1
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Gong J, Song L, Zhang Z, Dong J, Zhang S, Zhang W, Dong X, Hu Y, Liu Y. Correlations between root phosphorus acquisition and foliar phosphorus allocation reveal how grazing promotes plant phosphorus utilization. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 208:108467. [PMID: 38412704 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Overgrazing and phosphorus (P) deficiency are two major factors limiting the sustainable development of grassland ecosystems. Exploring plant P utilization and acquisition strategies under grazing can provide a solid basis for determining a reasonable grazing intensity. Both foliar P allocation and root P acquisition are crucial mechanisms for plants to adapt to environmental P availability; however, their changing characteristics and correlation under grazing remain unknown. Here, we investigated foliar P fractions, root P-acquisition traits and gene expression, as well as rhizosphere and bulk soil properties of two dominant plant species, Leymus chinensis (a rhizomatous grass) and Stipa grandis (a bunchgrass), in a field grazing intensity gradient site in Inner Mongolia. Grazing induced different degrees of compensatory growth in the two dominant plant species, increased rhizosphere P availability, and alleviated plant P limitation. Under grazing, the foliar metabolite P of L. chinensis increased, whereas the nucleic acid P of S. grandis increased. Increased P fractions in L. chinensis were positively correlated with increased root exudates and rapid inorganic P absorption. For S. grandis, increased foliar P fractions were positively correlated with more fine roots, more root exudates, and up-regulated expression of genes involved in defense and P metabolism. Overall, efficient root P mobilization and uptake traits, as well as increases in leaf metabolic activity-related P fractions, supported plant compensatory growth under grazing, a process that differed between tiller types. The highest plant productivity and leaf metabolic activity-related P concentrations under medium grazing intensity clarify the underlying basis for sustainable livestock production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirui Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, MOE Engineering Research Center of Desertification and Blown-sand Control, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Liangyuan Song
- Institute of Land and Urban-Rural Development, Zhejiang University of Finance & Economics, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
| | - Zihe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, MOE Engineering Research Center of Desertification and Blown-sand Control, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jiaojiao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, MOE Engineering Research Center of Desertification and Blown-sand Control, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Siqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, MOE Engineering Research Center of Desertification and Blown-sand Control, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Weiyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, MOE Engineering Research Center of Desertification and Blown-sand Control, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xuede Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, MOE Engineering Research Center of Desertification and Blown-sand Control, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yuxia Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, MOE Engineering Research Center of Desertification and Blown-sand Control, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, MOE Engineering Research Center of Desertification and Blown-sand Control, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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2
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Wilschut RA, Hume BCC, Mamonova E, van Kleunen M. Plant-soil feedback effects on conspecific and heterospecific successors of annual and perennial Central European grassland plants are correlated. NATURE PLANTS 2023:10.1038/s41477-023-01433-w. [PMID: 37291397 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01433-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant-soil feedbacks (PSFs), soil-mediated plant effects on conspecific or heterospecific successors, are a major driver of vegetation development. It has been proposed that specialist plant antagonists drive differences in PSF responses between conspecific and heterospecific plants, whereas contributions of generalist plant antagonists to PSFs remain understudied. Here we examined PSFs among nine annual and nine perennial grassland species to test whether poorly defended annuals accumulate generalist-dominated plant antagonist communities, causing equally negative PSFs on conspecific and heterospecific annuals, whereas well-defended perennial species accumulate specialist-dominated antagonist communities, predominantly causing negative conspecific PSFs. Annuals exhibited more negative PSFs than perennials, corresponding to differences in root-tissue investments, but this was independent of conditioning plant group. Overall, conspecific and heterospecific PSFs did not differ. Instead, conspecific and heterospecific PSF responses in individual species' soils were correlated. Soil fungal communities were generalist dominated but could not robustly explain PSF variation. Our study nevertheless suggests an important role for host generalists as drivers of PSFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutger A Wilschut
- Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
- Department of Nematology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Ekaterina Mamonova
- Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Mark van Kleunen
- Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
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3
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Evans JP, Meckstroth S, Garai J. The Amelioration of Grazing through Physiological Integration by a Clonal Dune Plant. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12040724. [PMID: 36840072 PMCID: PMC9962606 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Rhizomatous growth and associated physiological integration can allow a clonal dune species to potentially compensate for the selective removal of leaves associated with herbivory. Hydrocotyle bonariensis is a rhizomatous clonal plant species that is abundant in the coastal dune environments of the southeastern United States that are inhabited by large feral horse populations. H. bonariensis has been shown to integrate resources among ramets within extensive clones as an adaptation to resource heterogeneity in sandy soils. In this study, we hypothesized that clonal integration is a mechanism that promotes H. bonariensis persistence in these communities, despite high levels of herbivory by feral horses. In a field experiment, we used exclosures to test for herbivory in H. bonariensis over a four-month period. We found that feral horses utilized H. bonariensis as a food species, and that while grazing will suppress clonal biomass, H. bonariensis is able to maintain populations in a high grazing regime with and without competition present. We then conducted an experiment in which portions of H. bonariensis clones were clipped to simulate different levels of grazing. Half of the clones were severed to eliminate the possibility of integration. We found that after 12 weeks, the mean number of leaves and ramets increased as the grazing level increased, for integrated clones. Integrated clones had significantly increased biomass production compared to the severed equivalents. Our research suggests that rhizomatous growth and physiological integration are traits that allow clonal plant species to maintain populations and to tolerate grazing in coastal dune environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P. Evans
- Department of Biology, University of the South, Sewanee, TN 37383, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(931)-598-1304
| | - Shelby Meckstroth
- Department of Biology, University of the South, Sewanee, TN 37383, USA
| | - Julie Garai
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of the South, Sewanee, TN 37383, USA
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4
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Aldorfová A, Dostálek T, Münzbergová Z. Effects of soil conditioning, root and shoot litter addition interact to determine the intensity of plant–soil feedback. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.09025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Aldorfová
- Inst. of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice Czech Republic
- Dept of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles Univ. in Prague Praha 2 Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Dostálek
- Inst. of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice Czech Republic
- Dept of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles Univ. in Prague Praha 2 Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Münzbergová
- Inst. of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice Czech Republic
- Dept of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles Univ. in Prague Praha 2 Czech Republic
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5
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Bolin LG, Lau JA. Linking genetic diversity and species diversity through plant–soil feedback. Ecology 2022; 103:e3692. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lana G. Bolin
- Department of Biology Indiana University Jordan Hall, 1001 E. 3rd St Bloomington IN USA
| | - Jennifer A. Lau
- Department of Biology Indiana University Jordan Hall, 1001 E. 3rd St Bloomington IN USA
- Environmental Resilience Institute Indiana University Bloomington IN USA
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6
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Geisen S, Heinen R, Andreou E, van Lent T, ten Hooven FC, Thakur MP. Contrasting effects of soil microbial interactions on growth-defence relationships between early- and mid-successional plant communities. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:1345-1357. [PMID: 34242435 PMCID: PMC9292498 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants allocate resources to processes related to growth and enemy defence. Simultaneously, they interact with complex soil microbiomes that also affect plant performance. While the influence of individual microbial groups on single plants is increasingly studied, effects of microbial interactions on growth, defence and growth-defence relationships remain unknown, especially at the plant community level. We investigated how three microbial groups (bacteria, fungi, protists), alone and in full-factorial combinations, affect plant performance and potential growth-defence relationships by measuring phenolics composition in early- and mid-successional grass and forb communities in a glasshouse experiment. Microbial groups did not affect plant growth and only fungi increased defence compounds in early- and mid-successional forbs, while grasses were not affected. Shoot biomass-defence relationships were negatively correlated in most microbial treatments in early-successional forbs, but positively in several microbial treatments in mid-successional forbs. The growth-defence relationship was generally negative in early-successional but not in mid-successional grasses. The presence of different microbiomes commonly removed the observed growth-defence relationships. We conclude that soil microorganisms and their interactions can shift growth-defence relationships differentially for plant functional groups and the relationships vary between successional stages. Microbial interaction-induced growth-defence shifts might therefore underlie distinct plant strategies and fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Geisen
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)Wageningen6708PBthe Netherlands
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen UniversityWageningen6708PBthe Netherlands
| | - Robin Heinen
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)Wageningen6708PBthe Netherlands
- Lehrstuhl für Terrestrische Ökologie, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und UmweltTechnische Universität MünchenFreising85354Germany
