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Suzuki N, Zou Y, Sun H, Eichel K, Shao M, Shih M, Shen K, Chang C. Two intrinsic timing mechanisms set start and end times for dendritic arborization of a nociceptive neuron. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2210053119. [PMID: 36322763 PMCID: PMC9659368 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2210053119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Choreographic dendritic arborization takes place within a defined time frame, but the timing mechanism is currently not known. Here, we report that the precisely timed lin-4-lin-14 regulatory circuit triggers an initial dendritic growth activity, whereas the precisely timed lin-28-let-7-lin-41 regulatory circuit signals a subsequent developmental decline in dendritic growth ability, hence restricting dendritic arborization within a set time frame. Loss-of-function mutations in the lin-4 microRNA gene cause limited dendritic outgrowth, whereas loss-of-function mutations in its direct target, the lin-14 transcription factor gene, cause precocious and excessive outgrowth. In contrast, loss-of-function mutations in the let-7 microRNA gene prevent a developmental decline in dendritic growth ability, whereas loss-of-function mutations in its direct target, the lin-41 tripartite motif protein gene, cause further decline. lin-4 and let-7 regulatory circuits are expressed in the right place at the right time to set start and end times for dendritic arborization. Replacing the lin-4 upstream cis-regulatory sequence at the lin-4 locus with a late-onset let-7 upstream cis-regulatory sequence delays dendrite arborization, whereas replacing the let-7 upstream cis-regulatory sequence at the let-7 locus with an early-onset lin-4 upstream cis-regulatory sequence causes a precocious decline in dendritic growth ability. Our results indicate that the lin-4-lin-14 and the lin-28-let-7-lin-41 regulatory circuits control the timing of dendrite arborization through antagonistic regulation of the DMA-1 receptor level on dendrites. The LIN-14 transcription factor likely directly represses dma-1 gene expression through a transcriptional means, whereas the LIN-41 tripartite motif protein likely indirectly promotes dma-1 gene expression through a posttranscriptional means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Suzuki
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607
| | - Yan Zou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - HaoSheng Sun
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233
| | - Kelsie Eichel
- HHMI, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Meiyu Shao
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Mushaine Shih
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607
| | - Kang Shen
- HHMI, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Chieh Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607
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Zhang H, Cai X, Xiang C, Han Y, Niu Q. miR-29a and the PTEN-GSK3β axis are involved in aluminum-induced damage to primary hippocampal neuronal networks. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 224:112701. [PMID: 34461321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that aluminum (Al) can cause a range of neurotoxic injuries including progressive irreversible synaptic structural damage and synaptic dysfunction, and eventually neuronal deaths. Mechanism of Al-induced electrophysiological and neuronal connectivity changes in neurons may indicate damage to the neuronal network. Here, mouse primary hippocampal neurons were cultured on micro-electrode array (MEA)- and high-content analysis (HCA)-related plates, showing that Al exposure significantly inhibited hippocampal neuronal electrical spike activity and neurite outgrowth characterized by a reduction in neurite branching and a decrease in the average total neurite length in relation to both Al dose and time of incubation. In recent years, miR-29a/ phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) have been found to play pivotal roles in the morphogenesis of neurons, it has been confirmed in vitro and in vivo that the PTEN-Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) axis regulates neurite outgrowth. The present study demonstrated that increases in Al exposure and dose gradually reduce miR-29a expression. Up-regulation of miR-29a in the hippocampal neurons by lentivirus transfection reversed the decrease in electrical spike activity and the reduction in both neurite branching and length induced by Al. Moreover, miR-29a suppressed the expression of PTEN and increased the level of phosphorylated Protein Kinase B (p-AKT) and p-GSK-3β which were inhibited by the Al treatment. This suggests that miR-29a is critically involved in the functional and structural neuronal damage induced by Al and is a potential target for Al neurotoxicity. Moreover, the reduction of neurite length and branching induced by Al exposure was regulated by miR-29a and its target neuronal PTEN-GSK3β signaling pathway, which also represents a possible mechanism of Al-induced the inhibition of the electrical activity. Collectively, Al-induced damage to the neuronal network occurred through miR-29a-mediated alterations of the PTEN-GSK3β signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, China; Key Lab of Environmental Hazard and Health of Shanxi Province, Shanxi Medical University, China.
| | - Xiaoya Cai
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, China; Key Lab of Environmental Hazard and Health of Shanxi Province, Shanxi Medical University, China
| | - Changxin Xiang
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, China; Key Lab of Environmental Hazard and Health of Shanxi Province, Shanxi Medical University, China
| | - Yingchao Han
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, China; Key Lab of Environmental Hazard and Health of Shanxi Province, Shanxi Medical University, China
| | - Qiao Niu
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, China; Key Lab of Environmental Hazard and Health of Shanxi Province, Shanxi Medical University, China.
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Zhang N, Lin J, Lin VPH, Milbreta U, Chin JS, Chew EGY, Lian MM, Foo JN, Zhang K, Wu W, Chew SY. A 3D Fiber-Hydrogel Based Non-Viral Gene Delivery Platform Reveals that microRNAs Promote Axon Regeneration and Enhance Functional Recovery Following Spinal Cord Injury. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100805. [PMID: 34050637 PMCID: PMC8336488 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Current treatment approaches toward spinal cord injuries (SCI) have mainly focused on overcoming the inhibitory microenvironment that surrounds lesion sites. Unfortunately, the mere modulation of the cell/tissue microenvironment is often insufficient to achieve desired functional recovery. Therefore, stimulating the intrinsic growth ability of injured neurons becomes crucial. MicroRNAs (miRs) play significant roles during axon regeneration by regulating local protein synthesis at growth cones. However, one challenge of using miRs to treat SCI is the lack of efficient delivery approaches. Here, a 3D fiber-hydrogel scaffold is introduced which can be directly implanted into a spinal cord transected rat. This 3D scaffold consists of aligned electrospun fibers which provide topographical cues to direct axon regeneration, and collagen matrix which enables a sustained delivery of miRs. Correspondingly, treatment with Axon miRs (i.e., a cocktail of miR-132/miR-222/miR-431) significantly enhances axon regeneration. Moreover, administration of Axon miRs along with anti-inflammatory drug, methylprednisolone, synergistically enhances functional recovery. Additionally, this combined treatment also decreases the expression of pro-inflammatory genes and enhance gene expressions related to extracellular matrix deposition. Finally, increased Axon miRs dosage with methylprednisolone, significantly promotes functional recovery and remyelination. Altogether, scaffold-mediated Axon miR treatment with methylprednisolone is a promising therapeutic approach for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University62 Nanyang DriveSingapore637459Singapore
| | - Junquan Lin
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University62 Nanyang DriveSingapore637459Singapore
| | - Vincent Po Hen Lin
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University62 Nanyang DriveSingapore637459Singapore
| | - Ulla Milbreta
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University62 Nanyang DriveSingapore637459Singapore
