1
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Bertazzon M, Hurtado-Pico A, Plaza-Sirvent C, Schuster M, Preußner M, Kuropka B, Liu F, Kirsten AZA, Schmitt XJ, König B, Álvaro-Benito M, Abualrous ET, Albert GI, Kliche S, Heyd F, Schmitz I, Freund C. The nuclear GYF protein CD2BP2/U5-52K is required for T cell homeostasis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1415839. [PMID: 39308865 PMCID: PMC11412891 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1415839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The question whether interference with the ubiquitous splicing machinery can lead to cell-type specific perturbation of cellular function is addressed here by T cell specific ablation of the general U5 snRNP assembly factor CD2BP2/U5-52K. This protein defines the family of nuclear GYF domain containing proteins that are ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotes with essential functions ascribed to early embryogenesis and organ function. Abrogating CD2BP2/U5-52K in T cells, allows us to delineate the consequences of splicing machinery interferences for T cell development and function. Increased T cell lymphopenia and T cell death are observed upon depletion of CD2BP2/U5-52K. A substantial increase in exon skipping coincides with the observed defect in the proliferation/differentiation balance in the absence of CD2BP2/U5-52K. Prominently, skipping of exon 7 in Mdm4 is observed, coinciding with upregulation of pro-apoptotic gene expression profiles upon CD2BP2/U5-52K depletion. Furthermore, we observe enhanced sensitivity of naïve T cells compared to memory T cells to changes in CD2BP2/U5-52K levels, indicating that depletion of this general splicing factor leads to modulation of T cell homeostasis. Given the recent structural characterization of the U5 snRNP and the crosslinking mass spectrometry data given here, design of inhibitors of the U5 snRNP conceivably offers new ways to manipulate T cell function in settings of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Bertazzon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Protein Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Almudena Hurtado-Pico
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Protein Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Marc Schuster
- Systems-Oriented Immunology and Inflammation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marco Preußner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, RNA Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benno Kuropka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Protein Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Xiao Jakob Schmitt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Protein Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin König
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Protein Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Miguel Álvaro-Benito
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Protein Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esam T. Abualrous
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Protein Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Gesa I. Albert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Protein Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kliche
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation GCI3, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Florian Heyd
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, RNA Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingo Schmitz
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christian Freund
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Protein Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Patrick N, Markey M. Long-Read MDM4 Sequencing Reveals Aberrant Isoform Landscape in Metastatic Melanomas. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9415. [PMID: 39273363 PMCID: PMC11395681 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
MDM4 is upregulated in the majority of melanoma cases and has been described as a "key therapeutic target in cutaneous melanoma". Numerous isoforms of MDM4 exist, with few studies examining their specific expression in human tissues. The changes in splicing of MDM4 during human melanomagenesis are critical to p53 activity and represent potential therapeutic targets. Compounding this, studies relying on short reads lose "connectivity" data, so full transcripts are frequently only inferred from the presence of splice junction reads. To address this problem, long-read nanopore sequencing was utilized to read the entire length of transcripts. Here, MDM4 transcripts, both alternative and canonical, are characterized in a pilot cohort of human melanoma specimens. RT-PCR was first used to identify the presence of novel splice junctions in these specimens. RT-qPCR then quantified the expression of major MDM4 isoforms observed during sequencing. The current study both identifies and quantifies MDM4 isoforms present in melanoma tumor samples. In the current study, we observed high expression levels of MDM4-S, MDM4-FL, MDM4-A, and the previously undescribed Ensembl transcript MDM4-209. A novel transcript lacking both exons 6 and 9 is observed and named MDM4-A/S for its resemblance to both MDM4-A and MDM4-S isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehaal Patrick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Michael Markey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
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3
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El-Saafin F, Bergamasco MI, Chen Y, May RE, Esakky P, Hediyeh-Zadeh S, Dixon M, Wilcox S, Davis MJ, Strasser A, Smyth GK, Thomas T, Voss AK. Loss of TAF8 causes TFIID dysfunction and p53-mediated apoptotic neuronal cell death. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:1013-1027. [PMID: 35361962 PMCID: PMC9091217 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-00982-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in genes encoding general transcription factors cause neurological disorders. Despite clinical prominence, the consequences of defects in the basal transcription machinery during brain development are unclear. We found that loss of the TATA-box binding protein-associated factor TAF8, a component of the general transcription factor TFIID, in the developing central nervous system affected the expression of many, but notably not all genes. Taf8 deletion caused apoptosis, unexpectedly restricted to forebrain regions. Nuclear levels of the transcription factor p53 were elevated in the absence of TAF8, as were the mRNAs of the pro-apoptotic p53 target genes Noxa, Puma and Bax. The cell death in Taf8 forebrain regions was completely rescued by additional loss of p53, but Taf8 and p53 brains failed to initiate a neuronal expression program. Taf8 deletion caused aberrant transcription of promoter regions and splicing anomalies. We propose that TAF8 supports the directionality of transcription and co-transcriptional splicing, and that failure of these processes causes p53-induced apoptosis of neuronal cells in the developing mouse embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farrah El-Saafin
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Maria I Bergamasco
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Yunshun Chen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Rose E May
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Prabagaran Esakky
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Soroor Hediyeh-Zadeh
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Mathew Dixon
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen Wilcox
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Melissa J Davis
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Andreas Strasser
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Gordon K Smyth
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tim Thomas
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Anne K Voss
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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4