| | - Elena Andreou
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)Wageningen6708PBthe Netherlands
| | - Teun van Lent
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)Wageningen6708PBthe Netherlands
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen UniversityWageningen6708PBthe Netherlands
| | - Freddy C. ten Hooven
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)Wageningen6708PBthe Netherlands
| | - Madhav P. Thakur
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)Wageningen6708PBthe Netherlands
- Institute of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of BernBern3012Switzerland
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7
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Eppinga MB, Van der Putten WH, Bever JD. Plant-soil feedback as a driver of spatial structure in ecosystems. Phys Life Rev 2022; 40:6-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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8
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Bamisile BS, Siddiqui JA, Akutse KS, Ramos Aguila LC, Xu Y. General Limitations to Endophytic Entomopathogenic Fungi Use as Plant Growth Promoters, Pests and Pathogens Biocontrol Agents. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10102119. [PMID: 34685928 PMCID: PMC8540635 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The multiple roles of fungal entomopathogens in host plants' growth promotion, pest and pathogen management have drawn huge attention for investigation. Endophytic species are known to influence various activities of their associated host plants, and the endophyte-colonized plants have been demonstrated to gain huge benefits from these symbiotic associations. The potential application of fungal endophytes as alternative to inorganic fertilizers for crop improvement has often been proposed. Similarly, various strains of insect pathogenic fungi have been formulated for use as mycopesticides and have been suggested as long-term replacement for the synthetic pesticides that are commonly in use. The numerous concerns about the negative effects of synthetic chemical pesticides have also driven attention towards developing eco-friendly pest management techniques. However, several factors have been underlined to be militating the successful adoption of entomopathogenic fungi and fungal endophytes as plant promoting, pests and diseases control bio-agents. The difficulties in isolation and characterization of novel strains, negative effects of geographical location, vegetation type and human disturbance on fungal entomopathogens, are among the numerous setbacks that have been documented. Although, the latest advances in biotechnology and microbial studies have provided means of overcoming many of these problems. For instance, studies have suggested measures for mitigating the negative effects of biotic and abiotic stressors on entomopathogenic fungi in inundative application on the field, or when applied in the form of fungal endophytes. In spite of these efforts, more studies are needed to be done to achieve the goal of improving the overall effectiveness and increase in the level of acceptance of entomopathogenic fungi and their products as an integral part of the integrated pest management programs, as well as potential adoption as an alternative to inorganic fertilizers and pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Junaid Ali Siddiqui
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Komivi Senyo Akutse
- Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi 00100, Kenya;
| | - Luis Carlos Ramos Aguila
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Yijuan Xu
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
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9
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Yang B, Liang Y, Schmid B, Baruffol M, Li Y, He L, Salmon Y, Tian Q, Niklaus PA, Ma K. Soil Fungi Promote Biodiversity–Productivity Relationships in Experimental Communities of Young Trees. Ecosystems 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-021-00689-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Zhang J, Ai Z, Xu H, Liu H, Wang G, Deng L, Liu G, Xue S. Plant-microbial feedback in secondary succession of semiarid grasslands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 760:143389. [PMID: 33190882 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant-soil feedback (PSF) is an important driver of plant community dynamics. The role of plant species in PSF has been emphasized for secondary succession processes; however, microbial responses to PSF and the underlying mechanisms responsible for their effects on plant succession remain poorly understood, particularly in semiarid grassland ecosystems. Here, we conducted a greenhouse experiment using soil collected from early-, mid-, and late-successional plant communities to measure net pairwise PSF for species grown under monoculture. Soils conditioned by pre-successional species had a positive feedback effect on subsequent plant species, whereas soil conditioned by subsequent plant species had a negative feedback effect on pre-successional species. The feedback effect of plants from different successional stages on soil bacterial and fungal communities was mainly positive. However, the bacterial genera in the soil conditioned by early- and mid-successional species and fungal classes in the soil conditioned by early- successional species had a negative feedback effect on late-successional species. Thus, the effects of soil fungal and bacterial communities on species in other successional stages varied with taxonomic level. Our results provide insight into the manner in which soil microbial communities influence PSF responses during secondary succession processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China; Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zemin Ai
- College of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China; Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongfei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China; Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China; Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China; Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Guobin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China; Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Sha Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China; Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Wilschut RA, Geisen S. Nematodes as Drivers of Plant Performance in Natural Systems. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:237-247. [PMID: 33214031 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nematodes form an important part of soil biodiversity as the most abundant and functionally diverse animals affecting plant performance. Most studies on plant-nematode interactions are focused on agriculture, while plant-nematode interactions in nature are less known. Here we highlight that nematodes can contribute to vegetation dynamics through direct negative effects on plants, and indirect positive effects through top-down predation on plant-associated organisms. Global change alters these interactions, of which better understanding is rapidly needed to better predict functional consequences. By expanding the knowledge of plant-nematode interactions in natural systems, an increase in basic understanding of key ecological topics such as plant-soil interactions and plant invasion dynamics will be obtained, while also increasing the insights and potential biotic repertoire to be applicable in sustainable plant management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutger A Wilschut
- Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Stefan Geisen
- Department of Nematology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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12
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Yan J, Zhang Y, Crawford KM, Chen X, Yu S, Wu J. Plant genotypic diversity effects on soil nematodes vary with trophic level. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:575-584. [PMID: 32813893 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
At local spatial scales, loss of genetic diversity within species can lead to species loss. Few studies, however, have examined plant genotypic diversity effects across trophic levels. We investigated genotypic diversity effects of Phragmites australis on belowground biomass and soil nematode communities. Our results revealed that belowground plant biomass and nematode abundance responses to plant genotypic diversity were uncoupled. Decreasing plant genotypic diversity decreased the abundance of lower, but not higher trophic level nematodes. Low plant genotypic diversity also decreased the structural footprint and functional indices of nematodes, indicating lowered metabolic functioning of higher trophic level nematodes and decreased soil food web stability. Our study suggests that plant genotypic diversity effects differ across trophic levels, taxonomic groups and ecosystem functions and that decreasing plant genotypic diversity could destabilise belowground food webs. This highlights the importance of conserving intraspecific plant diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of Yangtze River Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science and Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Youzheng Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of Yangtze River Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science and Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Kerri M Crawford
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77204, USA
| | - Xiaoyong Chen
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Shuo Yu
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
- Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai, 536000, China
| | - Jihua Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of Yangtze River Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science and Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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13
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Wilschut RA, Magnée KJH, Geisen S, van der Putten WH, Kostenko O. Plant population and soil origin effects on rhizosphere nematode community composition of a range-expanding plant species and a native congener. Oecologia 2020; 194:237-250. [PMID: 33009940 PMCID: PMC7561541 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04749-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Climate change causes species range expansions to higher latitudes and altitudes. It is expected that, due to differences in dispersal abilities between plants and soil biota, range-expanding plant species will become associated with a partly new belowground community in their expanded range. Theory on biological invasions predicts that outside their native range, range-expanding plant species may be released from specialist natural enemies, leading to the evolution of enhanced defence against generalist enemies. Here we tested the hypothesis that expanded range populations of the range-expanding plant species Centaurea stoebe accumulate fewer root-feeding nematodes than populations from the original range. Moreover, we examined whether Centaurea stoebe accumulates fewer root-feeding nematodes in expanded range soil than in original range soil. We grew plants from three expanded range and three original range populations of C. stoebe in soil from the original and from the new range. We compared nematode communities of C. stoebe with those of C. jacea, a congeneric species native to both ranges. Our results show that expanded range populations of C. stoebe did not accumulate fewer root-feeding nematodes than populations from the original range, but that C. stoebe, unlike C. jacea, accumulated fewest root-feeding nematodes in expanded range soil. Moreover, when we examined other nematode feeding groups, we found intra-specific plant population effects on all these groups. We conclude that range-expanding plant populations from the expanded range were not better defended against root-feeding nematodes than populations from the original range, but that C. stoebe might experience partial belowground enemy release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutger A Wilschut
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, The Netherlands.
