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Maccari S, Profumo E, Saso L, Marano G, Buttari B. Propranolol Promotes Monocyte-to-Macrophage Differentiation and Enhances Macrophage Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities by NRF2 Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3683. [PMID: 38612493 PMCID: PMC11011821 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Adrenergic pathways represent the main channel of communication between the nervous system and the immune system. During inflammation, blood monocytes migrate within tissue and differentiate into macrophages, which polarize to M1 or M2 macrophages with tissue-damaging or -reparative properties, respectively. This study investigates whether the β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR)-blocking drug propranolol modulates the monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation process and further influences macrophages in their polarization toward M1- and M2-like phenotypes. Six-day-human monocytes were cultured with M-CSF in the presence or absence of propranolol and then activated toward an M1 pro-inflammatory state or an M2 anti-inflammatory state. The chronic exposure of monocytes to propranolol during their differentiation into macrophages promoted the increase in the M1 marker CD16 and in the M2 markers CD206 and CD163 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ɣ expression. It also increased endocytosis and the release of IL-10, whereas it reduced physiological reactive oxygen species. Exposure to the pro-inflammatory conditions of propranolol-differentiated macrophages resulted in an anti-inflammatory promoting effect. At the molecular level, propranolol upregulated the expression of the oxidative stress regulators NRF2, heme oxygenase-1 and NQO1. By contributing to regulating macrophage activities, propranolol may represent a novel anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating compound with relevant therapeutic potential in several inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Maccari
- Center for Gender Medicine, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Elisabetta Profumo
- Department of Cardiovascular and Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases, and Aging, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Marano
- Center for Gender Medicine, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Brigitta Buttari
- Department of Cardiovascular and Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases, and Aging, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy;
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The immunomodulatory effects of antihypertensive therapy: A review. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113287. [PMID: 35728352 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension remains the leading preventable risk factor for stroke and coronary artery disease, significantly contributing to all-cause global mortality and predisposing patients to renal and heart failure, as well as peripheral vascular disease. Due to the widespread usage of antihypertensive drugs, global mean blood pressure has remained unchanged or even slightly decreased over the past four decades. However, considering the broad spectrum of mechanisms involved in the action of antihypertensive drugs and the prevalence of their target receptors on immune cells, possible immunomodulatory effects which may exert beneficial effects of lowering blood pressure but also potentially alter immune function should be considered. In this review, we attempt to assess the consequences to immune system function of administering the five most commonly prescribed groups of antihypertensive drugs and to explain the mechanisms behind those interactions. Finally, we show potential gaps in our understanding of the effects of antihypertensive drugs on patient health. With regard to the widespread use of these drugs in the adult population worldwide, the discussed results may be of vital importance to evidence-based decision-making in daily clinical practice.
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Batalla‐Covello J, Ali S, Xie T, Amit M. β-Adrenergic signaling in skin cancer. FASEB Bioadv 2022; 4:225-234. [PMID: 35415461 PMCID: PMC8984090 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2021-00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the sympathetic nervous system releases catecholamines that can interact with β-adrenergic receptors on tumor cells. Preclinical models have shown that the signaling processes initiated by activation of β-adrenergic receptors increase tumorigenesis, stimulate cell proliferation, and inhibit apoptosis. Indeed, preclinical studies have also shown that β-adrenergic blockade can decrease tumor burden. Researchers have been studying the effects of β-adrenergic receptor blockers on tumor cells and how they may slow the progression of melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. Moreover, clinical data have shown improved prognosis in patients with skin cancer who take β-blockers. This review discusses the mechanisms of β-adrenergic signaling in cancer and immune cells, details preclinical models of sympathetic blockade, and considers clinical evidence of the effects of β-adrenergic blockade in skin cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Batalla‐Covello
- Department of Head and Neck SurgeryThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Shahrukh Ali
- Department of Head and Neck SurgeryThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Tongxin Xie
- Department of Head and Neck SurgeryThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Moran Amit
- Department of Head and Neck SurgeryThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
