1
|
Fang K, Guo X, Tang Y, Wang W, Wang Z, Dai Z. High-Frequency Local Field Potential Oscillations for Pigeons in Effective Turning. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:509. [PMID: 38338152 PMCID: PMC10854807 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Flexible turning behavior endows Homing Pigeons (Columba livia domestica) with high adaptability and intelligence in long-distance flight, foraging, hazard avoidance, and social interactions. The present study recorded the activity pattern of their local field potential (LFP) oscillations and explored the relationship between different bands of oscillations and turning behaviors in the formatio reticularis medialis mesencephali (FRM). The results showed that the C (13-60 Hz) and D (61-130 Hz) bands derived from FRM nuclei oscillated significantly in active turning, while the D and E (131-200 Hz) bands oscillated significantly in passive turning. Additionally, compared with lower-frequency stimulation (40 Hz and 60 Hz), 80 Hz stimulation can effectively activate the turning function of FRM nuclei. Electrical stimulation elicited stronger oscillations of neural activity, which strengthened the pigeons' turning locomotion willingness, showing an enhanced neural activation effect. These findings suggest that different band oscillations play different roles in the turning behavior; in particular, higher-frequency oscillations (D and E bands) enhance the turning behavior. These findings will help us decode the complex relationship between bird brains and behaviors and are expected to facilitate the development of neuromodulation techniques for animal robotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Fang
- Institute of Bio-Inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210001, China; (K.F.); (X.G.); (Y.T.); (W.W.)
| | - Xiaofei Guo
- Institute of Bio-Inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210001, China; (K.F.); (X.G.); (Y.T.); (W.W.)
| | - Yezhong Tang
- Institute of Bio-Inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210001, China; (K.F.); (X.G.); (Y.T.); (W.W.)
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9 Section 4, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Institute of Bio-Inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210001, China; (K.F.); (X.G.); (Y.T.); (W.W.)
| | - Zhouyi Wang
- Institute of Bio-Inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210001, China; (K.F.); (X.G.); (Y.T.); (W.W.)
| | - Zhendong Dai
- Institute of Bio-Inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210001, China; (K.F.); (X.G.); (Y.T.); (W.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang Z, Lin Q, Peng YB. Multi-region local field potential signatures and brain coherence alternations in response to nitroglycerin-induced migraine attacks. Headache 2023; 63:523-538. [PMID: 37036141 DOI: 10.1111/head.14506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To decipher the underlying mechanisms of nitroglycerin (NTG)-induced migraine electrophysiologically. BACKGROUND Migraine is a recurrent primary headache disorder with moderate to severe disability; however, the pathophysiology is not fully understood. Consequently, safe and effective therapies to alleviate migraine headaches are limited. Local field potential (LFP) recording, as a neurophysiological tool, has been widely utilized to investigate combined neuronal activity. METHODS We recorded LFP changes simultaneously from the anterior cingulate cortex, posterior nucleus of the thalamus, trigeminal ganglion, and primary visual cortex after NTG injection in both anesthetized and freely moving rats. Additionally, brain coherence was processed, and light-aversive behavior measurements were implemented. RESULTS Significant elevations of LFP powers with various response patterns for the delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma bands following NTG injection were detected in both anesthetized and freely moving rats; however, a surge of coherence alternations was exclusively observed in freely moving rats after NTG injection. CONCLUSION The multi-region LFP signatures and brain coherence alternations in response to NTG-induced migraine attacks were determined. Furthermore, the results of behavior measurements in the freely moving group indicated that NTG induced the phenomenon of photophobia in our study. All these findings offer novel insights into the interpretation of migraine mechanisms and related treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Qing Lin
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Yuan B Peng
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang J, Liu Y, Fan Y, Shen D, Shen J, Fang G. High-Frequency Local Field Potential Oscillations May Modulate Aggressive Behaviors in Mice. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:1682. [PMID: 36421396 PMCID: PMC9687601 DOI: 10.3390/biology11111682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Aggressive behavior is one of congenital social behaviors in many species, which could be promoted by social neglect or isolation in the early stages of life. Many brain regions including the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), medial amygdala (MeA) and ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) are demonstrated to relate to aggressive behavior; however, the dynamic patterns of neural activities during the occurrence of this behavior remain unclear. In this study, 21-day-old male CD-1 mice were reared in social isolation conditions and cohousing conditions for two weeks. Aggressive behaviors of each subject were estimated by the resident-intruder test. Simultaneously, the local field potentials of mPFC, MeA and VMH were recorded for exploring differences in the relative power spectra of different oscillations when aggressive behaviors occurred. The results showed that the following: (1) Compared with the cohousing mice, the socially isolated mice exhibited more aggression. (2) Regardless of "time condition" (pre-, during- and post- attack), the relative power spectra of beta band in the cohousing mice were significantly greater than those in the socially isolated mice, and inversely, the relative power spectra of gamma band in the cohousing mice were significantly smaller than those in the socially isolated mice. (3) The bilateral mPFC exhibited significantly smaller beta power spectra but greater gamma power spectra compared with other brain areas regardless of rearing patterns. (4) For the right VMH of the socially isolated mice, the relative power spectra of the gamma band during attacks were significantly greater than those before attack. These results suggest that aggressive behaviors in mice could be shaped by rearing patterns and that high-frequency oscillations (beta and gamma bands) may engage in mediating aggressive behaviors in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.9 Section 4, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yansu Liu