| | - Kim J H Magnée
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - S Geisen
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - W H van der Putten
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - O Kostenko
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
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14
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Ankrom KE, Franco ALC, Fonte SJ, Gherardi LA, de Tomasel CM, Andriuzzi WS, Shaw EA, Sala OE, Wall DH. Ecto- and endoparasitic nematodes respond differently across sites to changes in precipitation. Oecologia 2020; 193:761-771. [PMID: 32656605 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04708-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plant parasitic nematodes are among the greatest consumers of primary production in terrestrial ecosystems. Their feeding strategies can be divided into endoparasites and ectoparasites that differ substantially, not only in their damage potential to host tissue and primary production, but also in their susceptibility to environmental changes. Climate change is predicted to increase variability of precipitation in many systems, yet the effects on belowground biodiversity and associated impacts on primary productivity remain poorly understood. To examine the impact of altered precipitation on endo- and ectoparasitic soil nematodes, we conducted a 2-year precipitation manipulation study across an arid, a semiarid, and a mesic grassland. Plant parasite feeding type abundance, functional guilds, and herbivory index in response to precipitation were evaluated. Responses of endo- and ectoparasites to increased precipitation varied by grassland type. There was little response of ectoparasites to increased precipitation although their population declined at the mesic site with increased precipitation. The abundance of endoparasites remained unchanged with increasing precipitation at the arid site, increased at the semiarid, and decreased at the mesic site. The herbivory index followed closely the trends seen in the endoparasites response by stagnating at the arid site, increasing at the semiarid, and decreasing at the mesic site. Our findings suggest that altered precipitation has differing effects on plant parasite feeding strategies as well as functional guilds. This may have important implications for grassland productivity, as plant parasite pressure may exacerbate the effects of climate change on host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine E Ankrom
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, 1878 Biology, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
| | - André L C Franco
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, 1878 Biology, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Steven J Fonte
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Laureano A Gherardi
- School of Life Sciences and Global Drylands Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | | | - Walter S Andriuzzi
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, 1878 Biology, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - E Ashley Shaw
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, 1878 Biology, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Osvaldo E Sala
- School of Life Sciences, School of Sustainability and Global Drylands Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Diana H Wall
- Department of Biology and School of Global Environmental Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
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15
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McKenna TP, Koziol L, Bever JD, Crews TE, Sikes BA. Abiotic and biotic context dependency of perennial crop yield. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234546. [PMID: 32589642 PMCID: PMC7319328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Perennial crops in agricultural systems can increase sustainability and the magnitude of ecosystem services, but yield may depend upon biotic context, including soil mutualists, pathogens and cropping diversity. These biotic factors themselves may interact with abiotic factors such as drought. We tested whether perennial crop yield depended on soil microbes, water availability and crop diversity by testing monocultures and mixtures of three perennial crop species: a novel perennial grain (intermediate wheatgrass-Thinopyrum intermedium-- that produces the perennial grain Kernza®), a potential perennial oilseed crop (Silphium intregrifolium), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Perennial crop performance depended upon both water regime and the presence of living soil, most likely the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in the whole soil inoculum from a long term perennial monoculture and from an undisturbed native remnant prairie. Specifically, both Silphium and alfalfa strongly benefited from AM fungi. The presence of native prairie AM fungi had a greater benefit to Silphium in dry pots and alfalfa in wet pots than AM fungi present in the perennial monoculture soil. Kernza did not benefit from AM fungi. Crop mixtures that included Kernza overyielded, but overyielding depended upon inoculation. Specifically, mixtures with Kernza overyielded most strongly in sterile soil as Kernza compensated for poor growth of Silphium and alfalfa. This study identifies the importance of soil biota and the context dependence of benefits of native microbes and the overyielding of mixtures in perennial crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liz Koziol
- University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - James D. Bever
- University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
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16
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Martinez-Swatson K, Kjøller R, Cozzi F, Simonsen HT, Rønsted N, Barnes C. Exploring evolutionary theories of plant defence investment using field populations of the deadly carrot. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 125:737-750. [PMID: 31563960 PMCID: PMC7182587 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS There are a number of disparate models predicting variation in plant chemical defences between species, and within a single species over space and time. These can give conflicting predictions. Here we review a number of these theories, before assessing their power to predict the spatial-temporal variation of thapsigargins between and within populations of the deadly carrot (Thapsia garganica). By utilizing multiple models simultaneously (optimum defence theory, growth rate hypothesis, growth-differentiation balance hypothesis, intra-specific framework and resource exchange model of plant defence), we will highlight gaps in their predictions and evaluate the performance of each. METHODS Thapsigargins are potent anti-herbivore compounds that occur in limited richness across the different plant tissues of T. garganica, and therefore represent an ideal system for exploring these models. Thapsia garganica plants were collected from six locations on the island of Ibiza, Spain, and the thapsigargins quantified within reproductive, vegetative and below-ground tissues. The effects of sampling time, location, mammalian herbivory, soil nutrition and changing root-associated fungal communities on the concentrations of thapsigargins within these in situ observations were analysed, and the results were compared with our model predictions. KEY RESULTS The models performed well in predicting the general defence strategy of T. garganica and the above-ground distribution of thapsigargins, but failed to predict the considerable proportion of defences found below ground. Models predicting variation over environmental gradients gave conflicting and less specific predictions, with intraspecific variation remaining less understood. CONCLUSION Here we found that multiple models predicting the general defence strategy of plant species could likely be integrated into a single model, while also finding a clear need to better incorporate below-ground defences into models of plant chemical defences. We found that constitutive and induced thapsigargins differed in their regulation, and suggest that models predicting intraspecific defences should consider them separately. Finally, we suggest that in situ studies be supplemented with experiments in controlled environments to identify specific environmental parameters that regulate variation in defences within species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rasmus Kjøller
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Henrik Toft Simonsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nina Rønsted
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Tropical Botanical Garden, Kalaheo, Hawaii, USA
| | - Christopher Barnes
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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17
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Bont Z, Pfander M, Robert CAM, Huber M, Poelman EH, Raaijmakers CE, Erb M. Adapted dandelions trade dispersal for germination upon root herbivore attack. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20192930. [PMID: 32097589 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A plant's offspring may escape unfavourable local conditions through seed dispersal. Whether plants use this strategy to escape insect herbivores is not well understood. Here, we explore how different dandelion (Taraxacum officinale agg.) populations, including diploid outcrossers and triploid apomicts, modify seed dispersal in response to root herbivore attack by their main root-feeding natural enemy, the larvae of the common cockchafer Melolontha melolontha. In a manipulative field experiment, root herbivore attack increased seed dispersal potential through a reduction in seed weight in populations that evolved under high root herbivore pressure, but not in populations that evolved under low pressure. This increase in dispersal potential was independent of plant cytotype, but associated with a reduction in germination rate, suggesting that adapted dandelions trade dispersal for establishment upon attack by root herbivores. Analysis of vegetative growth parameters suggested that the increased dispersal capacity was not the result of stress flowering. In summary, these results suggest that root herbivory selects for an induced increase in dispersal ability in response to herbivore attack. Induced seed dispersal may be a strategy that allows adapted plants to escape from herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Bont
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marc Pfander
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Meret Huber
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Erik H Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ciska E Raaijmakers
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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18
