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Abstract
Cells of the mammalian innate immune system have evolved to protect the host from various environmental or internal insults and injuries which perturb the homeostatic state of the organism. Among the lymphocytes of the innate immune system are natural killer (NK) cells, which circulate and survey host tissues for signs of stress, including infection or transformation. NK cells rapidly eliminate damaged cells in the blood or within tissues through secretion of cytolytic machinery and production of proinflammatory cytokines. To perform these effector functions while traversing between the blood and tissues, patrolling NK cells require sufficient fuel to meet their energetic demands. Here, we highlight the ability of NK cells to metabolically adapt across tissues, during times of nutrient deprivation and within tumor microenvironments. Whether at steady state, or during viral infection and cancer, NK cells readily shift their nutrient uptake and usage in order to maintain metabolism, survival, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca B. Delconte
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Joseph C. Sun
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Amberger DC, Schmetzer HM. Dendritic Cells of Leukemic Origin: Specialized Antigen-Presenting Cells as Potential Treatment Tools for Patients with Myeloid Leukemia. Transfus Med Hemother 2021; 47:432-443. [PMID: 33442338 DOI: 10.1159/000512452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and high-grade myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is limited due to the lack of therapy options and high relapse rates. Dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy seems to be a promising treatment tool. DC are potent antigen-presenting cells and play a pivotal role on the interface of the innate and the adaptive immune system. Myeloid leukemia blasts can be converted to DC of leukemic origin (DCleu), expressing costimulatory molecules along with the whole leukemic antigen repertoire of individual patients. These generated DCleu are potent stimulators of various immune reactive cells and increase antileukemic immunity ex vivo. Here we review the generating process of DC/DCleu from leukemic peripheral blood mononuclear cells as well as directly from leukemic whole blood with "minimized" Kits to simulate physiological conditions ex vivo. The purpose of adoptive cell transfer of DC/DCleu as a vaccination strategy is discussed. A new potential therapy option with Kits for patients with myeloid leukemia, which would render an adoptive DC/DCleu transfer unnecessary, is presented. In summary, DC/DCleu-based therapies seem to be promising treatment tools for patients with AML or MDS but ongoing research including trials in animals and humans have to be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helga Maria Schmetzer
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, Hematopoetic Cell Transplantation, Munich, Germany
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3
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Zhong G, Jin G, Zeng W, Yu C, Li Y, Zhou J, Zhang L, Yu L. Conjugation of TLR7 Agonist Combined with Demethylation Treatment Improves Whole-Cell Tumor Vaccine Potency in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:2346-2356. [PMID: 32922200 PMCID: PMC7484644 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.49983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a malignant hematological disease with high refractory rate. Immune escape of AML cells is one of the underlying mechanisms mediating the relapse of the cancers. Various immunotherapies based on the 'patients' immune response to tumor cells have been developed to targeting the immune escape of AML cells, which lead to the minimal residual disease (MRD) after treatment. But the efficacy of those treatments or the combination of treatments remains unsatisfactory. Methods: A Toll-like receptor (TLR)-7 agonist SZU-106 was chemically synthesized. SZU-106 was conjugated to Decitabine (DAC), a demethylation agent, treated AML cells to construct tumor vaccine. The potency of the newly constructed AML cell vaccine, SZU-106-DAC-AML was tested in vitro and in vivo for the expression of tumor antigens and the activation level of immune responses. Results: Compared to the well characterized TLR7 agonist R848, SZU-106 has a comparable potency to activate TLR7 signaling pathway. SZU-106-DAC-AML, constructed by conjugating SZU-106 to DAC treated tumor cells, exhibited increased expression of tumor antigens, and enhanced the activation of DC cells and T cells in vitro and in vivo. The result of xenograft tumor model showed that SZU-106-DAC-AML tumor vaccine greatly inhibited tumor growth and prolonged animal survival. Conclusions: Conjugation of TLR7 agonist combined with up-regulation of tumor antigen expression improved the effectiveness of whole-cell tumor vaccine in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guocheng Zhong
- Department of Hematology and BMT center, the first Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital. Beijing 100853, China
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Guangyi Jin
- Carson International Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518037, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Changhua Yu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Hematology and BMT center, the first Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital. Beijing 100853, China
| | - Ji Zhou
- Carson International Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518037, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Carson International Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518037, China
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Hematology and BMT center, the first Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital. Beijing 100853, China
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen 518055, China
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4
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Amberger DC, Doraneh-Gard F, Gunsilius C, Weinmann M, Möbius S, Kugler C, Rogers N, Böck C, Ködel U, Werner JO, Krämer D, Eiz-Vesper B, Rank A, Schmid C, Schmetzer HM. PGE 1-Containing Protocols Generate Mature (Leukemia-Derived) Dendritic Cells Directly from Leukemic Whole Blood. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184590. [PMID: 31533251 PMCID: PMC6769744 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) and leukemia-derived DC (DCleu) are potent stimulators of various immunoreactive cells and they play a pivotal role in the (re-) activation of the immune system. As a potential treatment tool for patients with acute myeloid leukemia, we developed and analyzed two new PGE1-containing protocols (Pici-PGE1, Kit M) to generate DC/DCleu ex vivo from leukemic peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or directly from leukemic whole blood (WB) to simulate physiological conditions. Pici-PGE1 generated significantly higher amounts of DCs from leukemic and healthy PBMCs when compared to control and comparable amounts as the already established protocol Pici-PGE2. The proportions of sufficient DC-generation were even higher after DC/DCleu-generation with Pici-PGE1. With Kits, it was possible to generate DCs and DCleu directly from leukemic and healthy WB without induction of blast proliferation. The average amounts of generated DCs and DCleu-subgroups were comparable with all Kits. The PGE1 containing Kit M generated significantly higher amounts of mature DCs when compared to the PGE2-containing Kit K and increased the anti-leukemic-activity. In summary PGE1-containing protocols were suitable for generating DC/DCleu from PBMCs as well as from WB, which reliably (re-) activated immunoreactive cells, improved the overall ex vivo anti-leukemic activity, and influenced cytokine-release-profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Christoph Amberger
- Medical Department 3, Working-group: Immune-Modulation, University Hospital Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Fatemeh Doraneh-Gard
- Medical Department 3, Working-group: Immune-Modulation, University Hospital Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Carina Gunsilius
- Medical Department 3, Working-group: Immune-Modulation, University Hospital Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Melanie Weinmann
- Medical Department 3, Working-group: Immune-Modulation, University Hospital Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Sabine Möbius
- Medical Department 3, Working-group: Immune-Modulation, University Hospital Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Christoph Kugler