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Larionova TD, Kovalenko TF, Shakhparonov MI, Pavlyukov MS. The Prognostic Significance of Spliceosomal Proteins for Patients with Glioblastoma. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2022; 503:71-75. [PMID: 35538281 PMCID: PMC9090887 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672922020090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is considered one of the most aggressive human cancers. Earlier, our group have demonstrated that alternative RNA splicing plays an important role in the regulation of the GBM phenotype. To continue this study, we analyzed the type of RNA splicing and the expression levels of the spliceosomal genes in a large number of tumor tissue samples and patient-derived GBM sphere lines. We demonstrated that the expression level of splicing factors allows dividing GBM patients into groups with different survival prognosis and also reflects the phenotype of the tumor. In addition, we identified the alternative splicing events that may regulate the GBM phenotype. Finally, we for the first time compared the expression profiles of the spliceosomal genes in different regions of the same tumor and identified splicing factors whose expression most significantly correlates with GBM patients' survival. Aforementioned data emphasize the important role of pre-mRNA splicing in GBM progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Larionova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - T F Kovalenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - M I Shakhparonov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - M S Pavlyukov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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5
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Munisamy M, Mukherjee N, Thomas L, Pham AT, Shakeri A, Zhao Y, Kolesar J, Rao PPN, Rangnekar VM, Rao M. Therapeutic opportunities in cancer therapy: targeting the p53-MDM2/MDMX interactions. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:5762-5781. [PMID: 35018225 PMCID: PMC8727821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a key enzymatic post-translational modification that influences p53 stability and function. p53 protein regulates the expression of MDM2 (mouse double-minute 2 protein) E3 ligase and MDMX (double-minute 4 protein), through proteasome-based degradation. Exploration of targeting the ubiquitination pathway offers a potentially promising strategy for precision therapy in a variety of cancers. The p53-MDM2-MDMX pathway provides multiple molecular targets for small molecule screening as potential therapies for wild-type p53. As a result of its effect on molecular carcinogenesis, a personalized therapeutic approach based on the wild-type and mutant p53 protein is desirable. We highlighted the implications of p53 mutations in cancer, p53 ubiquitination mechanistic details, targeting p53-MDM2/MDMX interactions, significant discoveries related to MDM2 inhibitor drug development, MDM2 and MDMX dual target inhibitors, and clinical trials with p53-MDM2/MDMX-targeted drugs. We also investigated potential therapeutic repurposing of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) in targeting p53-MDM2/MDMX interactions. Molecular docking studies of SERMs were performed utilizing the solved structures of the p53/MDM2/MDMX proteins. These studies identified ormeloxifene as a potential dual inhibitor of p53/MDM2/MDMX interaction, suggesting that repurposing SERMs for dual targeting of p53/MDM2 and p53/MDMX interactions is an attractive strategy for targeting wild-type p53 tumors and warrants further preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Munisamy
- Department of Translational Medicine Centre, All India Institute of Medical SciencesBhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462020, India
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Center for Translational Research, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher EducationManipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Nayonika Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Center for Translational Research, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher EducationManipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Levin Thomas
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Center for Translational Research, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher EducationManipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Amy Trinh Pham
- Medicinal and Bioorganic Chemistry Lab, School of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Campus, 200 University Avenue West, University of WaterlooWaterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Arash Shakeri
- Medicinal and Bioorganic Chemistry Lab, School of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Campus, 200 University Avenue West, University of WaterlooWaterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Yusheng Zhao
- Medicinal and Bioorganic Chemistry Lab, School of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Campus, 200 University Avenue West, University of WaterlooWaterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Jill Kolesar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice & Science, University of Kentucky567 TODD Building, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40539-0596, USA
| | - Praveen P N Rao
- Medicinal and Bioorganic Chemistry Lab, School of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Campus, 200 University Avenue West, University of WaterlooWaterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Vivek M Rangnekar
- Markey Cancer Center, University of KentuckyLexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
| | - Mahadev Rao
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Center for Translational Research, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher EducationManipal, Karnataka 576104, India
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6
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Alatawi A, Kho S, Markey MP. MDM4 Isoform Expression in Melanoma Supports an Oncogenic Role for MDM4-A. J Skin Cancer 2021; 2021:3087579. [PMID: 34697572 PMCID: PMC8541850 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3087579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor integrates upstream signals such as DNA damage and active oncogenes to initiate cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. This response is critical to halting inappropriate growth signals. As such, p53 activity is lost in cancer. In melanoma, however, the p53 gene is intact in a reported 94% of human cases. Rather than direct mutation, p53 is held inactive through interaction with inhibitory proteins. Here, we examine the expression of the two primary inhibitors of p53, MDM2 and MDM4, in genomic databases and biopsy specimens. We find that MDM4 is frequently overexpressed. Moreover, changes in splicing of MDM4 occur frequently and early in melanomagenesis. These changes in splicing must be considered in the design of therapeutic inhibitors of the MDM2/4 proteins for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Alatawi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - SoonJye Kho
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Michael P. Markey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
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7
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Inhibition of the mTOR pathway and reprogramming of protein synthesis by MDM4 reduce ovarian cancer metastatic properties. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:558. [PMID: 34052831 PMCID: PMC8164635 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03828-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is a highly heterogeneous disease with a high death rate mainly due to the metastatic spread. The expression of MDM4, a well-known p53-inhibitor, is positively associated with chemotherapy response and overall survival (OS) in EOC. However, the basis of this association remains elusive. We show that in vivo MDM4 reduces intraperitoneal dissemination of EOC cells, independently of p53 and an immune-competent background. By 2D and 3D assays, MDM4 impairs the early steps of the metastatic process. A 3D-bioprinting system, ad hoc developed by co-culturing EOC spheroids and endothelial cells, showed reduced dissemination and intravasation into vessel-like structures of MDM4-expressing cells. Consistent with these data, high MDM4 levels protect mice from ovarian cancer-related death and, importantly, correlate with increased 15 y OS probability in large data set analysis of 1656 patients. Proteomic analysis of EOC 3D-spheroids revealed decreased protein synthesis and mTOR signaling, upon MDM4 expression. Accordingly, MDM4 does not further inhibit cell migration when its activity towards mTOR is blocked by genetic or pharmacological approaches. Importantly, high levels of MDM4 reduced the efficacy of mTOR inhibitors in constraining cell migration. Overall, these data demonstrate that MDM4 impairs EOC metastatic process by inhibiting mTOR activity and suggest the usefulness of MDM4 assessment for the tailored application of mTOR-targeted therapy.