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Garrido A, Cruces J, Ceprián N, Hernández-Sánchez C, De Pablo F, De la Fuente M. Social Environment Ameliorates Behavioral and Immune Impairments in Tyrosine Hydroxylase Haploinsufficient Female Mice. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2020; 16:548-566. [PMID: 32772235 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09947-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The social environment can influence the functional capacity of nervous and immune systems, and consequently the state of health, especially in aged individuals. Adult female tyrosine hydroxylase haploinsufficient (TH-HZ) mice exhibit behavioral impairments, premature immunosenescence and oxidative- inflammatory stress. All these deteriorations are associated with a lower lifespan than wild type (WT) counterparts. The aim was to analyze whether the cohabitation with WT animals could revert or at least ameliorate the deterioration in the nervous and immune systems that female TH-HZ mice show at adult age. Female TH-HZ and WT mice at age of 3-4 weeks were divided into following groups: control TH-HZ (5 TH-HZ mice in the cage; TH-HZ100%), control WT (5 WT mice in the cage; WT100%), TH-HZ > 50% and WT < 50% (5 TH-HZ with 2 WT mice in each cage) as well as TH-HZ < 50% and WT > 50% (2 TH-HZ and 5 WT mice in each cage). At the age of 37-38 weeks, all mice were submitted to a battery of behavioral tests, evaluating sensorimotor abilities, exploratory capacities and anxiety-like behaviors. Subsequently, peritoneal leukocytes were extracted and several immune functions as well as oxidative and inflammatory stress parameters were analyzed. The results showed that the TH-HZ < 50% group had improved behavioral responses, especially anxiety-like behaviors, and the immunosenescence and oxidative stress of their peritoneal leukocytes were ameliorated. However, WT mice that cohabited with TH-HZ mice presented higher anxiety-like behaviors and deterioration in immune functions and in their inflammatory stress parameters. Thus, this social environment is capable of ameliorating the impairments associated with a haploinsufficiency of the th gene. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Garrido
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology (Physiology Unit), School of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, José Antonio Nováis 12, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Investigation of Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Cruces
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology (Physiology Unit), School of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, José Antonio Nováis 12, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Investigation of Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - N Ceprián
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology (Physiology Unit), School of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, José Antonio Nováis 12, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Investigation of Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Hernández-Sánchez
- 3D Lab (Development, Differentiation and Degeneration), Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - F De Pablo
- 3D Lab (Development, Differentiation and Degeneration), Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica De la Fuente
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology (Physiology Unit), School of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, José Antonio Nováis 12, 28040, Madrid, Spain. .,Institute of Investigation of Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041, Madrid, Spain.
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Gálvez I, Martín-Cordero L, Hinchado MD, Ortega E. β2 Adrenergic Regulation of the Phagocytic and Microbicide Capacity of Circulating Monocytes: Influence of Obesity and Exercise. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051438. [PMID: 32429330 PMCID: PMC7284544 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Obese individuals present anomalous immune/inflammatory responses with dysregulations in neuroendocrine responses and immune/stress feedback mechanisms. In this context, exercise and β2 adrenergic activation present monocyte-mediated anti-inflammatory effects that are modulated by obesity. However, these anti-inflammatory effects could immunocompromise the monocyte-mediated innate response against a pathogen challenge. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of obesity, and exercise in this condition, on the β2 adrenergic regulation of the phagocytic and microbicide capacity of circulating monocytes. C57BL/6J mice were allocated to different sedentary or exercised, lean or obese groups. Obese mice showed a lower monocyte-mediated innate response than that of lean mice. Globally, selective β2 adrenergic receptor agonist terbutaline decreased the innate response of monocytes from lean and obese sedentary animals, whereas exercise stimulated it. Exercise modulates β2 adrenergic regulation of the innate response in lean and obese animals, with a global stimulatory or neutral effect, thus abolishing the inhibitory effect of terbutaline occurring in sedentary animals. These effects cannot be explained only by changes in the surface expression of toll-like receptors. Therefore, in general, terbutaline does not hinder the effects of regular exercise, but regular exercise does abolish the effects of terbutaline in sedentary individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Gálvez
- Grupo de Investigación en Inmunofisiología, Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain;
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 06071 Badajoz, Spain; (L.M.-C.); (M.D.H.)