- Medical Department 3, Working-group: Immune-Modulation, University Hospital Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Nicole Rogers
- Medical Department 3, Working-group: Immune-Modulation, University Hospital Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Corinna Böck
- Medical Department 3, Working-group: Immune-Modulation, University Hospital Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Uwe Ködel
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Jan-Ole Werner
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Doris Krämer
- Department for Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Oldenburg, 26133 Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Britta Eiz-Vesper
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Andreas Rank
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Christoph Schmid
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Helga Maria Schmetzer
- Medical Department 3, Working-group: Immune-Modulation, University Hospital Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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Role of Interferon (IFN)α in “Cocktails” for the Generation of (Leukemia-derived) Dendritic Cells (DCleu) From Blasts in Blood From Patients (pts) With Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) and the Induction of Antileukemic Reactions. J Immunother 2019; 42:143-161. [DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Van Acker HH, Versteven M, Lichtenegger FS, Roex G, Campillo-Davo D, Lion E, Subklewe M, Van Tendeloo VF, Berneman ZN, Anguille S. Dendritic Cell-Based Immunotherapy of Acute Myeloid Leukemia. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E579. [PMID: 31035598 PMCID: PMC6572115 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8050579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a type of blood cancer characterized by the uncontrolled clonal proliferation of myeloid hematopoietic progenitor cells in the bone marrow. The outcome of AML is poor, with five-year overall survival rates of less than 10% for the predominant group of patients older than 65 years. One of the main reasons for this poor outcome is that the majority of AML patients will relapse, even after they have attained complete remission by chemotherapy. Chemotherapy, supplemented with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients at high risk of relapse, is still the cornerstone of current AML treatment. Both therapies are, however, associated with significant morbidity and mortality. These observations illustrate the need for more effective and less toxic treatment options, especially in elderly AML and have fostered the development of novel immune-based strategies to treat AML. One of these strategies involves the use of a special type of immune cells, the dendritic cells (DCs). As central orchestrators of the immune system, DCs are key to the induction of anti-leukemia immunity. In this review, we provide an update of the clinical experience that has been obtained so far with this form of immunotherapy in patients with AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen H Van Acker
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Maarten Versteven
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Felix S Lichtenegger
- Department of Medicine III, LMU Munich, University Hospital, 80799 Munich, Germany.
| | - Gils Roex
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Diana Campillo-Davo
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Eva Lion
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Marion Subklewe
- Department of Medicine III, LMU Munich, University Hospital, 80799 Munich, Germany.
| | - Viggo F Van Tendeloo
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Zwi N Berneman
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Division of Hematology and Center for Cell Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Sébastien Anguille
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Division of Hematology and Center for Cell Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Myeloid Cell Leukemia-1 (MCL-1) siRNA Therapy Showed Cytotoxic Effect on T Cells Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER MANAGEMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/ijcm.87773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Jafarlou M, Shanehbandi D, Dehghan P, Mansoori B, Othman F, Baradaran B. Enhancement of chemosensitivity by simultaneously silencing of Mcl-1 and Survivin genes using small interfering RNA in human myelomonocytic leukaemia. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 46:1792-1798. [PMID: 29113504 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2017.1392969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a genetically heterogeneous, severe and rapidly progressing disease triggered by blocking granulocyte or monocyte differentiation and maturation. Overexpression of myeloid cell leukaemia-1 (Mcl-1) and Survivin is associated with drug resistance, tumour progression and inhibition of apoptotic mechanisms in leukaemia and several cancers. In the present study, we examined the combined effect of etoposide and dual siRNA-mediated silencing of Mcl-1 and Survivin on U-937 AML cells. The AML cells were co-transfected with Mcl-1 and Survivin-specific siRNAs and genes silencing were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting. Subsequently, MTT assay was used for the evaluation of cytotoxic effects by dual siRNA and etoposide on their own and in combination. For the studying of apoptosis, DNA-histone ELISA and annexin-V/FITC assays were performed. Co-transfection of Mcl-1 and Survivin siRNA significantly blocked their expression at the mRNA and protein levels, leading to the induction of apoptosis and strong inhibition of growth (p < .05). Besides, combined treatment of etoposide with Mcl-1 and Survivin siRNAs co-transfection leads to synergistically enhance etoposide-induced cytotoxic and apoptotic effects (p < .05). The results showed that Mcl-1 and Survivin play a major role in the U937 cells survival and their resistance relative to etoposide. Thus, Mcl-1 and Survivin can be considered as promising molecular targets for the treatment of AML. The combination treatment with etoposide, and siRNA-mediated silencing of corresponding genes may be a novel strategy in chemoresistance AML treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Jafarlou
- a Immunology Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,b Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UPM , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Dariush Shanehbandi
- a Immunology Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Parvin Dehghan
- c Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Behzad Mansoori
- a Immunology Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - F Othman
- b Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UPM , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- a Immunology Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
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Acheampong DO, Adokoh CK, Asante DB, Asiamah EA, Barnie PA, Bonsu DOM, Kyei F. Immunotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML): a potent alternative therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 97:225-232. [PMID: 29091870 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The standard therapy of AML for many years has been chemotherapy with or without stem transplantation. However, there has not been any tangible improvement in this treatment beyond induction through chemotherapy and consolidation with allogeneic stem cell transplantation or chemotherapy. Residual AML cells which later cause relapse mostly persist even after rigorous standard therapy. It is imperative therefore to find an alternative therapy that can take care of the residual AML cells. With a better understanding of how the immune system works to destroy tumor cells and inhibit their growth, another therapeutic option immunotherapy has emerged to address the difficulties associated with the standard therapy. Identification of leukemia-associated antigens (LAA) and the fact that T and NK cells can be activated to exert cytotoxicity on AML cells have further introduced diverse immunotherapeutic development strategies. This review discusses the merits of current immunotherapeutic strategies such as the use of antibodies, adoptive T cells and alloreactive NK cell, and vaccination as against the standard therapy of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian K Adokoh
- Department of Forensic Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Du-Bois Asante
