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Rachid O, Akkbik M, Alkilany AM, Makhlouf A, Al Shaikh L, Alinier G. Can we use normal saline stored under stress conditions? A simulated prehospital emergency medical setting. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20377. [PMID: 37790963 PMCID: PMC10543540 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Data on stability and suitability to use normal saline stored under stress conditions in ambulances is lacking. Objective We aimed to study the impact of exposure to extreme temperature variations on normal saline stability and compatibility with its packaging. Methods Normal saline in 96 polyolefin bags were exposed to continuous temperature of 22, 50, and 70 °C or to a cyclic temperature of 70 °C per 8 h and 22 °C per 16 h. The bags were sampled at 12, 24, 48 and 72 h and at 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks in the short- and long-term experiments, respectively. Solution inside the bags was evaluated for any evidence of crystallization, discoloration, turbidity, or pH changes. A sample of normal saline was withdrawn from each bag to analyze sodium and chloride levels. Results Precipitation, discoloration, or turbidity were not observed in the solution inside normal saline bags. The average pH was 5.59 at 22 °C, 5.73 at 50 °C, 5.86 at 70 °C and 5.79 at cyclic exposure. In the short- and long-term experiments, sodium and chloride concentrations were within 100.2-111.27% and 99.04-110.95%, respectively. Leaching of the plastic components in the polyolefin bag into the normal saline solution was not detected. Conclusions Sodium and chloride levels of normal saline were stable and compatible with polyolefin bags stored in simulated continuous and cyclic extreme temperatures for around one month. The effect of storage in the cabinet of operational ambulance vehicles during different seasons in arid countries is yet to be evaluated in real-world conditions, to further confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ousama Rachid
- College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammed Akkbik
- College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Central Laboratories Unit, Office of VP for Research & Graduate Studies, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Ahmed Makhlouf
- Hamad Medical Corporation Ambulance Service, Doha, Qatar
| | - Loua Al Shaikh
- Hamad Medical Corporation Ambulance Service, Doha, Qatar
| | - Guillaume Alinier
- Hamad Medical Corporation Ambulance Service, Doha, Qatar
- School of Health and Social Work, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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2
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Sürmelioğlu N, Nenni M, Fırat A, Demirkan K, Özcengiz D. Evaluation of regular insulin adsorption to polypropylene bag and polyvinyl chloride infusion set. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e13895. [PMID: 33277818 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.13895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Clinical application of insulin infusion therapy is usually accomplished with regular human insulin. It is known that the regular insulin adsorbed to the hydrophobic surfaces and different approaches were implemented into the clinical practices. It was aimed to evaluate the rate of adsorption of insulin to polypropylene (PP) bags and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) infusion sets and stability of insulin during the infusion. METHODS A 100 IU insulin was added to PP bags containing 100 mL of 0.9% NaCl solution (n = 6). The infusion was started at a rate of 2 mL/h using infusion sets in the PVC structure. Insulin quantification was performed in the samples taken both from the bag and from the end tip of the infusion set during infusion. The stability of insulin solutions stored at room (+25°C) and refrigerator (+4°C) temperatures were compared. Samples were analysed using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS No statistically significant difference was found between the concentrations of the samples taken from the bags stored at room and refrigerator temperatures at the 4th, 12th, and 24th hours (P > .05). It was seen that the adsorption rate of insulin to PVC set was 57% and PP bags is at most 5% at the 24th hour. CONCLUSION When PP bags are used for insulin infusion, it is predicted that 24-hour change can be made instead of frequent change. In addition, losses caused by the high rate of insulin adsorption to PVC infusion sets should be considered and PP infusion sets would be the better option to use if available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nursel Sürmelioğlu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Merve Nenni
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Fırat
- Department of Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Kutay Demirkan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dilek Özcengiz
- Department of Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
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3
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Jin SE, Park JW, Baek H, Jeon S, Park SW, Hwang SJ. Evaluation of nitroglycerin and cyclosporin A sorption to polyvinylchloride- and non-polyvinylchloride-based tubes in administration sets. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-017-0364-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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4