| | - Jiah Shin Chin
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University62 Nanyang DriveSingapore637459Singapore
- Interdisciplinary Graduate SchoolNanyang Technological University61 Nanyang DriveSingapore637335Singapore
| | - Elaine Guo Yan Chew
- Human GeneticsGenome Institute of Singapore60 Biopolis StreetSingapore138672Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological University59 Nanyang DriveSingapore636921Singapore
| | - Michelle Mulan Lian
- Human GeneticsGenome Institute of Singapore60 Biopolis StreetSingapore138672Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological University59 Nanyang DriveSingapore636921Singapore
| | - Jia Nee Foo
- Human GeneticsGenome Institute of Singapore60 Biopolis StreetSingapore138672Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological University59 Nanyang DriveSingapore636921Singapore
| | - Kunyu Zhang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University62 Nanyang DriveSingapore637459Singapore
| | - Wutian Wu
- Guangdong‐Hongkong‐Macau Institute of CNS RegenerationMinistry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint LaboratoryJinan University601 West Huangpu AvenueGuangzhou510632P. R. China
- Re‐Stem Biotechnology Co., Ltd.1463 Wuzhong AveSuzhou330520P. R. China
| | - Sing Yian Chew
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University62 Nanyang DriveSingapore637459Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological University59 Nanyang DriveSingapore636921Singapore
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Martins M, Galfrè S, Terrigno M, Pandolfini L, Appolloni I, Dunville K, Marranci A, Rizzo M, Mercatanti A, Poliseno L, Morandin F, Pietrosanto M, Helmer-Citterich M, Malatesta P, Vignali R, Cremisi F. A eutherian-specific microRNA controls the translation of Satb2 in a model of cortical differentiation. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:1496-1509. [PMID: 34019815 PMCID: PMC8190598 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cortical development is controlled by key transcription factors that specify the neuronal identities in the different layers. The mechanisms controlling their expression in distinct cells are only partially known. We investigated the expression and stability of Tbr1, Bcl11b, Fezf2, Satb2, and Cux1 mRNAs in single developing mouse cortical cells. We observe that Satb2 mRNA appears much earlier than its protein and in a set of cells broader than expected, suggesting an initial inhibition of its translation, subsequently released during development. Mechanistically, Satb2 3'UTR modulates protein translation of GFP reporters during mouse corticogenesis. We select miR-541, a eutherian-specific miRNA, and miR-92a/b as the best candidates responsible for SATB2 inhibition, being strongly expressed in early and reduced in late progenitor cells. Their inactivation triggers robust and premature SATB2 translation in both mouse and human cortical cells. Our findings indicate RNA interference as a major mechanism in timing cortical cell identities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuella Martins
- Scuola Normale, Pisa, Italy; Istituto di Biofisica CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Galfrè
- Scuola Normale, Pisa, Italy; Dipartimento di Biologia, Università Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Terrigno
- Scuola Normale, Pisa, Italy; Istituto di Biofisica CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Irene Appolloni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy; Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, IRCCS per l'Oncologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Keagan Dunville
- Scuola Normale, Pisa, Italy; Istituto di Biofisica CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Marranci
- Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica CNR, Pisa, Italy; Oncogenomics Unit, Core Research Laboratory, ISPRO, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Laura Poliseno
- Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica CNR, Pisa, Italy; Oncogenomics Unit, Core Research Laboratory, ISPRO, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Morandin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | | | - Paolo Malatesta
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy; Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, IRCCS per l'Oncologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Robert Vignali
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federico Cremisi
- Scuola Normale, Pisa, Italy; Istituto di Biofisica CNR, Pisa, Italy.
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Modelling and Refining Neuronal Circuits with Guidance Cues: Involvement of Semaphorins. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116111. [PMID: 34204060 PMCID: PMC8201269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of neuronal circuits requires neurons to develop and maintain appropriate connections with cellular partners in and out the central nervous system. These phenomena include elaboration of dendritic arborization and formation of synaptic contacts, initially made in excess. Subsequently, refinement occurs, and pruning takes places both at axonal and synaptic level, defining a homeostatic balance maintained throughout the lifespan. All these events require genetic regulations which happens cell-autonomously and are strongly influenced by environmental factors. This review aims to discuss the involvement of guidance cues from the Semaphorin family.
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Zhang J, Zhang X, Cong S, Zhang J, Zhang A, Pan L, Ma J. miR-195-5p Regulates the Phenotype Switch of CCSM Cells by Targeting Smad7. Sex Med 2021; 9:100349. [PMID: 34087534 PMCID: PMC8240331 DOI: 10.1016/j.esxm.2021.100349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Phenotype switch refers to the process in which smooth muscle cells change from contractile type to synthetic type and acquire the ability of proliferation. Phenotypic transformation involves many changes of cell function, such as collagen deposition and fibrosis, which affect the normal erectile function of penis. AIM To investigate the role of miR-195-5p in regulating the Phenotype switch of the corpus cavernosum smooth muscle (CCSM) cells. METHODS A small mother against decapentaplegic 7(Smad7) virus vector and a miR-195-5p mimics or an si-Smad7 viral vector and a miR-195-5p inhibitor were transfected into CCSM cells. The cells were obtained by primary culture of rat corpus cavernosum smooth muscle tissue. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) experiments, Western blotting, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, transwell experiments, MTT assays, and flow cytometry were used to detect miR-195-5p, Smad7, phenotype switch markers of CCSM cells and related protein expression, as well as changes in cell morphology, migration, proliferation and apoptosis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE To study the regulation of miR-195-5p in CCSM cells by overexpression and silencing strategies. RESULTS Overexpressed miR-195-5p promoted the transformation of CCSM cells from a contractile type to a synthetic type. Meanwhile, the migration ability and proliferation ability of CCSM cells increased, and the apoptosis rate decreased. The expression-silencing of miR-195-5p gave rise to the opposite effect. The results of the rescue experiment demonstrated that overexpressed Smad7 rescued the inhibitory of the switch of the CCSM cell phenotype from the contractile type to the synthesis type caused by overexpression of miR-195-5p alone. Moreover, the enhancement effect of the migration ability and proliferation ability of CCSM cells was also eliminated, and the apoptosis rate was increased. Silencing miR-195-5p and Smad7 at the same time resulted in the opposite effect. CONCLUSION miR-195-5p may regulate the phenotype switch of CCSM cells by targeting Smad7. Zhang J, Zhang X, Zhang J, et al. miR-195-5p Regulates the Phenotype Switch of CCSM Cells by Targeting Smad7. Sex Med 2021;9:100349.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Jiangsu Health Vocational College, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingyuan Zhang
- Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengnan Cong
- School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Aixia Zhang
- Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Lianjun Pan
- Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Center, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jiehua Ma
- Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Center, Nanjing, China.