- Department of Forensic Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Ernest A Asiamah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Prince A Barnie
- Department of Forensic Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Dan O M Bonsu
- Department of Forensic Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Foster Kyei
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
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10
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Isolated Testicular Recurrence of AML in Patients With Chronic GVHD >1 Year Following Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2017; 39:e423-e425. [PMID: 28991134 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000000989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) following allogeneic transplant for myeloid leukemias seem to experience a reduced risk of relapse than comparable patients without cGVHD. It is unclear to what extent extramedullary sites are impacted by a graft-versus-leukemia effect. DESIGN/METHOD Case Series and review of the literature. RESULTS We present 2 cases of pediatric patients with Acute Myelogenous Leukemia who developed isolated testicular relapse more than a year following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation despite having had extensive cGVHD. Both patients were off immunosuppression and cGVHD medications when testicular relapse occurred. At time of relapse, these patients were negative for minimal residual disease in the marrow and the marrow contained all donor cells by engraftment studies. No evidence was found for lymphocyte infiltration into the affected testicle in either patient. CONCLUSIONS Although a reduction of marrow relapse can be appreciated in patients with myeloid leukemias and chronic GVHD, this graft-versus-leukemia process may be less robust in extramedullary sites and careful surveillance should be maintained to allow early intervention before overt marrow involvement.
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11
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Goswami M, Hourigan CS. Novel Antigen Targets for Immunotherapy of Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Curr Drug Targets 2017; 18:296-303. [PMID: 25706110 DOI: 10.2174/1389450116666150223120005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) was the first malignancy for which immunotherapy, in the form of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), was integrated into the standard of care. Allo-HSCT however is an imperfect therapy associated with significant morbidity and mortality while offering only incomplete prevention of AML clinical relapse. These limitations have motivated the search for AML-related antigens that might be used as more specific and effective targets of immunotherapy. While historically such investigations have focused on protein targets expressed uniquely in AML or at significantly higher levels than in normal tissues, this article will review recent discoveries which have identified a novel selection of potential antigen targets for AML immunotherapy, such as non-protein targets including lipids and carbohydrates, neo-antigens created from genetic somatic mutations or altered splicing and post-translational modification of protein targets, together with innovative ways to target overexpressed protein targets presented by cell surface peptide-MHC complexes. These novel antigens represent promising candidates for further development as targets of AML immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghali Goswami
- Myeloid Malignancies Section, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Room 6C-104, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1583, United States
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12
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Mohamed YS, Bashawri LA, Vatte C, Abu-Rish EY, Cyrus C, Khalaf WS, Browning MJ. The in vitro generation of multi-tumor antigen-specific cytotoxic T cell clones: Candidates for leukemia adoptive immunotherapy following allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Mol Immunol 2016; 77:79-88. [PMID: 27490939 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive T-cell immunotherapy is a promising approach to manage and maintain relapse-free survival of leukemia patients, especially following allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Post-transplant adoptive immunotherapy using cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) of the donor origin provide graft-versus-tumor effects, with or without graft-versus-host disease. Myeloid leukemias express immunogenic leukemia associated antigens (LAAs); such as WT-1, PRAME, MAGE, h-TERT and others, most of them are able to induce specific T cell responses whenever associated with the proper co-stimulation. We investigated the ability of a LAA-expressing hybridoma cell line to induce CTL clones in PBMCs of HLA-matched healthy donors in vitro. The CTL clones were induced by repetitive co-culture with LAAs-expressing, HLA-A*0201(+) hybrid cell line, generated by fusion of leukemia blasts to human immortalized APC (EBV-sensitized B-lymphoblastoid cell line; HMy2). The induced cytotoxic T cell clones were phenotypically and functionally characterized by pentamer analysis, IFN-γ release ELISPOT and cellular cytotoxicity assays. All T cell lines showed robust peptide recognition and functional activity when sensitized with HLA-A*0201-restricted WT-1235-243, hTERT615-624 or PRAME100-108 peptides-pulsed T2 cells, in addition to partially HLA-matched leukemia blasts. This study demonstrates the feasibility of developing multi-tumor antigen-specific T cell lines in allogeneic PBMCs in vitro, using LAA-expressing tumor/HMy2 hybrid cell line model, for potential use in leukemia adoptive immunotherapy in partially matched donor-recipient setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehia S Mohamed
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Dammam, PO BOX 2114, Dammam 31451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Layla A Bashawri
- Clinical Laboratory Department, King Fahad Hospital of the University, University of Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chittibabu Vatte
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, University of Dammam, PO BOX-1982, Dammam-31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Y Abu-Rish
- Department of Biopharmaceutics & Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Cyril Cyrus
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, University of Dammam, PO BOX-1982, Dammam-31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafaa S Khalaf
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Maurice Shock Medical Sciences Building, University Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Michael J Browning
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Maurice Shock Medical Sciences Building, University Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
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13
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Udensi UK, Tchounwou PB. Dual effect of oxidative stress on leukemia cancer induction and treatment. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2014; 33:106. [PMID: 25519934 PMCID: PMC4320640 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-014-0106-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) has been characterized by an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a biological system's ability to repair oxidative damage or to neutralize the reactive intermediates including peroxides and free radicals. High ROS production has been associated with significant decrease in antioxidant defense mechanisms leading to protein, lipid and DNA damage and subsequent disruption of cellular functions. In humans, OS has been reported to play a role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Lou Gehrig's disease, multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease, as well as atherosclerosis, autism, cancer, heart failure, and myocardial infarction. Although OS has been linked to the etiology and development of chronic diseases, many chemotherapeutic drugs have been shown to exert their biologic activity through induction of OS in affected cells. This review highlights the controversial role of OS in the development and progression of leukemia cancer and the therapeutic application of increased OS and antioxidant approaches to the treatment of leukemia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udensi K Udensi
- NIH/NIMHD RCMI Center for Environmental Health, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA.