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Storage of nitroglycerin (NTG) admixed with HBOC-201 for 30 days in polyolefin plastic bags: a pilot study. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2017; 7:674-682. [PMID: 28744782 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-017-0411-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Hemorrhaged animals have benefited from resuscitation with the hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier (HBOC-201). Co-infusion of nitric oxide (NO) via separate intravascular lines is effective in attenuating HBOC-induced elevation of blood pressure. We tested whether nitroglycerin (NTG) and HBOC-201 can be packaged together as a single drug for resuscitation. Since NTG binds easily to plastics such as polyvinylchloride, we assessed the stability of this combination in oxygen barrier double-layer ethylene-vinyl alcohol/polyolefin bags over a 30-day period. Outcome measures indicative of the stability of HBOC/NTG were reported as changes in levels of hemoglobin (Hb), methemoglobin (MetHb), NTG, and nitrite over time. Individual tightly sealed small aliquots of HBOC/NTG were prepared under nitrogen and analyzed in a timely fashion from 0 to 30 days using hematology instruments, HPLC, FPLC, and chemiluminescence. The level of NTG in the HBOC/NTG mixture was reduced significantly over time whereas it was stable in control mixtures of NTG/saline. The level of total Hb in the HBOC/NTG and HBOC/saline mixtures remained stable over time. MetHb formed and increased to 6% up to day 1 and then slowly decreased in the HBOC/NTG mixture whereas it remained unchanged in the HBOC/saline mixture. Nitrite was produced in the HBOC/NTG group upon mixing, was increased at day 1, and then became undetectable. The reaction between HBOC-201 and NTG occurring upon mixing and developing over time in polyolefin bags makes the long-term storage of this mixed combination inappropriate.
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5
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Jin SE, Jeon S, Byon HJ, Hwang SJ. Evaluation of tacrolimus sorption to PVC- and non-PVC-based tubes in administration sets: Pump method vs. drip method. Int J Pharm 2017; 528:172-179. [PMID: 28549974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Tacrolimus sorption to tubes was evaluated using pump and drip methods For tubes, polyvinylchloride (PVC)- and non-PVC-based (polyurethane [PU] and polyolefin [PO]) tubes were used. First, inner surface properties of tubes were analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Tacrolimus was quantitatively analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. For kinetic sorption analysis, diluted tacrolimus to 10μg/mL was passed through 1-m-long tubes at 10mL/h. Samples were collected at 1-4h. The inner surface of PO-based tubes was relatively smooth and soft compared with those of PVC- and PU-based tubes. Atomic compositions of tubes matched chemical formulas of polymers excluding low-level impurity in PVC-based tubes. Tacrolimus was successfully analyzed and linearly determined at 2.5-20μg/mL. From both methods, PVC- and PO-based tubes exhibited the highest and the lowest (<10%) sorption levels to tacrolimus, respectively. Tacrolimus was stably delivered using the pump method. Results suggested that the pump method can estimate tacrolimus sorption in administration set tubes and evaluate other sorptional drugs used at low concentrations. PO-based tubes also have promising potential as an alternative for administration set tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Eon Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea; College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea; Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungho Jeon
- Polyscientech Co. Ltd, Anseong, 17508, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jin Byon
- College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Joo Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea; Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Jin SE, You S, Jeon S, Byon HJ, Hwang SJ. Evaluation of Drug Sorption to PVC- and Non-PVC-based Tubes in Administration Sets Using a Pump. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28362410 DOI: 10.3791/55086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Administration sets are delivery tools for the direct application of drugs into the body and are composed of a spike, a drip chamber, tubes, Luer adapters (connectors), a needle cover for protection, and other accessories. Drug sorption to tubes of administration sets is a critical issue in terms of safety and efficacy. Although drug sorption is an important factor in the quality of an administration set, there are no standard evaluation methods for the regulation of drug sorption to the tubes. Here, we describe an evaluation protocol for drug sorption to tubes of administration sets. Tubes made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC)- and non-PVC-based polymeric materials were cut to 1 m in length. Diazepam and tacrolimus were used as model drugs. In the kinetic sorption study, we selected the drug concentration and flow rate based on the clinical usage of these drugs. After the dilution of each drug in a glass bottle, the diluted drug solution was delivered through tubes of administration sets using a pump. Samples were collected in amber vials at appropriate time points and the drugs were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. Drug concentrations and sorption levels to tubes of the administration sets were calculated. Acceptable criteria to ensure the quality of administration sets are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Eon Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University; College of Medicine, Yonsei University; Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Siwon You