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Castelli V, Antonucci I, d'Angelo M, Tessitore A, Zelli V, Benedetti E, Ferri C, Desideri G, Borlongan C, Stuppia L, Cimini A. Neuroprotective effects of human amniotic fluid stem cells-derived secretome in an ischemia/reperfusion model. Stem Cells Transl Med 2021; 10:251-266. [PMID: 33027557 PMCID: PMC7848376 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells offer the basis for the promotion of robust new therapeutic approaches for a variety of human disorders. There are still many limitations to be overcome before clinical therapeutic application, including a better understanding of the mechanism by which stem cell therapies may lead to enhanced recovery. In vitro investigations are necessary to dissect the mechanisms involved and to support the potential development in stem cell-based therapies. In spite of growing interest in human amniotic fluid stem cells, not much is known about the characteristics of their secretome and regarding the potential neuroprotective mechanism in different pathologies, including stroke. To get more insight on amniotic fluid cells therapeutic potential, signal transduction pathways activated by human amniotic fluid stem cells (hAFSCs)-derived secretome in a stroke in vitro model (ischemia/reperfusion [I/R] model) were investigated by Western blot. Moreover, miRNA expression in the exosomal fraction of the conditioned medium was analyzed. hAFSCs-derived secretome was able to activate pro-survival and anti-apoptotic pathways. MicroRNA analysis in the exosomal component revealed a panel of 16 overexpressed miRNAs involved in the regulation of coherent signaling pathways. In particular, the pathways of relevance in ischemia/reperfusion, such as neurotrophin signaling, and those related to neuroprotection and neuronal cell death, were analyzed. The results obtained strongly point toward the neuroprotective effects of the hAFSCs-conditioned medium in the in vitro stroke model here analyzed. This can be achieved by the modulation and activation of pro-survival processes, at least in part, due to the activity of secreted miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Castelli
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental SciencesUniversity of L'AquilaL'AquilaItaly
| | - Ivana Antonucci
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences“G. d'Annunzio” UniversityChieti‐PescaraItaly
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST)‘G. d'Annunzio’ UniversityChieti‐PescaraItaly
| | - Michele d'Angelo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental SciencesUniversity of L'AquilaL'AquilaItaly
| | - Alessandra Tessitore
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences (DISCAB)University of L'AquilaL'AquilaItaly
| | - Veronica Zelli
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences (DISCAB)University of L'AquilaL'AquilaItaly
| | - Elisabetta Benedetti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental SciencesUniversity of L'AquilaL'AquilaItaly
| | - Claudio Ferri
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental SciencesUniversity of L'AquilaL'AquilaItaly
| | | | - Cesar Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain RepairUniversity of South Florida College of MedicineTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Liborio Stuppia
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences“G. d'Annunzio” UniversityChieti‐PescaraItaly
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST)‘G. d'Annunzio’ UniversityChieti‐PescaraItaly
| | - Annamaria Cimini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental SciencesUniversity of L'AquilaL'AquilaItaly
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine and Centre for BiotechnologyTemple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
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Kingsbury C, Stuppia L. Stem cell secretome derived from human amniotic fluid affords neuroprotection in an ischemic model. Brain Circ 2021; 7:18-22. [PMID: 34084972 PMCID: PMC8057106 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_8_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Human amniotic fluid stem cells (hAFSCs) are growing in interest; yet, little is understood about their secretome and neuroprotective actions in different diseases, including stroke. When stem cells are grown in vitro, they release an array of cytokines and growth factors that can stimulate neuroprotective processes. Furthermore, administering secretome rather than cells may be a safer route for patients who are at risk for rejection, promoting innate restorative processes. Current literature implicates that the miRNA contents of such secretome, more specifically exosomes, may regulate the effectiveness of secretome administration. In this review, we explore what factors may promote pro-survival and pro-apoptotic pathways after the administration of hAFSCs-derived secretome in ischemic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase Kingsbury
- Judy Genshaft Honors College, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Liu F, Gong B, Gu Q, Liu S, Fogle CM, Patterson TA, Hanig JP, Slikker W, Wang C. Application of microRNA profiling to understand sevoflurane-induced adverse effects on developing monkey brain. Neurotoxicology 2020; 81:172-179. [PMID: 33045284 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We have described that prolonged sevoflurane exposure at a clinically-relevant concentration of 2.5 % caused neuronal cell death in the developing monkey brain. Postnatal day 5 or 6 rhesus monkeys (n = 3) were exposed to 2.5 % sevoflurane for 8 h. Monkeys kept at environmental conditions in the procedure room served as controls (n = 3). Brain tissues were harvested four hours after sevoflurane exposure for histological analysis, and RNA or protein extraction. MicroRNA (miRNA) profiling on the frontal cortex of monkey brains was performed using next-generation sequencing. 417 miRNAs were identified in the frontal cortex, where most neuronal cell death was observed. 7 miRNAs were differentially expressed in frontal cortex after sevoflurane exposure. Five of these were expressed at significantly lower levels than controls and the other two miRNAs were expressed significantly higher. These differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) were then loaded to the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis database for pathway analysis, in which targeting information was available for 5 DEMs. The 5 DEMs target 2,919 mRNAs which are involved in pathways that contribute to various cellular functions. Of note, 78 genes that are related to axon guidance signaling were targeted, suggesting that development of the neural circuit may be affected after sevoflurane exposure. Such changes may have long-term effects on brain development and function. These findings are supplementary to our previous observations and provide more evidence for better understanding the adverse effects of sevoflurane on the developing brain after an 8 -h exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA, Jefferson, AR, United States.
| | - Binsheng Gong
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Qiang Gu
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Shuliang Liu
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Charles Matthew Fogle
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Tucker A Patterson
- Office of Director, National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Joseph P Hanig
- Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research/FDA, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - William Slikker
- Office of Director, National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Cheng Wang
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA, Jefferson, AR, United States.
