as myeloma. However, in the recent past this form of therapy has also shown positive results in brain tumors in the form of elevated apoptosis. We searched the electronic database PubMed for pre-clinical as well as clinical controlled trials reporting importance of proteasome inhibitors during GBM. It was observed clearly that this approach is evolving and has been observed to be promising therapeutic avenue against GBM. Thus, the present review aims to enlighten the present views on use of proteasome inhibition strategy in the case of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Juan Huang
- Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Wei Chen
- The Affiliated XuZhou Hospital of Medical College of Southeast University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Xuzhou Clinical Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
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12
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Yoo YD, Lee DH, Cha-Molstad H, Kim H, Mun SR, Ji C, Park SH, Sung KS, Choi SA, Hwang J, Park DM, Kim SK, Park KJ, Kang SH, Oh SC, Ciechanover A, Lee YJ, Kim BY, Kwon YT. Glioma-derived cancer stem cells are hypersensitive to proteasomal inhibition. EMBO Rep 2016; 18:150-168. [PMID: 27993939 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201642360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Although proteasome inhibitors (PIs) are used as anticancer drugs to treat various cancers, their relative therapeutic efficacy on stem cells vs. bulk cancers remains unknown. Here, we show that stem cells derived from gliomas, GSCs, are up to 1,000-fold more sensitive to PIs (IC50, 27-70 nM) compared with their differentiated controls (IC50, 47 to »100 μM). The stemness of GSCs correlates to increased ubiquitination, whose misregulation readily triggers apoptosis. PI-induced apoptosis of GSCs is independent of NF-κB but involves the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase as well as the transcriptional activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-associated proapoptotic mediators. In contrast to the general notion that ER stress-associated apoptosis is signaled by prolonged unfolded protein response (UPR), GSC-selective apoptosis is instead counteracted by the UPR ATF3 is a key mediator in GSC-selective apoptosis. Pharmaceutical uncoupling of the UPR from its downstream apoptosis sensitizes GSCs to PIs in vitro and during tumorigenesis in mice. Thus, a combinational treatment of a PI with an inhibitor of UPR-coupled apoptosis may enhance targeting of stem cells in gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Dong Yoo
- Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae-Hee Lee
- Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedicine Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.,Division of Oncology/Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Medical Center, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunjoo Cha-Molstad
- World Class Institute, Anticancer Agents Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Ochang Cheongwon, Korea
| | - Hyungsin Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine Korea University Medical Center Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su Ran Mun
- Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Changhoon Ji
- Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Hye Park
- Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedicine Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.,Division of Oncology/Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Medical Center, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Sa Sung
- Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Seung Ah Choi
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joonsung Hwang
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine Korea University Medical Center Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Deric M Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Seung-Ki Kim
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Jae Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine Korea University Medical Center Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shin-Hyuk Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine Korea University Medical Center Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Cheul Oh
- Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedicine Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.,Division of Oncology/Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Medical Center, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Aaron Ciechanover
- Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,The Polak Tumor and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yong J Lee
- Departments of Surgery and Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bo Yeon Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine Korea University Medical Center Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Tae Kwon
- Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea .,Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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13
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Di K, Lloyd GK, Abraham V, MacLaren A, Burrows FJ, Desjardins A, Trikha M, Bota DA. Marizomib activity as a single agent in malignant gliomas: ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Neuro Oncol 2016; 18:840-8. [PMID: 26681765 PMCID: PMC4864261 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nov299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The proteasome plays a vital role in the physiology of glioblastoma (GBM), and proteasome inhibition can be used as a strategy for treating GBM. Marizomib is a second-generation, irreversible proteasome inhibitor with a more lipophilic structure that suggests the potential for penetrating the blood-brain barrier. While bortezomib and carfilzomib, the 2 proteasome inhibitors approved for treatment of multiple myeloma, have little activity against malignant gliomas in vivo, marizomib could be a novel therapeutic strategy for primary brain tumors. METHODS The in-vitro antitumor activity of marizomib was studied in glioma cell lines U-251 and D-54. The ability of marizomib to cross the blood-brain barrier and regulate proteasome activities was evaluated in cynomolgus monkeys and rats. The antitumor effect of marizomib in vivo was tested in an orthotopic xenograft model of human GBM. RESULTS Marizomib inhibited the proteasome activity, proliferation, and invasion of glioma cells. Meanwhile, free radical production and apoptosis induced by marizomib could be blocked by antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine. In animal studies, marizomib distributed into the brain at 30% of blood levels in rats and significantly inhibited (>30%) baseline chymotrypsin-like proteasome activity in brain tissue of monkeys. Encouragingly, the immunocompromised mice, intracranially implanted with glioma xenografts, survived significantly longer than the control animals (P < .05) when treated with marizomib. CONCLUSIONS These preclinical studies demonstrated that marizomib can cross the blood-brain barrier and inhibit proteasome activity in rodent and nonhuman primate brain and elicit a significant antitumor effect in a rodent intracranial model of malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijun Di
- University of California, Irvine, California (K.D., V.A., D.A.B.); Triphase Accelerator Corporation, San Diego, California (G.K.L., A.M., F.J.B, M.T.); The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (A.D.)