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University; Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | | | | | - Sung-Joo Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University; Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences;
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7
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Guichard N, Guillarme D, Bonnabry P, Fleury-Souverain S. Antineoplastic drugs and their analysis: a state of the art review. Analyst 2017; 142:2273-2321. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an00367f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We provide an overview of the analytical methods available for the quantification of antineoplastic drugs in pharmaceutical formulations, biological and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Guichard
- Pharmacy
- Geneva University Hospitals (HUG)
- Geneva
- Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Geneva
- University of Lausanne
- Geneva
- Switzerland
| | - Pascal Bonnabry
- Pharmacy
- Geneva University Hospitals (HUG)
- Geneva
- Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
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8
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Closset M, Hecq JD, Gonzalez E, Bihin B, Jamart J, Galanti L. Does an interaction exist between ketamine hydrochloride and Becton Dickinson syringes? Eur J Hosp Pharm 2016; 24:230-234. [PMID: 31156944 DOI: 10.1136/ejhpharm-2016-001045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction An international alert from Becton Dickinson (BD) has noted the possibility of interaction between several molecules and some syringes. The Centralized IntraVenous Additives Service of the institution was using 3 mL BD syringes to store ketamine HCl. This study evaluated the interaction between ketamine and these syringes. Method A batch of BD syringes produced in Europe and left in quarantine from the day of the international alert has been tested at 22, 29, 36, 43 and 50 days of storage at room temperature. At each time, the pH of the solutions was measured. The solutions were inspected visually and by microscope, and spectrophotometric measurements were performed. The concentrations were measured by a validated ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector. Results Neither physical change nor pH modification was observed during the study. According to a lower limit of the 95% unilateral CI on the mean >90% of the theoretical concentration, the solutions remain stable for at least 50 days. Conclusion In our study conditions, ketamine can be stored for at least 50 days without risk of sorption with syringes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Closset
- Medical Laboratory, CHU Dinant Godinne
- UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - J D Hecq
- Department of Pharmacy, CHU Dinant Godinne
- UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium.,Drug Stability Research Group, CHU Dinant Godinne
- UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - E Gonzalez
- Medical Laboratory, CHU Dinant Godinne
- UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium.,Drug Stability Research Group, CHU Dinant Godinne
- UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - B Bihin
- Drug Stability Research Group, CHU Dinant Godinne
- UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium.,Scientific Support Unit, CHU Dinant Godinne
- UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - J Jamart
- Drug Stability Research Group, CHU Dinant Godinne
- UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium.,Scientific Support Unit, CHU Dinant Godinne
- UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - L Galanti
- Medical Laboratory, CHU Dinant Godinne
- UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium.,Drug Stability Research Group, CHU Dinant Godinne
- UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium
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9
