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Dabrock A, Ernesti N, Will F, Rana M, Leinung N, Ehrich P, Tronnier V, Zechel C. RAR-Dependent and RAR-Independent RXR Signaling in Stem-like Glioma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16466. [PMID: 38003656 PMCID: PMC10671216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) exerts pleiotropic effects during neural development and regulates homeostasis in the adult human brain. The RA signal may be transduced through RXR (retinoid-X receptor)-non-permissive RA receptor/RXR heterodimers or through RXR-permissive RXR heterodimers. The significance of RA signaling in malignant brain tumors such as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and gliosarcoma (GS) is poorly understood. In particular, the impact RA has on the proliferation, survival, differentiation, or metabolism of GBM- or GS-derived cells with features of stem cells (SLGCs) remains elusive. In the present manuscript, six GBM- and two GS-derived SLGC lines were analyzed for their responsiveness to RAR- and RXR-selective agonists. Inhibition of proliferation and initiation of differentiation were achieved with a RAR-selective pan-agonist in a subgroup of SLGC lines, whereas RXR-selective pan-agonists (rexinoids) supported proliferation in most SLGC lines. To decipher the RAR-dependent and RAR-independent effects of RXR, the genes encoding the RAR or RXR isotypes were functionally inactivated by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing in an IDH1-/p53-positive SLGC line with good responsiveness to RA. Stemness, differentiation capacity, and growth behavior were preserved after editing. Taken together, this manuscript provides evidence about the positive impact of RAR-independent RXR signaling on proliferation, survival, and tumor metabolism in SLGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Dabrock
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuro-Oncology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University Lübeck, Marie-Curie Strasse 66, D-23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Natalie Ernesti
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuro-Oncology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University Lübeck, Marie-Curie Strasse 66, D-23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Florian Will
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuro-Oncology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University Lübeck, Marie-Curie Strasse 66, D-23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Manaf Rana
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuro-Oncology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University Lübeck, Marie-Curie Strasse 66, D-23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Nadja Leinung
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuro-Oncology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University Lübeck, Marie-Curie Strasse 66, D-23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Phillip Ehrich
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuro-Oncology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University Lübeck, Marie-Curie Strasse 66, D-23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Volker Tronnier
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Clinic Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christina Zechel
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuro-Oncology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University Lübeck, Marie-Curie Strasse 66, D-23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Clinic Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
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2
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Current Opportunities for Targeting Dysregulated Neurodevelopmental Signaling Pathways in Glioblastoma. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162530. [PMID: 36010607 PMCID: PMC9406959 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and highly lethal type of brain tumor, with poor survival despite advances in understanding its complexity. After current standard therapeutic treatment, including tumor resection, radiotherapy and concomitant chemotherapy with temozolomide, the median overall survival of patients with this type of tumor is less than 15 months. Thus, there is an urgent need for new insights into GBM molecular characteristics and progress in targeted therapy in order to improve clinical outcomes. The literature data revealed that a number of different signaling pathways are dysregulated in GBM. In this review, we intended to summarize and discuss current literature data and therapeutic modalities focused on targeting dysregulated signaling pathways in GBM. A better understanding of opportunities for targeting signaling pathways that influences malignant behavior of GBM cells might open the way for the development of novel GBM-targeted therapies.
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3
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Chen N, Peng C, Li D. Epigenetic Underpinnings of Inflammation: A Key to Unlock the Tumor Microenvironment in Glioblastoma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:869307. [PMID: 35572545 PMCID: PMC9100418 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.869307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant brain tumor in adults, and immunotherapies and genetic therapies for GBM have evolved dramatically over the past decade, but GBM therapy is still facing a dilemma due to the high recurrence rate. The inflammatory microenvironment is a general signature of tumors that accelerates epigenetic changes in GBM and helps tumors avoid immunological surveillance. GBM tumor cells and glioma-associated microglia/macrophages are the primary contributors to the inflammatory condition, meanwhile the modification of epigenetic events including DNA methylation, non-coding RNAs, and histone methylation and deacetylases involved in this pathological process of GBM, finally result in exacerbating the proliferation, invasion, and migration of GBM. On the other hand, histone deacetylase inhibitors, DNA methyltransferases inhibitors, and RNA interference could reverse the inflammatory landscapes and inhibit GBM growth and invasion. Here, we systematically review the inflammatory-associated epigenetic changes and regulations in the microenvironment of GBM, aiming to provide a comprehensive epigenetic profile underlying the recognition of inflammation in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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4
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Kunadis E, Lakiotaki E, Korkolopoulou P, Piperi C. Targeting post-translational histone modifying enzymes in glioblastoma. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 220:107721. [PMID: 33144118 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor in adults, and the most lethal form of glioma, characterized by variable histopathology, aggressiveness and poor clinical outcome and prognosis. GBMs constitute a challenge for oncologists because of their molecular heterogeneity, extensive invasion, and tendency to relapse. Glioma cells demonstrate a variety of deregulated genomic pathways and extensive interplay with epigenetic alterations. Epigenetic modifications have emerged as essential players in GBM research, with biomarker potential for tumor classification and prognosis and for drug targeting. Histone posttranslational modifications (PTMs) are crucial regulators of chromatin architecture and gene expression, playing a pivotal role in malignant transformation, tumor development and progression. Alteration in the expression of genes coding for lysine and arginine methyltransferases (G9a, SUV39H1 and SETDB1) and acetyltransferases and deacetylases (KAT6A, SIRT2, SIRT7, HDAC4, 6, 9) contribute to GBM pathogenesis. In addition, proteins of the sumoylation pathway are upregulated in GBM cell lines, including E1 (SAE1), E2 (Ubc9) components, and a SUMO-specific protease (SENP1). Preclinical and clinical studies are currently in progress targeting epigenetic enzymes in gliomas, including a new generation of histone deacetylase (HDAC), protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT) and bromodomain (BRD) inhibitors. Herein, we provide an update on recent advances in glioma epigenetic research, focusing on the role of histone modifications and the use of epigenetic therapy as a valid treatment option for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kunadis
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Eleftheria Lakiotaki
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Penelope Korkolopoulou
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, 11527 Athens, Greece.
