1
|
Qiu Y, Gao T, Smith BR. Mechanical deformation and death of circulating tumor cells in the bloodstream. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2024:10.1007/s10555-024-10198-3. [PMID: 38980581 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-024-10198-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
The circulation of tumor cells through the bloodstream is a significant step in tumor metastasis. To better understand the metastatic process, circulating tumor cell (CTC) survival in the circulation must be explored. While immune interactions with CTCs in recent decades have been examined, research has yet to sufficiently explain some CTC behaviors in blood flow. Studies related to CTC mechanical responses in the bloodstream have recently been conducted to further study conditions under which CTCs might die. While experimental methods can assess the mechanical properties and death of CTCs, increasingly sophisticated computational models are being built to simulate the blood flow and CTC mechanical deformation under fluid shear stresses (FSS) in the bloodstream.Several factors contribute to the mechanical deformation and death of CTCs as they circulate. While FSS can damage CTC structure, diverse interactions between CTCs and blood components may either promote or hinder the next metastatic step-extravasation at a remote site. Overall understanding of how these factors influence the deformation and death of CTCs could serve as a basis for future experiments and simulations, enabling researchers to predict CTC death more accurately. Ultimately, these efforts can lead to improved metastasis-specific therapeutics and diagnostics specific in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiu Qiu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- The Institute for Quantitative Health Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Tong Gao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science, and Engineering, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Bryan Ronain Smith
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- The Institute for Quantitative Health Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kolahi Azar H, Gharibshahian M, Rostami M, Mansouri V, Sabouri L, Beheshtizadeh N, Rezaei N. The progressive trend of modeling and drug screening systems of breast cancer bone metastasis. J Biol Eng 2024; 18:14. [PMID: 38317174 PMCID: PMC10845631 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-024-00408-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone metastasis is considered as a considerable challenge for breast cancer patients. Various in vitro and in vivo models have been developed to examine this occurrence. In vitro models are employed to simulate the intricate tumor microenvironment, investigate the interplay between cells and their adjacent microenvironment, and evaluate the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions for tumors. The endeavor to replicate the latency period of bone metastasis in animal models has presented a challenge, primarily due to the necessity of primary tumor removal and the presence of multiple potential metastatic sites.The utilization of novel bone metastasis models, including three-dimensional (3D) models, has been proposed as a promising approach to overcome the constraints associated with conventional 2D and animal models. However, existing 3D models are limited by various factors, such as irregular cellular proliferation, autofluorescence, and changes in genetic and epigenetic expression. The imperative for the advancement of future applications of 3D models lies in their standardization and automation. The utilization of artificial intelligence exhibits the capability to predict cellular behavior through the examination of substrate materials' chemical composition, geometry, and mechanical performance. The implementation of these algorithms possesses the capability to predict the progression and proliferation of cancer. This paper reviewed the mechanisms of bone metastasis following primary breast cancer. Current models of breast cancer bone metastasis, along with their challenges, as well as the future perspectives of using these models for translational drug development, were discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Kolahi Azar
- Department of Pathology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Maliheh Gharibshahian
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
- Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Rostami
- Division of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Food Science and Nutrition Group (FSAN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Mansouri
- Gene Therapy Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Sabouri
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Beheshtizadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Temilola DO, Adeola HA, Grobbelaar J, Chetty M. Liquid Biopsy in Head and Neck Cancer: Its Present State and Future Role in Africa. Cells 2023; 12:2663. [PMID: 37998398 PMCID: PMC10670726 DOI: 10.3390/cells12222663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The rising mortality and morbidity rate of head and neck cancer (HNC) in Africa has been attributed to factors such as the poor state of health infrastructures, genetics, and late presentation resulting in the delayed diagnosis of these tumors. If well harnessed, emerging molecular and omics diagnostic technologies such as liquid biopsy can potentially play a major role in optimizing the management of HNC in Africa. However, to successfully apply liquid biopsy technology in the management of HNC in Africa, factors such as genetic, socioeconomic, environmental, and cultural acceptability of the technology must be given due consideration. This review outlines the role of circulating molecules such as tumor cells, tumor DNA, tumor RNA, proteins, and exosomes, in liquid biopsy technology for the management of HNC with a focus on studies conducted in Africa. The present state and the potential opportunities for the future use of liquid biopsy technology in the effective management of HNC in resource-limited settings such as Africa is further discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dada Oluwaseyi Temilola
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of the Western Cape, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town 7505, South Africa;
| | - Henry Ademola Adeola
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of the Western Cape, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town 7505, South Africa;
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Johan Grobbelaar
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town 7505, South Africa;
| | - Manogari Chetty
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of the Western Cape, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town 7505, South Africa;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xiao L, Chu J, Lin C, Zhang K, Chen S, Yang L. Simulation of a tumor cell flowing through a symmetric bifurcated microvessel. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2023; 22:297-308. [PMID: 36287312 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-022-01649-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Microvessel bifurcations serve as the major sites of tumor cell adhesion and further extravasation. In this study, the movement, deformation, and adhesion of a circulating tumor cell flowing in a symmetric microvessel with diverging and converging bifurcations were simulated by dissipative particle dynamics combined with a spring-based network model. Effects of the initial position of the CTC, externally-applied acceleration and the presence of RBCs on the motion of the CTC were investigated. The results demonstrated that the CTC released at the centerline of the parent vessel would attach to the vessel wall when arriving at the apex of diverging bifurcation and slide into the daughter branch determined by its centroid deflection and finally form firm adhesion at relatively lower flow rates. As the external acceleration increases, the increasing shear force enlarges the contact area for the adherent CTC on the one hand and reduces the residence time on the other hand. With the presence of RBCs in the bloodstream, the collision between the adherent tumor cell at the diverging bifurcation and flowing RBCs promotes the firm adhesion of CTC at lower flow rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Xiao