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8
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Klein AM, de Queiroz RM, Venkatesh D, Prives C. The roles and regulation of MDM2 and MDMX: it is not just about p53. Genes Dev 2021; 35:575-601. [PMID: 33888565 PMCID: PMC8091979 DOI: 10.1101/gad.347872.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this review, Klein et al. discuss the p53-independent roles of MDM2 and MDMX. First, they review the structural and functional features of MDM2 and MDMX proteins separately and together that could be relevant to their p53-independent activities. Following this, they summarize how these two proteins are regulated and how they can function in cells that lack p53. Most well studied as proteins that restrain the p53 tumor suppressor protein, MDM2 and MDMX have rich lives outside of their relationship to p53. There is much to learn about how these two proteins are regulated and how they can function in cells that lack p53. Regulation of MDM2 and MDMX, which takes place at the level of transcription, post-transcription, and protein modification, can be very intricate and is context-dependent. Equally complex are the myriad roles that these two proteins play in cells that lack wild-type p53; while many of these independent outcomes are consistent with oncogenic transformation, in some settings their functions could also be tumor suppressive. Since numerous small molecules that affect MDM2 and MDMX have been developed for therapeutic outcomes, most if not all designed to prevent their restraint of p53, it will be essential to understand how these diverse molecules might affect the p53-independent activities of MDM2 and MDMX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M Klein
- Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Studies, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | | | - Divya Venkatesh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Carol Prives
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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9
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Yao X, Shen H, Peng Q, Yu J. TP53/miR-129/MDM2/4/TP53 feedback loop modulates cell proliferation and apoptosis in retinoblastoma. Cell Cycle 2021; 20:603-615. [PMID: 33678118 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.1892321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is commonly-seen cancer in children. The p53 pathway dysfunction, which can lead to elevated MDM2 or MDM4 (p53 antagonists) protein expression, is frequently observed in almost all human cancers, including RB. The present study attempted to investigate the underlying mechanism from the perspective of non-coding RNA regulation. Here, we demonstrated that p53 and miR-129 were positively correlated with each other in RB. miR-129 directly targeted MDM2/4 to inhibit expression, therefore counteracting MDM2/4-mediated p53 signaling suppression and modulating RB cell proliferation and apoptosis. Moreover, p53 could activate the transcription of miR-129 via binding to the miR-129 promoter region, therefore forming a regulatory loop with MDM2/4 to affect RB progression. Altogether, the p53/miR-129/MDM2/4/p53 regulatory loop can modulate RB cell growth. We provide a solid experimental basis for developing novel therapies for RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology Diseases with Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Qinghua Peng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology Diseases with Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,First Clinical College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Jingsheng Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
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10
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Mortensen ACL, Spiegelberg D, Brown CJ, Lane DP, Nestor M. The Stapled Peptide PM2 Stabilizes p53 Levels and Radiosensitizes Wild-Type p53 Cancer Cells. Front Oncol 2019; 9:923. [PMID: 31616635 PMCID: PMC6764291 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 is a key mediator of cellular stress and DNA damage response cascades and is activated after exposure to ionizing radiation. Amplifying wild-type p53 expression by targeting negative regulators such as MDM2 in combination with external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) may result in increased therapeutic effects. The novel stapled peptide PM2 prevents MDM2 from suppressing wild-type p53, and is thus a promising agent for therapeutic combination with EBRT. Effects of PM2 and potential PM2-induced radiosensitivity were assessed in a panel of cancer cell lines using 2D cell viability assays. Western Blot and flow cytometric analyses were used to investigate the mechanisms behind the observed effects in samples treated with PM2 and EBRT. Finally, PM2-treatment combined with EBRT was evaluated in an in vitro 3D spheroid model. PM2-therapy decreased cell viability in wild-type p53, HPV-negative cell lines. Western Blotting and flow cytometry confirmed upregulation of p53, as well as initiation of p53-mediated apoptosis measured by increased cleaved caspase-3 and Noxa activity. Furthermore, 3D in vitro tumor spheroid experiments confirmed the superior effects of the combination, as the only treatment regime resulting in growth inhibition and complete spheroid disintegration. We conclude that PM2 induces antitumorigenic effects in wt p53 HPV-negative cancer cells and potentiates the effects of EBRT, ultimately resulting in tumor eradication in a 3D spheroid model. This strategy shows great potential as a new wt p53 specific tumor-targeting compound, and the combination of PM2 and EBRT could be a promising strategy to increase therapeutic effects and decrease adverse effects from radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Spiegelberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - David Philip Lane
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marika Nestor
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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11
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Haupt S, Mejía-Hernández JO, Vijayakumaran R, Keam SP, Haupt Y. The long and the short of it: the MDM4 tail so far. J Mol Cell Biol 2019; 11:231-244. [PMID: 30689920 PMCID: PMC6478121 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjz007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse double minute 4 (MDM4) is emerging from the shadow of its more famous relative MDM2 and is starting to steal the limelight, largely due to its therapeutic possibilities. MDM4 is a vital regulator of the tumor suppressor p53. It restricts p53 transcriptional activity and also, at least in development, facilitates MDM2's E3 ligase activity toward p53. These functions of MDM4 are critical for normal cell function and a proper response to stress. Their importance for proper cell maintenance and proliferation identifies them as a risk for deregulation associated with the uncontrolled growth of cancer. MDM4 tails are vital for its function, where its N-terminus transactivation domain engages p53 and its C-terminus RING domain binds to MDM2. In this review, we highlight recently identified cellular functions of MDM4 and survey emerging therapies directed to correcting its dysregulation in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Haupt
- Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Reshma Vijayakumaran
- Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon P Keam
- Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ygal Haupt
- Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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12
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MDM4 contributes to the increased risk of glioma susceptibility in Han Chinese population. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11093. [PMID: 30038284 PMCID: PMC6056491 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29468-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, MDM4 gene has been reported to be a susceptibility gene for glioma in Europeans, but the molecular mechanism of glioma pathogenesis remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate whether common variants of MDM4 contribute to the risk of glioma in Han Chinese individuals. A total of 24 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the MDM4 gene were assessed in a dataset of 562 glioma patients (non-glioblastoma) and 1,192 cancer-free controls. The SNP rs4252707 was found to be strongly associated with the risk of non-GBM (P = 0.000101, adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.16–1.55). Further analyses indicated that there was a significant association between A allele of rs4252707 associated with the increased non-GBM risk. Haplotype analysis also confirmed a result similar to that of the single-SNP analysis. Using stratification analyses, we found the association of rs4252707 with an increased non-GBM risk in adults (≥18 years, P = 0.0016) and individuals without IR exposure history (P = 0.0013). Our results provide strong evidence that the MDM4 gene is tightly linked to genetic susceptibility for non-GBM risk in Han Chinese population, indicating a important role for MDM4 gene in the etiology of glioma.