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5
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Kow CY, Kim BJH, Park TIH, Chen JCC, Vong CK, Kim JY, Shim V, Dragunow M, Heppner P. Extent of resection affects prognosis for patients with glioblastoma in non-eloquent regions. J Clin Neurosci 2020; 80:242-249. [PMID: 33099354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a malignant cerebral neoplasm carrying poor prognosis. The importance of extent of resection (EoR) in GBM patient outcomes has been argued in the literature. Previous studies included tumors in eloquent regions of the brain. This confounds the role of EoR by including patients with intrinsically worse outcomes but will be over-represented in the reduced EoR category. In a homogenous group of patients in whom GTR was considered achievable, we investigated the effect of increasing EoR on survival. A retrospective review of 51 patients was undertaken. Quantitative, volumetric analysis of pre-operative and post-operative magnetic resonance image was compared with corresponding clinical details. The primary outcome measured was post-operative overall survival. Median overall survival was 18.3 months for GTR patients compared to 11.6 months for non-GTR (p = 0.025). Median pre-operative contrast-enhancing tumor volume for GTR patients was 54.7 cm3 and 24.9 cm3 for non-GTR. Post-operative median residual tumor volume was 1.1 cm3 in the non-GTR cohort. In multivariate analyses, GTR (HR [95% CI] = 0.973 [0.954-0.994], p = 0.00559) and increasing EoR (HR [95% CI] = 0.964 [0.944-0.985], p = 0.000665) remained predictors of survival. Centile dichotomization of EoR revealed 74% (HR [95% CI] = 0.351 [0.128-0.958], p = 0.0409) as the lowest threshold conferring statistically significant survival benefit. Where technically feasible, both GTR and EoR remained as independent prognostic factors for survival. GTR remains the gold standard for surgical treatment of GBM in patients, 74% being the minimum EoR required to confer survival benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien Yew Kow
- Department of Neurosurgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Bernard J H Kim
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Thomas I-H Park
- The Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joseph C C Chen
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Chun Kiet Vong
- The Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joo Yeun Kim
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Middlemore Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Vickie Shim
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mike Dragunow
- The Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter Heppner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.
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6
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Mutlu M, Tunca B, Ak Aksoy S, Tekin C, Egeli U, Cecener G. Inhibitory Effects of Olea europaea Leaf Extract on Mesenchymal Transition Mechanism in Glioblastoma Cells. Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:713-720. [PMID: 32406277 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1765260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GB) is the most aggressive form of brain tumor. Despite the current treatment methods, the survival rate of patients is very low. Therefore, there is a need to develop new therapeutic agents. The migration and invasion capacity of GB cells is related to mesenchymal transition (MT) mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of OLE on MT was determined by analysis of the Twist, Snail, Zeb1, N-cadherin and E-cadherin genes in the EMT mechanism. The effect of OLE on cell migration was determined by wound healing test. RESULTS 2 mg/ml OLE reduced Twist, Snail, Zeb1 and N-cadherin expression and the combination of OLE + TMZ (2 mg/ml OLE + 350 mM TMZ) increased E-cadherin and reduced Twist, Zeb1 and N-cadherin. In addition, co-treatment with OLE increased TMZ-induced anti-invasion properties thought suppressing transcription factors of MT mechanism. CONCLUSION OLE can enhance the anti-MT activities of TMZ against GB and provide strong evidence that combined treatment with OLE and TMZ has the potential to be an effective alternative approach in GB therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melis Mutlu
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Berrin Tunca
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Secil Ak Aksoy
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Cagla Tekin
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Unal Egeli
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Gulsah Cecener
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
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7
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Dubois F, Bergot E, Zalcman G, Levallet G. RASSF1A, puppeteer of cellular homeostasis, fights tumorigenesis, and metastasis-an updated review. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:928. [PMID: 31804463 PMCID: PMC6895193 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2169-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The Ras association domain family protein1 isoform A (RASSF1A) is a well-known tumor-suppressor protein frequently inactivated in various human cancers. Consistent with its function as a molecular scaffold protein, referred to in many studies, RASSF1A prevents initiation of tumorigenesis, growth, and dissemination through different biological functions, including cell cycle arrest, migration/metastasis inhibition, microtubular stabilization, and apoptosis promotion. As a regulator of key cancer pathways, namely Ras/Rho GTPases and Hippo signaling without ignoring strong interaction with microtubules, RASSF1A is indeed one of the guardians of cell homeostasis. To date, as we approach the two decade anniversary of RASSF1A's discovery, this review will summarize our current knowledge on the RASSF1A key interactions as a tumor suppressor and discuss their impact on cell fate during carcinogenesis. This could facilitate a deeper understanding of tumor development and provide us with new strategies in cancer treatment by targeting the RASSF1A pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatéméh Dubois
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, Caen, France
- Department of Pathology, CHU de Caen, Caen, France
| | - Emmanuel Bergot
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, Caen, France
- Department of Pulmonology & Thoracic Oncology, CHU de Caen, Caen, France
| | - Gérard Zalcman
- U830 INSERM "Genetics and biology of cancers, A.R.T group", Curie Institute, Paris, France
- Department of Thoracic Oncology & CIC1425, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Guénaëlle Levallet
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, Caen, France.
- Department of Pathology, CHU de Caen, Caen, France.
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8
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Epigenetics and Inflammatory Markers: A Systematic Review of the Current Evidence. Int J Inflam 2019; 2019:6273680. [PMID: 31205673 PMCID: PMC6530203 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6273680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms have been suggested to play a role in the genetic regulation of pathways related to inflammation. Therefore, we aimed to systematically review studies investigating the association between DNA methylation and histone modifications with circulatory inflammation markers in blood. Five bibliographic databases were screened until 21 November of 2017. We included studies conducted on humans that examined the association between epigenetic marks (DNA methylation and/or histone modifications) and a comprehensive list of inflammatory markers. Of the 3,759 identified references, 24 articles were included, involving, 17,399 individuals. There was suggestive evidence for global hypomethylation but better-quality studies in the future have to confirm this. Epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) (n=7) reported most of the identified differentially methylated genes to be hypomethylated in inflammatory processes. Candidate genes studies reported 18 differentially methylated genes related to several circulatory inflammation markers. There was no overlap in the methylated sites investigated in candidate gene studies and EWAS, except for TMEM49, which was found to be hypomethylated with higher inflammatory markers in both types of studies. The relation between histone modifications and inflammatory markers was assessed by one study only. This review supports an association between epigenetic marks and inflammation, suggesting hypomethylation of the genome. Important gaps in the quality of studies were reported such as inadequate sample size, lack of adjustment for relevant confounders, and failure to replicate the findings. While most of the studies have been focused on C-reactive protein, further efforts should investigate other inflammatory markers.