| | - Paul B Tchounwou
- NIH/NIMHD RCMI Center for Environmental Health, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA.
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Abstract
Spontaneous remission (SR) of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is rare. We collected all 46 reported cases of AML with SR. Fever occurred in 91.3% of cases before remission, which was largely due to pneumonia (54.5%) and bacteremia (24.2%). Pneumonia and bacteremia were significantly more common among those who achieved complete remission (CR) compared to those who achieved only a partial remission (p = 0.032). Although 88.6% of remissions were CR, the median duration of remission was only 5 months. Eight cases did not relapse during the follow-up period. The mechanism of SR in AML likely involves the stimulatory effect of systemic febrile infection on the immune system. Immediate treatment of infections and fever may contribute to the rarity of SR in AML. The results of this review improve our understanding of the important role of the immune system in countermanding AML and may provide new ideas for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Rashidi
- Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, MO , USA
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15
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Antonia SJ, Larkin J, Ascierto PA. Immuno-oncology Combinations: A Review of Clinical Experience and Future Prospects. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:6258-68. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-1457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Sun R, Zhang J, Yin L, Pu Y. Investigation into variation of endogenous metabolites in bone marrow cells and plasma in C3H/He mice exposed to benzene. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:4994-5010. [PMID: 24658442 PMCID: PMC3975436 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15034994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzene is identified as a carcinogen. Continued exposure of benzene may eventually lead to damage to the bone marrow, accompanied by pancytopenia, aplastic anemia or leukemia. This paper explores the variations of endogenous metabolites to provide possible clues for the molecular mechanism of benzene-induced hematotoxicity. Liquid chromatography coupled with time of flight-mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS) and principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to investigate the variation of endogenous metabolites in bone marrow cells and plasma of male C3H/He mice. The mice were injected subcutaneously with benzene (0, 300, 600 mg/day) once daily for seven days. The body weights, relative organ weights, blood parameters and bone marrow smears were also analyzed. The results indicated that benzene caused disturbances in the metabolism of oxidation of fatty acids and essential amino acids (lysine, phenylalanine and tyrosine) in bone marrow cells. Moreover, fatty acid oxidation was also disturbed in plasma and thus might be a common disturbed metabolic pathway induced by benzene in multiple organs. This study aims to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in benzene hematotoxicity, especially in bone marrow cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongli Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Juan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Lihong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yuepu Pu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China.
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Karami H, Baradaran B, Esfahani A, Sakhinia M, Sakhinia E. Therapeutic Effects of Myeloid Cell Leukemia-1 siRNA on Human Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells. Adv Pharm Bull 2014; 4:243-8. [PMID: 24754007 DOI: 10.5681/apb.2014.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Up-regulation of Mcl-1, a known anti-apoptotic protein, is associated with the survival and progression of various malignancies including leukemia. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of Mcl-1 small interference RNA (siRNA) on the proliferation and apoptosis of HL-60 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. METHODS siRNA transfection was performed using Lipofectamine™2000 reagent. Relative mRNA and protein expressions were quantified by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Trypan blue assay was performed to assess tumor cell proliferation after siRNA transfection. The cytotoxic effect of Mcl-1 siRNA on leukemic cells was measured using MTT assay. Apoptosis was detected using ELISA cell death assay. RESULTS Mcl-1 siRNA clearly lowered both Mcl-1 mRNA and protein levels in a time-dependent manner, leading to marked inhibition of cell survival and proliferation. Furthermore, Mcl-1 down-regulation significantly enhanced the extent of HL-60 apoptotic cells. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the down-regulation of Mcl-1 by siRNA can effectively trigger apoptosis and inhibit the proliferation of leukemic cells. Therefore, Mcl-1 siRNA may be a potent adjuvant in AML therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Karami
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. ; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Esfahani
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Shahid Ghazi Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Masoud Sakhinia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ebrahim Sakhinia
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. ; Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Reseach Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Karami H, Baradaran B, Esfehani A, Sakhinia M, Sakhinia E. Down-Regulation of Mcl-1 by Small Interference RNA Induces Apoptosis and Sensitizes HL-60 Leukemia Cells to Etoposide. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:629-35. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.2.629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Lion E, de Winde CM, Van Tendeloo VFI, Smits ELJM. Loading of acute myeloid leukemia cells with poly(I:C) by electroporation. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1139:233-241. [PMID: 24619684 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0345-0_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we describe the technique of electroporation as an efficient method to load primary leukemic cells with the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) analogue, polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), and detail on the delicate freezing and thawing procedure of primary leukemic cells.Electroporation is a non-viral gene transfer method by which short-term pores in the membrane of cells are generated by an electrical pulse, allowing molecules to enter the cell. RNA electroporation, a technique developed in our laboratory, is a widely used and versatile transfection method for efficient introduction of both coding RNA (messenger RNA) and non-coding RNA, e.g., dsRNA and small interfering (siRNA), into mammalian cells. Accurate cell processing and storage of patient material is essential for optimal recovery and quality of the cell product for downstream applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Lion
