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Stępnik K, Kukula-Koch W, Płaziński W. Molecular and Pharmacokinetic Aspects of the Acetylcholinesterase-Inhibitory Potential of the Oleanane-Type Triterpenes and Their Glycosides. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1357. [PMID: 37759757 PMCID: PMC10526139 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The acetylcholinesterase-inhibitory potential of the oleanane-type triterpenes and their glycosides from thebark of Terminalia arjuna (Combreatceae), i.e.,arjunic acid, arjunolic acid, arjungenin, arjunglucoside I, sericic acid and arjunetin, is presented. The studies are based on in silico pharmacokinetic and biomimetic studies, acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-inhibitory activity tests and molecular-docking research. Based on the calculated pharmacokinetic parameters, arjunetin and arjunglucoside I are indicated as able to cross the blood-brain barrier. The compounds of interest exhibit a marked acetylcholinesterase inhibitory potential, which was tested in the TLC bioautography test. The longest time to reach brain equilibrium is observed for both the arjunic and arjunolic acids and the shortest one for arjunetin. All of the compounds exhibit a high and relatively similar magnitude of binding energies, varying from ca. -15 to -13 kcal/mol. The superposition of the most favorable positions of all ligands interacting with AChE is analyzed. The correlation between the experimentally determined IC50 values and the steric parameters of the molecules is investigated. The inhibition of the enzyme by the analyzed compounds shows their potential to be used as cognition-enhancing agents. For the most potent compound (arjunglucoside I; ARG), the kinetics of AChE inhibition were tested. The Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) for the hydrolysis of the acetylthiocholine iodide substrate was calculated to be 0.011 mM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Stępnik
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, Pl. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plants Garden, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Wirginia Kukula-Koch
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plants Garden, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Płaziński
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Kraków, Poland
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Stambolov I, Shkondrov A, Kunert O, Bucar F, Kondeva-Burdina M, Krasteva I. Cycloartane Saponins from Astragalus glycyphyllos and Their In Vitro Neuroprotective, Antioxidant, and hMAO-B-Inhibiting Effects. Metabolites 2023; 13:857. [PMID: 37512564 PMCID: PMC10385106 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Astragalus glycyphyllos (Fabaceae) is used in the traditional medicine of many countries against hepatic and cardiac disorders. The plant contains mainly flavonoids and saponins. From a defatted methanol extract from its overground parts, a new triterpenoid saponin, 3-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-D-xylopyranosyl]-24-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-3β,6α,16β,24(R),25-pentahydroxy-20R-cycloartane, together with the rare saponin astrachrysoside A, were isolated using various chromatography methods. The compounds were identified via extensive high resolution electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (HRESIMS) and NMR analyses. Both saponins were examined for their possible antioxidant and neuroprotective activity in three different in vitro models. Rat brain synaptosomes, mitochondria, and microsomes were isolated via centrifugation using Percoll gradient. They were treated with the compounds in three different concentrations alone, and in combination with 6-hydroxydopamine or tert-butyl hydroperoxide as toxic agents. It was found that the compounds had statistically significant dose-dependent in vitro protective activity on the sub-cellular fractions. The compounds exhibited a weak inhibitory effect on the enzyme activity of human recombinant monoamine oxidase type B (hMAO-B), compared to selegiline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Stambolov
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav St., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Aleksandar Shkondrov
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav St., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Olaf Kunert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Franz Bucar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Beethovenstrasse 8, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Magdalena Kondeva-Burdina
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Drug Toxicity, Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav St., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ilina Krasteva