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9
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West AJ, Tsui V, Stylli SS, Nguyen HPT, Morokoff AP, Kaye AH, Luwor RB. The role of interleukin-6-STAT3 signalling in glioblastoma. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:4095-4104. [PMID: 30250528 PMCID: PMC6144698 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common type of malignant brain tumor among adults and is currently a non-curable disease due primarily to its highly invasive phenotype, and the lack of successful current therapies. Despite surgical resection and post-surgical treatment patients ultimately develop recurrence of the tumour. Several signalling molecules have been implicated in the development, progression and aggressiveness of glioblastoma. The present study reviewed the role of interleukin (IL)-6, a cytokine known to be important in activating several pro-oncogenic signaling pathways in glioblastoma. The current study particularly focused on the contribution of IL-6 in recurrent glioblastoma, with particular focus on glioblastoma stem cells and resistance to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice J West
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Vanessa Tsui
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Stanley S Stylli
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Hong P T Nguyen
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Andrew P Morokoff
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Andrew H Kaye
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Rodney B Luwor
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
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10
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Association between Retinoic acid receptor-β hypermethylation and NSCLC risk: a meta-analysis and literature review. Oncotarget 2018; 8:5814-5822. [PMID: 28008143 PMCID: PMC5351591 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that Retinoic acid receptor-β (RARβ) is a tumor suppressor in many types of tumor. However, whether or not RARβ is a risk factor and is correlated to clinicopathological characteristics of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains unclear. In this report, we performed a meta-analysis to determine the effects of RARβ hypermethylation on the incidence of NSCLC and clinicopathological characteristics in human NSCLC patients. Final valuation and analysis of 1780 cancer patients from 16 eligible studies was performed. RARβ hypermethylation was found to be significantly higher in NSCLC than in normal lung tissue, the pooled OR from 7 studies including 646 NSCLC and 580 normal lung tissues, OR = 6.05, 95% CI = 3.56-10.25, p<0.00001. RARβ hypermethylation was significantly higher in adenocarcinoma (AC) compared to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), pooled OR is 0.68 (95% CI = 0.52-0.89, p = 0.005). RARβ hypermethylation was also found to occur significantly higher in smoker (n = 232) than non-smoker (n = 213) (OR = 2.46, 95% CI = 1.54-3.93, p = 0.0002). Our results indicate that RARβ hypermethylation correlates well with an increased risk in NSCLC patients. RARβ geneinactivation caused by RARβ methylation contributes the NSCLC tumorigenesis and may serve as a potential risk factor, diagnostic marker and drug target of NSCLC.
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11
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MGMT promoter methylation status in Merkel cell carcinoma: in vitro versus invivo. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2017; 143:1489-1497. [PMID: 28405827 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-017-2413-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Expression of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) in Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is very variable; thus, we tested whether this may be due to differential methylation of the MGMT gene promoter. METHODS Quantitative analysis of MGMT mRNA and protein expression, as well as MGMT promoter methylation status, was performed in a series of tissue samples of MCC tumors, representing both primary and metastatic lesions, as well as in six MCC cell lines. RESULTS These analyses revealed a very heterogeneous MGMT mRNA and protein expression in MCC both in vivo and in vitro. However, neither the MGMT mRNA nor protein expression correlated with the sensitivity of MCC cell lines toward the alkylating agent dacarbazine in vitro. Notably, increased methylation at the promoter of the MGMT gene was observed in 2/6 (33%) of the MCC cell lines; however, MGMT promoter methylation was absent in all MCC tissue samples. According to our results, albeit aberrant methylation of MGMT gene promoter can be observed in in vitro propagated MCC cell lines, it seems to be absent or very rare in MCC lesions in situ. CONCLUSION Thus, the evaluation of this marker has no or only little significance for predicting response to therapy or for improving efficacy of demethylating agents in the treatment of MCC. Microenvironmental factors may play a role in explaining the different results between MCC cell lines and MCC samples.
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12
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Rybicki BA, Rundle A, Kryvenko ON, Mitrache N, Do KC, Jankowski M, Chitale DA, Trudeau S, Belinsky SA, Tang D. Methylation in benign prostate and risk of disease progression in men subsequently diagnosed with prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2016; 138:2884-93. [PMID: 26860439 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In DNA from prostate tumors, methylation patterns in gene promoter regions can be a biomarker for disease progression. It remains unclear whether methylation patterns in benign prostate tissue--prior to malignant transformation--may provide similar prognostic information. To determine whether early methylation events predict prostate cancer outcomes, we evaluated histologically benign prostate specimens from 353 men who eventually developed prostate cancer and received "definitive" treatment [radical prostatectomy (58%) or radiation therapy (42%)]. Cases were drawn from a large hospital-based cohort of men with benign prostate biopsy specimens collected between 1990 and 2002. Risk of disease progression associated with methylation was estimated using time-to-event analyses. Average follow-up was over 5 years; biochemical recurrence (BCR) occurred in 91 cases (26%). In White men, methylation of the APC gene was associated with increased risk of BCR, even after adjusting for standard clinical risk factors for prostate cancer progression (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 2.26; 95%CI 1.23-4.16). APC methylation was most strongly associated with a significant increased risk of BCR in White men with low prostate specific antigen at cohort entry (HR = 3.66; 95%CI 1.51-8.85). In additional stratified analyses, we found that methylation of the RARB gene significantly increased risk of BCR in African American cases who demonstrated methylation of at least one of the other four genes under study (HR = 3.80; 95%CI 1.07-13.53). These findings may have implications in the early identification of aggressive prostate cancer as well as reducing unnecessary medical procedures and emotional distress for men who present with markers of indolent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Rybicki
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI.,Josephine Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Andrew Rundle
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Oleksandr N Kryvenko
- Department of Pathology and Urology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Nicoleta Mitrache
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Kieu C Do
- Lung Cancer Division, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM
| | | | - Dhananjay A Chitale
- Josephine Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI.,Department of Surgical Pathology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Sheri Trudeau
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Steven A Belinsky
- Lung Cancer Division, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Deliang Tang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY
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13
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Atli Eİ, Kalkan R, Özdemir M, Aydın HE, Arslantaş A, Artan S. RARβ gene methylation is a candidate for primary glioblastoma treatment planning. Afr Health Sci 2016; 16:218-26. [PMID: 27358635 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v16i1.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We screened RARβ methylation in primary glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and the results were evaluated based on the clinical data and treatment type. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to find new areas for the usage of MS-HRM applications in the determination of methylation levels in primary GBM samples and it shows the association of RARβ methylation with the clinical outcome. METHODS In our study, tumor samples were collected during surgical resection by the Department of Neurosurgery. The clinical and radiologic data was carefully reviewed, compared, and evaluated with the histological results. The methylation status of RARβ was determined by using MS-HRM. RESULTS RARβ gene methylation was detected in 24 out of 40 cases (60%), with different quantitative methylation levels. The mean survival time was 19 months form ethylated cases and 15 months for the non-methylated cases. The survival time of the patients who received treatment was 25 months and the survival time of the patients who received radiotherapy alone or where no treatment protocol applied was 15-20 months. Therefore, a significant difference in survival rates has been observed (P<0.05). This study indicates a potential prognostic value for GBM treatment planning. CONCLUSION Our study is the first study to investigate RARβ methylation in primary GBMs. We conclude that the RARβ gene could be a new prognostic and predictive candidate marker to designate the treatment protocol for primary GBMs.
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VEGFR-2 Expression in Glioblastoma Multiforme Depends on Inflammatory Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Inflam 2015; 2015:385030. [PMID: 26798546 PMCID: PMC4700182 DOI: 10.1155/2015/385030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most angiogenic tumors. However, antiangiogenic therapy has not shown significant clinical efficacy. The aim of our study was to evaluate the impact of inflammatory tumor microenvironment on the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2). Surgically excised primary GBM tissues were histologically examined for overall extent of inflammation (score 1-3). After immunohistochemistry, the tissue expression of ICAM-1 (optical density), the number of VEGFR-2 positive (VEGFR-2+) blood vessels (per microscopic field), and the endothelial staining intensity of VEGFR-2 (score 0-3) were determined. In GBM, the extent of inflammation was 1.9 ± 0.7 (group mean ± SD). Mean optical density of inflammatory mediator ICAM-1 was 57.0 ± 27.1 (pixel values). The number of VEGFR-2+ blood vessels and endothelial VEGFR-2 staining intensity were 6.2 ± 2.4 and 1.2 ± 0.8, respectively. A positive association was found between endothelial VEGFR-2 staining intensity and the extent of inflammation (p = 0.005). Moreover, VEGFR-2 staining intensity correlated with the expression level of ICAM-1 (p = 0.026). The expression of VEGFR-2, one of the main targets of antiangiogenic therapy, depends on GBM microenvironment. Higher endothelial VEGFR-2 levels were seen in the presence of more pronounced inflammation. Target dependence on inflammatory tumor microenvironment has to be taken into consideration when treatment approaches that block VEGFR-2 signaling are designed.