- Tumor Immunology Group, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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20
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Clinical significance of Treg cell frequency in acute myeloid leukemia. Int J Hematol 2013; 98:558-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-013-1436-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Zhao X, Liu J, Peng M, Liu J, Chen F. BMP4 is involved in the chemoresistance of myeloid leukemia cells through regulating autophagy-apoptosis balance. Cancer Invest 2013; 31:555-62. [PMID: 24044460 DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2013.834925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study showed that silencing BMP4 expression significantly activated caspase-2, 3, and 9, while decreasing Matrigel colony formation in Cytarabine (Ara-C)-treated leukemia HL-60 cells. In contrast, Ara-C significantly upregulated Atg5 and Beclin-1 expression, the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I, and CDK1 and cyclin B1 expression in leukemia cells expressing BMP4. BafA significantly sensitized the apoptotic effect of Ara-C in leukemia cells. Injection of Ara-C significantly inhibited tumor growth in mice inoculated with leukemia cells with BMP4 silenced. In conclusion, BMP4 plays a crucial role in the chemoresistance of leukemia cells through the activation of autophagy and subsequent inhibition of apoptosis.
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Martner A, Thorén FB, Aurelius J, Hellstrand K. Immunotherapeutic strategies for relapse control in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood Rev 2013; 27:209-16. [PMID: 23871358 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite that the initial phases of chemotherapy induce disappearance of leukemic cells in many patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the prevention of life-threatening relapses in the post-remission phase remains a significant clinical challenge. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, which is available for a minority of patients, efficiently prevents recurrences of leukemia by inducing immune-mediated elimination of leukemic cells, and over the past decades, numerous immunotherapeutic protocols have been developed aiming to mimic the graft-versus-leukemia reaction for the prevention of relapse. Here we review past and present strategies for relapse control with focus on overcoming leukemia-related immunosuppression in AML. We envisage future treatment protocols, in which systemic immune activators, such as vaccines, dendritic cell-based therapies, engineered variants of IL-2, or IL-15, are combined with agents that counter immunosuppression mediated by, e.g., the PD/PDL interaction, CTLA-4, CD200, reactive oxygen species, IDO expression, CXCR4, or the KIR/class I interaction, based on characteristics of the prevailing malignant clone. This combinatorial approach may pave the way for individualized immunotherapy in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Martner
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Box 405, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Lichtenegger FS, Schnorfeil FM, Hiddemann W, Subklewe M. Current strategies in immunotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia. Immunotherapy 2013; 5:63-78. [PMID: 23256799 DOI: 10.2217/imt.12.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of acute myeloid leukemia, particularly when associated with adverse chromosomal or molecular aberrations, is poor due to a high relapse rate after induction chemotherapy. Postremission therapy for elimination of minimal residual disease remains a major challenge. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has proven to provide a potent antileukemic effect. Novel strategies are needed for patients ineligible for this treatment. Here current immunotherapeutic concepts in acute myeloid leukemia in a nonallogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation setting are reviewed. Data gathered with different monoclonal antibodies are discussed. Adoptive transfer of NK and T cells is reviewed, including evolving data on T-cell engineering. Results of systemic cytokine administration and of therapeutic vaccinations with peptides, modified leukemic cells and dendritic cells are presented. One particular focus of this review is the integration of currently running clinical trials. Recent immunotherapeutic studies have been encouraging and further interesting results are to be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix S Lichtenegger
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Klinikum der Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
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CUZD1 and anti-CUZD1 antibodies as markers of cancer and inflammatory bowel diseases. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:968041. [PMID: 23710207 PMCID: PMC3654630 DOI: 10.1155/2013/968041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CUZD1, the CUB, and zona pellucida-like domains-containing protein 1, is a newly identified antigen of pancreatic autoantibodies (PAB) giving a reticulogranular pattern in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases, and in particular Crohn's disease. The exact mechanisms by which this pancreatic antigen becomes the target of IBD-specific pancreatic autoantibodies are unclear. At the same time, evolving data strongly support a role for CUZD1 in carcinogenesis. Human CUZD1 is mapped at chromosome 10q26.13 and the loss of this region is a frequent event in various malignant tumours. mRNA overexpression of CUZD1 has been noted in ovarian cancer and serum levels of CUZD1 are elevated in women with ovarian cancer and patients suffering from pancreatic cancer. CUZD1 appears to be one of the relatively few biomarkers that serve as both cancer biomarker and autoantigen of autoantibodies in an autoimmune disease unrelated to cancerous organs. This review discusses the role of CUZD1 in cancer and autoimmunity. We anticipate that a better understanding of the function of CUZD1 will help us to understand how it becomes the focus of an autoimmune attack specifically targeting the intestine and its enigmatic role in carcinogenesis.