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Pavlyukov MS, Yu H, Bastola S, Minata M, Shender VO, Lee Y, Zhang S, Wang J, Komarova S, Wang J, Yamaguchi S, Alsheikh HA, Shi J, Chen D, Mohyeldin A, Kim SH, Shin YJ, Anufrieva K, Evtushenko EG, Antipova NV, Arapidi GP, Govorun V, Pestov NB, Shakhparonov MI, Lee LJ, Nam DH, Nakano I. Apoptotic Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Promote Malignancy of Glioblastoma Via Intercellular Transfer of Splicing Factors. Cancer Cell 2018; 34:119-135.e10. [PMID: 29937354 PMCID: PMC6048596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aggressive cancers such as glioblastoma (GBM) contain intermingled apoptotic cells adjacent to proliferating tumor cells. Nonetheless, intercellular signaling between apoptotic and surviving cancer cells remain elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that apoptotic GBM cells paradoxically promote proliferation and therapy resistance of surviving tumor cells by secreting apoptotic extracellular vesicles (apoEVs) enriched with various components of spliceosomes. apoEVs alter RNA splicing in recipient cells, thereby promoting their therapy resistance and aggressive migratory phenotype. Mechanistically, we identified RBM11 as a representative splicing factor that is upregulated in tumors after therapy and shed in extracellular vesicles upon induction of apoptosis. Once internalized in recipient cells, exogenous RBM11 switches splicing of MDM4 and Cyclin D1 toward the expression of more oncogenic isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marat S Pavlyukov
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Wallace Tumor Institute, 410F, 1720 2nd Avenue S, Birmingham, AL 35294-3300, USA; Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Wallace Tumor Institute, 410F, 1720 2nd Avenue S, Birmingham, AL 35294-3300, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Soniya Bastola
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Wallace Tumor Institute, 410F, 1720 2nd Avenue S, Birmingham, AL 35294-3300, USA
| | - Mutsuko Minata
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Wallace Tumor Institute, 410F, 1720 2nd Avenue S, Birmingham, AL 35294-3300, USA
| | - Victoria O Shender
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation; Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow 119435, Russian Federation
| | - Yeri Lee
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea; Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Suojun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Wallace Tumor Institute, 410F, 1720 2nd Avenue S, Birmingham, AL 35294-3300, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Wallace Tumor Institute, 410F, 1720 2nd Avenue S, Birmingham, AL 35294-3300, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Svetlana Komarova
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Wallace Tumor Institute, 410F, 1720 2nd Avenue S, Birmingham, AL 35294-3300, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Wallace Tumor Institute, 410F, 1720 2nd Avenue S, Birmingham, AL 35294-3300, USA
| | - Shinobu Yamaguchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Wallace Tumor Institute, 410F, 1720 2nd Avenue S, Birmingham, AL 35294-3300, USA
| | - Heba Allah Alsheikh
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Wallace Tumor Institute, 410F, 1720 2nd Avenue S, Birmingham, AL 35294-3300, USA
| | - Junfeng Shi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Dongquan Chen
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Ahmed Mohyeldin
- Department of Neurosurgery, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sung-Hak Kim
- Division of Animal Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jae Shin
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Ksenia Anufrieva
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141701, Russian Federation; Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow 119435, Russian Federation
| | - Evgeniy G Evtushenko
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Nadezhda V Antipova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation; Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Georgij P Arapidi
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141701, Russian Federation
| | - Vadim Govorun
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation; Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow 119435, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolay B Pestov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail I Shakhparonov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation
| | - L James Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Do-Hyun Nam
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea; Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea; Department of Health Science & Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Ichiro Nakano
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Wallace Tumor Institute, 410F, 1720 2nd Avenue S, Birmingham, AL 35294-3300, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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14
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Pant V, Larsson CA, Aryal N, Xiong S, You MJ, Quintas-Cardama A, Lozano G. Tumorigenesis promotes Mdm4-S overexpression. Oncotarget 2018; 8:25837-25847. [PMID: 28460439 PMCID: PMC5432220 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the p53 tumor suppressor pathway is a primary cause of tumorigenesis. In addition to mutation of the p53 gene itself, overexpression of major negative regulators of p53, MDM2 and MDM4, also act as drivers for tumor development. Recent studies suggest that expression of splice variants of Mdm2 and Mdm4 may be similarly involved in tumor development. In particular, multiple studies show that expression of a splice variant of MDM4, MDM4-S correlates with tumor aggressiveness and can be used as a prognostic marker in different tumor types. However, in the absence of prospective studies, it is not clear whether expression of MDM4-S in itself is oncogenic or is simply an outcome of tumorigenesis. Here we have examined the role of Mdm4-S in tumor development in a transgenic mouse model. Our results suggest that splicing of Mdm4 does not promote tumor development and does not cooperate with other oncogenic insults to alter tumor latency or aggressiveness. We conclude that Mdm4-S overexpression is a consequence of splicing defects in tumor cells rather than a cause of tumor evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Pant
- Department of Genetics, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Connie A Larsson
- Department of Genetics, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Neeraj Aryal
- Department of Genetics, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Shunbin Xiong
- Department of Genetics, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - M James You
- Department of Hematopathology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | | | - Guillermina Lozano
- Department of Genetics, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
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15
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Depreeuw J, Stelloo E, Osse EM, Creutzberg CL, Nout RA, Moisse M, Garcia-Dios DA, Dewaele M, Willekens K, Marine JC, Matias-Guiu X, Amant F, Lambrechts D, Bosse T. Amplification of 1q32.1 Refines the Molecular Classification of Endometrial Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:7232-7241. [PMID: 28939739 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Molecular classification of endometrial cancer identified distinct molecular subgroups. However, the largest subset of endometrial cancers remains poorly characterized and is referred to as the "nonspecific molecular profile" (NSMP) subgroup. Here, we aimed at refining the classification of this subgroup by profiling somatic copy-number aberrations (SCNAs).Experimental Design: SCNAs were analyzed in 141 endometrial cancers using whole-genome SNP arrays and pooled with 361 endometrial cancers from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Genomic Identification of Significant Targets in Cancer (GISTIC) identified statistically enriched SCNAs and penalized Cox regression assessed survival effects. The prognostic significance of relevant SCNAs was validated using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification in 840 endometrial cancers from the PORTEC-1/2 trials. Copy-number status of genes was correlated with gene expression to identify potential cancer drivers. One plausible oncogene was validated in vitro using antisense oligonucleotide-based strategy.Results: SCNAs affecting chromosome 1q32.1 significantly correlated with worse relapse-free survival (RFS) in the NSMP subgroup (HR, 2.12; 95% CI, 1.26-3.59; P = 0.005). This effect was replicated in NSMP endometrial cancers from PORTEC-1/2 (HR, 2.34; 95% CI, 1.17-4.70; P = 0.017). A new molecular classification including the 1q32.1 amplification improved risk prediction of recurrence. MDM4 gene expression strongly correlated with 1q32.1 amplification. Silencing MDM4 inhibited cell growth in cell lines carrying 1q32.1 amplification, but not in those without MDM4 amplification. Vice versa, increasing MDM4 expression in nonamplified cell lines stimulated cell proliferation.Conclusions: 1q32.1 amplification was identified as a prognostic marker for poorly characterized NSMP endometrial cancers, refining the molecular classification of this subgroup. We functionally validated MDM4 as a potential oncogenic driver in the 1q32.1 region. Clin Cancer Res; 23(23); 7232-41. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Depreeuw
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ellen Stelloo
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth M Osse
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Carien L Creutzberg
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Remi A Nout
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Matthieu Moisse
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Diego A Garcia-Dios
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael Dewaele
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karen Willekens
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe Marine
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xavier Matias-Guiu
- Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Institut de Recerca Biomedica de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Frédéric Amant
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Gynaecologic Oncology Amsterdam (CGOA), Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tjalling Bosse
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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16
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Wu WW, Bi WL, Kang YJ, Ramkissoon SH, Prasad S, Shih HA, Reardon DA, Dunn IF. Adult Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumors. World Neurosurg 2016; 85:197-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2015.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Abstract