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Allen BK, Stathias V, Maloof ME, Vidovic D, Winterbottom EF, Capobianco AJ, Clarke J, Schurer S, Robbins DJ, Ayad NG. Epigenetic pathways and glioblastoma treatment: insights from signaling cascades. J Cell Biochem 2015; 116:351-63. [PMID: 25290986 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to identify novel therapies for glioblastoma (GBM) as most therapies are ineffective. A first step in this process is to identify and validate targets for therapeutic intervention. Epigenetic modulators have emerged as attractive drug targets in several cancers including GBM. These epigenetic regulators affect gene expression without changing the DNA sequence. Recent studies suggest that epigenetic regulators interact with drivers of GBM cell and stem-like cell proliferation. These drivers include components of the Notch, Hedgehog, and Wingless (WNT) pathways. We highlight recent studies connecting epigenetic and signaling pathways in GBM. We also review systems and big data approaches for identifying patient specific therapies in GBM. Collectively, these studies will identify drug combinations that may be effective in GBM and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce K Allen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami, Florida, 33136
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Liu L, Xia H, Luan X, Dun Z, Zhu Z, Dushan B, Li W. Gene expression profiling by mRNA array reveals different pattern in Chinese glioblastoma patients between Uygur and Han populations. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:9022-9029. [PMID: 26309555 PMCID: PMC4538169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify differentially expressed genes in Chinese glioblastoma patients of Uygur and Han populations, and investigate their potential clinical value for pathogenesis determination and progress prediction. METHODS Gene expression profiling was obtained from three patients of each Uygur and Han nationalities, respectively, by mRNA expression array. Data were processed by the GenomeStudio software and language R of the Lumi package, followed by GO (Gene Ontology) term and KEGG pathway annotation analysis by the Web Gestalt software. RESULTS The comparative analysis of genome-scale gene expression in glioblastomas revealed 1,475 differentially expressed genes, with 669 and 807 genes up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively. These included the STRC gene, which has two transcripts, one up-regulated and one down-regulated. GO term analysis suggested that 1,175 out of 1,475 key genes were involved in small GTPase mediated signal transduction, Ras protein signal transduction, bioprocess of neuronal response regulation, and central nervous system myelination. The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes were covered by 28 signaling pathways associated with tumorigenesis, including metabolic pathways, tumor suppressor pathways, MAP kinase signaling pathways, TGF-β signaling pathway, neurotrophin signaling pathways, and mTOR signaling pathway. CONCLUSION The comparative study of gene expression profiling in glioblastomas between Uygur and Han nationalities revealed differentially expressed genes, whose functions and expression localization were analyzed by GO term analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. Different pathogenesis mechanisms were proposed for glioblastomas in Chinese patients of Uygur and Han nationalities from a molecular biology perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqi 830011, China
| | - Haichen Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqi 830011, China
| | - Xinping Luan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqi 830000, China
| | - Zhiping Dun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinan 250033, China
| | - Zhengquan Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqi 830011, China
| | - Bieke Dushan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqi 830011, China
| | - Wenting Li
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqi 830011, China
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Cabrini G, Fabbri E, Lo Nigro C, Dechecchi MC, Gambari R. Regulation of expression of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase and the treatment of glioblastoma (Review). Int J Oncol 2015; 47:417-28. [PMID: 26035292 PMCID: PMC4501657 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) is an abundantly expressed nuclear protein dealkylating O6-methylguanine (O6-MG) DNA residue, thus correcting the mismatches of O6-MG with a thymine residue during DNA replication. The dealkylating effect of MGMT is relevant not only in repairing DNA mismatches produced by environmental alkylating agents promoting tumor pathogenesis, but also when alkylating molecules are applied in the chemotherapy of different cancers, including glioma, the most common primary tumor of the central nervous system. Elevated MGMT gene expression is known to confer resistance to the treatment with the alkylating drug temozolomide in patients affected by gliomas and, on the contrary, methylation of MGMT gene promoter, which causes reduction of MGMT protein expression, is known to predict a favourable response to temozolomide. Thus, detecting expression levels of MGMT gene is crucial to indicate the option of alkylating agents or to select patients directly for a second line targeted therapy. Further study is required to gain insights into MGMT expression regulation, that has attracted growing interest recently in MGMT promoter methylation, histone acetylation and microRNAs expression. The review will focus on the epigenetic regulation of MGMT gene, with translational applications to the identification of biomarkers predicting response to therapy and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Cabrini
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Enrica Fabbri
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Cristiana Lo Nigro
- Department of Oncology, S. Croce and Carle Teaching Hospital, Cuneo, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Gambari
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Thuy MN, Kam JK, Lee GC, Tao PL, Ling DQ, Cheng M, Goh SK, Papachristos AJ, Shukla L, Wall KL, Smoll NR, Jones JJ, Gikenye N, Soh B, Moffat B, Johnson N, Drummond KJ. A novel literature-based approach to identify genetic and molecular predictors of survival in glioblastoma multiforme: Analysis of 14,678 patients using systematic review and meta-analytical tools. J Clin Neurosci 2015; 22:785-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2014.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Majchrzak-Celińska A, Paluszczak J, Szalata M, Barciszewska AM, Nowak S, Kleszcz R, Sherba A, Baer-Dubowska W. The methylation of a panel of genes differentiates low-grade from high-grade gliomas. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:3831-41. [PMID: 25563195 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-3025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic changes play an important role in the pathogenesis of gliomas and have the potential to become clinically useful biomarkers. The aim of this study was the evaluation of the profile of promoter methylation of 13 genes selected based on their anticipated diagnostic and/or prognostic value. Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) was used to assess the methylation status of MGMT, ERCC1, hMLH1, ATM, CDKN2B (p15INK4B), p14ARF, CDKN2A (p16INK4A), RASSF1A, RUNX3, GATA6, NDRG2, PTEN, and RARβ in a subset of 95 gliomas of different grades. Additionally, the methylation status of MGMT and NDRG2 was analyzed using pyrosequencing (PSQ). The results revealed that the methylation index of individual glioma patients correlates with World Health Organization (WHO) tumor grade and patient's age. RASSF1A, RUNX3, GATA6, and MGMT were most frequently methylated, whereas the INK4B-ARF-INK4A locus, PTEN, RARβ, and ATM were methylated to a lesser extent. ERCC1, hMLH1, and NDRG2 were unmethylated. RUNX3 methylation correlated with WHO tumor grade and patient's age. PSQ confirmed significantly higher methylation levels of MGMT and NDRG2 as compared with normal, non-cancerous brain tissue. To conclude, DNA methylation of a whole panel of selected genes can serve as a tool for glioma aggressiveness prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Majchrzak-Celińska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, ul. Święcickiego 4, 60-781, Poznań, Poland