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25
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Hall K, Scott KJ, Rose A, Desborough M, Harrington K, Pandha H, Parrish C, Vile R, Coffey M, Bowen D, Errington-Mais F, Melcher AA. Reovirus-mediated cytotoxicity and enhancement of innate immune responses against acute myeloid leukemia. Biores Open Access 2013; 1:3-15. [PMID: 23515241 PMCID: PMC3559227 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2012.0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reovirus is a naturally occurring oncolytic virus that has shown preclinical efficacy in the treatment of a wide range of tumor types and has now reached phase III testing in clinical trials. The anti-cancer activity of reovirus has been attributed to both its direct oncolytic activity and the enhancement of anti-tumor immune responses. In this study, we have investigated the direct effect of reovirus on acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells and its potential to enhance innate immune responses against AML, including the testing of primary samples from patients. Reovirus was found to replicate in and kill AML cell lines, and to reduce cell viability in primary AML samples. The pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon alpha (IFNα) and the chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (known as RANTES [regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed, and secreted]) were also secreted from AML cells in response to virus treatment. In addition, reovirus-mediated activation of natural killer (NK) cells, within the context of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, stimulated their anti-leukemia response, with increased NK degranulation and IFNγ production and enhanced killing of AML targets. These data suggest that reovirus has the potential as both a direct cytotoxic and an immunotherapeutic agent for the treatment of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Hall
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St. James's University Hospital , Leeds, United Kingdom
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26
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Anguille S, Willemen Y, Lion E, Smits EL, Berneman ZN. Dendritic cell vaccination in acute myeloid leukemia. Cytotherapy 2012; 14:647-56. [DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2012.693744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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27
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Leukemia-associated antigens and their relevance to the immunotherapy of acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2012; 26:2186-96. [PMID: 22652755 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The graft-versus-leukemia effect of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has shown that the immune system is capable of eradicating acute myeloid leukemia (AML). This knowledge, along with the identification of the target antigens against which antileukemia immune responses are directed, has provided a strong impetus for the development of antigen-targeted immunotherapy of AML. The success of any antigen-specific immunotherapeutic strategy depends critically on the choice of target antigen. Ideal molecules for immune targeting in AML are those that are: (1) leukemia-specific; (2) expressed in most leukemic blasts including leukemic stem cells; (3) important for the leukemic phenotype; (4) immunogenic; and (5) clinically effective. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview on AML-related tumor antigens and assess their applicability for immunotherapy against the five criteria outlined above. In this way, we aim to facilitate the selection of appropriate target antigens, a task that has become increasingly challenging given the large number of antigens identified and the rapid pace at which new targets are being discovered. The information provided in this review is intended to guide the rational design of future antigen-specific immunotherapy trials, which will hopefully lead to new antileukemia therapies with more selectivity and higher efficacy.
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Lion E, Willemen Y, Berneman ZN, Van Tendeloo VFI, Smits ELJ. Natural killer cell immune escape in acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2012; 26:2019-26. [PMID: 22446501 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As central players of the innate immune system, natural killer (NK) cells can exert direct and indirect anti-tumor effects via their cytotoxic and immune regulatory capacities, pivotal in the induction of an effective adaptive anti-tumor immune response. Hence, NK cells are considered to be important in the immune surveillance of cancer. In acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients, however, significantly impaired NK cell functions can facilitate escape from immune surveillance and affect patient outcome. Here, we review various NK cell defects and AML evasion mechanisms to escape from NK cell-mediated immune surveillance and we discuss NK cell-related parameters as prediction factors of AML patient outcome. On the basis of these observations, novel immunotherapeutic strategies capitalizing on the potentiation of NK cell functions have emerged in AML immunotherapy, as discussed in this review. Increased knowledge on AML escape routes from NK cell immune surveillance will further aid in the design of novel NK cell-based immunotherapy approaches for the treatment of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lion
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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29
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Gale RP, Opelz G. Commentary: does immune suppression increase risk of developing acute myeloid leukemia? Leukemia 2011; 26:422-3. [PMID: 21869837 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2011.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Risk of developing some cancers is markedly increased in settings of immune suppression including after solid organ transplants and in persons with inherited immune-deficiency disorders and those with HIV-1 infection. These cancers include lymphomas, melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers, kidney and cervical cancers, Kaposi sarcoma and neuroblastoma. There are no reports of an increased acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in settings of immune suppression. This is curious because some data suggest the immune suppression may be important in increasing AML risk in experimental settings, and that immune stimulation may be useful in treating AML. To see whether immune suppression is correlated with an increased risk of developing AML, we analyzed data from 248224 recipients of kidney (N=217219) and heart (N=31005) transplants. Among the kidney transplant recipients, the standardized incidence ratio (SIR) for developing AML was 1.90 (95% confidence interval, 1.4-2.4; P<0.001). Among the heart transplant recipients, the SIR was 5.1 (3.4-7.1; P<0.001). These data suggest immune suppression increases risk of developing AML and that this risk is even higher, following intense prolonged immune suppression. Implications for AML development and therapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Gale
- Haematology Section, Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK.