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Chu
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Chensen Lin
- Artificial Intelligence Innovation and Incubation Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Kaixuan Zhang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuo Chen
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen S, Zhu J, Xue J, Wang X, Jing P, Zhou L, Cui Y, Wang T, Gong X, Lü S, Long M. Numerical simulation of flow characteristics in a permeable liver sinusoid with leukocytes. Biophys J 2022; 121:4666-4678. [PMID: 36271623 PMCID: PMC9748252 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Double-layered channels of sinusoid lumen and Disse space separated by fenestrated liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) endow the unique mechanical environment of the liver sinusoid network, which further guarantees its biological function. It is also known that this mechanical environment changes dramatically under liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, including the reduced plasma penetration and metabolite exchange between the two flow channels and the reduced Disse space deformability. The squeezing of leukocytes through narrow sinusoid lumen also affects the mechanical environment of liver sinusoid. To date, the detailed flow-field profile of liver sinusoid is still far from clear due to experimental limitations. It also remains elusive whether and how the varied physical properties of the pathological liver sinusoid regulate the fluid flow characteristics. Here a numerical model based on the immersed boundary method was established, and the effects of Disse space and leukocyte elasticities, endothelium permeability, and sinusoidal stenosis degree on fluid flow as well as leukocyte trafficking were specified upon a mimic liver sinusoid structure. Results showed that endothelium permeability dominantly controlled the plasma penetration velocity across the endothelium, whereas leukocyte squeezing promoted local penetration and significantly regulated wall shear stress on hepatocytes, which was strongly related to the Disse space and leukocyte deformability. Permeability and elasticity cooperatively regulated the process of leukocytes trafficking through the liver sinusoid, especially for stiffer leukocytes. This study will offer new insights into deeper understanding of the elaborate mechanical features of liver sinusoid and corresponding biological function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shenbao Chen
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, and CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingchen Zhu
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, and CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Xue
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics (LNM), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hydrodynamics (Ministry of Education), Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Jing
- Key Laboratory of Hydrodynamics (Ministry of Education), Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lüwen Zhou
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, and CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhong Cui
- Department of Mechanics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tianhao Wang
- Department of Mechanics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaobo Gong
- Key Laboratory of Hydrodynamics (Ministry of Education), Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shouqin Lü
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, and CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Mian Long
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, and CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ju S, Chen C, Zhang J, Xu L, Zhang X, Li Z, Chen Y, Zhou J, Ji F, Wang L. Detection of circulating tumor cells: opportunities and challenges. Biomark Res 2022; 10:58. [PMID: 35962400 PMCID: PMC9375360 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-022-00403-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are cells that shed from a primary tumor and travel through the bloodstream. Studying the functional and molecular characteristics of CTCs may provide in-depth knowledge regarding highly lethal tumor diseases. Researchers are working to design devices and develop analytical methods that can capture and detect CTCs in whole blood from cancer patients with improved sensitivity and specificity. Techniques using whole blood samples utilize physical prosperity, immunoaffinity or a combination of the above methods and positive and negative enrichment during separation. Further analysis of CTCs is helpful in cancer monitoring, efficacy evaluation and designing of targeted cancer treatment methods. Although many advances have been achieved in the detection and molecular characterization of CTCs, several challenges still exist that limit the current use of this burgeoning diagnostic approach. In this review, a brief summary of the biological characterization of CTCs is presented. We focus on the current existing CTC detection methods and the potential clinical implications and challenges of CTCs. We also put forward our own views regarding the future development direction of CTCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Ju
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cong Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiahang Zhang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoqing Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongxia Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jichun Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feiyang Ji
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Linbo Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Balachander GM, Kotcherlakota R, Nayak B, Kedaria D, Rangarajan A, Chatterjee K. 3D Tumor Models for Breast Cancer: Whither We Are and What We Need. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:3470-3486. [PMID: 34286955 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) models have led to a paradigm shift in disease modeling in vitro, particularly for cancer. The past decade has seen a phenomenal increase in the development of 3D models for various types of cancers with a focus on studying stemness, invasive behavior, angiogenesis, and chemoresistance of cancer cells, as well as contributions of its stroma, which has expanded our understanding of these processes. Cancer biology is moving into exploring the emerging hallmarks of cancer, such as inflammation, immune evasion, and reprogramming of energy metabolism. Studies into these emerging concepts have provided novel targets and treatment options such as antitumor immunotherapy. However, 3D models that can investigate the emerging hallmarks are few and underexplored. As commonly used immunocompromised mice and syngenic mice cannot accurately mimic human immunology, stromal interactions, and metabolism and require the use of prohibitively expensive humanized mice, there is tremendous scope to develop authentic 3D tumor models in these areas. Taking the specific case of breast cancer, we discuss the currently available 3D models, their applications to mimic signaling in cancer, tumor-stroma interactions, drug responses, and assessment of drug delivery systems and therapies. We discuss the lacunae in the development of 3D tumor models for the emerging hallmarks of cancer, for lesser-explored forms of breast cancer, and provide insights to develop such models. We discuss how the next generation of 3D models can provide a better mimic of human cancer modeling compared to xenograft models and the scope toward preclinical models and precision medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gowri Manohari Balachander