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Liu L, Li W, Xia H, Zhu Z, Luan X. Differential expression and clinical significance of glioblastoma mRNA expression profiles in Uyghur and Han patients in Xinjiang province. Med Sci Monit 2014; 20:2404-13. [PMID: 25418065 PMCID: PMC4247232 DOI: 10.12659/msm.892519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to investigate differences in glioblastoma RNA gene expression profiles between Uyghur and Han patients in Xinjiang province and to screen and compare differentially expressed genes with respect to their clinical significance in the pathogenesis of high-grade glioma and their relationship to disease prognosis. Material/Methods Illumina HT-12mRNA expression profiles microarray was employed to measure the gene expression profiles of 6 patients with advanced glioma and to screen for differentially expressed genes. Results GO and KEGG analyses were performed on the differentially expressed genes using Web Gestalt software (P<0.05). Comparison of glioblastoma RNA expression profiles in the Uyghur and Han patients indicated that 1475 genes were significantly differentially expressed, of which 669 showed increased expression, while 807 showed decreased expression. One gene (STRC) corresponded to 2 transcripts, 1 of which showed increased expression and the other showed decreased expression. The differentially expressed genes participate in metabolic processes, biological regulation, stress response, and multi-cellular organic processes, including small GTPase regulatory signaling pathways, Ras signaling pathway, neuronal reactive protein regulation, and myelination of the central nervous system. The genes are also involved in tumor-related signaling pathways, including metabolic pathways, cancer pathways, MAPK signaling pathway, TGF-β signaling pathway, neurotrophic factor signal transduction pathway, and mTOR signaling pathway. Conclusions Differentially expressed genes were screened by studying the gene expression profiles in glioblastoma from Uyghur and Han patients. The cellular function and location of these genes were further investigated. Based on related molecular markers of glioblastoma, the differences in the mechanism of initiation and development of glioblastoma between Uyghur and Han patients were investigated for polygenic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Wenting Li
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Haicheng Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Zhengquan Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Xinping Luan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
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Christofides A, Kosmopoulos M, Piperi C. Pathophysiological mechanisms regulated by cytokines in gliomas. Cytokine 2014; 71:377-84. [PMID: 25458967 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glioma, a neuroglia originated malignancy, consists of one of the most aggressive primary tumors of the central nervous system with poor prognosis and lack of efficient treatment strategy. Cytokines have been implicated in several stages of glioma progression, participating in tumor onset, growth enhancement, angiogenesis and aggressiveness. Interestingly, cytokines have also the ability to inhibit glioma growth upon specific regulation or interplay with other molecules. This review addresses the dual role of major cytokines implicated in glioma pathology, pointing toward promising therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthos Christofides
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Athens, Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Marinos Kosmopoulos
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Athens, Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Athens, Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece.
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22
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Choschzick I, Hirseland E, Cramer H, Schultz S, Leppert J, Tronnier V, Zechel C. Responsiveness of stem-like human glioma cells to all-trans retinoic acid and requirement of retinoic acid receptor isotypes α, β and γ. Neuroscience 2014; 279:44-64. [PMID: 25171789 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is required for development and homeostasis of the normal mammalian brain and may play a role in the initiation and progression of malignant brain tumors, such as the glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and the gliosarcoma (Gsarc). The subpopulation of stem-like glioma cells (SLGCs) was shown to resist standard glioma radio-/chemotherapy and to propagate tumor regrowth. We used phenotypically distinct, self-renewing SLGC lines from six human GBMs, two Gsarcs, and two subcloned SLGC derivatives in order to investigate their responsiveness to all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) and to identify the RA-receptor (RAR) isotypes involved. In general, atRA exerted a pro-proliferative and pro-survival effect on SLGCs, though the efficacy was distinct. By means of RAR isotype-selective retinoids we disclosed that these effects were mediated by RARα and RARγ, except for one SLGC line, in which the pro-proliferative signal was induced by the RARβ-selective retinoid. Only one GBM-derived cell line (T1338) and a subpopulation of another (T1389) displayed neural differentiation in response to atRA. Differentiation of T1338 was induced by RARα and RARγ isotype-selective retinoids, associated with down-regulation of Sox2, and the failure to induce orthotopic tumors in the brains of SCID mice. The differential responsiveness of the SLGC lines appeared unrelated to the expression of RARβ, as (i) atRA augmented RAR isotype mRNA expression and particularly rarβ mRNA in all SLGC lines, (ii) rarβ promoter hypomethylation in the SLGC lines was not related to differentiation and (iii) the induction of T1338 differentiation was by RARα- and RARγ-selective ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Choschzick
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - E Hirseland
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - H Cramer
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - S Schultz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - J Leppert
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - V Tronnier
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - C Zechel
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany.