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Wang W, Xiao J, Adachi M, Liu Z, Zhou J. 4-aminopyridine induces apoptosis of human acute myeloid leukemia cells via increasing [Ca2+]i through P2X7 receptor pathway. Cell Physiol Biochem 2011; 28:199-208. [PMID: 21865727 DOI: 10.1159/000331731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
4-AP, a voltage-gated potassium channel blocker, was identified to exert critical pro-apoptotic properties in various types of cancer cells. The present study aims to explore the effect of 4-AP on the apoptosis of human AML cells and the underlying mechanism. We found 4-AP inhibited the proliferation and induces apoptosis in both AML cell lines and primary cultured human AML cells. The apoptosis of AML cells after 4-AP treatment was further confirmed by the disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and activation of caspase 3 and 9. 4-AP inhibited Kv currents in NB(4), HL-60 and THP-1 cells. Furthermore, 4-AP induced significant increment in [Ca(2+)](i), which were inhibited by KN-62, a specific blocker of P(2)X(7) receptors. KN-62 also abrogated 4-AP induced apoptosis. Knockdown of P(2)X(7) receptor by small interfering RNA blocked the effect of 4-AP. Conclusively, this study indicated that 4-AP promotes apoptosis in human AML cells via increasing [Ca(2+)](i) through P(2)X(7) receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P.R. China
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Lion E, Anguille S, Berneman ZN, Smits ELJM, Van Tendeloo VFI. Poly(I:C) enhances the susceptibility of leukemic cells to NK cell cytotoxicity and phagocytosis by DC. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20952. [PMID: 21698118 PMCID: PMC3117863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
α Active specific immunotherapy aims at stimulating the host's immune system to recognize and eradicate malignant cells. The concomitant activation of dendritic cells (DC) and natural killer (NK) cells is an attractive modality for immune-based therapies. Inducing immunogenic cell death to facilitate tumor cell recognition and phagocytosis by neighbouring immune cells is of utmost importance for guiding the outcome of the immune response. We previously reported that acute myeloid leukemic (AML) cells in response to electroporation with the synthetic dsRNA analogue poly(I:C) exert improved immunogenicity, demonstrated by enhanced DC-activating and NK cell interferon-γ-inducing capacities. To further invigorate the potential of these immunogenic tumor cells, we explored their effect on the phagocytic and cytotoxic capacity of DC and NK cells, respectively. Using single-cell analysis, we assessed these functionalities in two- and three-party cocultures. Following poly(I:C) electroporation AML cells become highly susceptible to NK cell-mediated killing and phagocytosis by DC. Moreover, the enhanced killing and the improved uptake are strongly correlated. Interestingly, tumor cell killing, but not phagocytosis, is further enhanced in three-party cocultures provided that these tumor cells were upfront electroporated with poly(I:C). Altogether, poly(I:C)-electroporated AML cells potently activate DC and NK cell functions and stimulate NK-DC cross-talk in terms of tumor cell killing. These data strongly support the use of poly(I:C) as a cancer vaccine component, providing a way to overcome immune evasion by leukemic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Lion
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Smits ELJ, Lee C, Hardwick N, Brooks S, Van Tendeloo VFI, Orchard K, Guinn BA. Clinical evaluation of cellular immunotherapy in acute myeloid leukaemia. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:757-69. [PMID: 21519825 PMCID: PMC11029703 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is currently under active investigation as an adjuvant therapy to improve the overall survival of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) by eliminating residual leukaemic cells following standard therapy. The graft-versus-leukaemia effect observed following allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation has already demonstrated the significant role of immune cells in controlling AML, paving the way to further exploitation of this effect in optimized immunotherapy protocols. In this review, we discuss the current state of cellular immunotherapy as adjuvant therapy for AML, with a particular focus on new strategies and recently published results of preclinical and clinical studies. Therapeutic vaccines that are being tested in AML include whole tumour cells as an autologous source of multiple leukaemia-associated antigens (LAA) and autologous dendritic cells loaded with LAA as effective antigen-presenting cells. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of cytotoxic T cells or natural killer cells is under active investigation. Results from phase I and II trials are promising and support further investigation into the potential of cellular immunotherapeutic strategies to prevent or fight relapse in AML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien L J Smits
- Laboratory of Experimental Haematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Kitawaki T, Kadowaki N, Fukunaga K, Kasai Y, Maekawa T, Ohmori K, Itoh T, Shimizu A, Kuzushima K, Kondo T, Ishikawa T, Uchiyama T. Cross-priming of CD8+ T cells in vivo by dendritic cells pulsed with autologous apoptotic leukemic cells in immunotherapy for elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Exp Hematol 2011; 39:424-433.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Novel transplant strategies for generating graft-versus-leukemia effect in acute myeloid leukemia. Curr Opin Hematol 2011; 18:98-104. [DOI: 10.1097/moh.0b013e328343b858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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35
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Wang X, Schmitt A, Chen B, Xu X, Mani J, Linnebacher M, Freund M, Schmitt M. Streptamer-based selection of WT1-specific CD8+ T cells for specific donor lymphocyte infusions. Exp Hematol 2010; 38:1066-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Combination of intensive chemotherapy and anticancer vaccines in the treatment of human malignancies: the hematological experience. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:692097. [PMID: 20625438 PMCID: PMC2896720 DOI: 10.1155/2010/692097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro studies have demonstrated that cancer-specific T cell cytotoxicity can be induced both ex vivo and in vivo, but this therapeutic strategy should probably be used as an integrated part of a cancer treatment regimen. Initial chemotherapy should be administered to reduce the cancer cell burden and disease-induced immune defects. This could be followed by autologous stem cell transplantation that is a safe procedure including both high-dose disease-directed chemotherapy and the possibility for ex vivo enrichment of the immunocompetent graft cells. The most intensive conventional chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation are used especially in the treatment of aggressive hematologic malignancies; both strategies induce T cell defects that may last for several months but cancer-specific T cell reactivity is maintained after both procedures. Enhancement of anticancer T cell cytotoxicity is possible but posttransplant vaccination therapy should probably be combined with optimalisation of immunoregulatory networks. Such combinatory regimens should be suitable for patients with aggressive hematological malignancies and probably also for other cancer patients.