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Castle SC, Samac DA, Sadowsky MJ, Rosen CJ, Gutknecht JLM, Kinkel LL. Impacts of Sampling Design on Estimates of Microbial Community Diversity and Composition in Agricultural Soils. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2019; 78:753-763. [PMID: 30852638 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-019-01318-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Soil microbiota play important and diverse roles in agricultural crop nutrition and productivity. Yet, despite increasing efforts to characterize soil bacterial and fungal assemblages, it is challenging to disentangle the influences of sampling design on assessments of communities. Here, we sought to determine whether composite samples-often analyzed as a low cost and effort alternative to replicated individual samples-provide representative summary estimates of microbial communities. At three Minnesota agricultural research sites planted with an oat cover crop, we conducted amplicon sequencing for soil bacterial and fungal communities (16SV4 and ITS2) of replicated individual or homogenized composite soil samples. We compared soil microbiota from within and among plots and then among agricultural sites using both sampling strategies. Results indicated that single or multiple replicated individual samples, or a composite sample from each plot, were sufficient for distinguishing broad site-level macroecological differences among bacterial and fungal communities. Analysis of a single sample per plot captured only a small fraction of the distinct OTUs, diversity, and compositional variability detected in the analysis of multiple individual samples or a single composite sample. Likewise, composite samples captured only a fraction of the diversity represented by the six individual samples from which they were formed, and, on average, analysis of two or three individual samples offered greater compositional coverage (i.e., greater number of OTUs) than a single composite sample. We conclude that sampling design significantly impacts estimates of bacterial and fungal communities even in homogeneously managed agricultural soils, and our findings indicate that while either strategy may be sufficient for broad macroecological investigations, composites may be a poor substitute for replicated samples at finer spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Castle
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
| | - Deborah A Samac
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
- USDA-ARS, Plant Science Research Unit, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Michael J Sadowsky
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Carl J Rosen
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jessica L M Gutknecht
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Linda L Kinkel
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
- Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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19
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Stam JM, Kos M, Dicke M, Poelman EH. Cross-seasonal legacy effects of arthropod community on plant fitness in perennial plants. THE JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2019; 107:2451-2463. [PMID: 31598003 PMCID: PMC6774310 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.13231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In perennial plants, interactions with other community members during the vegetative growth phase may influence community assembly during subsequent reproductive years and may influence plant fitness. It is well-known that plant responses to herbivory affect community assembly within a growing season, but whether plant-herbivore interactions result in legacy effects on community assembly across seasons has received little attention. Moreover, whether plant-herbivore interactions during the vegetative growing season are important in predicting plant fitness directly or indirectly through legacy effects is poorly understood.Here, we tested whether plant-arthropod interactions in the vegetative growing season of perennial wild cabbage plants, Brassica oleracea, result in legacy effects in arthropod community assembly in the subsequent reproductive season and whether legacy effects have plant fitness consequences. We monitored the arthropod community on plants that had been induced with either aphids, caterpillars or no herbivores in a full-factorial design across 2 years. We quantified the plant traits 'height', 'number of leaves' and 'number of flowers' to understand mechanisms that may mediate legacy effects. We measured seed production in the second year to evaluate plant fitness consequences of legacy effects.Although we did not find community responses to the herbivory treatments, our data show that community composition in the first year leaves a legacy on community composition in a second year: predator community composition co-varied across years. Structural equation modelling analyses indicated that herbivore communities in the vegetative year correlated with plant performance traits that may have caused a legacy effect on especially predator community assembly in the subsequent reproductive year. Interestingly, the legacy of the herbivore community in the vegetative year predicted plant fitness better than the herbivore community that directly interacted with plants in the reproductive year. Synthesis. Thus, legacy effects of plant-herbivore interactions affect community assembly on perennial plants across growth seasons and these processes may affect plant reproductive success. We argue that plant-herbivore interactions in the vegetative phase as well as in the cross-seasonal legacy effects caused by plant responses to arthropod herbivory may be important in perennial plant trait evolution such as ontogenetic variation in growth and defence strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeltje M. Stam
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Martine Kos
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Erik H. Poelman
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
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20
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Hervé MR, Erb M. Distinct defense strategies allow different grassland species to cope with root herbivore attack. Oecologia 2019; 191:127-139. [PMID: 31367912 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04479-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Root-feeding insect herbivores are of substantial evolutionary, ecological and economical importance. Plants defend themselves against insect herbivores through a variety of tolerance and resistance strategies. To date, few studies have systematically assessed the prevalence and importance of these strategies for root-herbivore interactions across different plant species. Here, we characterize the defense strategies used by three different grassland species to cope with a generalist root herbivore, the larvae of the European cockchafer Melolontha melolontha. Our results reveal that the different plant species rely on distinct sets of defense strategies. The spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe) resists attack by dissuading the larvae through the release of repellent chemicals. White clover (Trifolium repens) does not repel the herbivore, but reduces feeding, most likely through structural defenses and low nutritional quality. Finally, the common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) allows M. melolontha to feed abundantly but compensates for tissue loss through induced regrowth. Thus, three co-occurring plant species have evolved different solutions to defend themselves against attack by a generalist root herbivore. The different root defense strategies may reflect distinct defense syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime R Hervé
- University of Rennes, Inra, Agrocampus Ouest, IGEPP, UMR-A 1349, Campus Beaulieu, Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35000, Rennes, France.
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, Bern, Switzerland
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21
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Dickie IA, Wakelin AM, Martínez-García LB, Richardson SJ, Makiola A, Tylianakis JM. Oomycetes along a 120,000 year temperate rainforest ecosystem development chronosequence. FUNGAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Hussain M, Debnath B, Qasim M, Bamisile BS, Islam W, Hameed MS, Wang L, Qiu D. Role of Saponins in Plant Defense Against Specialist Herbivores. Molecules 2019; 24:E2067. [PMID: 31151268 PMCID: PMC6600540 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) is a very destructive crucifer-specialized pest that has resulted in significant crop losses worldwide. DBM is well attracted to glucosinolates (which act as fingerprints and essential for herbivores in host plant recognition) containing crucifers such as wintercress, Barbarea vulgaris (Brassicaceae) despite poor larval survival on it due to high-to-low concentration of saponins and generally to other plants in the genus Barbarea. B. vulgaris build up resistance against DBM and other herbivorous insects using glucosinulates which are used in plant defense. Aside glucosinolates, Barbarea genus also contains triterpenoid saponins, which are toxic to insects and act as feeding deterrents for plant specialist herbivores (such as DBM). Previous studies have found interesting relationship between the host plant and secondary metabolite contents, which indicate that attraction or resistance to specialist herbivore DBM, is due to higher concentrations of glucosinolates and saponins in younger leaves in contrast to the older leaves of Barbarea genus. As a response to this phenomenon, herbivores as DBM has developed a strategy of defense against these plant biochemicals. Because there is a lack of full knowledge in understanding bioactive molecules (such as saponins) role in plant defense against plant herbivores. Thus, in this review, we discuss the role of secondary plant metabolites in plant defense mechanisms against the specialist herbivores. In the future, trials by plant breeders could aim at transferring these bioactive molecules against herbivore to cash crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubasher Hussain
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Institute of Applied Ecology and Research Centre for Biodiversity and Eco-Safety, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Biswojit Debnath
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, China.
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 3100058, China.
| | - Bamisope Steve Bamisile
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Institute of Applied Ecology and Research Centre for Biodiversity and Eco-Safety, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Waqar Islam
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China.
| | - Muhammad Salman Hameed
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Institute of Applied Ecology and Research Centre for Biodiversity and Eco-Safety, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Protection, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan 32200, Pakistan.
| | - Liande Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Institute of Applied Ecology and Research Centre for Biodiversity and Eco-Safety, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Dongliang Qiu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, China.