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, MD9-04-11, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore 117593, Singapore
| | - Rajesh Kotcherlakota
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
| | - Biswadeep Nayak
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States.,Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
| | - Dhaval Kedaria
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
| | - Annapoorni Rangarajan
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India.,Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
| | - Kaushik Chatterjee
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India.,Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Vasilaki D, Bakopoulou A, Tsouknidas A, Johnstone E, Michalakis K. Biophysical interactions between components of the tumor microenvironment promote metastasis. Biophys Rev 2021; 13:339-357. [PMID: 34168685 PMCID: PMC8214652 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00811-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During metastasis, tumor cells need to adapt to their dynamic microenvironment and modify their mechanical properties in response to both chemical and mechanical stimulation. Physical interactions occur between cancer cells and the surrounding matrix including cell movements and cell shape alterations through the process of mechanotransduction. The latter describes the translation of external mechanical cues into intracellular biochemical signaling. Reorganization of both the cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a critical role in these spreading steps. Migrating tumor cells show increased motility in order to cross the tumor microenvironment, migrate through ECM and reach the bloodstream to the metastatic site. There are specific factors affecting these processes, as well as the survival of circulating tumor cells (CTC) in the blood flow until they finally invade the secondary tissue to form metastasis. This review aims to study the mechanisms of metastasis from a biomechanical perspective and investigate cell migration, with a focus on the alterations in the cytoskeleton through this journey and the effect of biologic fluids on metastasis. Understanding of the biophysical mechanisms that promote tumor metastasis may contribute successful therapeutic approaches in the fight against cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Vasilaki
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athina Bakopoulou
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexandros Tsouknidas
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Computational Mechanics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Kozani, Greece
| | | | - Konstantinos Michalakis
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Division of Graduate Prosthodontics, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA USA
- University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Puleri DF, Balogh P, Randles A. Computational models of cancer cell transport through the microcirculation. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2021; 20:1209-1230. [PMID: 33765196 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-021-01452-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The transport of cancerous cells through the microcirculation during metastatic spread encompasses several interdependent steps that are not fully understood. Computational models which resolve the cellular-scale dynamics of complex microcirculatory flows offer considerable potential to yield needed insights into the spread of cancer as a result of the level of detail that can be captured. In recent years, in silico methods have been developed that can accurately and efficiently model the circulatory flows of cancer and other biological cells. These computational methods are capable of resolving detailed fluid flow fields which transport cells through tortuous physiological geometries, as well as the deformation and interactions between cells, cell-to-endothelium interactions, and tumor cell aggregates, all of which play important roles in metastatic spread. Such models can provide a powerful complement to experimental works, and a promising approach to recapitulating the endogenous setting while maintaining control over parameters such as shear rate, cell deformability, and the strength of adhesive binding to better understand tumor cell transport. In this review, we present an overview of computational models that have been developed for modeling cancer cells in the microcirculation, including insights they have provided into cell transport phenomena.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Puleri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Peter Balogh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Amanda Randles
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hope JM, Bersi MR, Dombroski JA, Clinch AB, Pereles RS, Merryman WD, King MR. Circulating prostate cancer cells have differential resistance to fluid shear stress-induced cell death. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs.251470. [PMID: 33526716 PMCID: PMC7929932 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.251470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are exposed to fluid shear stress (FSS) of greater than 1000 dyn/cm2 (100 Pa) in circulation. Normally, CTCs that are exposed to FSS of this magnitude die. However, some CTCs develop resistance to this FSS, allowing them to colonize distant organs. We explored how prostate CTCs can resist cell death in response to forces of this magnitude. The DU145, PC3 and LNCaP human prostate cancer cell lines were used to represent cells of different metastatic origins. The cell lines were briefly treated with an average FSS of 3950 dyn/cm2 (395 Pa) using a 30 G needle and a syringe pump. DU145 cells had no change in cell viability, PC3 cells had some cell death and LNCaP cells exhibited significant cell death. These cell death responses correlated with increased cell membrane damage, less efficient membrane repair and increased stiffness. Additionally, FSS treatment prevented the LNCaP FSS-sensitive cell line from forming a growing tumor in vivo. This suggests that these properties play a role in FSS resistance and could represent potential targets for disrupting blood-borne metastasis. Summary: Prostate cancer cells have different sensitivities to fluid forces that alter their resistance to elevated blood flow-level fluid shear stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M Hope
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Matthew R Bersi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Jenna A Dombroski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Andrea B Clinch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Rebecca S Pereles
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - W David Merryman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Michael R King