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Oliveira NCM, Lins ÉM, Massirer KB, Bengtson MH. Translational Control during Mammalian Neocortex Development and Postembryonic Neuronal Function. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 114:36-46. [PMID: 33020045 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The control of mRNA translation has key roles in the regulation of gene expression and biological processes such as mammalian cellular differentiation and identity. Methodological advances in the last decade have resulted in considerable progress towards understanding how translational control contributes to the regulation of diverse biological phenomena. In this review, we discuss recent findings in the involvement of translational control in the mammalian neocortex development and neuronal biology. We focus on regulatory mechanisms that modulate translational efficiency during neural stem cells self-renewal and differentiation, as well as in neuronal-related processes such as synapse, plasticity, and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natássia Cristina Martins Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering - CBMEG, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-875, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Center of Medicinal Chemistry - CQMED, Structural Genomics Consortium - SGC, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-886, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Érico Moreto Lins
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil; PhD Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology (PGBM), UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Katlin Brauer Massirer
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering - CBMEG, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-875, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Center of Medicinal Chemistry - CQMED, Structural Genomics Consortium - SGC, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-886, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Mário Henrique Bengtson
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Center of Medicinal Chemistry - CQMED, Structural Genomics Consortium - SGC, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-886, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Li C, Wang X, Zhang G, Zhang Y, Xia F, Xu S, Shen X. Downregulation of microRNA‑29c reduces pain after child delivery by activating the oxytocin‑GABA pathway. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:1921-1931. [PMID: 32705167 PMCID: PMC7411447 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant decrease in the expression of spinal microRNA-29c (miR-29c), which is responsible for the regulation of oxytocin receptor (OXTR) expression, was observed in nerve injury pain during childbirth. The present study investigates whether spinal miR-29c could be a potential target for the treatment of pain, via the oxytocin (OT)-γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) pathway. A spared nerve injury (SNI) rat model was established to induce neuropathic pain, simulating hyperalgesia. Spinal neurons were treated with OT to mimic the hormonal changes in the central nervous system after delivery. A change in the neuronal miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) was observed in neurons, following the silencing of miR-29c or OT treatment with or without OXTR antagonist. The Von-Frey apparatus was used to measure the animal behaviors. Molecular biological experiments and electrophysical recordings in vivo and in vitro were performed to reveal the potential analgesic mechanisms. miR-29c was significantly downregulated (more than 8-fold) in the spinal dorsal horn of delivery+SNI rats compared with the SNI rats. The silencing of miR-29c resulted in increased pain threshold in SNI rats. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that OXTR was a potential target gene of miR-29c. The delivery+SNI rats presented with higher levels of OT in the cerebrospinal fluid compared with SNI rats, which indicated that the OT signaling pathway may participate in pain relief response. The increased expression of OXTR and GABA in delivery+SNI rats were observed in the miR-29c-silenced SNI rat model, suggesting that the silencing of miR-29c can mediate pain relief by enhancing the OT-GABA pathway. In addition, an electrophysiology assay was performed to assess the mIPSCs in neurons. The silencing of miR-29c in neurons increased the frequency and amplitude of mIPSCs but there was no influence on the decay time, which suggested that the spinal inhibitory neurons became more active, subsequently reducing the feeling of pain. The inhibition of OXTR reversed the enhanced inhibitory postsynaptic currents, indicating a crucial role for OXTR in the miR-29c-associated pain regulation. Taken together, the results of the present study suggested that spinal oxytocinergic inhibitory control plays an important role in pain relief in the neuropathic pain rat model undergoing vaginal delivery. Silencing spinal miR-29c may be a potential target for pain relief through the OT-GABA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caijuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, P.R. China
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, P.R. China
| | - Guangfen Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, P.R. China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, P.R. China
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, P.R. China
| | - Shiqin Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, P.R. China
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12
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Emerging Roles for 3' UTRs in Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103413. [PMID: 32408514 PMCID: PMC7279237 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The 3′ untranslated regions (3′ UTRs) of mRNAs serve as hubs for post-transcriptional control as the targets of microRNAs (miRNAs) and RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). Sequences in 3′ UTRs confer alterations in mRNA stability, direct mRNA localization to subcellular regions, and impart translational control. Thousands of mRNAs are localized to subcellular compartments in neurons—including axons, dendrites, and synapses—where they are thought to undergo local translation. Despite an established role for 3′ UTR sequences in imparting mRNA localization in neurons, the specific RNA sequences and structural features at play remain poorly understood. The nervous system selectively expresses longer 3′ UTR isoforms via alternative polyadenylation (APA). The regulation of APA in neurons and the neuronal functions of longer 3′ UTR mRNA isoforms are starting to be uncovered. Surprising roles for 3′ UTRs are emerging beyond the regulation of protein synthesis and include roles as RBP delivery scaffolds and regulators of alternative splicing. Evidence is also emerging that 3′ UTRs can be cleaved, leading to stable, isolated 3′ UTR fragments which are of unknown function. Mutations in 3′ UTRs are implicated in several neurological disorders—more studies are needed to uncover how these mutations impact gene regulation and what is their relationship to disease severity.
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13
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Weisz HA, Kennedy D, Widen S, Spratt H, Sell SL, Bailey C, Sheffield-Moore M, DeWitt DS, Prough DS, Levin H, Robertson C, Hellmich HL. MicroRNA sequencing of rat hippocampus and human biofluids identifies acute, chronic, focal and diffuse traumatic brain injuries. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3341. [PMID: 32094409 PMCID: PMC7040013 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60133-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing technologies could improve diagnosis and classification of TBI subgroups. Because recent studies showed that circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) may serve as noninvasive markers of TBI, we performed miRNA-seq to study TBI-induced changes in rat hippocampal miRNAs up to one year post-injury. We used miRNA PCR arrays to interrogate differences in serum miRNAs using two rat models of TBI (controlled cortical impact [CCI] and fluid percussion injury [FPI]). The translational potential of our results was evaluated by miRNA-seq analysis of human control and TBI (acute and chronic) serum samples. Bioinformatic analyses were performed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, miRDB, and Qlucore Omics Explorer. Rat miRNA profiles identified TBI across all acute and chronic intervals. Rat CCI and FPI displayed distinct serum miRNA profiles. Human miRNA profiles identified TBI across all acute and chronic time points and, at 24 hours, discriminated between focal and diffuse injuries. In both species, predicted gene targets of differentially expressed miRNAs are involved in neuroplasticity, immune function and neurorestoration. Chronically dysregulated miRNAs (miR-451a, miR-30d-5p, miR-145-5p, miR-204-5p) are linked to psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. These data suggest that circulating miRNAs in biofluids can be used as "molecular fingerprints" to identify acute, chronic, focal or diffuse TBI and potentially, presence of neurodegenerative sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harris A Weisz
- The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Deborah Kennedy
- The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Steven Widen
- The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Heidi Spratt
- The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Stacy L Sell
- The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Christine Bailey
- The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Douglas S DeWitt
- The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Donald S Prough
- The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Helen L Hellmich
- The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA.
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14
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The microRNA-29a Modulates Serotonin 5-HT7 Receptor Expression and Its Effects on Hippocampal Neuronal Morphology. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:8617-8627. [PMID: 31292861 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01690-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
miRNAs are master regulators of gene expression in diverse biological processes, including the modulation of neuronal cytoarchitecture. The identification of their physiological target genes remains one of the outstanding challenges. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the activation of serotonin receptor 7 (5-HT7R) plays a key role in regulating the neuronal structure, synaptogenesis, and synaptic plasticity during embryonic and early postnatal development of the central nervous system (CNS). In order to identify putative miRNAs targeting the 3'UTR of 5-HT7R mouse transcript, we used a computational prediction tool and detected the miR-29 family members as the only candidates. Thus, since miR-29a is more expressed than other members in the brain, we investigated its possible involvement in the regulation of neuronal morphology mediated by 5-HT7R. By luciferase assay, we show that miR-29a can act as a post-transcriptional regulator of 5-HT7R mRNA. Indeed, it downregulates 5-HT7R gene expression in cultured hippocampal neurons, while the expression of other serotonin receptors is not affected. From a functional point of view, miR-29a overexpression in hippocampal primary cultures impairs the 5HT7R-dependent neurite elongation and remodeling through the inhibition of the ERK intracellular signaling pathway. In vivo, the upregulation of miR-29a in the developing hippocampus parallels with the downregulation of 5-HT7R expression, supporting the hypothesis that this miRNA is a physiological modulator of 5-HT7R expression in the CNS.