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23
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Guerrero‐Ramírez NR, Reich PB, Wagg C, Ciobanu M, Eisenhauer N. Diversity‐dependent plant–soil feedbacks underlie long‐term plant diversity effects on primary productivity. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaly R. Guerrero‐Ramírez
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e Leipzig 04103 Germany
- Institute of Biology Leipzig University Deutscher Platz 5e Leipzig 04103 Germany
| | - Peter B. Reich
- Department of Forest Resources University of Minnesota St. Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Richmond New South Wales 2753 Australia
| | - Cameron Wagg
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zürich Winterthurerstrasse 190 Zurich CH‐8047 Switzerland
| | - Marcel Ciobanu
- Institute of Biological Research Branch of the National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences Cluj‐Napoca Romania
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e Leipzig 04103 Germany
- Institute of Biology Leipzig University Deutscher Platz 5e Leipzig 04103 Germany
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24
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Enemy of my enemy: evidence for variable soil biota feedbacks of Vincetoxicum rossicum on native plants. Biol Invasions 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-018-1804-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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25
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Papadopoulou GV, Maedicke A, Grosser K, van Dam NM, Martínez-Medina A. Defence signalling marker gene responses to hormonal elicitation differ between roots and shoots. AOB PLANTS 2018; 10:ply031. [PMID: 29977487 PMCID: PMC6007416 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/ply031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones such as jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), ethylene (ET) and abscisic acid (ABA) play a key role in regulation of plant immune responses to different attackers. Extensive research over recent years has led to the identification of molecular markers for specific hormonal-regulated defence pathways. However, most of our current knowledge on the regulation of plant immunity derives from studies focused on above-ground organs, mainly on the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Therefore, it is unclear whether the paradigms based on experiments on above-ground organs are entirely transferable to roots. Here, we used the non-model plant Brassica rapa to study the regulation dynamics of hormonal-related marker genes in both roots and shoots. These markers were identified in Arabidopsis shoots after elicitation of the JA-, SA-, ET- or ABA-signalling pathways, and are commonly used to study induced responses. We assessed whether the regulation of those genes by hormonal elicitation differs between roots and shoots. To discern whether the differences in marker gene expression between roots and shoots are related to differences in hormone production or to differential responsiveness, we also measured actual hormone content in the treated tissue after elicitation. Our results show that some of the widely used markers did not show specific responsiveness to single hormone applications in B. rapa. We further found that hormonal elicitation led to different response patterns of the molecular markers in shoots and roots. Our results suggest that the regulation of some hormonal-related marker genes in B. rapa is organ specific and differs from the Arabidopsis-derived paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galini V Papadopoulou
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Molecular Interaction Ecology, Deutscher Platz, Leipzig, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Biodiversity, Jena, Germany
| | - Anne Maedicke
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Molecular Interaction Ecology, Deutscher Platz, Leipzig, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Biodiversity, Jena, Germany
| | - Katharina Grosser
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Molecular Interaction Ecology, Deutscher Platz, Leipzig, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Biodiversity, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Molecular Interaction Ecology, Deutscher Platz, Leipzig, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Biodiversity, Jena, Germany
- Radboud University, Molecular Interaction Ecology, Institute of Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ainhoa Martínez-Medina
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Molecular Interaction Ecology, Deutscher Platz, Leipzig, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Biodiversity, Jena, Germany
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26
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Disentangling the influence of climate, soil and belowground microbes on local species richness in a dryland ecosystem of Northwest China. Sci Rep 2017; 7:18029. [PMID: 29269873 PMCID: PMC5740161 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17860-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR) covers one of the largest drylands in the world, while the relative effects of different environmental factors on plant diversity are poorly understood. We sampled 66 sites in a typical dryland of XUAR, which covers more than 450,000 km2, to evaluate the relative influences of different factors on the patterns of local plant species richness (LPSR). We found that overall and herbaceous LPSR were positively correlated with water availability, soil nutrients but negatively correlated with energy availability, while the shrub LPSR showed the opposite response. Climate, soil attributes together explained 53.2% and 59.2% of the variance in overall and herbaceous LPSR, respectively; revealing that LPSR patterns were shaped by abiotic and underground biotic factors together. Only 31.5% of the variance in the shrub LPSR was explained by soil attributes, indicating that shrub LPSR was mainly limited by non-climatic factors. There findings provide robust evidence that relative contribution of climate and soil attributes differ markedly depending on the plant functional group. Furthermore, we found the different relationship between microbes and plant diversity, indicating that the linkages between soil microbial diversity and plant diversity may vary across functional groups of microbes and plant. These findings provide robust evidence that the relative roles of climate, soil and microbes differ markedly depending on the plant functional group. Microbial richness showed a significantly pure influence on the LPSR of all groups, suggesting that microbes play a non-negligible role in regulating plant diversity in dryland ecosystems.
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Hines J, Pabst S, Mueller KE, Blumenthal DM, Cesarz S, Eisenhauer N. Soil‐mediated effects of global change on plant communities depend on plant growth form. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jes Hines
- Institute of Ecology Friedrich Schiller University Jena Dornburger Strasse 159 07743 JenaGermany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e 04103 LeipzigGermany
- Institute of Biology Leipzig University Deutscher Platz 5e 04103 LeipzigGermany
| | - Susann Pabst
- Institute of Ecology Friedrich Schiller University Jena Dornburger Strasse 159 07743 JenaGermany
| | - Kevin E. Mueller
- Rangeland Resources and Systems Research Unit USDA Agricultural Research Service Fort Collins Colorado 80526 USA
| | - Dana M. Blumenthal
- Rangeland Resources and Systems Research Unit USDA Agricultural Research Service Fort Collins Colorado 80526 USA
| | - Simone Cesarz
- Institute of Ecology Friedrich Schiller University Jena Dornburger Strasse 159 07743 JenaGermany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e 04103 LeipzigGermany
- Institute of Biology Leipzig University Deutscher Platz 5e 04103 LeipzigGermany
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- Institute of Ecology Friedrich Schiller University Jena Dornburger Strasse 159 07743 JenaGermany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e 04103 LeipzigGermany
- Institute of Biology Leipzig University Deutscher Platz 5e 04103 LeipzigGermany
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Wang X, Li L, Zhao W, Zhao J, Chen X. Rhododendron aureum Georgi formed a special soil microbial community and competed with above-ground plants on the tundra of the Changbai Mountain, China. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:7503-7514. [PMID: 28944034 PMCID: PMC5606866 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhododendron aureum Georgi is a perennial evergreen dwarf shrub that grows at all elevations within the alpine tundra of northern China. Previous research has investigated the plant communities of R. aureum; however, little information is available regarding interspecific competition and underground soil microbial community composition. The objective of our study was to determine whether the presence of R. aureum creates a unique soil microbiome and to investigate the relationship between R. aureum and other plant species. Our study site ranged from 1,800 to 2,600 m above sea level on the northern slope of the Changbai Mountain. The results show that the soil from sites with an R. aureum community had a higher abundance of nitrogen-fixing bacteria and a higher resistance to pathogens than soils from sites without R. aureum. We emphasize that R. aureum promotes a unique soil microbial community structure that is distinct from those associated with other plants. Elevation and microbial biomass were the main influencing factors for plant community structure. Analysis of interspecific relationships reveals that R. aureum is negatively associated with most other dominant shrubs and herbs, suggesting interspecific competition. It is necessary to focus on other dominant species if protection and restoration of the R. aureum competition is to occur. In the future, more is needed to prove whether R. aureum decreases species diversity in the tundra ecosystems of Changbai Mountain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Wang
- National and Local United Engineering Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Medicine Breeding and Cultivation School of Life Sciences Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Lin Li
- National and Local United Engineering Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Medicine Breeding and Cultivation School of Life Sciences Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Wei Zhao
- National and Local United Engineering Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Medicine Breeding and Cultivation School of Life Sciences Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Jiaxin Zhao
- National and Local United Engineering Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Medicine Breeding and Cultivation School of Life Sciences Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Xia Chen
- National and Local United Engineering Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Medicine Breeding and Cultivation School of Life Sciences Jilin University Changchun China
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Arafat Y, Wei X, Jiang Y, Chen T, Saqib HSA, Lin S, Lin W. Spatial Distribution Patterns of Root-Associated Bacterial Communities Mediated by Root Exudates in Different Aged Ratooning Tea Monoculture Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1727. [PMID: 28786955 PMCID: PMC5578117 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive plant-soil feedback depends on beneficial interactions between roots and microbes for nutrient acquisition; growth promotion; and disease suppression. Recent pyrosequencing approaches have provided insight into the rhizosphere bacterial communities in various cropping systems. However; there is a scarcity of information about the influence of root exudates on the composition of root-associated bacterial communities in ratooning tea monocropping systems of different ages. In Southeastern China; tea cropping systems provide the unique natural experimental environment to compare the distribution of bacterial communities in different rhizo-compartments. High performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) was performed to identify and quantify the allelochemicals in root exudates. A high-throughput sequence was used to determine the structural dynamics of the root-associated bacterial communities. Although soil physiochemical properties showed no significant differences in nutrients; long-term tea cultivation resulted in the accumulation of catechin-containing compounds in the rhizosphere and a lowering of pH. Moreover; distinct distribution patterns of bacterial taxa were observed in all three rhizo-compartments of two-year and 30-year monoculture tea; mediated strongly by soil pH and catechin-containing compounds. These results will help to explore the reasons why soil quality and fertility are disturbed in continuous ratooning tea monocropping systems; and to clarify the associated problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Arafat
- Key Laboratory of Fujian Province for Agroecological Process and Safety Monitoring, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Crop Genetics/Breeding and Integrative Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, China.