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Xiao L, Song X, Chen S. Motion of a tumour cell under the blood flow at low Reynolds number in a curved microvessel. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2020.1856377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L.L. Xiao
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - X.J. Song
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - S. Chen
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cui J, Liu Y, Xiao L, Chen S, Fu BM. Numerical study on the adhesion of a circulating tumor cell in a curved microvessel. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2020; 20:243-254. [PMID: 32809129 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-020-01380-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The adhesion of a circulating tumor cell (CTC) in a three-dimensional curved microvessel was numerically investigated. Simulations were first performed to characterize the differences in the dynamics and adhesion of a CTC in the straight and curved vessels. After that, a parametric study was performed to investigate the effects of the applied driven force density f (or the flow Reynolds number Re) and the CTC membrane bending modulus Kb on the CTC adhesion. Our simulation results show that the CTC prefers to adhere to the curved vessel as more bonds are formed around the transition region of the curved part due to the increased cell-wall contact by the centrifugal force. The parametric study also indicates that when the flow driven force f (or Re) increases or when the CTC becomes softer (Kb decreases), the bond formation probability increases and the bonds will be formed at more sites of a curved vessel. The increased f (or Re) brings a larger centrifugal force, while the decreased Kb generates more contact areas at the cell-wall interface, both of which are beneficial to the bond formation. In the curved vessel, it is found that the site where bonds are formed the most (hotspot) varies with the applied f and the Kb. For our vessel geometry, when f is small, the hotspot tends to be within the first bend of the vessel, while as f increases or Kb decreases, the hotspot may shift to the second bend of the vessel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Cui
- Research Centre for Fluid-Structure Interactions, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Research Centre for Fluid-Structure Interactions, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Lanlan Xiao
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuo Chen
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingmei M Fu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
González-González M, Gutiérrez ML, Sayagués JM, Muñoz-Bellvís L, Orfao A. Genomic profiling of sporadic liver metastatic colorectal cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 71:98-108. [PMID: 32485312 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sporadic colorectal cancer (sCRC) is the third leading cause of cancer death in the Western world. Approximately, a quarter of sCRC patients present metastatic dissemination at the moment of diagnosis, the liver being the most frequently affected organ. Additionally, this group of CRC patients is characterized by a worse prognosis. In the last decades, significant technological developments for genome analysis have fostered the identification and characterization of genetic alterations involved in the pathogenesis of sCRC. However, genetic alterations involved in the metastatic process through which tumor cells are able to colonize other tissues with a different microenvironment, still remain to be fully identified. Here, we review current knowledge about the most relevant genomic alterations involved in the liver metastatic process of sCRC, including detailed information about the genetic profile of primary colorectal tumors vs. their paired liver metastases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María González-González
- Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service (NUCLEUS), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre Consortium-CIBER-CIBERONC, Spain
| | - María Laura Gutiérrez
- Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service (NUCLEUS), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre Consortium-CIBER-CIBERONC, Spain
| | - José María Sayagués
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Department of Pathology, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Luis Muñoz-Bellvís
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre Consortium-CIBER-CIBERONC, Spain; Department of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alberto Orfao
- Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service (NUCLEUS), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre Consortium-CIBER-CIBERONC, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Follain G, Herrmann D, Harlepp S, Hyenne V, Osmani N, Warren SC, Timpson P, Goetz JG. Fluids and their mechanics in tumour transit: shaping metastasis. Nat Rev Cancer 2020; 20:107-124. [PMID: 31780785 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-019-0221-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is a dynamic succession of events involving the dissemination of tumour cells to distant sites within the body, ultimately reducing the survival of patients with cancer. To colonize distant organs and, therefore, systemically disseminate within the organism, cancer cells and associated factors exploit several bodily fluid systems, which provide a natural transportation route. Indeed, the flow mechanics of the blood and lymphatic circulatory systems can be co-opted to improve the efficiency of cancer cell transit from the primary tumour, extravasation and metastatic seeding. Flow rates, vessel size and shear stress can all influence the survival of cancer cells in the circulation and control organotropic seeding patterns. Thus, in addition to using these fluids as a means to travel throughout the body, cancer cells exploit the underlying physical forces within these fluids to successfully seed distant metastases. In this Review, we describe how circulating tumour cells and tumour-associated factors leverage bodily fluids, their underlying forces and imposed stresses during metastasis. As the contribution of bodily fluids and their mechanics raises interesting questions about the biology of the metastatic cascade, an improved understanding of this process might provide a new avenue for targeting cancer cells in transit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gautier Follain
- INSERM UMR_S1109, Tumor Biomechanics, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - David Herrmann
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sébastien Harlepp
- INSERM UMR_S1109, Tumor Biomechanics, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Vincent Hyenne
- INSERM UMR_S1109, Tumor Biomechanics, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
- CNRS SNC 505, Strasbourg, France
| | - Naël Osmani
- INSERM UMR_S1109, Tumor Biomechanics, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Sean C Warren
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul Timpson
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Jacky G Goetz