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15
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Brain Functional Reserve in the Context of Neuroplasticity after Stroke. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:9708905. [PMID: 30936915 PMCID: PMC6415310 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9708905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second cause of death and more importantly first cause of disability in people over 40 years of age. Current therapeutic management of ischemic stroke does not provide fully satisfactory outcomes. Stroke management has significantly changed since the time when there were opened modern stroke units with early motor and speech rehabilitation in hospitals. In recent decades, researchers searched for biomarkers of ischemic stroke and neuroplasticity in order to determine effective diagnostics, prognostic assessment, and therapy. Complex background of events following ischemic episode hinders successful design of effective therapeutic strategies. So far, studies have proven that regeneration after stroke and recovery of lost functions may be assigned to neuronal plasticity understood as ability of brain to reorganize and rebuild as an effect of changed environmental conditions. As many neuronal processes influencing neuroplasticity depend on expression of particular genes and genetic diversity possibly influencing its effectiveness, knowledge on their mechanisms is necessary to understand this process. Epigenetic mechanisms occurring after stroke was briefly discussed in this paper including several mechanisms such as synaptic plasticity; neuro-, glio-, and angiogenesis processes; and growth of axon.
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Abstract
Proper neuronal wiring is central to all bodily functions, sensory perception, cognition, memory, and learning. Establishment of a functional neuronal circuit is a highly regulated and dynamic process involving axonal and dendritic branching and navigation toward appropriate targets and connection partners. This intricate circuitry includes axo-dendritic synapse formation, synaptic connections formed with effector cells, and extensive dendritic arborization that function to receive and transmit mechanical and chemical sensory inputs. Such complexity is primarily achieved by extensive axonal and dendritic branch formation and pruning. Fundamental to neuronal branching are cytoskeletal dynamics and plasma membrane expansion, both of which are regulated via numerous extracellular and intracellular signaling mechanisms and molecules. This review focuses on recent advances in understanding the biology of neuronal branching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Menon
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Stephanie Gupton
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.,Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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17
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Zhang H, Liu T, Zhou Z, Zhang A, Zhu Y, Zhang J, Pan L, Ma J. miR-137 Affects Vaginal Lubrication in Female Sexual Dysfunction by Targeting Aquaporin-2. Sex Med 2018; 6:339-347. [PMID: 30454615 PMCID: PMC6302129 DOI: 10.1016/j.esxm.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) is a common disease with serious potential hazards, but it has not received much attention. The pathogenesis of FSD is urgently needed for the diagnosis and treatment of FSD. Aim To investigate the role of microribonucleic acid (mRNA, miR)-137 in FSD. Methods Vaginal epithelium tissues from 15 women with lubrication disorder and 15 women with normal function were collected for this study. The expression level of miR-137 in lubrication disorder and normal function women were measured by microarray analysis and Real-time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR, qPCR). miR-137 was overexpressed in vaginal epithelial cells VK2/E6E7 by lentivirus infection. The cell water permeability was measured using the calcein-quenching method. Cell apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. The potential target of miR-137 was predicted by bioinformatic analysis, then verified by luciferase reporter assays. Main Outcome Measure The expression level of miR-137 and aquaporin-2 (AQP2), cell water permeability, cell apoptosis, and luciferase reporter assays were examined. Results miR-137 was found to be highly expressed in vaginal epithelial tissues of women with lubrication disorder. Additionally, functional in vitro studies suggested that overexpression of miR-137 leads to a decrease in cell permeability. By combining target prediction and examination, we identified AQP2 as the direct mechanistic target of miR-137 that affected the water permeability of vaginal epithelial cells. Conclusion Our results point to a novel role for miR-137 and its downstream effector AQP2 in vaginal lubrication, which can be manipulated as therapeutic targets against lubrication disorder and its related disorders. Zhang H, Liu T, Zhou Z. miR-137 affects vaginal lubrication in female sexual dysfunction by targeting Aquaporin-2. Sex Med 2018;6:339–347.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hepeng Zhang
- Department of Urology, The People's Hospital of Yuyao, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tianjiao Liu
- Department of Women Health Care, Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziyun Zhou
- Department of Children Health Care, Wuxi Children's Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Aixia Zhang
- The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Zhu
- The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Jiangsu Health Vocational College, Nanjing, China
| | - Lianjun Pan
- The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
| | - Jiehua Ma
- The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China.
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18
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Miller GW, Chandrasekaran V, Yaghoobi B, Lein PJ. Opportunities and challenges for using the zebrafish to study neuronal connectivity as an endpoint of developmental neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicology 2018; 67:102-111. [PMID: 29704525 PMCID: PMC6177215 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Chemical exposures have been implicated as environmental risk factors that interact with genetic susceptibilities to influence individual risk for complex neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and intellectual disabilities. Altered patterns of neuronal connectivity represent a convergent mechanism of pathogenesis for these and other neurodevelopmental disorders, and growing evidence suggests that chemicals can interfere with specific signaling pathways that regulate the development of neuronal connections. There is, therefore, a growing interest in developing screening platforms to identify chemicals that alter neuronal connectivity. Cell-cell, cell-matrix interactions and systemic influences are known to be important in defining neuronal connectivity in the developing brain, thus, a systems-based model offers significant advantages over cell-based models for screening chemicals for effects on neuronal connectivity. The embryonic zebrafish represents a vertebrate model amenable to higher throughput chemical screening that has proven useful in characterizing conserved mechanisms of neurodevelopment. Moreover, the zebrafish is readily amenable to gene editing to integrate genetic susceptibilities. Although use of the zebrafish model in toxicity testing has increased in recent years, the diverse tools available for imaging structural differences in the developing zebrafish brain have not been widely applied to studies of the influence of gene by environment interactions on neuronal connectivity in the developing zebrafish brain. Here, we discuss tools available for imaging of neuronal connectivity in the developing zebrafish, review what has been published in this regard, and suggest a path forward for applying this information to developmental neurotoxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galen W. Miller
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Vidya Chandrasekaran
- Department of Biology, Saint Mary’s College of California, Moraga, CA 94575, USA
| | - Bianca Yaghoobi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Pamela J. Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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19
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Ivakhnitskaia E, Lin RW, Hamada K, Chang C. Timing of neuronal plasticity in development and aging. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2017; 7. [PMID: 29139210 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Molecular oscillators are well known for their roles in temporal control of some biological processes like cell proliferation, but molecular mechanisms that provide temporal control of differentiation and postdifferentiation events in cells are less understood. In the nervous system, establishment of neuronal connectivity during development and decline in neuronal plasticity during aging are regulated with temporal precision, but the timing mechanisms are largely unknown. Caenorhabditis elegans has been a preferred model for aging research and recently emerges as a new model for the study of developmental and postdevelopmental plasticity in neurons. In this review we discuss the emerging mechanisms in timing of developmental lineage progression, axon growth and pathfinding, synapse formation, and reorganization, and neuronal plasticity in development and aging. We also provide a current view on the conserved core axon regeneration molecules with the intention to point out potential regulatory points of temporal controls. We highlight recent progress in understanding timing mechanisms that regulate decline in regenerative capacity, including progressive changes of intrinsic timers and co-opting the aging pathway molecules. WIREs Dev Biol 2018, 7:e305. doi: 10.1002/wdev.305 This article is categorized under: Invertebrate Organogenesis > Worms Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > Regulation of Size, Proportion, and Timing Nervous System Development > Worms Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Regulatory RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evguenia Ivakhnitskaia