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, China.
- Institute of Agroecological Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, China.
| | - Xiaoya Wei
- Key Laboratory of Fujian Province for Agroecological Process and Safety Monitoring, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Crop Genetics/Breeding and Integrative Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, China.
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, China.
| | - Yuhang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Fujian Province for Agroecological Process and Safety Monitoring, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Crop Genetics/Breeding and Integrative Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, China.
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, China.
- Institute of Agroecological Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, China.
| | - Ting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fujian Province for Agroecological Process and Safety Monitoring, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Crop Genetics/Breeding and Integrative Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, China.
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, China.
- Institute of Agroecological Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, China.
| | - Hafiz Sohaib Ahmed Saqib
- Institute of Agroecological Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, China.
| | - Sheng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Fujian Province for Agroecological Process and Safety Monitoring, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Crop Genetics/Breeding and Integrative Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, China.
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, China.
- Institute of Agroecological Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, China.
| | - Wenxiong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Fujian Province for Agroecological Process and Safety Monitoring, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Crop Genetics/Breeding and Integrative Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, China.
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, China.
- Institute of Agroecological Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, China.
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Guerrero-Ramírez NR, Eisenhauer N. Trophic and non-trophic interactions influence the mechanisms underlying biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships under different abiotic conditions. OIKOS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.04190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaly R. Guerrero-Ramírez
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e; DE-04103 Leipzig Germany
- Inst. of Biology, Leipzig Univ.; Leipzig Germany
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e; DE-04103 Leipzig Germany
- Inst. of Biology, Leipzig Univ.; Leipzig Germany
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A Herbivore Tag-and-Trace System Reveals Contact- and Density-Dependent Repellence of a Root Toxin. J Chem Ecol 2017; 43:295-306. [PMID: 28303526 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-017-0830-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Foraging behavior of root feeding organisms strongly affects plant-environment-interactions and ecosystem processes. However, the impact of plant chemistry on root herbivore movement in the soil is poorly understood. Here, we apply a simple technique to trace the movement of soil-dwelling insects in their habitats without disturbing or restricting their interactions with host plants. We tagged the root feeding larvae of Melolontha melolontha with a copper ring and repeatedly located their position in relation to their preferred host plant, Taraxacum officinale, using a commercial metal detector. This method was validated and used to study the influence of the sesquiterpene lactone taraxinic acid β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (TA-G) on the foraging of M. melolontha. TA-G is stored in the latex of T. officinale and protects the roots from herbivory. Using behavioral arenas with TA-G deficient and control plants, we tested the impact of physical root access and plant distance on the effect of TA-G on M. melolontha. The larvae preferred TA-G deficient plants to control plants, but only when physical root contact was possible and the plants were separated by 5 cm. Melolontha melolontha showed no preference for TA-G deficient plants when the plants were grown 15 cm apart, which may indicate a trade-off between the cost of movement and the benefit of consuming less toxic food. We demonstrate that M. melolontha integrates host plant quality and distance into its foraging patterns and suggest that plant chemistry affects root herbivore behavior in a plant-density dependent manner.
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Bowen BJ, Pate JS. Patterns of storage tissue and starch distribution in the young taproot of obligate seeders and resprouters of Australian Proteaceae (Juss.): Possible evidence of homoplastic evolution. AUSTRAL ECOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J. Bowen
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences Murdoch University Murdoch 6150 Western Australia Australia
| | - John S. Pate
- School of Plant Biology The University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerlinde B. De Deyn
- Dept of Soil Quality; Wageningen Univ.; PO Box 47 NL-6700AA Wageningen the Netherlands
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34
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Moore BD, Johnson SN. Get Tough, Get Toxic, or Get a Bodyguard: Identifying Candidate Traits Conferring Belowground Resistance to Herbivores in Grasses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 7:1925. [PMID: 28105030 PMCID: PMC5214545 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Grasses (Poaceae) are the fifth-largest plant family by species and their uses for crops, forage, fiber, and fuel make them the most economically important. In grasslands, which broadly-defined cover 40% of the Earth's terrestrial surface outside of Greenland and Antarctica, 40-60% of net primary productivity and 70-98% of invertebrate biomass occurs belowground, providing extensive scope for interactions between roots and rhizosphere invertebrates. Grasses invest 50-70% of fixed carbon into root construction, which suggests roots are high value tissues that should be defended from herbivores, but we know relatively little about such defenses. In this article, we identify candidate grass root defenses, including physical (tough) and chemical (toxic) resistance traits, together with indirect defenses involving recruitment of root herbivores' natural enemies. We draw on relevant literature to establish whether these defenses are present in grasses, and specifically in grass roots, and which herbivores of grasses are affected by these defenses. Physical defenses could include structural macro-molecules such as lignin, cellulose, suberin, and callose in addition to silica and calcium oxalate. Root hairs and rhizosheaths, a structural adaptation unique to grasses, might also play defensive roles. To date, only lignin and silica have been shown to negatively affect root herbivores. In terms of chemical resistance traits, nitrate, oxalic acid, terpenoids, alkaloids, amino acids, cyanogenic glycosides, benzoxazinoids, phenolics, and proteinase inhibitors have the potential to negatively affect grass root herbivores. Several good examples demonstrate the existence of indirect defenses in grass roots, including maize, which can recruit entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) via emission of (E)-β-caryophyllene, and similar defenses are likely to be common. In producing this review, we aimed to equip researchers with candidate root defenses for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben D Moore
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University Richmond, NSW, Australia
| | - Scott N Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University Richmond, NSW, Australia
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Filgueiras CC, Willett DS, Pereira RV, Moino Junior A, Pareja M, Duncan LW. Eliciting maize defense pathways aboveground attracts belowground biocontrol agents. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36484. [PMID: 27811992 PMCID: PMC5095600 DOI: 10.1038/srep36484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant defense pathways mediate multitrophic interactions above and belowground. Understanding the effects of these pathways on pests and natural enemies above and belowground holds great potential for designing effective control strategies. Here we investigate the effects of aboveground stimulation of plant defense pathways on the interactions between corn, the aboveground herbivore adult Diabrotica speciosa, the belowground herbivore larval D. speciosa, and the subterranean ento-mopathogenic nematode natural enemy Heterorhabditis amazonensis. We show that adult D. speciosa recruit to aboveground herbivory and methyl salicylate treatment, that larval D. speciosa are relatively indiscriminate, and that H. amazonensis en-tomopathogenic nematodes recruit to corn fed upon by adult D. speciosa. These results suggest that entomopathogenicnematodes belowground can be highly attuned to changes in the aboveground parts of plants and that biological control can be enhanced with induced plant defense in this and similar systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denis S Willett
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, 32608, USA
| | | | - Alcides Moino Junior
- Universidade Federal de Lavras, Department of Entomology, Lavras, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Martin Pareja
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Larry W Duncan
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Department of Entomology and Nematology, Lake Alfred, 33850, USA
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36
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Zhang N, Van der Putten WH, Veen GFC. Effects of root decomposition on plant-soil feedback of early- and mid-successional plant species. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 212:220-31. [PMID: 27214646 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant-soil feedback (PSF) is an important driver of plant community dynamics. Many studies have emphasized the role of pathogens and symbiotic mutualists in PSFs; however, less is known about the contribution of decomposing litter, especially that of roots. We conducted a PSF experiment, where soils were conditioned by living early- and mid-successional grasses and forbs with and without decomposing roots of conspecific species (conditioning phase). These soils were used to test growth responses of conspecific and heterospecific plant species (feedback phase). The addition of the roots of conspecifics decreased the biomass of both early- and mid-successional plant species in the conditioning phase. In the feedback phase, root addition had positive effects on the biomass of early-successional species and neutral effects on mid-successional species, except when mid-successional grasses were grown in soils conditioned by conspecifics, where effects were negative. Biomass of early- and mid-successional forbs was generally reduced in soils conditioned by conspecifics. We conclude that root decomposition may increase short-term negative PSF effects, but that the effects can become neutral to positive over time, thereby counteracting negative components of PSF. This implies that root decomposition is a key element of PSF and needs to be included in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naili Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Wim H Van der Putten
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - G F Ciska Veen
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
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Hiltpold I, Moore BD, Johnson SN. Novel In vitro Procedures for Rearing a Root-Feeding Pest (Heteronychus arator) of Grasslands. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1316. [PMID: 27625673 PMCID: PMC5003920 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Optimizing plant protection against insect herbivory relies on testing plant defense mechanisms and how the insect response to these defensive strategies. Such experiments benefit from using insects generated from standardized rearing protocols since this reduces stochastic variation. Such protocols can be challenging to devise, however, especially for root herbivores. These insects generally have complex and long life cycles, which are often only poorly described. Moreover, using field-captured root herbivores is often suboptimal because it involves extensive excavation from sites selected by chance (their location is not obvious) and larval stages are frequently indistinguishable beyond the family level. We investigated in vitro procedures to improve the availability of the African Black Beetle (ABB) Heteronychus arator, an invasive alien pest in both Australia and New Zealand. Native to Africa, this scarab beetle has established in Australian and New Zealand grasslands, pastures, and crops. Adults feed on the stem of young plants just beneath the soil surface. During the mating season, gravid females lay eggs in the soil, giving rise to larvae feeding on grass roots, causing severe damage, and impairing plant growth. Here, we propose laboratory approaches to collect eggs from field-captured adult beetles, to hatch eggs, and to rear neonate larvae to adults. We propose that these methods will provide plant scientists and entomologists with a better and more controlled supply of ABB larvae for laboratory and field assays. In turn, this will assist with the collection of important information for the management of this insect pest and enhanced protection of plants in crop and grassland ecosystems.