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Diazepam sorption to PVC- and non-PVC-based tubes in administration sets with quantitative determination using a high-performance liquid chromatographic method. Int J Pharm 2016; 506:414-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Maraiki F, Farooq F, Ahmed M. Eliminating the use of intravenous glass bottles using a FOCUS-PDCA model and providing a practical stability reference guide. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2016; 24:271-82. [PMID: 26857236 DOI: 10.1111/ijpp.12245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify the intravenous (IV) medications that are prepared in glass bottles at the institution and establish which of these medications can be prepared in flexible IV bags such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or non-PVC instead of glass bottles. The cost implication of switching from glass bottles to flexible IV bags was calculated. METHODS A study using FOCUS-PDCA model to identify IV medications prepared in glass bottles and establish which of these medications could be prepared in IV bags (PVC or non-PVC). The cost impact of switching from glass bottles to IV plastic bags (including PVC or non-PVC) was calculated. The stability data obtained were used as a reference for updating pharmacy internal IV preparation charts. KEY FINDINGS A total of 17 IV medications were found to be prepared in IV glass bottles. Of these 17 medications, only 8 (47%) were prepared in IV glass bottles due to incompatibility with PVC bags. For 7 (41%) of the medications, of which 6 were monoclonal antibodies (MABs), the reason for preparation in glass bottles was unclear as these medications are compatible with either PVC or non-PVC or both. The potential cost savings associated with switching all of the identified medications to IV plastic bags (either non-PVC or PVC) exceeded $200 000. CONCLUSIONS The elimination of glass bottles within the institution resulted in a significant cost saving. The use of FOCUS-PDCA model can help healthcare institution achieve significant improvements in process and realize significant cost savings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Maraiki
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Pharmacy Department, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faiyaz Farooq
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Pharmacy Department, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Ahmed
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Pharmacy Department, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Zhu LL, Li W, Song P, Zhou Q. Injection device-related risk management toward safe administration of medications: experience in a university teaching hospital in The People's Republic of China. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2014; 10:165-72. [PMID: 24669192 PMCID: PMC3962321 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s59199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of injection devices to administer intravenous or subcutaneous medications is common practice throughout a variety of health care settings. Studies suggest that one-half of all harmful medication errors originate during drug administration; of those errors, about two-thirds involve injectables. Therefore, injection device management is pivotal to safe administration of medications. In this article, the authors summarize the relevant experiences by retrospective analysis of injection device-related near misses and adverse events in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, People’s Republic of China. Injection device-related near misses and adverse events comprised the following: 1) improper selection of needle diameter for subcutaneous injection, material of infusion sets, and pore size of in-line filter; 2) complications associated with vascular access; 3) incidents induced by absence of efficient electronic pump management and infusion tube management; and 4) liquid leakage of chemotherapeutic infusion around the syringe needle. Safe injection drug use was enhanced by multidisciplinary collaboration, especially among pharmacists and nurses; drafting of clinical pathways in selection of vascular access; application of approaches such as root cause analysis using a fishbone diagram; plan–do–check–act and quality control circle; and construction of a culture of spontaneous reporting of near misses and adverse events. Pharmacists must be professional in regards to medication management and use. The depth, breadth, and efficiency of cooperation between nurses and pharmacists are pivotal to injection safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling Zhu
- Geriatric VIP Ward, Division of Nursing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Division of Medical Administration, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Song
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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12
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Ekincioğlu AB, Demirkan K. Clinical nutrition and drug interactions. Turk J Surg 2013; 29:177-86. [PMID: 25931873 DOI: 10.5152/ucd.2013.112013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A drug's plasma level, pharmacological effects or side effects, elimination, physicochemical properties or stability could be changed by interactions of drug-drug or drug-nutrition products in patients who receive enteral or parenteral nutritional support. As a result, patients might experience ineffective outcomes or unexpected effects of therapy (such as drug toxicity, embolism). Stability or incompatibility problems between parenteral nutrition admixtures and drugs might lead to alterations in expected therapeutic responses from drug and/or parenteral nutrition, occlusion in venous catheter or symptoms or mortality due to infusion of composed particles. Compatibilities between parenteral nutrition and drugs are not always guaranteed in clinical practice. Although the list of compatibility or incompatibilities of drugs are published for the use of clinicians in their practices, factors such as composition of parenteral nutrition admixture, drug concentration, contact