- INSERM UMR_S1109, Tumor Biomechanics, Strasbourg, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jiménez-Zenteno AK, Cerf A. Liquid Biopsy Based on Circulating Cancer-Associated Cells: Bridging the Gap from an Emerging Concept to a Mainstream Tool in Precision Medicine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 4:e1900164. [PMID: 32293131 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The concept of liquid biopsy and the isolation and analysis of circulating biomarkers from blood samples is proposed as a surrogate to solid biopsies and can have the potential to revolutionize the management of patients with cancer. The relevance of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and the importance of the information they carry is acknowledged by the medical community. But what are the barriers to clinical adoption? This review draws a panorama of the biological implications of CTCs, their physical and biochemical properties, and the current technological bottlenecks for their analysis in relation with the medical needs. Keys and considerations to bridge the technological and clinical gaps that still need to be overcome to be able to introduce CTCs in clinical routine are finally synthesized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aline Cerf
- Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 7 Avenue du Colonel Roche, 31400, Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sinha KP, Thaokar RM. A theoretical study on the dynamics of a compound vesicle in shear flow. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:6994-7017. [PMID: 31433433 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01102a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of nucleate cells in shear flow is of great relevance in cancer cells and circulatory tumor cells where they determine the flow properties of blood. Buoyed by the success of giant unilamellar vesicles in explaining the dynamics of anucleate cells such as red blood cells, compound vesicles have been suggested as a simple model for nucleate cells. A compound vesicle consists of two concentric unilamellar vesicles with the inner, annular and outer regions filled with aqueous Newtonian solvents. In this work, a theoretical model is presented to study the deformation and dynamics of a compound vesicle in linear shear flow using small deformation theory and spherical harmonics with higher order approximation to the membrane forces. A coupling of viscous and membrane stresses at the membrane interface of the two vesicles results in highly nonlinear shape evolution equations for the inner and the outer vesicles which are solved numerically. The results indicate that the size of the inner vesicle (χ) does not affect the tank-treading dynamics of the outer vesicle. The inner vesicle admits a greater inclination angle than the outer vesicle. However, the transition to trembling/swinging and tumbling is significantly affected. The inner and outer vesicles exhibit identical dynamics in the parameter space defined by the nondimensional rotational (Λan) and extensional (S) strength of the general shear flow. At moderate χ, a swinging mode is observed for the inner vesicle while the outer vesicle exhibits tumbling. The inner vesicle also exhibits modification of the TU mode to IUS (intermediate tumbling swinging) mode. Moreover, synchronization of the two vesicles at higher χ and a Capillary number sensitive motion at lower χ is observed in the tumbling regime. These results are in accordance with the few experimental observations reported by Levant and Steinberg. A reduction in the inclination angle is observed with an increase in χ when the inner vesicle is replaced by a solid inclusion. Additionally, a very elaborate phase diagram is presented in the Λan-S parameter space, which could be tested in future experiments or numerical simulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Priti Sinha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India.
| | - Rochish M Thaokar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hong Y, Rao Y. Current status of nanoscale drug delivery systems for colorectal cancer liver metastasis. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 114:108764. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
|
18
|
Holenstein CN, Horvath A, Schär B, Schoenenberger AD, Bollhalder M, Goedecke N, Bartalena G, Otto O, Herbig M, Guck J, Müller DA, Snedeker JG, Silvan U. The relationship between metastatic potential and in vitro mechanical properties of osteosarcoma cells. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:887-898. [PMID: 30785850 PMCID: PMC6589788 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-08-0545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most frequent primary tumor of bone and is characterized by its high tendency to metastasize in lungs. Although treatment in cases of early diagnosis results in a 5-yr survival rate of nearly 60%, the prognosis for patients with secondary lesions at diagnosis is poor, and their 5-yr survival rate remains below 30%. In the present work, we have used a number of analytical methods to investigate the impact of increased metastatic potential on the biophysical properties and force generation of osteosarcoma cells. With that aim, we used two paired osteosarcoma cell lines, with each one comprising a parental line with low metastatic potential and its experimentally selected, highly metastatic form. Mechanical characterization was performed by means of atomic force microscopy, tensile biaxial deformation, and real-time deformability, and cell traction was measured using two-dimensional and micropost-based traction force microscopy. Our results reveal that the low metastatic osteosarcoma cells display larger spreading sizes and generate higher forces than the experimentally selected, highly malignant variants. In turn, the outcome of cell stiffness measurements strongly depends on the method used and the state of the probed cell, indicating that only a set of phenotyping methods provides the full picture of cell mechanics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claude N Holenstein
- Biomechanics Laboratory, University Hospital Balgrist, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Aron Horvath
- Biomechanics Laboratory, University Hospital Balgrist, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Schär
- Biomechanics Laboratory, University Hospital Balgrist, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Angelina D Schoenenberger
- Biomechanics Laboratory, University Hospital Balgrist, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maja Bollhalder
- Biomechanics Laboratory, University Hospital Balgrist, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nils Goedecke
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Guido Bartalena
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Otto
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,Zentrum für Innovationskompetenz, Universität Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Maik Herbig
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jochen Guck
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniel A Müller
- Biomechanics Laboratory, University Hospital Balgrist, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jess G Snedeker
- Biomechanics Laboratory, University Hospital Balgrist, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Unai Silvan