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ryan Weihsiang Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kana Hamada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chieh Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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20
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Wang B, Bao L. Axonal microRNAs: localization, function and regulatory mechanism during axon development. J Mol Cell Biol 2017; 9:82-90. [PMID: 27932485 PMCID: PMC5439374 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjw050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Subcellular localization and translation of messenger RNAs are essential for the regulation of neuronal development and synaptic function. As post-transcriptional regulators, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been emerging as central players in the development and maturation of the nervous system. Recent discoveries reveal the critical functions of miRNAs in the axon of neurons via multiple pathways of molecular regulation. Here, we introduce methods for isolating axonal miRNAs and review recent findings on the localization and function as well as regulatory mechanism of axonal miRNAs during axon development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lan Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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21
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Chung CZ, Seidl LE, Mann MR, Heinemann IU. Tipping the balance of RNA stability by 3' editing of the transcriptome. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:2971-2979. [PMID: 28483641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The regulation of active microRNAs (miRNAs) and maturation of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that are competent for translation is a crucial point in the control of all cellular processes, with established roles in development and differentiation. Terminal nucleotidyltransferases (TNTases) are potent regulators of RNA metabolism. TNTases promote the addition of single or multiple nucleotides to an RNA transcript that can rapidly alter transcript stability. The well-known polyadenylation promotes transcript stability while the newly discovered but ubiquitious 3'-end polyuridylation marks RNA for degradation. Monoadenylation and uridylation are essential control mechanisms balancing mRNA and miRNA homeostasis. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review discusses the multiple functions of non-canonical TNTases, focusing on their substrate range, biological functions, and evolution. TNTases directly control mRNA and miRNA levels, with diverse roles in transcriptome stabilization, maturation, silencing, or degradation. We will summarize the current state of knowledge on non-canonical nucleotidyltransferases and their function in regulating miRNA and mRNA metabolism. We will review the discovery of uridylation as an RNA degradation pathway and discuss the evolution of nucleotidyltransferases along with their use in RNA labeling and future applications as therapeutic targets. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The biochemically and evolutionarily highly related adenylyl- and uridylyltransferases play antagonizing roles in the cell. In general, RNA adenylation promotes stability, while uridylation marks RNA for degradation. Uridylyltransferases evolved from adenylyltransferases in multiple independent evolutionary events by the insertion of a histidine residue into the active site, altering nucleotide, but not RNA specificity. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Understanding the mechanisms regulating RNA stability in the cell and controlling the transcriptome is essential for efforts aiming to influence cellular fate. Selectively enhancing or reducing RNA stability allows for alterations in the transcriptome, proteome, and downstream cellular processes. Genetic, biochemical, and clinical data suggest TNTases are potent targets for chemotherapeutics and have been exploited for RNA labeling applications. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Biochemistry of Synthetic Biology - Recent Developments" Guest Editor: Dr. Ilka Heinemann and Dr. Patrick O'Donoghue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Z Chung
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Lauren E Seidl
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Mitchell R Mann
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Ilka U Heinemann
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
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22
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Ni Y, Song C, Jin S, Chen Z, Ni M, Han L, Wu J, Jin Y. Gene set enrichment analysis: A genome-wide expression profile-based strategy for discovering functional microRNA-disease relationships. J Int Med Res 2017; 46:596-611. [PMID: 28436302 PMCID: PMC5971487 DOI: 10.1177/0300060517693719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore stable and functional microRNA (miRNA)–disease relationships using a genome-wide expression profile pattern matching strategy. Methods We applied the ranked microarray pattern matching strategy Gene Set Enrichment Analysis to identify miRNA permutations with similar expression patterns to diseases. We also used quantitative reverse transcription PCR to validate the predicted expression levels of miRNAs in three diseases: inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), oesophageal cancer, and colorectal cancer. Results We found that hsa-miR-200 c was upregulated more than 40-fold in oesophageal cancer. The expression of miR-16 and miR-124 was not consistently upregulated in IBD or colorectal cancer. Conclusions Our results suggest that this expression profile matching strategy can be used to identify functional miRNA–disease relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Ni
- 1 Department of Intensive Care Unit, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Caiyun Song
- 2 Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shuqing Jin
- 2 Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhoufeng Chen
- 2 Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ming Ni
- 3 Department of Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Han
- 3 Department of Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiansheng Wu
- 2 Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yin Jin
- 2 Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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23
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Mizoguchi K, Ikarashi Y. Multiple Psychopharmacological Effects of the Traditional Japanese Kampo Medicine Yokukansan, and the Brain Regions it Affects. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:149. [PMID: 28377723 PMCID: PMC5359390 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Yokukansan (YKS), a traditional Japanese Kampo medicine, has indications for use in night crying and irritability in children, as well as neurosis and insomnia. It is currently also used for the remedy of the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), such as aggressiveness, agitation, and hallucinations. In parallel with clinical evidence, a significant amount of fundamental researches have been undertaken to clarify the neuropsychopharmacological efficacies of YKS, with approximately 70 articles, including our own, being published to date. Recently, we reviewed the neuropharmacological mechanisms of YKS, including its effects on glutamatergic, serotonergic, and dopaminergic neurotransmission, and pharmacokinetics of the ingredients responsible for the effects. This review is aimed to integrate the information regarding the psychopharmacological effects of YKS with the brain regions known to be affected, to facilitate our understanding of the clinical efficacy of YKS. In this review, we first show that YKS has several effects that act to improve symptoms that are similar to BPSDs, like aggressiveness, hallucinations, anxiety, and sleep disturbance, as well as symptoms like tardive dyskinesia and cognitive deficits. We next provide the evidence showing that YKS can interact with various brain regions, including the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, striatum, and spinal cord, dysfunctions of which are related to psychiatric symptoms, cognitive deficits, abnormal behaviors, and dysesthesia. In addition, the major active ingredients of YKS, geissoschizine methyl ether and 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid, are shown to predominantly bind to the frontal cortex and hippocampus, respectively. Our findings suggest that YKS has multiple psychopharmacological effects, and that these are probably mediated by interactions among several brain regions. In this review, we summarize the available information about the valuable effects of a multicomponent medicine YKS on complex neural networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushige Mizoguchi
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki Japan
| | - Yasushi Ikarashi
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki Japan