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav St., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Zhang R, Zeng M, Zhang X, Zheng Y, Lv N, Wang L, Gan J, Li Y, Jiang X, Yang L. Therapeutic Candidates for Alzheimer's Disease: Saponins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10505. [PMID: 37445682 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug development for Alzheimer's disease, the leading cause of dementia, has been a long-standing challenge. Saponins, which are steroid or triterpenoid glycosides with various pharmacological activities, have displayed therapeutic potential in treating Alzheimer's disease. In a comprehensive review of the literature from May 2007 to May 2023, we identified 63 references involving 40 different types of saponins that have been studied for their effects on Alzheimer's disease. These studies suggest that saponins have the potential to ameliorate Alzheimer's disease by reducing amyloid beta peptide deposition, inhibiting tau phosphorylation, modulating oxidative stress, reducing inflammation, and antiapoptosis. Most intriguingly, ginsenoside Rg1 and pseudoginsenoside-F11 possess these important pharmacological properties and show the best promise for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. This review provides a summary and classification of common saponins that have been studied for their therapeutic potential in Alzheimer's disease, showcasing their underlying mechanisms. This highlights the promising potential of saponins for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Miao Zeng
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yujia Zheng
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Nuan Lv
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Luming Wang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jiali Gan
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yawen Li
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xijuan Jiang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Lin Yang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
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Zhang JT, Xie LY, Shen Q, Liu W, Li MH, Hu RY, Hu JN, Wang Z, Chen C, Li W. Platycodin D stimulates AMPK activity to inhibit the neurodegeneration caused by reactive oxygen species-induced inflammation and apoptosis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 308:116294. [PMID: 36804201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Alzheimer's disease (AD) was considered to be a neurodegenerative disease that caused cognitive impairment. Reactive Oxidative stress (ROS) was considered to be one of a major cause of the onset and progression of AD. Platycodin D (PD), a representative saponin from Platycodon grandiflorum, has conspicuous antioxidant activity. However, whether PD could protect nerve cell against oxidative injury remains unknown. AIM OF STUDY This study investigated the regulatory effects of PD on neurodegeneration caused by ROS. To determine whether PD could play its own antioxidant role in neuronal protection. MATERIALS AND METHODS First, PD(2.5, 5 mg/kg) ameliorated the memory impairment induced by AlCl3 (100 mg/kg) combined with D-galactose (D-Gal) (200 mg/kg) in mice, using the radial arm maze (RAM) test, and neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining (HE). Next, the effects of PD (0.5, 1, and 2 μM) on okadaic-acid (OA) (40 nM) -induced apoptosis and inflammation of HT22 cells were investigated. Mitochondrial ROS production was measured by fluorescence staining. The potential signaling pathways were identified through Gene Ontology enrichment analysis. The role of PD in regulating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was assessed using siRNA silencing of genes and an ROS inhibitor. RESULTS In vivo, PD improved memory in mice, and recovered the morphological changes of brain tissue and nissl bodies. In vitro experiment, PD increased cell viability (p < 0.01; p < 0.05;p < 0.001), decreased apoptosis (p < 0.01), reduced excessive ROS and MDA, rised SOD and CAT content(p < 0.01; p < 0.05). Morover, it can block the inflammatory response caused by ROS. Be important, PD strengthen antioxidant ability by elevating AMPK activation both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, molecular docking suggested a good likelihood of PD-AMPK binding. CONCLUSION AMPK activity is vital for the neuroprotective effect of PD, suggesting that PD may be a potential pharmaceutical agent to treat ROS-induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Tian Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Li-Ya Xie
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Qiong Shen
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China; National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Ming-Han Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Rui-Yi Hu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Jun-Nan Hu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Zi Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China; National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wei Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China; National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development, Changchun, 130118, China.