- Biomechanics Laboratory, University Hospital Balgrist, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang J, Cheng M, Law IKM, Ortiz C, Sun M, Koon HW. Cathelicidin Suppresses Colon Cancer Metastasis via a P2RX7-Dependent Mechanism. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2019; 12:195-203. [PMID: 30847383 PMCID: PMC6389776 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin inhibits development of colitis-associated colon cancer. However, the role of cathelicidin in colon cancer metastasis remains unknown. We hypothesized that cathelicidin is effective in inhibiting colon cancer metastasis. Human colon cancer HT-29 cells were injected intravenously into nude mice. Control HA-tagged adeno-associated virus (HA-AAV) or cathelicidin-overexpressing AAV (CAMP-HA-AAV) were injected intravenously into nude mice on the same day. Four weeks later, the nude mice were assessed for lung and liver metastases. Human colon cancer SW620 cells were used to study the effect of cathelicidin on cell migration and cytoskeleton. Incubation of SW620 cells with cathelicidin dose-dependently reduced cell migration, disrupted cytoskeletal structure, and reduced βIII-tubulin (TUBB3) mRNA expression. The addition of the P2RX7 antagonist KN62, but not the FPRL1 antagonist WRW4, prevented the LL-37-mediated inhibition of cell migration and TUBB3 mRNA expression. The CAMP-HA-AAV-overexpressing group showed significantly reduced human CK20 protein (by 60%) and TUBB3 mRNA expression (by 40%) in the lungs and liver of the HT-29-loaded nude mice, compared to the HA-AAV control group. Intraperitoneal injection of KN62 reversed the CAMP-HA-AAV-mediated inhibition of human CK20 and TUBB3 expression in the lungs and liver of HT-29-loaded nude mice. In conclusion, cathelicidin inhibits colon cancer metastasis via a P2RX7-dependent pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiani Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China.,Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michelle Cheng
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ivy K M Law
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Christina Ortiz
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mingjun Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Hon Wai Koon
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Barber J, Zhu L. Two-dimensional Finite Element Model of Breast Cancer Cell Motion Through a Microfluidic Channel. Bull Math Biol 2019; 81:1238-1259. [DOI: 10.1007/s11538-018-00557-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
21
|
Modeling Cell Adhesion and Extravasation in Microvascular System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 30315548 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96445-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The blood flow behaviors in the microvessels determine the transport modes and further affect the metastasis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). Much biochemical and biological efforts have been made on CTC metastasis; however, precise experimental measurement and accurate theoretical prediction on its mechanical mechanism are limited. To complement these, numerical modeling of a CTC extravasation from the blood circulation, including the steps of adhesion and transmigration, is discussed in this chapter. The results demonstrate that CTCs prefer to adhere at the positive curvature of curved microvessels, which is attributed to the positive wall shear stress/gradient. Then, the effects of particulate nature of blood on CTC adhesion are investigated and are found to be significant in the microvessels. Furthermore, the presence of red blood cell (RBC) aggregates is also found to promote the CTC adhesion by providing an additional wall-directed force. Finally, a single cell passing through a narrow slit, mimicking CTC transmigration, was examined under the effects of cell deformability. It showed that the cell shape and surface area increase play a more important role than the cell elasticity in cell transit across the narrow slit.
Collapse
|
22
|
Burinaru TA, Avram M, Avram A, Mărculescu C, Ţîncu B, Ţucureanu V, Matei A, Militaru M. Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells Using Microfluidics. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2018; 20:107-126. [PMID: 29363937 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.7b00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is the main cause of death in cancer patients worldwide. During metastasis, cancer cells detach from the primary tumor and invade distant tissue. The cells that undergo this process are called circulating tumor cells (CTCs). Studies show that the number of CTCs in the peripheral blood can predict progression-free survival and overall survival and can be informative concerning the efficacy of treatment. Research is now concentrated on developing devices that can detect CTCs in the blood of cancer patients with improved sensitivity and specificity that can lead to improved clinical evaluation. This review focuses on devices that detect and capture CTCs using different cell properties (surface markers, size, deformability, electrical properties, etc.). We also discuss the process of tumor cell dissemination, the biology of CTCs, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and several challenges and clinical applications of CTC detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiberiu A. Burinaru
- National Institute for R&D in Microtechnologies, IMT-Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania, 077190
| | - Marioara Avram
- National Institute for R&D in Microtechnologies, IMT-Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania, 077190
| | - Andrei Avram
- National Institute for R&D in Microtechnologies, IMT-Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania, 077190
| | - Cătălin Mărculescu
- National Institute for R&D in Microtechnologies, IMT-Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania, 077190
| | - Bianca Ţîncu
- National Institute for R&D in Microtechnologies, IMT-Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania, 077190
| | - Vasilica Ţucureanu
- National Institute for R&D in Microtechnologies, IMT-Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania, 077190
| | - Alina Matei
- National Institute for R&D in Microtechnologies, IMT-Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania, 077190
| | - Manuella Militaru
- University of Agronomic
Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest, Romania, 050097
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fai TG, Leo-Macias A, Stokes DL, Peskin CS. Image-based model of the spectrin cytoskeleton for red blood cell simulation. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005790. [PMID: 28991926 PMCID: PMC5654263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We simulate deformable red blood cells in the microcirculation using the immersed boundary method with a cytoskeletal model that incorporates structural details revealed by tomographic images. The elasticity of red blood cells is known to be supplied by both their lipid bilayer membranes, which resist bending and local changes in area, and their cytoskeletons, which resist in-plane shear. The cytoskeleton consists of spectrin tetramers that are tethered to the lipid bilayer by ankyrin and by actin-based junctional complexes. We model the cytoskeleton as a random geometric graph, with nodes corresponding to junctional complexes and with edges corresponding to spectrin tetramers such that the edge lengths are given by the end-to-end distances between nodes. The statistical properties of this graph are based on distributions gathered from three-dimensional tomographic images of the cytoskeleton by a segmentation algorithm. We show that the elastic response of our model cytoskeleton, in which the spectrin polymers are treated as entropic springs, is in good agreement with the experimentally measured shear modulus. By simulating red blood cells in flow with the immersed boundary method, we compare this discrete cytoskeletal model to an existing continuum model and predict the extent to which dynamic spectrin network connectivity can protect against failure in the case of a red cell subjected to an applied strain. The methods presented here could form the basis of disease- and patient-specific computational studies of hereditary diseases affecting the red cell cytoskeleton. Red blood cells are responsible for delivering oxygen to tissues throughout the