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Tezcan G, Tunca B, Bekar A, Budak F, Sahin S, Cecener G, Egeli U, Taskapılıoglu MO, Kocaeli H, Tolunay S, Malyer H, Demir C, Tumen G. Olea europaea leaf extract improves the treatment response of GBM stem cells by modulating miRNA expression. Am J Cancer Res 2014; 4:572-590. [PMID: 25232498 PMCID: PMC4163621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The stem-like cells of Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) tumors (GSCs) are one of the important determinants of recurrence and drug resistance. The aims of the current study were to evaluate the anticancer effect of Olea europaea leaf extract (OLE) on GBM cell lines, the association between OLE and TMZ responses, and the effect of OLE and the OLE-TMZ combination in GSCs and to clarify the molecular mechanism of this effect on the expression of miRNAs related to cell death. The anti-proliferative activity of OLE and the effect of the OLE-TMZ combination were tested in the T98G, U-138MG and U-87MG GBM cell lines using WST-1 assay. The mechanism of cell death was analyzed with Annexin V/FITC and TUNEL assays. The effects of OLE on the expression levels of miR-181b, miR-153, miR-145 and miR-137 and potential mRNA targets were analyzed in GSCs using RT-qPCR. OLE exhibited anti-proliferative effects via apoptosis and necrosis in the GBM cell lines. In addition, OLE significantly induced the expression of miR-153, miR-145, and miR-137 and decreased the expression of the target genes of these miRNAs in GSCs (p < 0.05). OLE causes cell death in GBM cells with different TMZ responses, and this effect is synergistically increased when the cells are treated with a combination of OLE and TMZ. This is the first study to indicate that OLE may interfere with the pluripotency of GSCs by modulating miRNA expression. Further studies are required, but we suggest that OLE may have a potential for advanced therapeutic cancer drug studies in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulcin Tezcan
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Uludag UniversityBursa, Turkey
| | - Berrin Tunca
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Uludag UniversityBursa, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Bekar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Uludag UniversityBursa, Turkey
| | - Ferah Budak
- Department of Microbiology, Medical Faculty, Uludag UniversityBursa, Turkey
| | - Saliha Sahin
- Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty, Uludag UniversityBursa, Turkey
| | - Gulsah Cecener
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Uludag UniversityBursa, Turkey
| | - Unal Egeli
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Uludag UniversityBursa, Turkey
| | | | - Hasan Kocaeli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Uludag UniversityBursa, Turkey
| | - Sahsine Tolunay
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Uludag UniversityBursa, Turkey
| | - Hulusi Malyer
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Uludag UniversityBursa, Turkey
| | - Cevdet Demir
- Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty, Uludag UniversityBursa, Turkey
| | - Gulendam Tumen
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Balikesir UniversityBalikesir, Turkey
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Linhares P, Martinho O, Carvalho B, Castro L, Lopes JM, Vaz R, Reis RM. Analysis of a synchronous gliosarcoma and meningioma with long survival: A case report and review of the literature. Surg Neurol Int 2014; 4:151. [PMID: 24381794 PMCID: PMC3872647 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.122229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The simultaneous occurrence of multiple intracranial neoplasms has been reported, especially in genetic familial syndromes and after cranial irradiation. In the absence of these etiologic factors, some reports showed simultaneous occurrence of glioblastoma and meningioma but the association between gliosarcoma and meningioma is unknown. Case Description: We report a case of a 51-year-old woman with synchronous gliosarcoma and meningioma in whom extensive immunohistochemical characterization and molecular profile was performed. The gliosarcoma recurred 21 months after the first resection, reaching 3 years of overall survival. A molecular characterization of all three lesions was performed. None of the lesions showed the presence of mutations in TP53 and BRAF genes. MGMT analysis showed the presence of loss of expression associated with promoter hypermethylation in both gliosarcoma lesions. EGFR overexpression and gene amplification was found only in the recurrent gliosarcoma. Conclusion: The immunohistochemistry and molecular data of this unique case, suggest the distinct clonal origin of meningioma and gliosarcoma lesions, and the association of MGMT methylation with the presumable favorable prognosis observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Linhares
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital S. João, Porto, Portugal ; Medical Faculty of Porto University, Porto, Portugal
| | - Olga Martinho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal ; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Bruno Carvalho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital S. João, Porto, Portugal ; Medical Faculty of Porto University, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lígia Castro
- Department of Pathology, Hospital S. João, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Manuel Lopes
- Department of Pathology, Hospital S. João, Porto, Portugal ; Medical Faculty of Porto University, Porto, Portugal ; Medical Faculty of Porto University, IPATIMUP, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Vaz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital S. João, Porto, Portugal ; Medical Faculty of Porto University, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Manuel Reis
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal ; Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, S. Paulo, Brazil ; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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Debata PR, Curcio GM, Mukherjee S, Banerjee P. Causal Factors for Brain Tumor and Targeted Strategies. SPRINGER PROCEEDINGS IN PHYSICS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-02207-9_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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26
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Oberstadt MC, Bien-Möller S, Weitmann K, Herzog S, Hentschel K, Rimmbach C, Vogelgesang S, Balz E, Fink M, Michael H, Zeden JP, Bruckmüller H, Werk AN, Cascorbi I, Hoffmann W, Rosskopf D, Schroeder HWS, Kroemer HK. Epigenetic modulation of the drug resistance genes MGMT, ABCB1 and ABCG2 in glioblastoma multiforme. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:617. [PMID: 24380367 PMCID: PMC3890604 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Resistance of the highly aggressive glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) to drug therapy is a major clinical problem resulting in a poor patient’s prognosis. Beside promoter methylation of the O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) gene the efflux transporters ABCB1 and ABCG2 have been suggested as pivotal factors contributing to drug resistance, but the methylation of ABCB1 and ABCG2 has not been assessed before in GBM. Methods Therefore, we evaluated the proportion and prognostic significance of promoter methylation of MGMT, ABCB1 and ABCG2 in 64 GBM patient samples using pyrosequencing technology. Further, the single nucleotide polymorphisms MGMT C-56 T (rs16906252), ABCB1 C3435T (rs1045642) and ABCG2 C421A (rs2231142) were determined using the restriction fragment length polymorphism method (RFLP). To study a correlation between promoter methylation and gene expression, we analyzed MGMT, ABCB1 and ABCG2 expression in 20 glioblastoma and 7 non-neoplastic brain samples. Results Despite a significantly increased MGMT and ABCB1 promoter methylation in GBM tissue, multivariate regression analysis revealed no significant association between overall survival of glioblastoma patients and MGMT or ABCB1 promoter methylation. However, a significant negative correlation between promoter methylation and expression could be identified for MGMT but not for ABCB1 and ABCG2. Furthermore, MGMT promoter methylation was significantly associated with the genotypes of the MGMT C-56 T polymorphism showing a higher methylation level in the T allele bearing GBM. Conclusions In summary, the data of this study confirm the previous published relation of MGMT promoter methylation and gene expression, but argue for no pivotal role of MGMT, ABCB1 and ABCG2 promoter methylation in GBM patients’ survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Heyo K Kroemer
- Department of Pharmacology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Greifswald, Germany.
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Spyropoulou A, Piperi C, Adamopoulos C, Papavassiliou AG. Deregulated chromatin remodeling in the pathobiology of brain tumors. Neuromolecular Med 2013; 15:1-24. [PMID: 23114751 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-012-8205-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Brain tumors encompass a heterogeneous group of malignant tumors with variable histopathology, aggressiveness, clinical outcome and prognosis. Current gene expression profiling studies indicate interplay of genetic and epigenetic alterations in their pathobiology. A central molecular event underlying epigenetics is the alteration of chromatin structure by post-translational modifications of DNA and histones as well as nucleosome repositioning. Dynamic remodeling of the fundamental nucleosomal structure of chromatin or covalent histone marks located in core histones regulate main cellular processes including DNA methylation, replication, DNA-damage repair as well as gene expression. Deregulation of these processes has been linked to tumor suppressor gene silencing, cancer initiation and progression. The reversible nature of deregulated chromatin structure by DNA methylation and histone deacetylation inhibitors, leading to re-expression of tumor suppressor genes, makes chromatin-remodeling pathways as promising therapeutic targets. In fact, a considerable number of these inhibitors are being tested today either alone or in combination with other agents or conventional treatments in the management of brain tumors with considerable success. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms underpinning deregulated chromatin remodeling in brain tumors, discuss their potential clinical implications and highlight the advances toward new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Spyropoulou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Athens, 75, M. Asias Street, 11527, Athens, Greece
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Role of histone lysine methyltransferases SUV39H1 and SETDB1 in gliomagenesis: modulation of cell proliferation, migration, and colony formation. Neuromolecular Med 2013; 16:70-82. [PMID: 23943221 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-013-8254-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications of histones are considered as critical regulators of gene expression, playing significant role in the pathogenesis and progression of tumors. Trimethylation of histone 3 lysine 9 (H3K9me3), a repressed transcription mark, is mainly regulated by the histone lysine N-methyltransferases (HKMTs), SUV39H1 and SETDB1. The present study investigated the implication of these HKMTs in glioma progression. SUV39H1 and SETDB1 expression was upregulated in glioma cell lines (GOS-3, 1321N1, T98G, U87MG) and in glioma tissues compared to normal brain being positively correlated with grade and histological malignancy. Suppression by siRNA of the two HKMTs for 24 and 48 h resulted in significantly reduced proliferation of GOS-3 and T98G glioma cells with siSUV39H1 effects been most prominent. Furthermore, HKMTs knockdown-induced apoptosis with a high rate of apoptotic cells have been observed after siSUV39H1 and siSETDB1 for both cell lines. Additionally, suppression of the two HKMTs reduced cell migration and clonogenic ability of both glioma cell lines. Our results indicate overexpression of SETDB1 and SUV39H1 in gliomas. Treatments that alter HKMT expression affect the proliferative and apoptotic rates in glioma cells as well as their migratory and colony formation capacity. These data suggest that both HKMTs and especially SUV39H1 may serve as novel biomarkers for future therapeutic targeting of these tumors.