| | - G Kenneth Lloyd
- University of California, Irvine, California (K.D., V.A., D.A.B.); Triphase Accelerator Corporation, San Diego, California (G.K.L., A.M., F.J.B, M.T.); The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (A.D.)
| | - Vivek Abraham
- University of California, Irvine, California (K.D., V.A., D.A.B.); Triphase Accelerator Corporation, San Diego, California (G.K.L., A.M., F.J.B, M.T.); The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (A.D.)
| | - Ann MacLaren
- University of California, Irvine, California (K.D., V.A., D.A.B.); Triphase Accelerator Corporation, San Diego, California (G.K.L., A.M., F.J.B, M.T.); The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (A.D.)
| | - Francis J Burrows
- University of California, Irvine, California (K.D., V.A., D.A.B.); Triphase Accelerator Corporation, San Diego, California (G.K.L., A.M., F.J.B, M.T.); The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (A.D.)
| | - Annick Desjardins
- University of California, Irvine, California (K.D., V.A., D.A.B.); Triphase Accelerator Corporation, San Diego, California (G.K.L., A.M., F.J.B, M.T.); The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (A.D.)
| | - Mohit Trikha
- University of California, Irvine, California (K.D., V.A., D.A.B.); Triphase Accelerator Corporation, San Diego, California (G.K.L., A.M., F.J.B, M.T.); The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (A.D.)
| | - Daniela A Bota
- University of California, Irvine, California (K.D., V.A., D.A.B.); Triphase Accelerator Corporation, San Diego, California (G.K.L., A.M., F.J.B, M.T.); The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (A.D.)
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Induction of cell death by the novel proteasome inhibitor marizomib in glioblastoma in vitro and in vivo. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18953. [PMID: 26804704 PMCID: PMC4726202 DOI: 10.1038/srep18953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
New therapies for glioblastoma (GBM) are needed, as five-year survival is <10%. The proteasome inhibitor marizomib (MRZ) has inhibitory and death-inducing properties unique from previous inhibitors such as bortezomib (BTZ), and has not been well examined in GBM. We evaluated the mechanism of death and in vivo properties of MRZ in GBM. The activation kinetics of initiator caspases 2, 8, and 9 were assessed using chemical and knockdown strategies to determine their contribution to cell death. Blood brain barrier permeance and proteasome inhibition by MRZ and BTZ were examined in an orthotopic GBM model. Blockade of caspase 9, relative to other caspases, was most protective against both MRZ and BTZ. Only MRZ increased the proteasome substrate p27 in orthotopic brain tumors after a single injection, while both MRZ and BTZ increased p21 levels after multiple treatments. Cleavage of caspase substrate lamin A was increased in orthotopic brain tumors from mice treated with MRZ or BTZ and the histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat. Our data indicate that MRZ induces caspase 9-dependent death in GBM, suggesting drug efficacy biomarkers and possible resistance mechanisms. MRZ reaches orthotopic brain tumors where it inhibits proteasome function and increases death in combination with vorinostat.