body. These terminally differentiated cells have developed a fascinating flexibility and resiliency that is critical to navigating the circulatory system. Far from being rigid bodies, red blood cells adopt biconcave disk shapes at equilibrium, parachute-like shapes as they move between large vessels and small capillaries, and more extreme shapes as they traverse the endothelial slits of the spleen. Understanding the remarkable mechanical properties that allow red cells to experience such large deformations while maintaining structural integrity is a fundamental question in physiology that may help advance treatments of genetic disorders such as hereditary spherocytosis and elliptocytosis that affect red cell flexibility and can lead to severe anemia. In this work, we present a model of the red blood cell cytoskeleton based on cryoelectron tomography data. We develop an image processing technique to gather statistics from these data and use these statistics to generate a random entropic network to model the cytoskeleton. We then simulate the behavior of the resulting red blood cells in flow. As we demonstrate through simulations, this method makes it possible to examine the consequences of changes in microstructural properties such as the rate of cytoskeletal remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G. Fai
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Alejandra Leo-Macias
- Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David L. Stokes
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Charles S. Peskin
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lee W, Lim S, Kim Y. The role of myosin II in glioma invasion: A mathematical model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171312. [PMID: 28166231 PMCID: PMC5293275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are malignant tumors that are commonly observed in primary brain cancer. Glioma cells migrate through a dense network of normal cells in microenvironment and spread long distances within brain. In this paper we present a two-dimensional multiscale model in which a glioma cell is surrounded by normal cells and its migration is controlled by cell-mechanical components in the microenvironment via the regulation of myosin II in response to chemoattractants. Our simulation results show that the myosin II plays a key role in the deformation of the cell nucleus as the glioma cell passes through the narrow intercellular space smaller than its nuclear diameter. We also demonstrate that the coordination of biochemical and mechanical components within the cell enables a glioma cell to take the mode of amoeboid migration. This study sheds lights on the understanding of glioma infiltration through the narrow intercellular spaces and may provide a potential approach for the development of anti-invasion strategies via the injection of chemoattractants for localization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanho Lee
- National Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Daejeon, 34047, Republic of Korea
| | - Sookkyung Lim
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, United States of America
| | - Yangjin Kim
- Mathematical Biosciences Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States of America
- Department of Mathematics, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Xiao LL, Liu Y, Chen S, Fu BM. Effects of flowing RBCs on adhesion of a circulating tumor cell in microvessels. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2016; 16:597-610. [PMID: 27738841 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-016-0839-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) to the microvessel wall largely depends on the blood hydrodynamic conditions, one of which is the blood viscosity. Since blood is a non-Newtonian fluid, whose viscosity increases with hematocrit, in the microvessels at low shear rate. In this study, the effects of hematocrit, vessel size, flow rate and red blood cell (RBC) aggregation on adhesion of a CTC in the microvessels were numerically investigated using dissipative particle dynamics. The membrane of cells was represented by a spring-based network connected by elastic springs to characterize its deformation. RBC aggregation was modeled by a Morse potential function based on depletion-mediated assumption, and the adhesion of the CTC to the vessel wall was achieved by the interactions between receptors and ligands at the CTC and those at the endothelial cells forming the vessel wall. The results demonstrated that in the microvessel of [Formula: see text] diameter, the CTC has an increasing probability of adhesion with the hematocrit due to a growing wall-directed force, resulting in a larger number of receptor-ligand bonds formed on the cell surface. However, with the increase in microvessel size, an enhanced lift force at higher hematocrit detaches the initial adherent CTC quickly. If the microvessel is comparable to the CTC in diameter, CTC adhesion is independent of Hct. In addition, the velocity of CTC is larger than the average blood flow velocity in smaller microvessels and the relative velocity of CTC decreases with the increase in microvessel size. An increased blood flow resistance in the presence of CTC was also found. Moreover, it was found that the large deformation induced by high flow rate and the presence of aggregation promote the adhesion of CTC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L L Xiao
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - S Chen
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
| | - B M Fu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Williams KC, Wong E, Leong HS, Jackson DN, Allan AL, Chambers AF. Cancer dissemination from a physical sciences perspective. CONVERGENT SCIENCE PHYSICAL ONCOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1739/2/2/023001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
27
|
Xiao LL, Liu Y, Chen S, Fu BM. Numerical simulation of a single cell passing through a narrow slit. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2016; 15:1655-1667. [PMID: 27080221 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-016-0789-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The narrow slit between endothelial cells that line the microvessel wall is the principal pathway for tumor cell extravasation to the surrounding tissue. To understand this crucial step for tumor hematogenous metastasis, we used dissipative particle dynamics method to investigate an individual cell passing through a narrow slit numerically. The cell membrane was simulated by a spring-based network model which can separate the internal cytoplasm and surrounding fluid. The effects of the cell elasticity, cell shape, nucleus and slit size on the cell transmigration through the slit were investigated. Under a fixed driving force, the cell with higher elasticity can be elongated more and pass faster through the slit. When the slit width decreases to 2/3 of the cell diameter, the spherical cell becomes jammed despite reducing its elasticity modulus by 10 times. However, transforming the cell from a spherical to ellipsoidal shape and increasing the cell surface area by merely 9.3 % can enable the cell to pass through the narrow slit. Therefore, the cell shape and surface area increase play a more important role than the cell elasticity in cell passing through the narrow slit. In addition, the simulation results indicate that the cell migration velocity decreases during entrance but increases during exit of the slit, which is qualitatively in agreement with the experimental observation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L L Xiao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - S Chen