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Potential roles for Gfi1 in the pathogenesis and proliferation of glioma. Med Hypotheses 2013; 80:629-32. [PMID: 23466061 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Revised: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a major form of adult brain tumour with relatively poor prognosis and high mortality. Temozolomide (TMZ)-based chemotherapy following neurosurgery and radiotherapy has been suggested as the first line of treatment and is proven to effectively prolong overall survival and enhance patient quality of life. However, not all patients benefit from this treatment because of drug resistance. Even patients with TMZ-sensitive GBM may become resistant, which is partly due to the restoration of activity of the DNA repair enzyme O(6)-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT); thus, patients cannot evade eventual tumour recurrence. The cellular activity of MGMT is the most important determinant of TMZ-resistance. However, some patients with a low level of activated MGMT are also TMZ-resistant. The aberrant expression of HOXA9, one of the 39 class I homeobox genes, is a marker of poor prognosis, and its level gradually increases with histologic malignant progression, shorter time to overall survival (OS) and free progression survival (FPS) in glioma patients, which further supports an oncogenic role for HOXA9 in gliomas. The HOXA9-PI3K signalling pathway is an important mechanism in GBM that is independent of MGMT promoter methylation status. The DNA binding sites of growth factor independent-1 (Gfi1) can overlap with the HOXA9 promoter through the "AATC" versus "GATT" core sequence. The competition for this binding site inhibits the expression of HOXA9 and induces different transcriptional outcomes, which suggests a new direction for investigation of the mechanism underlying targeted therapy of malignant gliomas.
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Van De Voorde L, Speeckaert R, Van Gestel D, Bracke M, De Neve W, Delanghe J, Speeckaert M. DNA methylation-based biomarkers in serum of patients with breast cancer. Mutat Res 2012; 751:304-325. [PMID: 22698615 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alterations of genetic and epigenetic features can provide important insights into the natural history of breast cancer. Although DNA methylation analysis is a rapidly developing field, a reproducible epigenetic blood-based assay for diagnosis and follow-up of breast cancer has yet to be successfully developed into a routine clinical test. The aim of this study was to review multiple serum DNA methylation assays and to highlight the value of those novel biomarkers in diagnosis, prognosis and prediction of therapeutic outcome. Serum is readily accessible for molecular diagnosis in all individuals from a peripheral blood sample. The list of hypermethylated genes in breast cancer is heterogeneous and no single gene is methylated in all breast cancer types. There is increasing evidence that a panel of epigenetic markers is essential to achieve a higher sensitivity and specificity in breast cancer detection. However, the reported percentages of methylation are highly variable, which can be partly explained by the different sensitivities and the different intra-/inter-assay coefficients of variability of the analysis methods. Moreover, there is a striking lack of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of the proposed biomarkers. Another point of criticism is the fact that 'normal' patterns of DNA methylation of some tumor suppressor and other cancer-related genes are influenced by several factors and are often poorly characterized. A relatively frequent methylation of those genes has been observed in high-risk asymptomatic women. Finally, there is a call for larger prospective cohort studies to determine methylation patterns during treatment and follow-up. Identification of patterns specific for a differential response to therapeutic interventions should be useful. Only in this way, it will be possible to evaluate the predictive and prognostic characteristics of those novel promising biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Van De Voorde
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Dirk Van Gestel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marc Bracke
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wilfried De Neve
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joris Delanghe
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marijn Speeckaert
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
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Yang X, Cao W, Zhou J, Zhang W, Zhang X, Lin W, Fei Z, Lin H, Wang B. 14-3-3ζ positive expression is associated with a poor prognosis in patients with glioblastoma. Neurosurgery 2012; 68:932-8; discussion 938. [PMID: 21242845 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0b013e3182098c30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND When identifying clinical markers predicting clinical outcome, disease recurrence and resistance to therapies often determine the diagnosis and therapy of some cancer types. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether 14-3-3zeta positive expression is an indicator of prognosis in patients with glioblastoma. METHODS Forty-seven patients treated with surgery, radiotherapy, and adjuvant chemotherapy between 2005 and 2007 were divided into 2 groups according to 14-3-3zeta expression in an immunohistochemical study: the 14-3-3zeta negative group (n = 12 patients) and the 14-3-3zeta positive group (n = 35 patients). The clinicopathologic features and survival data for patients in the 14-3-3zeta positive group were compared with data from the patients in the 14-3-3zeta negative group. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the prognostic factors that influenced patient survival. RESULTS 14-3-3zeta positive expression was observed in approximately 74.5% of patients with glioblastoma. Patients in the 14-3-3zeta positive group had lower overall survival rates and median survival time than those in the 14-3-3zeta negative group (overall 2-year actuarial survival rates, 8.6% for the 14-3-3zeta positive group vs 16.7% for the 14-3-3zeta negative group; overall 2-year median survival time, 12.9 months for the 14-3-3zeta positive group vs 17.9 months for the 14-3-3zeta negative group, P = .019). 14-3-3zeta positive expression in tumor cells also was correlated with a shorter interval to tumor recurrence (median interval to recurrence, 5.9 months in the 14-3-3zeta positive group vs 8.3 months in the 14-3-3zeta negative group, P = .002). Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that 14-3-3zeta positive expression was an independent prognostic factor. CONCLUSION 14-3-3zeta positive expression can be used as a potential molecular risk factor in patients with glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Yang
- Institute of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xían, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
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Kohsaka S, Wang L, Yachi K, Mahabir R, Narita T, Itoh T, Tanino M, Kimura T, Nishihara H, Tanaka S. STAT3 Inhibition Overcomes Temozolomide Resistance in Glioblastoma by Downregulating MGMT Expression. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:1289-99. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Sen E. Targeting inflammation-induced transcription factor activation: an open frontier for glioma therapy. Drug Discov Today 2011; 16:1044-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Qureshi IA, Mehler MF. Epigenetics, nervous system tumors, and cancer stem cells. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:3525-56. [PMID: 24212967 PMCID: PMC3759209 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3033525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances have begun to elucidate how epigenetic regulatory mechanisms are responsible for establishing and maintaining cell identity during development and adult life and how the disruption of these processes is, not surprisingly, one of the hallmarks of cancer. In this review, we describe the major epigenetic mechanisms (i.e., DNA methylation, histone and chromatin modification, non-coding RNA deployment, RNA editing, and nuclear reorganization) and discuss the broad spectrum of epigenetic alterations that have been uncovered in pediatric and adult nervous system tumors. We also highlight emerging evidence that suggests epigenetic deregulation is a characteristic feature of so-called cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are thought to be present in a range of nervous system tumors and responsible for tumor maintenance, progression, treatment resistance, and recurrence. We believe that better understanding how epigenetic mechanisms operate in neural cells and identifying the etiologies and consequences of epigenetic deregulation in tumor cells and CSCs, in particular, are likely to promote the development of enhanced molecular diagnostics and more targeted and effective therapeutic agents for treating recalcitrant nervous system tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan A. Qureshi