| | - Leticia Martín-Cordero
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 06071 Badajoz, Spain; (L.M.-C.); (M.D.H.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Inmunofisiología, Departamento de Enfermería, Centro Universitario de Plasencia, Universidad de Extremadura, 10600 Plasencia, Spain
| | - María Dolores Hinchado
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 06071 Badajoz, Spain; (L.M.-C.); (M.D.H.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Inmunofisiología, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Eduardo Ortega
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 06071 Badajoz, Spain; (L.M.-C.); (M.D.H.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Inmunofisiología, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-924-289-300
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De Angelis E, Pecoraro M, Rusciano MR, Ciccarelli M, Popolo A. Cross-Talk between Neurohormonal Pathways and the Immune System in Heart Failure: A Review of the Literature. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071698. [PMID: 30959745 PMCID: PMC6480265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure is a complex clinical syndrome involving a multitude of neurohormonal pathways including the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, sympathetic nervous system, and natriuretic peptides system. It is now emerging that neurohumoral mechanisms activated during heart failure, with both preserved and reduced ejection fraction, modulate cells of the immune system. Indeed, these cells express angiotensin I receptors, adrenoceptors, and natriuretic peptides receptors. Ang II modulates macrophage polarization, promoting M2 macrophages phenotype, and this stimulation can influence lymphocytes Th1/Th2 balance. β-AR activation in monocytes is responsible for inhibition of free oxygen radicals production, and together with α2-AR can modulate TNF-α receptor expression and TNF-α release. In dendritic cells, activation of β2-AR inhibits IL-12 production, resulting in the inhibition of Th1 and promotion of Th2 differentiation. ANP induces the activation of secretion of superoxide anion in polymorphonucleated cells; reduces TNF-α and nitric oxide secretion in macrophages; and attenuates the exacerbated TH1 responses. BNP in macrophages can stimulate ROS production, up-regulates IL-10, and inhibits IL-12 and TNF-α release by dendritic cells, suggesting an anti-inflammatory cytokines profile induction. Therefore, different neurohormonal-immune cross-talks can determine the phenotype of cardiac remodeling, promoting either favorable or maladaptive responses. This review aims to summarize the available knowledge on neurohormonal modulation of immune responses, providing supportive rational background for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena De Angelis
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Odontology, University of Salerno, via S.Allende 1, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy.
| | - Michela Pecoraro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
| | - Maria Rosaria Rusciano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Odontology, University of Salerno, via S.Allende 1, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy.
- Casa di Cura Montevergine, 83013 Mercogliano (AV), Italy.
| | - Michele Ciccarelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Odontology, University of Salerno, via S.Allende 1, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy.
| | - Ada Popolo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
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Premature aging in behavior and immune functions in tyrosine hydroxylase haploinsufficient female mice. A longitudinal study. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 69:440-455. [PMID: 29341892 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by impairment in the nervous, immune, and endocrine systems as well as in neuroimmunoendocrine communication. In this context, there is an age-related alteration of the physiological response to acute stress, which is modulated by catecholamine (CA), final products of the sympathetic-adreno-medullary axis. The involvement of CA in essential functions of the nervous system is consistent with the neuropsychological deficits found in mice with haploinsufficiency (hemizygous; HZ) of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) enzyme (TH-HZ). However, other possible alterations in regulatory systems have not been studied in these animals. The aim of the present work was to analyze whether adult TH-HZ female mice presented the impairment of behavioral traits and immunological responses that occurs with aging and whether they had affected their mean lifespan. ICR-CD1 female TH-HZ and wild type (WT) mice were used in a longitudinal study. Behavioral tests were performed on adult and old mice in order to evaluate their sensorimotor abilities and exploratory capacity, as well as anxiety-like behaviors. At the ages of 2 ± 1, 4 ± 1, 9 ± 1, 13 ± 1 and 20 ± 1 months, peritoneal leukocytes were extracted and several immune functions were assessed (phagocytic capacity, Natural Killer (NK) cytotoxicity, and lymphoproliferative response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and concanavalin A (ConA)). In addition, several oxidative stress parameters (catalase, glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase activities, and reduced glutathione (GSH) concentrations as antioxidant compounds as well as xanthine oxidase activity, oxidized glutathione (GSSG) concentrations, and GSSG/GSH ratio as oxidants) were analyzed. As inflammatory stress parameters TNF-alpha and IL-10 concentrations, and TNF-alpha/IL-10 ratios as inflammatory/anti-inflammatory markers, were measured. Animals were maintained in standard conditions until their natural death. The results indicate that adult TH-HZ mice presented worse sensorimotor abilities and exploratory capacity than their WT littermates as well as greater anxiety-like behaviors. With regards to the immune system, adult TH-HZ animals exhibited lower values of phagocytic capacity, NK cytotoxicity, and lymphoproliferative response to LPS and ConA than WT mice. Moreover, immune cells of TH-HZ mice showed higher oxidative and inflammatory stress than those of WT animals. Although these differences between TH-HZ and WT, in general, decreased with aging, this premature immunosenescence and impairment of behavior of TH-HZ mice was accompanied by a shorter mean lifespan in comparison to WT counterparts. In conclusion, haploinsufficiency of th gene in female mice appears to provoke premature aging of the regulatory systems affecting mean lifespan.
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Intermediate CD14++CD16+ monocytes decline after transcatheter aortic valve replacement and correlate with functional capacity and left ventricular systolic function. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183670. [PMID: 28829829 PMCID: PMC5568735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is the method of choice for patients with severe aortic valve stenosis, who are ineligible or at high risk for surgery. Though TAVR leads to a significant reduction in mortality, a notable amount of patients are re-hospitalized early after TAVR. Parameters or biomarkers predicting outcome are therefore needed to identify patients who benefit most. Specific monocyte subsets have been associated with cardiovascular diseases and were shown to possess prognostic value. Methods Peripheral blood was drawn before and after transfemoral TAVR with the self-expanding CoreValve, Boston Lotus or the balloon-expanding Edwards Sapien prosthesis. Classical (CD14++CD16−), intermediate (CD14++CD16+) and non-classical (CD14+CD16++) monocyte subsets were determined by flow cytometry. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed before, early after as well as 3 months after the TAVR procedure. Results No significant differences in the absolute monocyte counts were found after TAVR. A significant decline in the intermediate monocyte population was though observed early after TAVR (pre 4.01±0.38%, post 2.803±0.34%, p≤0.05). Creatinine levels stayed stable after TAVR procedure and intermediate monocytes were associated with worse renal function. Monocyte decline was not related to changes in CRP-, noradrenaline, cortisol or aldosterone-levels. The amount of intermediate monocytes correlated with worse cardiac function and predicted the possibility to reach an improvement in NYHA functional class at 3 months after TAVR. Conclusions A significant decline of intermediate monocytes occurs shortly after TAVR. High levels of intermediate monocytes were associated with worse cardiac function and predicted poor functional capacity, hinting at a possible prognostic value.