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - B M Fu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Rejniak KA. Circulating Tumor Cells: When a Solid Tumor Meets a Fluid Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 936:93-106. [PMID: 27739044 PMCID: PMC5113997 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-42023-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Solid tumor dissemination from the primary site to the sites of metastasis involves tumor cell transport through the blood or lymph circulation systems. Once the tumor cells enter the bloodstream, they encounter a new hostile microenvironment. The cells must withstand hemodynamic forces and overcome the effects of fluid shear. The cells are exposed to immunological signaling insults from leukocytes, to collisions with erythrocytes, and to interactions with platelets or macrophages. Finally, the cells need to attach to the blood vessel walls and extravasate to the surrounding stroma to form tumor metastases. Although only a small fraction of invasive cells is able to complete the metastatic process, most cancer-related deaths are the result of tumor metastasis. Thus, investigating the intracellular properties of circulating tumor cells and the extracellular conditions that allow the tumor cells to survive and thrive in this microenvironment is of vital interest. In this chapter, we discuss the intravascular microenvironment that the circulating tumor cells must endure. We summarize the current experimental and computational literature on tumor cells in the circulation system. We also illustrate various aspects of the intravascular transport of circulating tumor cells using a mathematical model based on immersed boundary principles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna A Rejniak
- Integrated Mathematical Oncology Department, Center of Excellence in Cancer Imaging and Technology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Low WS, Wan Abas WAB. Benchtop technologies for circulating tumor cells separation based on biophysical properties. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:239362. [PMID: 25977918 PMCID: PMC4419234 DOI: 10.1155/2015/239362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are tumor cells that have detached from primary tumor site and are transported via the circulation system. The importance of CTCs as prognostic biomarker is leveraged when multiple studies found that patient with cutoff of 5 CTCs per 7.5 mL blood has poor survival rate. Despite its clinical relevance, the isolation and characterization of CTCs can be quite challenging due to their large morphological variability and the rare presence of CTCs within the blood. Numerous methods have been employed and discussed in the literature for CTCs separation. In this paper, we will focus on label free CTCs isolation methods, in which the biophysical and biomechanical properties of cells (e.g., size, deformability, and electricity) are exploited for CTCs detection. To assess the present state of various isolation methods, key performance metrics such as capture efficiency, cell viability, and throughput will be reported. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future perspectives of CTC isolation technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan Shi Low
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wan Abu Bakar Wan Abas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Paschos KA, Majeed AW, Bird NC. Natural history of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer - pathobiological pathways with clinical significance. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:3719-3737. [PMID: 24744570 PMCID: PMC3983432 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i14.3719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer hepatic metastases represent the final stage of a multi-step biological process. This process starts with a series of mutations in colonic epithelial cells, continues with their detachment from the large intestine, dissemination through the blood and/or lymphatic circulation, attachment to the hepatic sinusoids and interactions with the sinusoidal cells, such as sinusoidal endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, stellate cells and pit cells. The metastatic sequence terminates with colorectal cancer cell invasion, adaptation and colonisation of the hepatic parenchyma. All these events, termed the colorectal cancer invasion-metastasis cascade, include multiple molecular pathways, intercellular interactions and expression of a plethora of chemokines and growth factors, and adhesion molecules, such as the selectins, the integrins or the cadherins, as well as enzymes including matrix metalloproteinases. This review aims to present recent advances that provide insights into these cell-biological events and emphasizes those that may be amenable to therapeutic targeting.
Collapse
|
31
|
Berghoff AS, Preusser M. Biology in prevention and treatment of brain metastases. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 13:1339-48. [DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2013.852067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Berghoff
- Department of Medicine I and Comprehensive Cancer Center CNS Unit (CCC-CNS), Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18–20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Preusser
- Department of Medicine I and Comprehensive Cancer Center CNS Unit (CCC-CNS), Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18–20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Mojica W, Bassey R, Chen F, Hannahoe B, Sauer P, Hard R, Furlani EP. Conditional prerequisites for microchannel cytologic analysis on wet mount (fluid-based) biopsies. Cancer Cytopathol 2013; 122:59-69. [PMID: 24124022 DOI: 10.1002/cncy.21348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced capabilities in genomic sequencing developed in the research sector will soon enter the clinical arena. Issues such as the proportioning of patient specimen material for traditional bright-field microscopic evaluation or dedication for molecular analysis will intensify, particularly in situations of small core biopsies. Microfluidics appears aptly suited as a platform capable of allowing traditional cytologic diagnostics and downstream molecular analysis from the same specimen. However, clarification is needed to determine that forces which act on cells in a fluidic environment do not drastically alter their cytologic features. METHODS Cells were processed for flow-through in a microfluidic channel and evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively for alterations due to fluid-shear stress or anoikis. RESULTS Processing caused separation of cells from cohesive clusters to smaller groups and individual cells, leading to greater variation in parameters associated with the nucleus in nontumor cells but no significant change in tumor cells. These differences were most readily apparent by quantitative measures, and to a lesser extent, qualitative evaluation. Time-dependent processing played a larger role in cytologic alteration than fluid-shear stress for nontumor cells. CONCLUSIONS Passage of cells through a microfluidic channel is a feasible approach that can be integrated into future platforms intent on integrating cytologic assessment of cells with recovery of the same cells for downstream assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wilfrido Mojica
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
King MR. Rolling in the deep: therapeutic targeting of circulating tumor cells. Front Oncol 2012; 2:184. [PMID: 23226682 PMCID: PMC3509341 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R King
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|