- Sichuan Nursing Vocational College, No. 173 Longdu Nan Road, Chengdu 610100, China
| | - Yanzhu Fan
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.9 Section 4, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Di Shen
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.9 Section 4, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jiangyan Shen
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.9 Section 4, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guangzhan Fang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.9 Section 4, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, No. 1 Shi Da Road, Nanchong 637009, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Won D, Kim J, Choi J, Kim H, Han S, Ha I, Bang J, Kim KK, Lee Y, Kim TS, Park JH, Kim CY, Ko SH. Digital selective transformation and patterning of highly conductive hydrogel bioelectronics by laser-induced phase separation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo3209. [PMID: 35675404 PMCID: PMC9177068 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo3209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The patterning of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) hydrogels with excellent electrical property and spatial resolution is a challenge for bioelectronic applications. However, most PEDOT:PSS hydrogels are fabricated by conventional manufacturing processes such as photolithography, inkjet printing, and screen printing with complex fabrication steps or low spatial resolution. Moreover, the additives used for fabricating PEDOT:PSS hydrogels are mostly cytotoxic, thus requiring days of detoxification. Here, we developed a previously unexplored ultrafast and biocompatible digital patterning process for PEDOT:PSS hydrogel via phase separation induced by a laser. We enhanced the electrical properties and aqueous stability of PEDOT:PSS by selective laser scanning, which allowed the transformation of PEDOT:PSS into water-stable hydrogels. PEDOT:PSS hydrogels showed high electrical conductivity of 670 S/cm with 6-μm resolution in water. Furthermore, electrochemical properties were maintained even after 6 months in a physiological environment. We further demonstrated stable neural signal recording and stimulation with hydrogel electrodes fabricated by laser.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daeyeon Won
- Soft Robotics Research Center, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kim
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonhwa Choi
- Soft Robotics Research Center, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - HyeongJun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonggeun Han
- Soft Robotics Research Center, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Inho Ha
- Soft Robotics Research Center, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhyuk Bang
- Soft Robotics Research Center, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyun Kyu Kim
- Soft Robotics Research Center, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngseok Lee
- Soft Robotics Research Center, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Soo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hak Park
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - C-Yoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. (S.H.K.); (C.-Y.K.)
| | - Seung Hwan Ko
- Soft Robotics Research Center, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Advanced Machines and Design/Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. (S.H.K.); (C.-Y.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ravagli E, Mastitskaya S, Thompson N, Welle EJ, Chestek CA, Aristovich K, Holder D. Fascicle localisation within peripheral nerves through evoked activity recordings: A comparison between electrical impedance tomography and multi-electrode arrays. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 358:109140. [PMID: 33774053 PMCID: PMC8249910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lack of understanding of fascicular organisation in peripheral nerves limits the potential of vagus nerve stimulation therapy. Two promising methods may be employed to identify the functional anatomy of fascicles within the nerve: fast neural electrical impedance tomography (EIT), and penetrating multi-electrode arrays (MEA). These could provide a means to image the compound action potential within fascicles in the nerve. NEW METHOD We compared the ability to localise fascicle activity between silicon shanks (SS) and carbon fibre (CF) multi-electrode arrays and fast neural EIT, with micro-computed tomography (MicroCT) as an independent reference. Fast neural EIT in peripheral nerves was only recently developed and MEA technology has been used only sparingly in nerves and not for source localisation. Assessment was performed in rat sciatic nerves while evoking neural activity in the tibial and peroneal fascicles. RESULTS Recorded compound action potentials were larger with CF compared to SS (∼700 μV vs ∼300 μV); however, background noise was greater (6.3 μV vs 1.7 μV) leading to lower SNR. Maximum spatial discrimination between Centres-of-Mass of fascicular activity was achieved by fast neural EIT (402 ± 30 μm) and CF MEA (414 ± 123 μm), with no statistical difference between MicroCT (625 ± 17 μm) and CF (p > 0.05) and between CF and EIT (p > 0.05). Compared to CF MEAs, SS MEAs had a lower discrimination power (103 ± 51 μm, p < 0.05). COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS EIT and CF MEAs showed localisation power closest to MicroCT. Silicon MEAs adopted in this study failed to discriminate fascicle location. Re-design of probe geometry may improve results. CONCLUSIONS Nerve EIT is an accurate tool for assessment of fascicular position within nerves. Accuracy of EIT and CF MEA is similar to the reference method. We give technical recommendations for performing multi-electrode recordings in nerves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Ravagli
- Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, UK.