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Scanzano A, Cosentino M. Adrenergic regulation of innate immunity: a review. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:171. [PMID: 26321956 PMCID: PMC4534859 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system has a major role in the brain-immune cross-talk, but few information exist on the sympathoadrenergic regulation of innate immune system. The aim of this review is to summarize available knowledge regarding the sympathetic modulation of the innate immune response, providing a rational background for the possible repurposing of adrenergic drugs as immunomodulating agents. The cells of immune system express adrenoceptors (AR), which represent the target for noradrenaline and adrenaline. In human neutrophils, adrenaline and noradrenaline inhibit migration, CD11b/CD18 expression, and oxidative metabolism, possibly through β-AR, although the role of α1- and α2-AR requires further investigation. Natural Killer express β-AR, which are usually inhibitory. Monocytes express β-AR and their activation is usually antiinflammatory. On murine Dentritic cells (DC), β-AR mediate sympathetic influence on DC-T cells interactions. In human DC β2-AR may affect Th1/2 differentiation of CD4+ T cells. In microglia and in astrocytes, β2-AR dysregulation may contribute to neuroinflammation in autoimmune and neurodegenerative disease. In conclusion, extensive evidence supports a critical role for adrenergic mechanisms in the regulation of innate immunity, in peripheral tissues as well as in the CNS. Sympathoadrenergic pathways in the innate immune system may represent novel antiinflammatory and immunomodulating targets with significant therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Scanzano
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria Varese, Italy
| | - Marco Cosentino
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria Varese, Italy
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Marino F, Cosentino M. Adrenergic modulation of immune cells: an update. Amino Acids 2011; 45:55-71. [PMID: 22160285 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1186-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sympathoadrenergic pathways are crucial to the communication between the nervous system and the immune system. The present review addresses emerging issues in the adrenergic modulation of immune cells, including: the specific pattern of adrenoceptor expression on immune cells and their role and changes upon cell differentiation and activation; the production and utilization of noradrenaline and adrenaline by immune cells themselves; the dysregulation of adrenergic immune mechanisms in disease and their potential as novel therapeutic targets. A wide array of sympathoadrenergic therapeutics is currently used for non-immune indications, and could represent an attractive source of non-conventional immunomodulating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Marino
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Section of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Via Ottorino Rossi n. 9, 21100 Varese, VA, Italy
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Faoro V, Fink B, Taudorf S, Dehnert C, Berger MM, Swenson ER, Bailey DM, Bärtsch P, Mairbäurl H. Acute in vitro hypoxia and high-altitude (4,559 m) exposure decreases leukocyte oxygen consumption. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 300:R32-9. [PMID: 20962205 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00413.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia impairs metabolic functions by decreasing activity and expression of ATP-consuming processes. To separate hypoxia from systemic effects, we tested whether hypoxia at high altitude affects basal and PMA-stimulated leukocyte metabolism and how this compares to acute (15 min) and 24 h of in vitro hypoxia. Leukocytes were prepared at low altitude and ∼24 h after arrival at 4559 m. Mitochondrial oxygen consumption (JO₂) was measured by respirometry, oxygen radicals by electron spin resonance spectroscopy, both at a Po₂ = 100 mmHg (JO₂,₁₀₀) and 20 mmHg (JO₂,₂₀). Acute hypoxia of leukocytes decreased JO₂ at low altitude. Exposure to high altitude decreased JO₂,₁₀₀, whereas JO₂,₂₀ was not affected. Acute hypoxia of low-altitude samples decreased the activity of complexes I, II, and III. At high altitude, activity of complexes I and III were decreased when measured in normoxia. Stimulation of leukocytes with PMA increased JO₂,₁₀₀ at low (twofold) and high altitude (five-fold). At both locations, PMA-stimulated JO₂ was decreased by acute hypoxia. Basal and PMA-stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were unchanged at high altitude. Separate in vitro experiments performed at low altitude show that ∼75% of PMA-induced increase in JO₂ was due to increased extra-mitochondrial JO₂ (JO₂(,res); in the presence of rotenone and antimycin A). JO₂(,res) was doubled by PMA. Acute hypoxia decreased basal JO₂(,res) by ∼70% and PMA-stimulated JO₂(,res) by about 50% in cells cultured in normoxia and hypoxia (1.5% O₂; 24 h). Conversely, 24 h in vitro hypoxia decreased mitochondrial JO₂,₁₀₀ and JO₂,₂₀, extra-mitochondrial, basal, and PMA-stimulated JO₂ were not affected. These results show that 24 h of high altitude but not 24 h in vitro hypoxia decreased basal leukocyte metabolism, whereas PMA-induced JO₂ and ROS formation were not affected, indicating that prolonged high-altitude hypoxia impairs mitochondrial metabolism but does not impair respiratory burst. In contrast, acute hypoxia impairs respiratory burst at either altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitalie Faoro