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Vargas JNS, Kar AN, Kowalak JA, Gale JR, Aschrafi A, Chen CY, Gioio AE, Kaplan BB. Axonal localization and mitochondrial association of precursor microRNA 338. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:4327-4340. [PMID: 27229124 PMCID: PMC5056120 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2270-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) selectively localize to subcompartments of the neuron, such as dendrites, axons, and presynaptic terminals, where they regulate the local protein synthesis of their putative target genes. In addition to mature miRNAs, precursor miRNAs (pre-miRNAs) have also been shown to localize to somatodendritic and axonal compartments. miRNA-338 (miR-338) regulates the local expression of several nuclear-encoded mitochondrial mRNAs within axons of sympathetic neurons. Previous work has shown that precursor miR-338 (pre-miR-338) introduced into the axon can locally be processed into mature miR-338, where it can regulate local ATP synthesis. However, the mechanisms underlying the localization of pre-miRNAs to the axonal compartment remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the axonal localization of pre-miR-338. Using proteomic and biochemical approaches, we provide evidence for the localization of pre-miR-338 to distal neuronal compartments and identify several constituents of the pre-miR-338 ribonucleoprotein complex. Furthermore, we found that pre-miR-338 is associated with the mitochondria in axons of superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons. The maintenance of mitochondrial function within axons requires the precise spatiotemporal synthesis of nuclear-encoded mRNAs, some of which are regulated by miR-338. Therefore, the association of pre-miR-338 with axonal mitochondria could serve as a reservoir of mature, biologically active miRNAs, which could coordinate the intra-axonal expression of multiple nuclear-encoded mitochondrial mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Norberto S Vargas
- Section on Neurobiology, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4411, USA
| | - Amar N Kar
- Section on Neurobiology, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4411, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Kowalak
- NINDS/NIMH Clinical Proteomics Unit, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jenna R Gale
- Section on Neurobiology, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4411, USA
| | - Armaz Aschrafi
- Section on Neurobiology, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4411, USA
| | - Cai-Yun Chen
- Section on Neurobiology, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4411, USA
| | - Anthony E Gioio
- Section on Neurobiology, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4411, USA
| | - Barry B Kaplan
- Section on Neurobiology, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4411, USA.
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25
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Jiang X, Nardelli J. Cellular and molecular introduction to brain development. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 92:3-17. [PMID: 26184894 PMCID: PMC4720585 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in the study of brain development over the last decades, especially recent findings regarding the evolutionary expansion of the human neocortex, and large-scale analyses of the proteome/transcriptome in the human brain, have offered novel insights into the molecular mechanisms guiding neural maturation, and the pathophysiology of multiple forms of neurological disorders. As a preamble to reviews of this issue, we provide an overview of the cellular, molecular and genetic bases of brain development with an emphasis on the major mechanisms associated with landmarks of normal neural development in the embryonic stage and early postnatal life, including neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation, cortical neuronal migration, evolution and folding of the cerebral cortex, synaptogenesis and neural circuit development, gliogenesis and myelination. We will only briefly depict developmental disorders that result from perturbations of these cellular or molecular mechanisms, and the most common perinatal brain injuries that could disturb normal brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangning Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jeannette Nardelli
- Inserm, U1141, Paris 75019, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS 1141, Paris 75019, France.
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26
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Codocedo JF, Inestrosa NC. Wnt-5a-regulated miR-101b controls COX2 expression in hippocampal neurons. Biol Res 2016; 49:9. [PMID: 26895946 PMCID: PMC4759731 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-016-0071-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Wnt-5a is a member of the WNT family of secreted lipoglycoproteins, whose expression increases during development; moreover, Wnt-5a plays a key role in synaptic structure and function in the adult nervous system. However, the mechanism underlying these effects is still elusive. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a family of small non-coding RNAs that control the gene expression of their targets through hybridization with complementary sequences in the 3′ UTR, thereby inhibiting the translation of the target proteins. Several evidences indicate that the miRNAs are actively involved in the regulation of neuronal function. Results In the present study, we examined whether Wnt-5a modulates the levels of miRNAs in hippocampal neurons. Using PCR arrays, we identified a set of miRNAs that respond to Wnt-5a treatment. One of the most affected miRNAs was miR-101b, which targets cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), an inducible enzyme that converts arachidonic acid to prostanoids, and has been involved in the injury/inflammatory response, and more recently in neuronal plasticity. Consistent with the Wnt-5a regulation of miR-101b, this Wnt ligand regulates COX2 expression in a time-dependent manner in cultured hippocampal neurons. Conclusion The biological processes induced by Wnt-5a in hippocampal neurons, involve the regulation of several miRNAs including miR-101b, which has the capacity to regulate several targets, including COX-2 in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Francisco Codocedo
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,CARE, Biomedical Research Center, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Faculty of Medicine, Center for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. .,Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile. .,CARE, Biomedical Research Center, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile.
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27
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Ivakhnitskaia E, Hamada K, Chang C. Timing mechanisms in neuronal pathfinding, synaptic reorganization, and neuronal regeneration. Dev Growth Differ 2016; 58:88-93. [PMID: 26748770 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Precise temporal control of neuro differentiation and post-differentiation events are necessary for the creation of appropriate wiring diagram in the brain. To make advances in the treatment of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders, and traumatic brain injury, it is important to understand these mechanisms. Caenorhabditis elegans has emerged as a revolutionary tool for the study of neural circuits due to its genetic homology to vertebrates and ease of genetic manipulation. microRNA (miRNA), a ubiquitous class of small non-coding RNA, that inhibits the expression of target genes, has emerged as an important timing control molecule through research conducted on C. elegans. This review will focus on the temporal control of neurodifferentiation and post-differentiation events exerted by two conserved miRNAs, lin-4 and let-7. We summarize recent findings on the role of lin-4 as a timing regulator controlling transition of sequential events in neuronal pathfinding and synaptic remodeling, and the role of let-7 as a timing regulator that limits the regeneration potential of post-differentiated AVM neurons as they age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evguenia Ivakhnitskaia
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Kana Hamada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Chieh Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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28
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The Kampo Medicine Yokukansan Decreases MicroRNA-18 Expression and Recovers Glucocorticoid Receptors Protein Expression in the Hypothalamus of Stressed Mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:797280. [PMID: 26106615 PMCID: PMC4461721 DOI: 10.1155/2015/797280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling regulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and GR expression level is associated with HPA axis activity. Recent studies revealed that microRNA- (miR-) 18 and/or 124a are candidate negative regulators of GR in the brain. The Kampo medicine Yokukansan (YKS) can affect psychological symptoms such as depression and anxiety that are associated with stress responses. In this study, we evaluated the effect of YKS on miR-18 and 124a and GR levels in mice exposed to stress. We found that YKS pretreatment normalized elevated plasma corticosterone levels in stress-exposed mice. In addition, GR mRNA levels were downregulated in the brain following stress exposure. While miR-124a expression levels were not altered in the hypothalamus of stress-exposed mice, miR-18 levels decreased in the hypothalamus of YKS-pretreated mice after stress exposure. Finally, GR protein levels in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus after stress exposure recovered in YKS-pretreated mice. Collectively, these data suggest that YKS normalizes GR protein levels by regulating miR-18 expression in the hypothalamus, thus normalizing HPA axis activity following stress exposure.