| | | | - Nicole Thompson
- Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, UK
| | - Elissa J Welle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Cynthia A Chestek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kirill Aristovich
- Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, UK
| | - David Holder
- Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Flouty O, Yamamoto K, Green A, Aziz T. Commentary: Operative Technique and Lessons Learned From Surgical Implantation of the NeuroPace Responsive Neurostimulation® System in 57 Consecutive Patients. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown) 2021; 20:E110-E111. [PMID: 33294928 DOI: 10.1093/ons/opaa349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Flouty
- Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kazuaki Yamamoto
- Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Neurosurgery, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura, Japan
| | - Alexander Green
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tipu Aziz
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gabrieli D, Schumm SN, Vigilante NF, Parvesse B, Meaney DF. Neurodegeneration exposes firing rate dependent effects on oscillation dynamics in computational neural networks. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234749. [PMID: 32966291 PMCID: PMC7510994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can lead to neurodegeneration in the injured circuitry, either through primary structural damage to the neuron or secondary effects that disrupt key cellular processes. Moreover, traumatic injuries can preferentially impact subpopulations of neurons, but the functional network effects of these targeted degeneration profiles remain unclear. Although isolating the consequences of complex injury dynamics and long-term recovery of the circuit can be difficult to control experimentally, computational networks can be a powerful tool to analyze the consequences of injury. Here, we use the Izhikevich spiking neuron model to create networks representative of cortical tissue. After an initial settling period with spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP), networks developed rhythmic oscillations similar to those seen in vivo. As neurons were sequentially removed from the network, population activity rate and oscillation dynamics were significantly reduced. In a successive period of network restructuring with STDP, network activity levels returned to baseline for some injury levels and oscillation dynamics significantly improved. We next explored the role that specific neurons have in the creation and termination of oscillation dynamics. We determined that oscillations initiate from activation of low firing rate neurons with limited structural inputs. To terminate oscillations, high activity excitatory neurons with strong input connectivity activate downstream inhibitory circuitry. Finally, we confirm the excitatory neuron population role through targeted neurodegeneration. These results suggest targeted neurodegeneration can play a key role in the oscillation dynamics after injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Gabrieli
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Samantha N. Schumm
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nicholas F. Vigilante
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Brandon Parvesse
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David F. Meaney
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Saponati M, Garcia-Ojalvo J, Cataldo E, Mazzoni A. Integrate-and-fire network model of activity propagation from thalamus to cortex. Biosystems 2019; 183:103978. [PMID: 31152773 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2019.103978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The thalamus plays a crucial role in modulating the cortical activity underlying sensory and cognitive processes. In particular, recent experimental findings highlighted that the thalamus does not merely act as a binary gate for sensory stimuli, but rather participates to the processing of sensory information. Clarifying such thalamic influence on cortical dynamics is also important as the thalamus is the target of therapies such as DBS for Tourette patients. In this perspective, various computational models have been proposed in the last decades. However, a detailed description of the propagation of thalamic activity to the cortex is missing. Here we present a simple computational model of thalamocortical connectivity accounting for the propagation of activity from the thalamus to the cortex. The model includes both the single-neuron scale and the mesoscopic level of Local Field Potential (LFP) signals. Numerical simulations at both levels reproduce typical thalamocortical dynamics which are consistent with experimental measurements and robust to parameters changes. In particular, our model correctly reproduces locally generated rhythms as spindle oscillations in the thalamus and gamma oscillations in the cortex. Our model paves the way to deeper investigations of the thalamic influence on cortical dynamics, with and without sensory inputs or therapeutic electrical stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Saponati
- The Biorobotics Institute, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera (PI), Italy; Department of Physics, University of Pisa, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Jordi Garcia-Ojalvo
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrico Cataldo
- Department of Physics, University of Pisa, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alberto Mazzoni
- The Biorobotics Institute, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera (PI), Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Affiliation(s)
- Reinoud Maex
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, rue d’Ulm 29, Paris 75005, France. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|