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Abstract
While chemotherapy is successful at inducing remission of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), the disease has a high probability of relapse. Strategies to prevent relapse involve consolidation chemotherapy, stem cell transplantation and immunotherapy. Evidence for immunosurveillance of AML and susceptibility of leukaemia cells to both T cell and natural killer (NK) cell attack and justifies the application of immune strategies to control residual AML persisting after remission induction. Immune therapy for AML includes allogeneic stem cell transplantation, adoptive transfer of allogeneic or autologous T cells or NK cells, vaccination with leukaemia cells, dendritic cells, cell lysates, peptides and DNA vaccines and treatment with cytokines, antibodies and immunomodulatory agents. Here we describe what is known about the immunological features of AML at presentation and in remission, the current status of immunotherapy and strategies combining treatment approaches with a view to achieving leukaemia cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Barrett
- Stem Cell Allotransplantation Section, Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1202, USA.
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Zhou FL, Zhang WG, Wei YC, Meng S, Bai GG, Wang BY, Yang HY, Tian W, Meng X, Zhang H, Chen SP. Involvement of oxidative stress in the relapse of acute myeloid leukemia. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:15010-15015. [PMID: 20233720 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.103713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to determine the level of oxidative stress and the salient factors leading to the relapse of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Oxidative stress-related parameters and the expressions of specific genes were monitored in 102 cases of AML during a pretreatment period from a primary status to a relapse status. In addition, age-matched healthy subjects were classified as controls. The activities of adenosine deaminase and xanthine oxidase were higher in the relapse condition, whereas those of glutathione peroxidase, monoamine oxidase, and superoxide dismutase, and the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) were lower in the primary condition and in controls. Of particular note, levels of advanced oxidation protein products, malondialdehyde, and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine were also significantly higher in relapse patients. Furthermore, real-time PCR with SYBR Green revealed that the expression levels of human thioredoxin (TRX) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase were increased in relapse patients. Pearson correlation analysis revealed that the T-AOC was positively correlated with GSH but negatively correlated with 8-OHdG, TRX, and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Linear regression showed that a low T-AOC and up-regulated TRX expression were the independent factors correlated with relapse. A strong association between oxidative stress and the incidence of disease relapse was observed, which has potential prognosis implications. These results indicate that oxidative stress is a crucial feature of AML and probably affects the development and relapse of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Ling Zhou
- Department of Clinical Hematology, the Affiliated No. 2 Hospital, Xi'an JiaoTong University, West Five Road, No. 157, Xi'an 710004.
| | - Wang-Gang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Hematology, the Affiliated No. 2 Hospital, Xi'an JiaoTong University, West Five Road, No. 157, Xi'an 710004
| | - Yong-Chang Wei
- Department of Clinical Oncology, the Affiliated No. 1 Hospital, Xi'an JiaoTong University, Jian-kang Road, No. 1, Xi'an 710061
| | - Shan Meng
- Department of Clinical Hematology, the Affiliated No. 2 Hospital, Xi'an JiaoTong University, West Five Road, No. 157, Xi'an 710004
| | - Gai-Gai Bai
- Department of Clinical Hematology, the Affiliated No. 2 Hospital, Xi'an JiaoTong University, West Five Road, No. 157, Xi'an 710004
| | - Bai-Yan Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui-jin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 197 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hui-Yun Yang
- Department of Clinical Hematology, the Affiliated No. 2 Hospital, Xi'an JiaoTong University, West Five Road, No. 157, Xi'an 710004
| | - Wei Tian
- Department of Clinical Hematology, the Affiliated No. 2 Hospital, Xi'an JiaoTong University, West Five Road, No. 157, Xi'an 710004
| | - Xin Meng
- Department of Clinical Hematology, the Affiliated No. 2 Hospital, Xi'an JiaoTong University, West Five Road, No. 157, Xi'an 710004
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Clinical Hematology, the Affiliated No. 2 Hospital, Xi'an JiaoTong University, West Five Road, No. 157, Xi'an 710004
| | - She-Ping Chen
- Department of Clinical Hematology, the Affiliated No. 2 Hospital, Xi'an JiaoTong University, West Five Road, No. 157, Xi'an 710004
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Van Camp K, Cools N, Stein B, Van de Velde A, Goossens H, Berneman Z, Van Tendeloo V. Efficient mRNA electroporation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to detect memory T cell responses for immunomonitoring purposes. J Immunol Methods 2010; 354:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2010.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Schmitt M, Casalegno-Garduño R, Xu X, Schmitt A. Peptide vaccines for patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Expert Rev Vaccines 2009; 8:1415-25. [PMID: 19803762 DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The majority of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) under 60 years of age reach a complete hematological remission after intensive chemotherapy. However, only 20-40% of all patients with AML achieve a disease-free survival of more than 5 years. The graft-versus-leukemia effect observed after allogeneic stem cell transplantation and donor lymphocyte infusions strongly suggests that T lymphocytes play a major role in the rejection of leukemic cells. Vaccination with leukemia-associated antigen (LAA) peptides might constitute a way to augment the graft-versus-leukemia effect. Peptide vaccination causes no major side effects, which is of particular note as most AML patients are people over 60 years of age, often suffering from concomitant disease. This review summarizes approaches to define appropriate LAAs as targets of a T-cell-based vaccine immunotherapy. Current clinical LAA peptide vaccination protocols targeting Wilms' tumor gene, proteinase-3 and the receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility are reviewed and an outlook to dendritic cells, adjuvants and short oligodenucleotides is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schmitt
- Head of Clinical Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Rostock, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
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