- Medical Clinic VII, Univ. Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
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Norepinephrine-mediated suppression of phagocytosis by wound neutrophils. J Surg Res 2008; 152:311-8. [PMID: 18952237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Revised: 03/24/2008] [Accepted: 05/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The systemic response to injury is characterized by massive release of norepinephrine (NE) into the circulation as a result of global sympathetic activation. Multiple authors have demonstrated NE-mediated alterations in migration of circulating neutrophils to wounds. We hypothesized that NE further alters wound neutrophil phagocytic function through adrenergic signaling pathways. METHODS A standard subcutaneous sponge wound model was used. Murine wound neutrophils were harvested at 24 and 120 h after injury and treated with physiological (10(-9) M) and pharmacologic (10(-6) M) doses of NE. Phagocytosis of green fluorescent protein-labeled Escherichia coli was assayed by flow cytometry. The signaling pathways mediating NE modulation of phagocytosis by wound neutrophils were defined by pharmacologic manipulation of alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptors and protein kinase A. RESULTS Pharmacologic-dose NE, but not-physiological-dose NE, suppressed the phagocytic efficiency of 120-h wound neutrophils. This alteration in phagocytic efficiency appears to be mediated through alpha- and beta- adrenoreceptors and downstream protein kinase A. Phagocytosis by 24-h wound neutrophils was not impacted by NE treatment. CONCLUSIONS The present study is the first to demonstrate NE-mediated alterations in the process of phagocytosis by wound neutrophils. We conclude that NE plays a temporally and dose-defined immunomodulatory role in cutaneous wound healing through alterations in phagocytosis by wound neutrophils and may represent a target for therapeutic manipulation of the innate immune response.
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Bellinger DL, Millar BA, Perez S, Carter J, Wood C, ThyagaRajan S, Molinaro C, Lubahn C, Lorton D. Sympathetic modulation of immunity: relevance to disease. Cell Immunol 2008; 252:27-56. [PMID: 18308299 PMCID: PMC3551630 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2007.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Accepted: 09/01/2007] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Optimal host defense against pathogens requires cross-talk between the nervous and immune systems. This paper reviews sympathetic-immune interaction, one major communication pathway, and its importance for health and disease. Sympathetic innervation of primary and secondary immune organs is described, as well as evidence for neurotransmission with cells of the immune system as targets. Most research thus far has focused on neural-immune modulation in secondary lymphoid organs, has revealed complex sympathetic modulation resulting in both potentiation and inhibition of immune functions. SNS-immune interaction may enhance immune readiness during disease- or injury-induced 'fight' responses. Research also indicate that dysregulation of the SNS can significantly affect the progression of immune-mediated diseases. However, a better understanding of neural-immune interactions is needed to develop strategies for treatment of immune-mediated diseases that are designed to return homeostasis and restore normal functioning neural-immune networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise L Bellinger
- Department of Pathology & Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11021 Campus Street, Alumni Hall 325, Loma Linda, CA 92352, USA.
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Bellinger DL, Millar BA, Perez S, Carter J, Wood C, ThyagaRajan S, Molinaro C, Lubahn C, Lorton D. Innervation of lymphoid organs: Clinical implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cnr.2006.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Gu Y, Seidel A. Influence of salbutamol and isoproterenol on the production of TNF and reactive oxygen species by bovine alveolar macrophages and calcitriol differentiated HL-60 cells. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 1996; 18:115-28. [PMID: 8683033 DOI: 10.3109/08923979609007114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The influence of the beta-adrenergic agonists Salbutamol and Isoproterenol on the release of reactive oxygen species and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) was tested with bovine alveolar macrophages and HL-60 cells differentiated to macrophages by calcitriol. The production of reactive oxygen species was analyzed by a microplate assay using dichlorofluorescein-diacetate. It could be shown that this method almost exclusively measures superoxide anions. TNF was determined by a bioassay with WEHI cells. The superoxide anion production was stimulated by Zymosan, the TNF release by LPS. By incubation with 5 x 10(-6) and 5 x 10(-7) M Salbutamol or 5 x 10(-7) and 5 x 10(-8) M Isoproterenol prior to the stimulation, the production of superoxide anions as well as of TNF was inhibited to a significant degree. The inhibitory effects of the adrenergic agonists were completely or at least partially inhibited by the respective antagonists, ICI 118.551 and Propranolol, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Gu
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Technik und Umwelt, Institut für Toxikologie, Germany
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Kopprasch S, Graessler J, Seibt R, Naumann HJ, Wiedemann B. Laboratory stress in normotensives, borderline hypertensives and essential hypertensives is associated with priming of phagocytic cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1700(199601)12:1<9::aid-smi672>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Ramage L, Blair AL, Cree IA, Dhillon DP. Effect of salmeterol on polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) chemiluminescence in vitro. JOURNAL OF BIOLUMINESCENCE AND CHEMILUMINESCENCE 1993; 8:247-52. [PMID: 7901968 DOI: 10.1002/bio.1170080504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Although beta-agonists remain an important aspect of the treatment of asthma, their role has recently been questioned. Salmeterol has recently been developed as a beta-agonist with prolonged bronchodilator action. Using lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence, we have shown that salmeterol inhibits this aspect of phagocyte function in vitro in a concentration-dependent manner. However, salmeterol differs from classical beta 2-agonists in that at concentrations between 10(-5) and 10(-3) mol/L, its effects on phagocytes cannot be completely reversed by washing the cells or by propranolol. The effects on phagocytes may not therefore be explicable on the basis of beta-adrenergic mechanisms alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ramage
- Department of Pathology, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Scotland
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Ogunbiyi PO, Conlon PD, Black WD, Eyre P. Levamisole-induced attenuation of alveolar macrophage dysfunction in respiratory virus-infected calves. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1988; 10:377-85. [PMID: 2844684 DOI: 10.1016/0192-0561(88)90124-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A luminol-amplified chemiluminescence (CL) assay was used to evaluate the effect of levamisole on the metabolic activity of pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM) from parainfluenza-3 (PI-3) and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus-infected calves. Using selective beta-adrenergic agonists and antagonists, beta 1-adrenoceptors were shown to inhibit the PAM reactive oxygen species-dependent CL response. Beta 2 adrenoceptors were apparently not important in the regulation of CL in PAM of control calves. Infection of calves with IBR virus significantly impaired beta 1-receptor function. PI-3 virus infection, in addition to disrupting beta 1-receptors, also unmasked PAM beta 2-receptor activity. Treatment of calves with levamisole, 3 mg/kg, sub-cutaneously, partially reversed the virus-induced impairment of PAM beta 1-receptor function without influencing beta 2-receptor activity. In conclusion, beta-adrenoceptors regulate bovine PAM CL response. Pulmonary viruses impair PAM beta 1-receptor function, an action which can disrupt pulmonary homeostasis. Levamisole partially restores beta-receptor effects on PAM, and may therefore be useful in the management of virus-associated bacterial pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- P O Ogunbiyi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Pontz BF, Zepp F, Stöss H. Biochemical, morphological and immunological findings in a patient with a cutis laxa-associated inborn disorder (De Barsy syndrome). Eur J Pediatr 1986; 145:428-34. [PMID: 3491758 DOI: 10.1007/bf00439254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Clinical symptoms of a male infant are described and compared with cases now classified as the De Barsy syndrome, a distinct disorder related to cutis laxa. Morphologically, elastic fibres in skin were frayed and reduced in number and density. The collagen fibril network was normal. Biochemical studies on collagen metabolism in a skin specimen and in cultured skin fibroblasts showed a normal amino acid content and a normal electrophoretic pattern of collagen constituents. The chemotactic migration of cultured fibroblasts was diminished when compared with fibroblasts from donors of different age groups. Immunological investigations revealed an imparied granulocyte function.