Retinoblastoma is a rare pediatric cancer of the retina. Nearly all retinoblastomas are initiated through the biallelic inactivation of the retinoblastoma tumor susceptibility gene (RB1). Whole-genome sequencing has made it possible to identify secondary genetic lesions following RB1 inactivation. One of the major discoveries from retinoblastoma sequencing studies is that some retinoblastoma tumors have stable genomes. Subsequent epigenetic studies showed that changes in the epigenome contribute to the rapid progression of retinoblastoma following RB1 gene inactivation. In addition, gene amplification and elevated expression of p53 antagonists, MDM2 and MDM4, may also play an important role in retinoblastoma tumorigenesis. The knowledge gained from these recent molecular, cellular, genomic, and epigenomic analyses are now being integrated to identify new therapeutic approaches that can help save lives and vision in children with retinoblastoma, with fewer long-term side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justina D. McEvoy
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Michael A. Dyer
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland
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18
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Li L, Tan Y, Chen X, Xu Z, Yang S, Ren F, Guo H, Wang X, Chen Y, Li G, Wang H. MDM4 overexpressed in acute myeloid leukemia patients with complex karyotype and wild-type TP53. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113088. [PMID: 25405759 PMCID: PMC4236138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia patients with complex karyotype (CK-AML) account for approximately 10–15% of adult AML cases, and are often associated with a poor prognosis. Except for about 70% of CK-AML patients with biallelic inactivation of TP53, the leukemogenic mechanism in the nearly 30% of CK-AML patients with wild-type TP53 has remained elusive. In this study, 15 cases with complex karyotype and wild-type TP53 were screened out of 140 de novo AML patients and the expression levels of MDM4, a main negative regulator of p53-signaling pathway, were detected. We ruled out mutations in genes associated with a poor prognosis of CK-AML, including RUNX1 or FLT3-ITD. The mRNA expression levels of the full-length of MDM4 (MDM4FL) and short isoform MDM4 (MDM4S) were elevated in CK-AML relative to normal karyotype AML (NK-AML) patients. We also explored the impact of MDM4 overexpression on the cell cycle, cell proliferation and the spindle checkpoint of HepG2 cells, which is a human cancer cell line with normal MDM4 and TP53 expression. The mitotic index and the expression of p21, BubR1 and Securin were all reduced following Nocodazole treatment. Moreover, karyotype analysis showed that MDM4 overexpression might lead to aneuploidy or polyploidy. These results suggest that MDM4 overexpression is related to CK-AML with wild-type TP53 and might play a pathogenic role by inhibiting p53-signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Hematology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China
- Department of biology, School of Basic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Tan
- Department of Hematology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Xiuhua Chen
- Department of Hematology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Zhifang Xu
- Department of Hematology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Siyao Yang
- Department of Hematology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Fanggang Ren
- Department of Hematology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Haixiu Guo
- Department of biology, School of Basic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of Hematology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Hematology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Guoxia Li
- Department of Hematology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Department of Hematology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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19
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Bardot B, Bouarich-Bourimi R, Leemput J, Lejour V, Hamon A, Plancke L, Jochemsen AG, Simeonova I, Fang M, Toledo F. Mice engineered for an obligatory Mdm4 exon skipping express higher levels of the Mdm4-S isoform but exhibit increased p53 activity. Oncogene 2014; 34:2943-8. [PMID: 25088193 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mdm4, a protein related to the ubiquitin-ligase Mdm2, is an essential inhibitor of tumor suppressor protein p53. In both human and mouse cells, the Mdm4 gene encodes two major transcripts: one encodes the full-length oncoprotein (designated below as Mdm4-FL), whereas the other, resulting from a variant splicing that skips exon 6, encodes the shorter isoform Mdm4-S. Importantly, increased Mdm4-S mRNA levels were observed in several human cancers, and correlated with poor survival. However, the role of Mdm4-S in cancer progression remains controversial, because the Mdm4-S protein appeared to be a potent p53 inhibitor when overexpressed, but the splice variant also leads to a decrease in Mdm4-FL expression. To unambiguously determine the physiological impact of the Mdm4-S splice variant, we generated a mouse model with a targeted deletion of the Mdm4 exon 6, thereby creating an obligatory exon skipping. The mutant allele (Mdm4(ΔE6)) prevented the expression of Mdm4-FL, but also led to increased Mdm4-S mRNA levels. Mice homozygous for this allele died during embryonic development, but were rescued by a concomitant p53 deficiency. Furthermore in a hypomorphic p53(ΔP/ΔP) context, the Mdm4(ΔE6) allele led to p53 activation and delayed the growth of oncogene-induced tumors. We next determined the effect of Mdm4(+/ΔE6) heterozygosity in a hypermorphic p53(+/Δ31) genetic background, recently shown to be extremely sensitive to Mdm4 activity. Mdm4(+/ΔE6) p53(+/Δ31) pups were born, but suffered from aplastic anemia and died before weaning, again indicating an increased p53 activity. Our results demonstrate that the main effect of a skipping of Mdm4 exon 6 is not the synthesis of the Mdm4-S protein, but rather a decrease in Mdm4-FL expression. These and other data suggest that increased Mdm4-S mRNA levels might correlate with more aggressive cancers without encoding significant amounts of a potential oncoprotein. Hypotheses that may account for this apparent paradox are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bardot
- 1] Institut Curie, Centre de recherche, Genetics of Tumor Suppression (Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2014), Paris, France [2] UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France [3] CNRS UMR 3244, Paris, France
| | - R Bouarich-Bourimi
- 1] Institut Curie, Centre de recherche, Genetics of Tumor Suppression (Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2014), Paris, France [2] UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France [3] CNRS UMR 3244, Paris, France
| | - J Leemput
- 1] Institut Curie, Centre de recherche, Genetics of Tumor Suppression (Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2014), Paris, France [2] UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France [3] CNRS UMR 3244, Paris, France
| | - V Lejour
- 1] Institut Curie, Centre de recherche, Genetics of Tumor Suppression (Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2014), Paris, France [2] UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France [3] CNRS UMR 3244, Paris, France
| | - A Hamon
- 1] Institut Curie, Centre de recherche, Genetics of Tumor Suppression (Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2014), Paris, France [2] UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France [3] CNRS UMR 3244, Paris, France
| | - L Plancke
- 1] Institut Curie, Centre de recherche, Genetics of Tumor Suppression (Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2014), Paris, France [2] UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France [3] CNRS UMR 3244, Paris, France
| | - A G Jochemsen
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - I Simeonova
- 1] Institut Curie, Centre de recherche, Genetics of Tumor Suppression (Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2014), Paris, France [2] UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France [3] CNRS UMR 3244, Paris, France
| | - M Fang
- 1] Institut Curie, Centre de recherche, Genetics of Tumor Suppression (Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2014), Paris, France [2] UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France [3] CNRS UMR 3244, Paris, France
| | - F Toledo
- 1] Institut Curie, Centre de recherche, Genetics of Tumor Suppression (Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2014), Paris, France [2] UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France [3] CNRS UMR 3244, Paris, France
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20
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Salvi S, Calistri D, Gurioli G, Carretta E, Serra L, Gunelli R, Zoli W, Casadio V. Copy number analysis of 24 oncogenes: MDM4 identified as a putative marker for low recurrence risk in non muscle invasive bladder cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:12458-68. [PMID: 25026175 PMCID: PMC4139853 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150712458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) generally have a high risk of relapsing locally after primary tumor resection. The search for new predictive markers of local recurrence thus represents an important goal for the management of this disease. We studied the copy number variations (CNVs) of 24 oncogenes (MDM4, MYCN, ALK, PDGFRA, KIT, KDR, DHFR, EGFR, MET, SMO, FGFR1, MYC, ABL1, RET, CCND1, CCND2, CDK4, MDM2, AURKB, ERBB2, TOP2A, AURKA, AR and BRAF) using multiplex ligation probe amplification technique to verify their role as predictive markers of recurrence. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples from 43 patients who underwent transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB) were used; 23 patients had relapsed and 20 were disease-free after 5 years. Amplification frequencies were analyzed for all genes and MDM4 was the only gene that showed significantly higher amplification in non recurrent patients than in recurrent ones (0.65 vs. 0.3; Fisher’s test p = 0.023). Recurrence-free survival analysis confirmed the predictive role of MDM4 (log-rank test p = 0.041). Our preliminary results indicate a putative role for the MDM4 gene in predicting local recurrence of bladder cancer. Confirmation of this hypothesis is needed in a larger cohort of NMIBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta Salvi
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola 47014, Italy.