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Berenstecher P, Gangi D, González‐Arzac A, Martínez ML, Chaves EJ, Mondino EA, Austin AT. Litter microbial and soil faunal communities stimulated in the wake of a volcanic eruption in a semi‐arid woodland in Patagonia, Argentina. Funct Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Berenstecher
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA‐CONICET) Universidad de Buenos Aires Avenida San Martín 4453 Buenos Aires C1417DSE Argentina
| | - Daniela Gangi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA‐CONICET) Universidad de Buenos Aires Avenida San Martín 4453 Buenos Aires C1417DSE Argentina
| | - Adelia González‐Arzac
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA‐CONICET) Universidad de Buenos Aires Avenida San Martín 4453 Buenos Aires C1417DSE Argentina
| | - María Laura Martínez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA‐CONICET) Universidad de Buenos Aires Avenida San Martín 4453 Buenos Aires C1417DSE Argentina
| | - Eliseo J. Chaves
- Laboratorio de Análisis de Nematodos en Suelo y Plantas NEMA‐AGRiS 1900 La Plata Argentina
| | - Eduardo A. Mondino
- Laboratório de Biologia do Solo Departamento de Solos Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro BR‐465 km 7 Seropédica Rio de Janeiro 23890‐ 000 Brazil
| | - Amy T. Austin
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA‐CONICET) Universidad de Buenos Aires Avenida San Martín 4453 Buenos Aires C1417DSE Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas (IIB) Universidad Nacional de San Martín B1650HMP Buenos Aires Argentina
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Peña E, Baeten L, Steel H, Viaene N, De Sutter N, De Schrijver A, Verheyen K. Beyond plant–soil feedbacks: mechanisms driving plant community shifts due to land‐use legacies in post‐agricultural forests. Funct Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Peña
- Institute for Subtropical and Mediterranean Horticulture (IHSM‐UMA‐CSIC) 29750 Malaga Spain
- Department of Forest and Water Management Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Forest & Nature Lab Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267 9090 Melle‐Gontrode Belgium
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Lander Baeten
- Department of Forest and Water Management Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Forest & Nature Lab Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267 9090 Melle‐Gontrode Belgium
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Hanne Steel
- Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences Laboratory of Nematology K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Nicole Viaene
- Plant Unit Crop Protection Department Laboratory of Nematology Institute for Agriculture and Fisheries Research Burg. Van Gansberghelaan 96 9820 Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Nancy De Sutter
- Plant Unit Crop Protection Department Laboratory of Nematology Institute for Agriculture and Fisheries Research Burg. Van Gansberghelaan 96 9820 Merelbeke Belgium
| | - An De Schrijver
- Department of Forest and Water Management Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Forest & Nature Lab Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267 9090 Melle‐Gontrode Belgium
| | - Kris Verheyen
- Department of Forest and Water Management Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Forest & Nature Lab Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267 9090 Melle‐Gontrode Belgium
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40
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Katz DSW. The effects of invertebrate herbivores on plant population growth: a meta-regression analysis. Oecologia 2016; 182:43-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3602-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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41
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Bever JD, Mangan SA, Alexander HM. Maintenance of Plant Species Diversity by Pathogens. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2015. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James D. Bever
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405;
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Scott A. Mangan
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Helen M. Alexander
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
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Vaughan MM, Christensen S, Schmelz EA, Huffaker A, McAuslane HJ, Alborn HT, Romero M, Allen LH, Teal PEA. Accumulation of terpenoid phytoalexins in maize roots is associated with drought tolerance. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:2195-207. [PMID: 25392907 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays) production, which is of global agro-economic importance, is largely limited by herbivore pests, pathogens and environmental conditions, such as drought. Zealexins and kauralexins belong to two recently identified families of acidic terpenoid phytoalexins in maize that mediate defence against both pathogen and insect attacks in aboveground tissues. However, little is known about their function in belowground organs and their potential to counter abiotic stress. In this study, we show that zealexins and kauralexins accumulate in roots in response to both biotic and abiotic stress including, Diabrotica balteata herbivory, Fusarium verticillioides infection, drought and high salinity. We find that the quantity of drought-induced phytoalexins is positively correlated with the root-to-shoot ratio of different maize varieties, and further demonstrate that mutant an2 plants deficient in kauralexin production are more sensitive to drought. The induction of phytoalexins in response to drought is root specific and does not influence phytoalexin levels aboveground; however, the accumulation of phytoalexins in one tissue may influence the induction capacity of other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha M Vaughan
- Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens and Mycology, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
| | - Shawn Christensen
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center of Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Eric A Schmelz
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center of Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Alisa Huffaker
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center of Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Heather J McAuslane
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Hans T Alborn
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center of Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Maritza Romero
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center of Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Leon Hartwell Allen
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center of Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Peter E A Teal
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center of Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
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43
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Bauer JT, Mack KML, Bever JD. Plant-soil feedbacks as drivers of succession: evidence from remnant and restored tallgrass prairies. Ecosphere 2015. [DOI: 10.1890/es14-00480.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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44
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Hendriks M, Ravenek JM, Smit-Tiekstra AE, van der Paauw JW, de Caluwe H, van der Putten WH, de Kroon H, Mommer L. Spatial heterogeneity of plant-soil feedback affects root interactions and interspecific competition. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 207:830-840. [PMID: 25871977 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant-soil feedback is receiving increasing interest as a factor influencing plant competition and species coexistence in grasslands. However, we do not know how spatial distribution of plant-soil feedback affects plant below-ground interactions. We investigated the way in which spatial heterogeneity of soil biota affects competitive interactions in grassland plant species. We performed a pairwise competition experiment combined with heterogeneous distribution of soil biota using four grassland plant species and their soil biota. Patches were applied as quadrants of 'own' and 'foreign' soils from all plant species in all pairwise combinations. To evaluate interspecific root responses, species-specific root biomass was quantified using real-time PCR. All plant species suffered negative soil feedback, but strength was species-specific, reflected by a decrease in root growth in own compared with foreign soil. Reduction in root growth in own patches by the superior plant competitor provided opportunities for inferior competitors to increase root biomass in these patches. These patterns did not cascade into above-ground effects during our experiment. We show that root distributions can be determined by spatial heterogeneity of soil biota, affecting plant below-ground competitive interactions. Thus, spatial heterogeneity of soil biota may contribute to plant species coexistence in species-rich grasslands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marloes Hendriks
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9100, 6500, GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Janneke M Ravenek
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9100, 6500, GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Annemiek E Smit-Tiekstra
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9100, 6500, GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Willem van der Paauw
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9100, 6500, GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Nature Conservation and Plant Ecology, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hannie de Caluwe
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9100, 6500, GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Wim H van der Putten
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, PO Box 50, 6700 AB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, PO Box 8123, 6700 ES, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hans de Kroon
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9100, 6500, GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Liesje Mommer
- Nature Conservation and Plant Ecology, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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45