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29
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Shimizu S, Tanaka T, Tohyama M, Miyata S. Yokukansan normalizes glucocorticoid receptor protein expression in oligodendrocytes of the corpus callosum by regulating microRNA-124a expression after stress exposure. Brain Res Bull 2015; 114:49-55. [PMID: 25857947 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Stressful events are known to down-regulate expression levels of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) in the brain. Recently, we reported that stressed mice with elevated plasma levels of corticosterone exhibit morphological changes in the oligodendrocytes of nerve fiber bundles, such as those in the corpus callosum. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism of GR expression regulation in oligodendrocytes after stress exposure. A previous report has suggested that GR protein levels might be regulated by microRNA (miR)-18 and/or -124a in the brain. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the GR regulation mechanism in oligodendrocytes and evaluate the effects of yokukansan (YKS), a Kampo medicine, on GR protein regulation. Acute exposure to stress increased plasma corticosterone levels, decreased GR protein expression, and increased miR-124a expression in the corpus callosum of adult male mice, though the GR mRNA and miR-18 expression levels were not significant changes. YKS normalized the stress-induced changes in the plasma corticosterone, GR protein, and miR124a expression levels. An oligodendrocyte primary culture study also showed that YKS down-regulated miR-124a, but not miR-18, expression levels in dexamethasone-treated cells. These results suggest that the down-regulation of miR124a expression might be involved in the normalization of stress-induced decreases in GR protein in oligodendrocytes by YKS. This effect may imply the molecular mechanisms underlying the ameliorative effects of YKS on psychological symptoms and stress-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Shimizu
- Division of Molecular Brain Science, Research Institute of Traditional Asian Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka-sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Takashi Tanaka
- Division of Molecular Brain Science, Research Institute of Traditional Asian Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka-sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Masaya Tohyama
- Division of Molecular Brain Science, Research Institute of Traditional Asian Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka-sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan; Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Osaka 558-8558, Japan
| | - Shingo Miyata
- Division of Molecular Brain Science, Research Institute of Traditional Asian Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka-sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan.
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30
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Cellerino A, Bally-Cuif L, Pizzorusso T. Editorial for "Regulatory RNAs in the nervous system". Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:38. [PMID: 25713514 PMCID: PMC4322715 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Cellerino
- Scuola Normale Superiore Pisa, Italy ; Biology of Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute for Age Research-Leibniz Institute Jena, Germany
| | - Laure Bally-Cuif
- Institute of Neurobiology A. Fessard, CNRS UPR3294 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Tommaso Pizzorusso
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health Neurofarba, University of Florence Florence, Italy ; Pisa Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council Pisa, Italy
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31
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Felling RJ, Song H. Epigenetic mechanisms of neuroplasticity and the implications for stroke recovery. Exp Neurol 2014; 268:37-45. [PMID: 25263580 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a devastating brain injury and an important cause of neurologic disability worldwide and across the lifespan. Despite the physical, social, and economic burdens of this disease there is only a single approved medicine for the treatment of acute stroke, and its use is unfortunately limited to the small fraction of patients presenting within the narrow therapeutic window. Following stroke, there is a period of plasticity involving cell genesis, axon growth, and synaptic modulation that is essential to spontaneous recovery. Treatments focusing on neuroprotection and enhancing recovery have been the focus of intense preclinical studies, but translation of these treatments into clinical use has been disappointing thus far. The important role of epigenetic mechanisms in disease states is becoming increasingly apparent, including in ischemic stroke. These regulators of gene expression are poised to be critical mediators of recovery following stroke. In this review we discuss evidence for the role of epigenetics in neuroplasticity and the implications for stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Felling
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 200 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21286, USA.
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 200 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21286, USA; Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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32
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Therrien M, Parker JA. Worming forward: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis toxicity mechanisms and genetic interactions in Caenorhabditis elegans. Front Genet 2014; 5:85. [PMID: 24860590 PMCID: PMC4029022 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases share pathogenic mechanisms at the cellular level including protein misfolding, excitotoxicity and altered RNA homeostasis among others. Recent advances have shown that the genetic causes underlying these pathologies overlap, hinting at the existence of a genetic network for neurodegeneration. This is perhaps best illustrated by the recent discoveries of causative mutations for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal degeneration (FTD). Once thought to be distinct entities, it is now recognized that these diseases exist along a genetic spectrum. With this wealth of discoveries comes the need to develop new genetic models of ALS and FTD to investigate not only pathogenic mechanisms linked to causative mutations, but to uncover potential genetic interactions that may point to new therapeutic targets. Given the conservation of many disease genes across evolution, Caenorhabditis elegans is an ideal system to investigate genetic interactions amongst these genes. Here we review the use of C. elegans to model ALS and investigate a putative genetic network for ALS/FTD that may extend to other neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Therrien
- Départment de Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire, CRCHUM-Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - J Alex Parker
- Départment de Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire, Départment de Neurosciences, CRCHUM-Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Montréal, QC, Canada
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33
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Iyer AN, Bellon A, Baudet ML. microRNAs in axon guidance. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:78. [PMID: 24672429 PMCID: PMC3953822 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain wiring is a highly intricate process in which trillions of neuronal connections are established. Its initial phase is particularly crucial in establishing the general framework of neuronal circuits. During this early step, differentiating neurons extend axons, which reach their target by navigating through a complex environment with extreme precision. Research in the past 20 years has unraveled a vast and complex array of chemotropic cues that guide the leading tip of axons, the growth cone, throughout its journey. Tight regulation of these cues, and of their receptors and signaling pathways, is necessary for the high degree of accuracy required during circuit formation. However, little is known about the nature of regulatory molecules or mechanisms fine-tuning axonal cue response. Here we review recent, and somewhat fragmented, research on the possibility that microRNAs (miRNAs) could be key fine-tuning regulatory molecules in axon guidance. miRNAs appear to shape long-range axon guidance, fasciculation and targeting. We also present several lines of evidence suggesting that miRNAs could have a compartmentalized and differential action at the cell soma, and within axons and growth cones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana N Iyer
- Center for Integrative Biology, University of Trento Trento, Italy
| | - Anaïs Bellon
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
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