| | - Daniele Calistri
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola 47014, Italy.
| | - Giorgia Gurioli
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola 47014, Italy.
| | - Elisa Carretta
- Unit of Biostatistics and Clinical Trials, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola 47014, Italy.
| | - Luigi Serra
- Pathology Unit, Morgagni Pierantoni Hospital, Forlì 47121, Italy.
| | - Roberta Gunelli
- Department of Urology, Morgagni Pierantoni Hospital, Forli 47121, Italy.
| | - Wainer Zoli
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola 47014, Italy.
| | - Valentina Casadio
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola 47014, Italy.
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Wang X, Sheng P, Guo X, Wang J, Hou L, Hu G, Luo C, Dong Y, Lu Y. Identification and expression of a novel MDM4 splice variant in human glioma. Brain Res 2013; 1537:260-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 07/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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In vitro and in silico studies of MDM2/MDMX isoforms predict Nutlin-3A sensitivity in well/de-differentiated liposarcomas. J Transl Med 2013; 93:1232-40. [PMID: 24018792 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2013.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular marker of well-differentiated/de-differentiated liposarcomas is MDM2 gene amplification coupled with protein overexpression and wild-type TP53. MDMX is a recently identified MDM2 homolog and its presence in this tumor is unexplored. Our aim was to investigate the role of full-length MDM2 and MDMX proteins and their isoforms in surgical specimens of well-differentiated/de-differentiated liposarcomas in view of Nutlin-3A (a MDM2 inhibitor) treatment. Frozen and matched formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded material from surgical specimens was examined by means of: (1) fluorescence in situ hybridization to determine MDM2 and MDMX gene copy numbers; (2) RT-PCR and densitometry to analyze alternative splicing forms of mdm2 and mdmx; (3) immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry to assess the corresponding translated proteins; and (4) in vitro and in silico assays to determine their affinity for Nutlin-3A. All these cases showed MDM2 gene amplification with an MDMX disomic pattern. In all cases, the full-length mdm2 transcript was associated with the mdm2-b transcript, with ratios ranging from 0.07 to 5.6, and both were translated into protein; mdmx and mdmx-s were co-transcripted, with ratios ranging from 0.1 to 5.6. MDMX-S was frequently more upregulated than MDMX at both transcriptional and protein level. Each case showed different amounts of mdm2, mdm2-b, mdmx, and mdmx-s transcripts and the corresponding proteins. In vitro assays showed that Nutlin-3A was ineffective against MDM2-B and was unable to disrupt the MDMX/TP53 and MSMX-S/TP53 complexes. Molecular simulations confirmed these in vitro findings by showing that MDM2 has high Nutlin-3A affinity, followed by MDMX-S, MDMX, and MDM2-B. Nutlin-3A is predicted to be a good therapeutic option for well-differentiated/de-differentiated liposarcomas. However, our findings predict heterogeneous responses depending on the relative expression of mdm2, mdm2-b, mdmx, and mdmx-s transcripts and proteins.
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Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor is activated in response to cellular stresses to induce cell-cycle arrest, cellular senescence, and apoptosis. The p53 gene is inactivated by mutations in more than 50% of human tumors. In addition, tumor cells dampen p53 activities via overexpression of p53-negative regulators, in particular 2 structurally related proteins, Mdm2 and Mdm4. And yet, Mdm2 and Mdm4 possess p53-independent activities, which also contribute to tumor formation and progression. Given that Mdm2 and Mdm4 inhibit p53 activities to promote tumor development, small molecules and peptides were developed to abrogate the inhibition of p53 by Mdm proteins. Antitumor activities of these molecules have already been confirmed in preclinical studies and early-phase clinical trials. These research endeavors and clinical advances constitute the main focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Li
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Liu L, Fan L, Fang C, Zou ZJ, Yang S, Zhang LN, Li JY, Xu W. S-MDM4 mRNA overexpression indicates a poor prognosis and marks a potential therapeutic target in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:2056-63. [PMID: 22937789 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the prognostic significance of murine double minute 4 (MDM4) in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and to characterize the role of MDM4 in the p53 pathway. Full-length MDM4 (FL-MDM4), a splicing variant of MDM4 (S-MDM4) and murine double minute 2 (MDM2) mRNA expressions were detected by quantitative PCR in 140 Chinese patients with CLL, and primary CLL cells were treated in vitro with either fludarabine or Nutlin-3 to explore the interaction between p53 status and MDM4 or MDM2 expression. A marked increase of FL-MDM4 and S-MDM4 expressions were observed in the CLL patients with p53 aberrations (deletion and/or mutation) (P = 0.024, P < 0.001). A high level of S-MDM4 mRNA expression was associated with short treatment free survival (TFS) (P = 0.004). FL-MDM4 expression was significantly decreased after fludarabine treatment (P = 0.001) but increased after Nutlin-3 treatment (P = 0.008) of primary CLL cells without p53 aberrations. Both S-MDM4 and MDM2 expressions were significantly increased after fludarabine treatment of CLL cells without p53 aberrations (P = 0.013 and P = 0.030). MDM2 overexpression also occurred in CLL cells with p53 wild type after Nutlin-3 treatment (P = 0.018). FL-MDM4 and S-MDM4 overexpression are indicators of p53 aberrations in CLL patients, suggesting that those patients have a poor prognosis. FL-MDM4 inhibitory effects on p53 can be removed by MDM2-p53 and saved by Nutlin-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
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McEvoy J, Ulyanov A, Brennan R, Wu G, Pounds S, Zhang J, Dyer MA. Analysis of MDM2 and MDM4 single nucleotide polymorphisms, mRNA splicing and protein expression in retinoblastoma. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42739. [PMID: 22916154 PMCID: PMC3423419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is a childhood cancer of the developing retina that begins in utero and is diagnosed in the first years of life. Biallelic RB1 gene inactivation is the initiating genetic lesion in retinoblastoma. The p53 gene is intact in human retinoblastoma but the pathway is believed to be suppressed by increased expression of MDM4 (MDMX) and MDM2. Here we quantify the expression of MDM4 and MDM2 mRNA and protein in human fetal retinae, primary retinoblastomas, retinoblastoma cell lines and several independent orthotopic retinoblastoma xenografts. We found that MDM4 is the major p53 antagonist expressed in retinoblastoma and in the developing human retina. We also discovered that MDM4 protein steady state levels are much higher in retinoblastoma than in human fetal retinae. This increase would not have been predicted based on the mRNA levels. We explored several possible post-transcriptional mechanisms that may contribute to the elevated levels of MDM4 protein. A proportion of MDM4 transcripts are alternatively spliced to produce protein products that are reported to be more stable and oncogenic. We also discovered that a microRNA predicted to target MDM4 (miR191) was downregulated in retinoblastoma relative to human fetal retinae and a subset of samples had somatic mutations that eliminated the miR-191 binding site in the MDM4 mRNA. Taken together, these data suggest that post-transcriptional mechanisms may contribute to stabilization of the MDM4 protein in retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justina McEvoy