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Vlachostergios PJ, Papandreou CN. Efficacy of low dose temozolomide in combination with bortezomib in U87 glioma cells: a flow cytometric analysis. Arch Med Sci 2015; 11:307-10. [PMID: 25995745 PMCID: PMC4424237 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2013.36919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Maximizing responses of malignant gliomas is hampered by resistance to temozolomide (TMZ). Increasing efficacy but not toxicity is a key issue when testing drug combinations. The antimyeloma agent bortezomib (BZ) has shown promising results in vitro and is currently being tested in glioblastoma (GBM) patients. In this study we investigate whether reduction of TMZ dosage is feasible without compromising the antitumor effect of TMZ-BZ combination. MATERIAL AND METHODS U87 GBM cells were treated with increasing doses of TMZ (1, 10, 100, 1000 µM), BZ (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1) and the combination during a 48-hour period, and apoptotic or/and necrotic cell death was evaluated by flow cytometry. RESULTS Bortezomib alone at a dose as low as 0.001 µM markedly induced cell death, particularly late apoptosis, to a level which was comparable with high TMZ dosage. For combination treatments, the dose of 0.1 µM BZ, which was more potent than the maximal dose of TMZ (1000 µM), was chosen to be added to increasing TMZ concentrations. The combination of 0.1 BZ µM BZ with low doses of TMZ (1, 10 µM) further increased the cell death rate in an additive manner, at levels higher than those induced by high doses of TMZ monotherapy (100, 1000 µM). CONCLUSIONS Efficacy of TMZ-BZ combination is feasible with low doses of TMZ in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis J Vlachostergios
- Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, Biopolis, Larissa, Greece
| | - Christos N Papandreou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, Biopolis, Larissa, Greece
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16
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Panosyan EH, Wang Y, Xia P, Lee WNP, Pak Y, Laks DR, Lin HJ, Moore TB, Cloughesy TF, Kornblum HI, Lasky JL. Asparagine depletion potentiates the cytotoxic effect of chemotherapy against brain tumors. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12:694-702. [PMID: 24505127 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Targeting amino acid metabolism has therapeutic implications for aggressive brain tumors. Asparagine is an amino acid that is synthesized by normal cells. However, some cancer cells lack asparagine synthetase (ASNS), the key enzyme for asparagine synthesis. Asparaginase (ASNase) contributes to eradication of acute leukemia by decreasing asparagine levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. However, leukemic cells may become ASNase-resistant by upregulating ASNS. High expression of ASNS has also been associated with biologic aggressiveness of other cancers, including gliomas. Here, the impact of enzymatic depletion of asparagine on proliferation of brain tumor cells was determined. ASNase was used as monotherapy or in combination with conventional chemotherapeutic agents. Viability assays for ASNase-treated cells demonstrated significant growth reduction in multiple cell lines. This effect was reversed by glutamine in a dose-dependent manner--as expected, because glutamine is the main amino group donor for asparagine synthesis. ASNase treatment also reduced sphere formation by medulloblastoma and primary glioblastoma cells. ASNase-resistant glioblastoma cells exhibited elevated levels of ASNS mRNA. ASNase cotreatment significantly enhanced gemcitabine or etoposide cytotoxicity against glioblastoma cells. Xenograft tumors in vivo showed no significant response to ASNase monotherapy and little response to temozolomide alone. However, combinatorial therapy with ASNase and temozolomide resulted in significant growth suppression for an extended duration of time. Taken together, these findings indicate that amino acid depletion warrants further investigation as adjunctive therapy for brain tumors. IMPLICATIONS Findings have potential impact for providing adjuvant means to enhance brain tumor chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard H Panosyan
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Departments of 2Psychiatry and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and 3Pediatrics; and 4The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
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Vlachostergios PJ, Voutsadakis IA, Papandreou CN. Mechanisms of proteasome inhibitor-induced cytotoxicity in malignant glioma. Cell Biol Toxicol 2013; 29:199-211. [PMID: 23733249 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-013-9248-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The 26S proteasome constitutes an essential degradation apparatus involved in the consistent recycling of misfolded and damaged proteins inside cells. The aberrant activation of the proteasome has been widely observed in various types of cancers and implicated in the development and progression of carcinogenesis. In the era of targeted therapies, the clinical use of proteasome inhibitors necessitates a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of cell death responsible for their cytotoxic action, which are reviewed here in the context of sensitization of malignant gliomas, a tumor type particularly refractory to conventional treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis J Vlachostergios
- Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, 41110, Greece.