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Mack JA, Nielson CP, Stevens DL, Vestal RE. Beta-adrenoceptor-mediated modulation of calcium ionophore activated polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Br J Pharmacol 1986; 88:417-23. [PMID: 2873859 PMCID: PMC1916820 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1986.tb10219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Beta-adrenoceptor-mediated modulation of calcium-mediated stimulus-response coupling was studied using calcium ionophore (A23187) activation of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNL). Oxygen metabolite generation was measured with luminol- and lucigenin-dependent chemiluminescence in both whole blood and isolated PMNL. Isoprenaline reduced PMNL response by 53% in a dose-dependent fashion. The effect was saturable, stereoselective, antagonized by propranolol and significant at isoprenaline concentrations as low as 0.01 nM. Fifty % maximal response was induced by 0.26 nM, 3 nM, and 125 nM isoprenaline, adrenaline and noradrenaline respectively. Because the effects of beta-adrenoceptor agonists in PMNL have not consistently correlated with measurements of cyclic AMP, alternative means of increasing cyclic AMP were studied. Forskolin and dibutyryl cyclic AMP inhibited PMNL with significant effects at 1.0 microM and 10 microM respectively. The effects of beta-adrenoceptor agonists were much greater when PMNL were activated by calcium ionophore compared with opsonized zymosan. Isoprenaline had no effect upon 1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol activated PMNL. Because catecholamine modulation of oxygen metabolite generation can be characterized pharmacologically, PMNL activation by calcium ionophore is an excellent model for study of beta-adrenoceptor function in viable human cells. In contrast to previously described beta-adrenoceptor agonist modulation of PMNL function, inhibition of calcium-mediated activation is significant at physiological concentrations. The clinical consequences of such catecholamine effects are dependent upon the mechanism of PMNL activation in a specific circumstance.
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Schopf RE, Straussfeld E. Stimulus-dependent increased generation of oxygen intermediates in monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes in psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 1985; 84:73-6. [PMID: 3965581 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12274844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Based on recent findings indicating increased respiratory burst activity of monocytes (M phi) and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) in psoriasis upon stimulation with zymosan particles, we examined the question of whether incubation with various stimuli always results in augmented oxidative metabolism in psoriatic phagocytes. We compared M phi and PMN isolated from the peripheral blood of 12 patients with psoriasis and 12 control individuals. We measured the generation of oxygen intermediates of resting and stimulated M phi and PMN by luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence. The stimulants applied were: (1) aggregated immunoglobulin (aggIg), (2) zymosan, (3) zymosan opsonized with autologous serum, (4) phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), and (5) concanavalin A (ConA). We found no difference between patients and controls in the generation of oxygen intermediates by resting M phi and PMN. Stimulation by aggIg and zymosan yielded an increased chemiluminescent response in psoriatic M phi and PMN. Serum-treated zymosan effected increased light generation in M phi but not in PMN of patients. By contrast, PMA, and in particular ConA, brought about markedly increased generation of oxygen intermediates in PMN only of patients with psoriasis. Our results indicate control of the increased generation of oxygen intermediates of M phi and PMN by different stimuli. The metabolic events underlying the augmented phagocytic response may be similar to abnormalities found in involved psoriatic skin.
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Schopf RE, Hanauske-Abel HM, Tschank G, Schulte-Wissermann H, Günzler V. Effects of hydrazyl group containing drugs on leucocyte functions: an immunoregulatory model for the hydralazine-induced lupus-like syndrome. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1985; 7:385-401. [PMID: 2868061 DOI: 10.3109/08923978509026483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Isoniazid (INH) and hydralazine (HYD) are transglutaminase (TGase, E.C.2.3.2.13.) substrates containing catalytically recruitable hydrazyl groups. Since they can be expected to inhibit TGase-mediated cell functions by competing with physiological substrates, their effect upon allogeneically and lectin-induced proliferation of mononucleocytes and upon zymosan-induced chemiluminescence of phagocytes was studied. Both compounds inhibited chemiluminescence in a dose-dependent manner. ID50 of HYD was consistently below 20 microM, while that of INH was above 120 microM. Proliferation of immunocompetent cells was suppressed by HYD with an ID50 of 60 microM, INH was inhibitory only above 5000 microM. Analogs of both compounds not containing hydrazyl groups proved to be inactive. Control experiments indicated that inhibition is not due to toxicity or lipophilicity of the compounds, structural analogs lacking a hydrazyl moiety were inactive. It is suggested that, in vivo, HYD interferes with signal-induced TGase-dependent leucocyte functions essential for immunologic stability, and that the resultant dysregulation with disruption of self tolerance contributes to the HYD promoted lupus-like syndrome.
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