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Anatoly Ulyanov
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Rachel Brennan
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Stanley Pounds
- Department of Statistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Dyer
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Bista M, Smithson D, Pecak A, Salinas G, Pustelny K, Min J, Pirog A, Finch K, Zdzalik M, Waddell B, Wladyka B, Kedracka-Krok S, Dyer MA, Dubin G, Guy RK. On the mechanism of action of SJ-172550 in inhibiting the interaction of MDM4 and p53. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37518. [PMID: 22675482 PMCID: PMC3366986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
SJ-172550 (1) was previously discovered in a biochemical high throughput screen for inhibitors of the interaction of MDMX and p53 and characterized as a reversible inhibitor (J. Biol. Chem. 2010; 285∶10786). Further study of the biochemical mode of action of 1 has shown that it acts through a complicated mechanism in which the compound forms a covalent but reversible complex with MDMX and locks MDMX into a conformation that is unable to bind p53. The relative stability of this complex is influenced by many factors including the reducing potential of the media, the presence of aggregates, and other factors that influence the conformational stability of the protein. This complex mechanism of action hinders the further development of compound 1 as a selective MDMX inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Bista
- Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - David Smithson
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Aleksandra Pecak
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Gabriella Salinas
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Katarzyna Pustelny
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jaeki Min
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Artur Pirog
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kristin Finch
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Michal Zdzalik
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Brett Waddell
- Hartwell Center for Biotechnology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Benedykt Wladyka
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Sylwia Kedracka-Krok
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Michael A. Dyer
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Grzegorz Dubin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Krakow, Poland
| | - R. Kiplin Guy
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lee JH, Jin Y, He G, Zeng SX, Wang YV, Wahl GM, Lu H. Hypoxia activates tumor suppressor p53 by inducing ATR-Chk1 kinase cascade-mediated phosphorylation and consequent 14-3-3γ inactivation of MDMX protein. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:20898-903. [PMID: 22556425 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.336875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been known that p53 can be induced and activated by hypoxia, an abnormal condition that often occurs in rapidly growing solid tumors or when normal tissues undergo ischemia. Although the ATR-Chk1 kinase cascade was associated with hypoxia-induced p53 activation, molecules that directly link this hypoxia-ATR-Chk1 pathway to p53 activation have been elusive. Here, we showed that hypoxia could induce phosphorylation of MDMX at Ser-367 and enhance the binding of this phosphorylated MDMX to 14-3-3γ, consequently leading to p53 activation. A Chk1 inhibitor or knockdown of ATR and Chk1 inhibited the phosphorylation of MDMX at Ser-367 and impaired the binding of MDMX to 14-3-3γ in addition to p53 activation in response to hypoxia. In primary mouse embryonic fibroblast cells that harbor a mutant MDMX, including the S367A mutation, hypoxia also failed to induce the binding of this mutant MDMX to 14-3-3γ and to activate p53 and its direct targets. These results demonstrate that hypoxia can activate p53 through inactivation of MDMX by the ATR-Chk1-MDMX-14-3-3γ pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ho Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE Mouse double minute 4 (MDM4), a homolog of MDM2, is one of the key negative regulators of p53, and its amplification or overexpression contributes to carcinogenesis by inhibiting the p53 tumor suppressor activity. We investigated the association between MDM4 polymorphisms and the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). METHODS We genotyped three MDM4 tagging polymorphisms, two in the 3' untranslated region (rs11801299G>A and rs10900598G>T) and one in intron 1 (rs1380576C>G), in a case-control study of 1075 non-Hispanic white SCCHN patients and 1079 cancer-free controls, and evaluated their associations with SCCHN risk. RESULTS Although none of these three polymorphisms individually had a statistically significant effect on the risk of SCCHN, nor did their combined number of putative risk genotypes (i.e. rs11801299GG, rs1380576CG+GG, and rs10900598GG) [odds ratio (OR)=1.16; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) =0.93-1.45], we found that individuals with 1-3 risk genotypes had statistically significant increased risk of oropharyngeal cancer (OR=1.32; 95% CI=1.00-1.73), particularly for those with T1-2 stage (OR=1.40; 95% CI=1.02-1.94), those with regional lymph node metastases (N1-3) (OR=1.44; 95% CI=1.07-1.95), and those with late stages (III and IV) (OR=1.34; 95% CI=1.01-1.77). CONCLUSION These results suggest that the joint effect of MDM4 variants may contribute to the risk of oropharyngeal cancer in non-Hispanic whites. Additional studies are warranted to unravel whether the particular stage distribution of oropharyngeal cancer with the strongest association (T1-2, N1-3, and III-IV) is a possible link with human papillomavirus-related oropharyngeal cancers.
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Functions of MDMX in the modulation of the p53-response. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:876173. [PMID: 21541195 PMCID: PMC3085504 DOI: 10.1155/2011/876173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The MDM family proteins MDM2 and MDMX are two critical regulators of the p53 tumor suppressor protein. Expression of both proteins is necessary for allowing the embryonal development by keeping the activity of p53 in check. Upon stresses that need to activate p53 to perform its function as guardian of the genome, p53 has to be liberated from these two inhibitors. In this review, we will discuss the various mechanisms by which MDMX protein levels are downregulated upon various types of stress, including posttranslational modifications of the MDMX protein and the regulation of mdmx mRNA expression, including alternative splicing. In addition, the putative function(s) of the described MDMX splice variants, particularly in tumor development, will be discussed. Lastly, in contrast to common belief, we have recently shown the existence of a p53-MDMX feedback loop, which is important for dampening the p53-response at later phases after genotoxic stress.