time in catheter, temperature of the environment and exposure to light could change the status of compatibilities between drugs and nutrition admixtures. There could be substantial clinical changes occurring in the patient's nutritional status and pharmacological effects of drugs due to interactions between enteral nutrition and drugs. Drug toxicity and ineffective nutritional support might occur as a result of those predictable interactions. Although administration of drugs via feeding tube is a complex and problematic route for drug usage, it is possible to minimise the risk of tube occlusion, decreased effects of drug and drug toxicity by using an appropriate technique. Therefore, it is important to consider pharmacological dosage forms of drugs while administering drugs via a feeding tube. In conclusion, since the pharmacists are well-experienced and more knowledgeable professionals in drugs and drug usage compared to other healthcare providers, it is suggested that provision of information and drug counselling by pharmacists in terms of detection and prevention of problems (such as interactions, stability, incompatibility) related with enteral/parenteral nutrition and drugs are invaluable in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kutay Demirkan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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13
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Greenwood BC, Chesnick MA, Szumita PM, Belisle C, Cotugno M. Stability of Regular Human Insulin Extemporaneously Prepared in 0.9% Sodium Chloride in a Polyvinyl Chloride Bag. Hosp Pharm 2012. [DOI: 10.1310/hpj4705-367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the extended stability of extemporaneously prepared regular human insulin 100 units in 0.9% sodium chloride at a total volume of 100 mL under refrigeration. Methods Three admixtures of regular human insulin were prepared aseptically under a laminar flow hood at time zero. They were prepared by withdrawing 1 mL of regular human insulin with a concentration of 100 units/mL and adding it to a sufficient quantity of 0.9% sodium chloride for injection in a Polyvinylchloride (PVC) bag to yield a total volume of 100 mL. The 3 admixtures were stored refrigerated(2°C to 8°C [36°F to 46°F]) and three 1 mL samples of each admixture were withdrawn, transferred to a test tube, and frozen(–30°C to −15°C [–22°F to 5°F]) at hours 0, 6, 12, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, and 168. Insulin concentrations were measured by chemiluminescent immunoassay. The time points were considered stable if the mean concentration of the samples exceeded 90% of the equilibrium concentration at hour 6. Results The equilibrium concentration was 0.57 units/mL. Time points were considered stable if the mean concentration was at least 0.52 units/mL. All time points retained at least 90% of the equilibrium concentration with the exception of hour 120(0.46 ± 0.05 units/mL). At hour 168, the mean concentration was 0.63 ± 0.07 units/mL. Conclusion Regular human insulin 100 units added to 0.9% sodium chloride for injection in a PVC bag to yield a total volume of 100 mL is stable for 168 hours when stored at 2°C to 8°C(36°F to 46°F).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan A. Chesnick
- Department of Pharmacy, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paul M. Szumita
- Department of Pharmacy, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Caryn Belisle
- Department of Pharmacy, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Cotugno
- Department of Pharmacy, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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14
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Frenette AJ, MacLean RD, Williamson D, Marsolais P, Donnelly RF. Stability of levothyroxine injection in glass, polyvinyl chloride, and polyolefin containers. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2011; 68:1723-8. [DOI: 10.2146/ajhp100599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Julie Frenette
- Department of Pharmacy, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montreal, Quebec
| | - Robert D. MacLean
- Department of Pharmacy, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montreal, Quebec
| | - David Williamson
- Department of Pharmacy, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montreal
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15
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Analysis of anticancer drugs: a review. Talanta 2011; 85:2265-89. [PMID: 21962644 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, the number of patients receiving chemotherapy has considerably increased. Given the toxicity of cytotoxic agents to humans (not only for patients but also for healthcare professionals), the development of reliable analytical methods to analyse these compounds became necessary. From the discovery of new substances to patient administration, all pharmaceutical fields are concerned with the analysis of cytotoxic drugs. In this review, the use of methods to analyse cytotoxic agents in various matrices, such as pharmaceutical formulations and biological and environmental samples, is discussed. Thus, an overview of reported analytical methods for the determination of the most commonly used anticancer drugs is given.
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