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18
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Wei D, Morgan MA, Sun Y. Radiosensitization of Cancer Cells by Inactivation of Cullin-RING E3 Ubiquitin Ligases. Transl Oncol 2012; 5:305-12. [PMID: 23066438 PMCID: PMC3468921 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Although radiotherapy represents one of the most effective treatment modalities for patients with cancer, inherent and/or acquired resistance of cancer cells to radiotherapy is often an impediment to effective treatment. Diverse strategies have been developed to improve the efficacy of radiotherapy. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) operates in numerous vital biologic processes by controlling the protein turnover in cells. Ubiquitination is central to the UPS pathway, and it relies on the E3 ubiquitin ligases to catalyze the covalent attachment of ubiquitin to its protein substrates. Cullin-based RING ligases (CRLs) are the largest family of E3 ligases that are responsible for the ubiquitination and destruction of numerous cancer-relevant proteins. Its deregulation has been linked to many human cancers, making it an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. This review discusses how targeting the ubiquitin-proteasome system, particularly CRLs, is an exciting new strategy for radiosensitization in cancer and, specifically, focuses on MLN4924, a recently discovered small-molecule inhibitor of the NEDD8-activating enzyme, which is being characterized as a novel radiosensitizing agent against cancer cells by inactivating CRL E3 ubiquitin ligases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongping Wei
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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Abstract
In May 2003, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted accelerated approval for the use of the first-in-class proteasome inhibitor bortezomib as a third-line therapy in multiple myeloma, and the European Union followed suit a year later. Bortezomib has subsequently been approved for multiple myeloma as a second-line treatment on its own and as a first-line therapy in combination with an alkylating agent and a corticosteroid. Furthermore, bortezomib has also been approved as a second-line therapy for mantle cell lymphoma. In this chapter, the focus is on the current clinical research on bortezomib, its adverse effects, and the resistance of multiple myeloma patients to bortezomib-based therapy. The various applications of bortezomib in different diseases and recent advances in the development of a new generation of inhibitors that target the proteasome or other parts of the ubiquitin-proteasome system are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Cvek
- Department of Cell Biology & Genetics, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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20
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Potts BC, Albitar MX, Anderson KC, Baritaki S, Berkers C, Bonavida B, Chandra J, Chauhan D, Cusack JC, Fenical W, Ghobrial IM, Groll M, Jensen PR, Lam KS, Lloyd GK, McBride W, McConkey DJ, Miller CP, Neuteboom STC, Oki Y, Ovaa H, Pajonk F, Richardson PG, Roccaro AM, Sloss CM, Spear MA, Valashi E, Younes A, Palladino MA. Marizomib, a proteasome inhibitor for all seasons: preclinical profile and a framework for clinical trials. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2011; 11:254-84. [PMID: 21247382 DOI: 10.2174/156800911794519716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The proteasome has emerged as an important clinically relevant target for the treatment of hematologic malignancies. Since the Food and Drug Administration approved the first-in-class proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (Velcade) for the treatment of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (MM) and mantle cell lymphoma, it has become clear that new inhibitors are needed that have a better therapeutic ratio, can overcome inherent and acquired bortezomib resistance and exhibit broader anti-cancer activities. Marizomib (NPI-0052; salinosporamide A) is a structurally and pharmacologically unique β-lactone-γ-lactam proteasome inhibitor that may fulfill these unmet needs. The potent and sustained inhibition of all three proteolytic activities of the proteasome by marizomib has inspired extensive preclinical evaluation in a variety of hematologic and solid tumor models, where it is efficacious as a single agent and in combination with biologics, chemotherapeutics and targeted therapeutic agents. Specifically, marizomib has been evaluated in models for multiple myeloma, mantle cell lymphoma, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, chronic and acute lymphocytic leukemia, as well as glioma, colorectal and pancreatic cancer models, and has exhibited synergistic activities in tumor models in combination with bortezomib, the immunomodulatory agent lenalidomide (Revlimid), and various histone deacetylase inhibitors. These and other studies provided the framework for ongoing clinical trials in patients with MM, lymphomas, leukemias and solid tumors, including those who have failed bortezomib treatment, as well as in patients with diagnoses where other proteasome inhibitors have not demonstrated significant efficacy. This review captures the remarkable translational studies and contributions from many collaborators that have advanced marizomib from seabed to bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Potts
- Nereus Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 10480 Wateridge Circle, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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