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30
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Lee JH, Lu H. 14-3-3Gamma inhibition of MDMX-mediated p21 turnover independent of p53. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:5136-42. [PMID: 21148311 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.190470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The stability of p21, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, is highly regulated by various protein molecules through the cell cycle and in response to extracellular signals. One of the p21 regulators is MDMX, which can directly bind to p21 and mediate its proteasomal degradation in an ubiquitination-independent fashion. The fact that 14-3-3γ binds to the MDMX domain adjacent to p21 binding suggests that this 14-3-3γ may affect MDMX-mediated p21 proteasomal turnover. Indeed, we found that overexpression of 14-3-3γ increased the level of both endogenous and exogenous p21 in p53-null cells by extending its half-life, leading to p21-dependent G1 arrest. Also, 14-3-3γ excluded p21 from binding to MDMX in a dose-dependent manner as determined by co-immunroprecipitation in vitro using purified proteins and in cells. In response to DNA damage, the level of the 14-3-3γ-MDMX complex increased whereas that of the MDMX-p21 complex declined as detected by co-immunoprecipitation assays, leading to the induction of p21 in p53-null cells. Knockdown of 14-3-3γ inversely alleviated the induction of p21 levels by DNA damage. Hence, our study as presented here unravels a new role for 14-3-3γ in protecting p21 from MDMX-mediated proteasomal turnover, which may partially account for DNA damage-induced elevation of p21 levels independent of p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ho Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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31
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MDM4 overexpression contributes to synoviocyte proliferation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 401:417-21. [PMID: 20863813 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease with features of inflammatory cell infiltration, synovial cell invasive proliferation, and ultimately, irreversible joint destruction. It has been reported that the p53 pathway is involved in RA pathogenesis. MDM4/MDMX is a major negative regulator of p53. To determine whether MDM4 contributes to RA pathogenesis, MDM4 mRNA and protein expression were assessed in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) by real-time PCR, western blotting, and in synovial tissues by immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, MDM4 was knocked down and overexpressed by lentivirus-mediated expression, and the proliferative capacity of FLS was determined by MTS assay. We found that cultured FLS from RA and osteoarthritis (OA) patients exhibited higher levels of MDM4 mRNA and protein expression than those from trauma controls. MDM4 protein was highly expressed in the synovial lining and sublining cells from both types of arthritis. Finally, MDM4 knockdown inhibited the proliferation of RA FLS by enhancing functional p53 levels while MDM4 overexpression promoted the growth of RA FLS by inhibiting p53 effects. Taken together, our results suggest that the abundant expression of MDM4 in FLS may contribute to the hyperplasia phenotype of RA synovial tissues.
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32
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Giglio S, Mancini F, Pellegrino M, Di Conza G, Puxeddu E, Sacchi A, Pontecorvi A, Moretti F. Regulation of MDM4 (MDMX) function by p76(MDM2): a new facet in the control of p53 activity. Oncogene 2010; 29:5935-45. [PMID: 20697359 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Under basal growth conditions, p53 function is tightly controlled by the members of MDM family, MDM2 and MDM4. The Mdm2 gene codes, in addition to the full-length p90(MDM2), for a short protein, p76(MDM2) that lacks the p53-binding domain. Despite this property and at variance with p90(MDM2), this protein acts positively toward p53, although the molecular mechanism remains elusive. Here, we report that p76(MDM2) antagonizes MDM4 inhibitory function. We show that p76(MDM2) possesses intrinsic ubiquitinating and degrading activity, and through these activities controls MDM4 levels. Furthermore, the presence of p76(MDM2) decreases the association of MDM4 with p53 and p90(MDM2), and antagonizes p53 degradation by the heterodimer MDM4/p90(MDM2). The p76(MDM2)-mediated regulation of MDM4 occurs in the cytoplasm, under basal growth conditions. Conversely, upon DNA damage, phosphorylation of MDM4Ser403 dissociates p76(MDM2) and prevents MDM4 degradation. The overall negative control of MDM4 by p76(MDM2) reflects on p53 function as p76(MDM2) impairs MDM4-mediated inhibition of p53 activity. In agreement with the positive role of p76(MDM2) toward p53, the p76(MDM2)/p90(MDM2) ratio significantly decreases in a group of thyroid tumor samples compared with normal counterparts. Overall, these findings reveal a new mechanism in the control of p53 basal activity that may account for the distinct sensitivity of tissues to stress signals depending on the balance among MDM proteins. Moreover, these data suggest an oncosuppressive function for a product of the Mdm2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Giglio
- Institute of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, CNR/Fondazione Santa Lucia, Roma, Italy
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33
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Dezi C, Carotti A, Magnani M, Baroni M, Padova A, Cruciani G, Macchiarulo A, Pellicciari R. Molecular Interaction Fields and 3D-QSAR Studies of p53−MDM2 Inhibitors Suggest Additional Features of Ligand−Target Interaction. J Chem Inf Model 2010; 50:1451-65. [DOI: 10.1021/ci100113p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Dezi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy, Siena Biotech S.p.A., Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo, 35, 53100, Siena, Italy, Molecular Discovery Ltd, 215 Marsh Road, Pinner, Middlesex HA55NE, England, and Laboratory for Chemometrics and Cheminformatics, Department of Chemistry, Università di Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 10, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Carotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy, Siena Biotech S.p.A., Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo, 35, 53100, Siena, Italy, Molecular Discovery Ltd, 215 Marsh Road, Pinner, Middlesex HA55NE, England, and Laboratory for Chemometrics and Cheminformatics, Department of Chemistry, Università di Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 10, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Matteo Magnani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy, Siena Biotech S.p.A., Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo, 35, 53100, Siena, Italy, Molecular Discovery Ltd, 215 Marsh Road, Pinner, Middlesex HA55NE, England, and Laboratory for Chemometrics and Cheminformatics, Department of Chemistry, Università di Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 10, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Massimo Baroni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy, Siena Biotech S.p.A., Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo, 35, 53100, Siena, Italy, Molecular Discovery Ltd, 215 Marsh Road, Pinner, Middlesex HA55NE, England, and Laboratory for Chemometrics and Cheminformatics, Department of Chemistry, Università di Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 10, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Padova
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy, Siena Biotech S.p.A., Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo, 35, 53100, Siena, Italy, Molecular Discovery Ltd, 215 Marsh Road, Pinner, Middlesex HA55NE, England, and Laboratory for Chemometrics and Cheminformatics, Department of Chemistry, Università di Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 10, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Gabriele Cruciani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy, Siena Biotech S.p.A., Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo, 35, 53100, Siena, Italy, Molecular Discovery Ltd, 215 Marsh Road, Pinner, Middlesex HA55NE, England, and Laboratory for Chemometrics and Cheminformatics, Department of Chemistry, Università di Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 10, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonio Macchiarulo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy, Siena Biotech S.p.A., Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo, 35, 53100, Siena, Italy, Molecular Discovery Ltd, 215 Marsh Road, Pinner, Middlesex HA55NE, England, and Laboratory for Chemometrics and Cheminformatics, Department of Chemistry, Università di Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 10, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Pellicciari
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy, Siena Biotech S.p.A., Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo, 35, 53100, Siena, Italy, Molecular Discovery Ltd, 215 Marsh Road, Pinner, Middlesex HA55NE, England, and Laboratory for Chemometrics and Cheminformatics, Department of Chemistry, Università di Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 10, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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