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Van Geem M, Harvey JA, Cortesero AM, Raaijmakers CE, Gols R. Interactions Between a Belowground Herbivore and Primary and Secondary Root Metabolites in Wild Cabbage. J Chem Ecol 2015; 41:696-707. [PMID: 26271671 PMCID: PMC4568014 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-015-0605-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Plants are attacked by both above- and belowground herbivores. Toxic secondary compounds are part of the chemical defense arsenal of plants against a range of antagonists, and are subject to genetic variation. Plants also produce primary metabolites (amino acids, nutrients, sugars) that function as essential compounds for growth and survival. Wild cabbage populations growing on the Dorset coast of the UK exhibit genetically different chemical defense profiles, even though they are located within a few kilometers of each other. As in other Brassicaceae, the defensive chemicals in wild cabbages constitute, among others, secondary metabolites called glucosinolates. Here, we used five Dorset populations of wild cabbage to study the effect of belowground herbivory by the cabbage root fly on primary and secondary chemistry, and whether differences in chemistry affected the performance of the belowground herbivore. There were significant differences in total root concentrations and chemical profiles of glucosinolates, amino acids, and sugars among the five wild cabbage populations. Glucosinolate concentrations not only differed among the populations, but also were affected by root fly herbivory. Amino acid and sugar concentrations also differed among the populations, but were not affected by root fly herbivory. Overall, population-related differences in plant chemistry were more pronounced for the glucosinolates than for amino acids and sugars. The performance of the root herbivore did not differ among the populations tested. Survival of the root fly was low (<40%), suggesting that other belowground factors may override potential differences in effects related to primary and secondary chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moniek Van Geem
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Section Animal Ecology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Marie Cortesero
- Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Rennes University, Rennes, France
| | - Ciska E Raaijmakers
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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46
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Koziol L, Bever JD. Mycorrhizal response trades off with plant growth rate and increases with plant successional status. Ecology 2015; 96:1768-74. [DOI: 10.1890/14-2208.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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47
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Yang L, Maron JL, Callaway RM. Inhibitory effects of soil biota are ameliorated by high plant diversity. Oecologia 2015; 179:519-25. [PMID: 26001607 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3351-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The idea that plant communities with high species diversity are more stable, productive, and resistant to invasion at small spatial scales has become an important ecological paradigm. Recently, the role of soil biota has emerged as a major driver of this relationship between plant species diversity and ecosystem function. In greenhouse experiments, we found that soil collected from experimentally constructed species-rich plant assemblages (that originally contained between 10 and 16 species) promoted the growth of 4 native target plant species more than soil from species-poor communities (that originally contained between 2 and 5 species). Sterilization of soils from species-poor communities improved the growth of these target species more than sterilization of soils from species-rich plant communities, indicative that inhibitory soil biota had greater negative impacts on plant growth in low versus high diversity soils. These results suggest that strong soil biota effects in soils do not simply accrue in experimental monocultures, but can occur in low diversity assemblages that are more realistic of what occurs in nature. Our findings suggest a mechanistic explanation for the diversity-productivity relationship, and further support the importance of inhibitory soil biota as significant contributors to spatial and temporal patterns of abundance in natural plant communities through negative plant-soil feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixue Yang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - John L Maron
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Ragan M Callaway
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA.
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48
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Mazzoleni S, Cartenì F, Bonanomi G, Senatore M, Termolino P, Giannino F, Incerti G, Rietkerk M, Lanzotti V, Chiusano ML. Inhibitory effects of extracellular self-DNA: a general biological process? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:127-132. [PMID: 25628124 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Self-inhibition of growth has been observed in different organisms, but an underlying common mechanism has not been proposed so far. Recently, extracellular DNA (exDNA) has been reported as species-specific growth inhibitor in plants and proposed as an explanation of negative plant-soil feedback. In this work the effect of exDNA was tested on different species to assess the occurrence of such inhibition in organisms other than plants. Bioassays were performed on six species of different taxonomic groups, including bacteria, fungi, algae, plants, protozoa and insects. Treatments consisted in the addition to the growth substrate of conspecific and heterologous DNA at different concentration levels. Results showed that treatments with conspecific DNA always produced a concentration dependent growth inhibition, which instead was not observed in the case of heterologous DNA. Reported evidence suggests the generality of the observed phenomenon which opens new perspectives in the context of self-inhibition processes. Moreover, the existence of a general species-specific biological effect of exDNA raises interesting questions on its possible involvement in self-recognition mechanisms. Further investigation at molecular level will be required to unravel the specific functioning of the observed inhibitory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mazzoleni
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, Portici (NA), 80055., Italy
| | - Fabrizio Cartenì
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, Portici (NA), 80055., Italy
| | - Giuliano Bonanomi
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, Portici (NA), 80055., Italy
| | - Mauro Senatore
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, Portici (NA), 80055., Italy
| | - Pasquale Termolino
- CNR-IGV, Istituto di Genetica Vegetale, via Università 133, Portici (NA), 80055, Italy
| | - Francesco Giannino
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, Portici (NA), 80055., Italy
| | - Guido Incerti
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, Portici (NA), 80055., Italy
| | - Max Rietkerk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Copernicus Institute, Utrecht University, PO Box 80115., TC Utrecht, 3508, the Netherlands
| | - Virginia Lanzotti
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, Portici (NA), 80055., Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Chiusano
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, Portici (NA), 80055., Italy
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Nolan NE, Kulmatiski A, Beard KH, Norton JM. Activated carbon decreases invasive plant growth by mediating plant-microbe interactions. AOB PLANTS 2014; 7:plu072. [PMID: 25387751 PMCID: PMC4303759 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plu072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
There is growing appreciation for the idea that plant-soil interactions (e.g. allelopathy and plant-microbe feedbacks) may explain the success of some non-native plants. Where this is the case, native plant restoration may require management tools that change plant-soil interactions. Activated carbon (AC) is one such potential tool. Previous research has shown the potential for high concentrations of AC to restore native plant growth to areas dominated by non-natives on a small scale (1 m × 1 m plots). Here we (i) test the efficacy of different AC concentrations at a larger scale (15 m × 15 m plots), (ii) measure microbial responses to AC treatment and (iii) use a greenhouse experiment to identify the primary mechanism, allelopathy versus microbial changes, through which AC impacts native and non-native plant growth. Three years after large-scale applications, AC treatments decreased non-native plant cover and increased the ratio of native to non-native species cover, particularly at concentrations >400 g m(-2). Activated carbon similarly decreased non-native plant growth in the greenhouse. This effect, however, was only observed in live soils, suggesting that AC effects were microbially mediated and not caused by direct allelopathy. Bacterial community analysis of field soils indicated that AC increased the relative abundance of an unidentified bacterium and an Actinomycetales and decreased the relative abundance of a Flavobacterium, suggesting that these organisms may play a role in AC effects on plant growth. Results support the idea that manipulations of plant-microbe interactions may provide novel and effective ways of directing plant growth and community development (e.g. native plant restoration).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Nolan
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-5230, USA
| | - Andrew Kulmatiski
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-5230, USA
| | - Karen H Beard
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-5230, USA
| | - Jeanette M Norton
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Climate, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-4820, USA
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50
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Titlyanova AA, Sambuu AD. Determinacy and synchronicity of fallow succession in the Tuva steppes. BIOL BULL+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359014060120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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