- Rosyln and Leslie Goldstein Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA; E-Mail:
- Institute for Brain Disorders and Neural Regeneration, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA
- Rose F. Kennedy Center for Research on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Mark F. Mehler
- Rosyln and Leslie Goldstein Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA; E-Mail:
- Institute for Brain Disorders and Neural Regeneration, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA
- Rose F. Kennedy Center for Research on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-718-430-3543; Fax: +1-718-918-7505
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Salehi F, Scheithauer BW, Kros JM, Lau Q, Fealey M, Erickson D, Kovacs K, Horvath E, Lloyd RV. MGMT promoter methylation and immunoexpression in aggressive pituitary adenomas and carcinomas. J Neurooncol 2011; 104:647-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-011-0532-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Zhao Q, Kirkness EF, Caballero OL, Galante PA, Parmigiani RB, Edsall L, Kuan S, Ye Z, Levy S, Vasconcelos ATR, Ren B, de Souza SJ, Camargo AA, Simpson AJG, Strausberg RL. Systematic detection of putative tumor suppressor genes through the combined use of exome and transcriptome sequencing. Genome Biol 2010; 11:R114. [PMID: 21108794 PMCID: PMC3156953 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2010-11-11-r114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To identify potential tumor suppressor genes, genome-wide data from exome and transcriptome sequencing were combined to search for genes with loss of heterozygosity and allele-specific expression. The analysis was conducted on the breast cancer cell line HCC1954, and a lymphoblast cell line from the same individual, HCC1954BL. RESULTS By comparing exome sequences from the two cell lines, we identified loss of heterozygosity events at 403 genes in HCC1954 and at one gene in HCC1954BL. The combination of exome and transcriptome sequence data also revealed 86 and 50 genes with allele specific expression events in HCC1954 and HCC1954BL, which comprise 5.4% and 2.6% of genes surveyed, respectively. Many of these genes identified by loss of heterozygosity and allele-specific expression are known or putative tumor suppressor genes, such as BRCA1, MSH3 and SETX, which participate in DNA repair pathways. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that the combined application of high throughput sequencing to exome and allele-specific transcriptome analysis can reveal genes with known tumor suppressor characteristics, and a shortlist of novel candidates for the study of tumor suppressor activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhao
- Ludwig Collaborative Group, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Ewen F Kirkness
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Otavia L Caballero
- Ludwig Collaborative Group, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Pedro A Galante
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, São Paulo Branch at Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, Rua João Julião 245, 01323-903 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raphael B Parmigiani
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, São Paulo Branch at Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, Rua João Julião 245, 01323-903 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lee Edsall
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0660, USA
| | - Samantha Kuan
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0660, USA
| | - Zhen Ye
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0660, USA
| | - Samuel Levy
- Scripps Translational Science Institute, 3344 North Torrey Pines Court, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ana Tereza R Vasconcelos
- Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, Laboratório de Bioinformática, Av. Getúlio Vargas 333, Petrópolis, RJ 25651-075, Brazil
| | - Bing Ren
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0660, USA
| | - Sandro J de Souza
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, São Paulo Branch at Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, Rua João Julião 245, 01323-903 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anamaria A Camargo
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, São Paulo Branch at Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, Rua João Julião 245, 01323-903 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrew JG Simpson
- Ludwig Collaborative Group, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Robert L Strausberg
- Ludwig Collaborative Group, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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Abstract
We review the evidence suggesting the involvement of Cadherin 13 (CDH13, T-cadherin, H-cadherin) in various cancers. CDH13 is an atypical member of the cadherin family, devoid of a transmembrane domain and anchored to the exterior surface of the plasma membrane via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. CDH13 is thought to affect cellular behavior largely through its signaling properties. It is often down-regulated in cancerous cells. CDH13 down-regulation has been associated with poorer prognosis in various carcinomas, such as lung, ovarian, cervical and prostate cancer. CDH13 re-expression in most cancer cell lines inhibits cell proliferation and invasiveness, increases susceptibility to apoptosis, and reduces tumor growth in in vivo models. These properties suggest that CDH13 may represent a possible target for therapy in some cancers. At the same time, CDH13 is up-regulated in blood vessels growing through tumors and promotes tumor neovascularization. In contrast to most cancer cell lines, CDH13 overexpression in endothelial cells promotes their proliferation and migration, and has a pro-survival effect. We also discuss molecular mechanisms that may regulate CDH13 expression and underlie its roles in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra V Andreeva
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Kordi-Tamandani DM, Moazeni-Roodi AK, Rigi-Ladiz MA, Hashemi M, Birjandian E, Torkamanzehi A. Promoter hypermethylation and expression profile of MGMT and CDH1 genes in oral cavity cancer. Arch Oral Biol 2010; 55:809-14. [PMID: 20674887 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several genetic alterations have been reported to contribute to the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methylation of CpG-islands in cancer-related genes may serve as epigenetic biomarkers for oral cancer diagnosis and prognosis. The objective of this study was to analyze methylation profile of MGMT and CDH1 genes and their link with expression activity in patients with oral cavity cancer. METHODS Promoter hypermethylation status of MGMT and CDH1 genes were assayed by Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) in OSCC (n=76) tissues kept in paraffin and normal oral tissues (n=57) served as control. Also, we investigated MGMT and CDH1 mRNA levels by real-time quantities reverse transcripts PCR. Methylation and mRNA expression profiles of these genes and their association with clinical data were determined. RESULTS Aberrant promoter hypermethylation of CDH1 and MGMT genes were detected in 61.8% (47 of 76) and 73.7% (56 of 76) of the OSCC cases, respectively, with significant difference between cases and controls for MGMT (P=0.027). CDH1 promoter methylation in cases and healthy controls was not significant. The mRNA expression level results showed statistically significant (P=0.03) differences between cases and healty controls for the MGMT gene. However, the difference for the CDH1 gene was not significant. CONCLUSION Our findings, for the first time, in a South-Eastern Iranian population, indicate that the two genes are aberrantly methylated in OSCC, and that MGMT methylation may be considered as a potential molecular marker for the poor survival in advanced OSCC.
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