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Zhang JT, Xie LY, Shen Q, Liu W, Li MH, Hu RY, Hu JN, Wang Z, Chen C, Li W. Platycodin D stimulates AMPK activity to inhibit the neurodegeneration caused by reactive oxygen species-induced inflammation and apoptosis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 308:116294. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2023.116294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2024]
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Crude Saponin from Platycodon grandiflorum Attenuates Aβ-Induced Neurotoxicity via Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Apoptotic Signaling Pathways. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10121968. [PMID: 34943071 PMCID: PMC8750977 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Platycodon grandiflorum saponins exhibit many beneficial biological effects in various diseases and conditions, how they protect nerve cells against neurodegenerative diseases and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology is unknown. We investigated whether P. grandiflorum crude saponin (PGS) protects neurons from neurodegeneration caused by amyloid beta (Aβ)-induced oxidative stress. Hippocampal neuron HT-22 cells were used in the in vitro experiment, and AD mice (5XFAD mice) were used as the in vivo model. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was stained with DCF-DA and assessed using fluorescence microscopy. To elucidate the mechanism underlying neuroprotection, intracellular protein levels were assessed by western blotting. In 5XFAD mice, an animal model of AD, nerve damage recovery due to the induction of Aβ toxicity was evaluated by histological analysis. PGS attenuates Aβ-induced neurotoxicity by inhibiting Aβ-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and apoptosis in HT-22 cells. Furthermore, PGS upregulated Nrf2-mediated antioxidant signaling and downregulated NF-κB-mediated inflammatory signaling. Additionally, PGS inhibited apoptosis by regulating the expression of apoptosis-associated proteins. In addition, PGS ameliorated Aβ-mediated pathologies, leading to AD-associated cognitive decline. Conclusions: Taken together, these findings suggest that PGS inhibits Aβ accumulation in the subiculum and cerebral cortex and attenuates Aβ toxicity-induced nerve damage in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, PGS is a resource for developing AD therapeutics.
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Chang X, Li J, Ju M, Yu H, Zha L, Peng H, Wang J, Peng D, Gui S. Untargeted metabolomics approach reveals the tissue-specific markers of balloon flower root (Platycodi Radix) using UPLC-Q-TOF/MS. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Cassano R, Servidio C, Trombino S. Biomaterials for Drugs Nose-Brain Transport: A New Therapeutic Approach for Neurological Diseases. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:1802. [PMID: 33917404 PMCID: PMC8038678 DOI: 10.3390/ma14071802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the last years, neurological diseases have resulted in a global health issue, representing the first cause of disability worldwide. Current therapeutic approaches against neurological disorders include oral, topical, or intravenous administration of drugs and more invasive techniques such as surgery and brain implants. Unfortunately, at present, there are no fully effective treatments against neurodegenerative diseases, because they are not associated with a regeneration of the neural tissue but rather act on slowing the neurodegenerative process. The main limitation of central nervous system therapeutics is related to their delivery to the nervous system in therapeutic quantities due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier. In this regard, recently, the intranasal route has emerged as a promising administration site for central nervous system therapeutics since it provides a direct connection to the central nervous system, avoiding the passage through the blood-brain barrier, consequently increasing drug cerebral bioavailability. This review provides an overview of the nose-to-brain route: first, we summarize the anatomy of this route, focusing on the neural mechanisms responsible for the delivery of central nervous system therapeutics to the brain, and then we discuss the recent advances made on the design of intranasal drug delivery systems of central nervous system therapeutics to the brain, focusing in particular on stimuli-responsive hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sonia Trombino
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (R.C.); (C.S.)
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Stępnik K. Biomimetic Chromatographic Studies Combined with the Computational Approach to Investigate the Ability of Triterpenoid Saponins of Plant Origin to Cross the Blood-Brain Barrier. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3573. [PMID: 33808219 PMCID: PMC8037809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomimetic (non-cell based in vitro) and computational (in silico) studies are commonly used as screening tests in laboratory practice in the first stages of an experiment on biologically active compounds (potential drugs) and constitute an important step in the research on the drug design process. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of triterpenoid saponins of plant origin to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) using both computational methods, including QSAR methodology, and biomimetic chromatographic methods, i.e., High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with Immobilized Artificial Membrane (IAM) and cholesterol (CHOL) stationary phases, as well as Bio-partitioning Micellar Chromatography (BMC). The tested compounds were as follows: arjunic acid (Terminalia arjuna), akebia saponin D (Akebia quinata), bacoside A (Bacopa monnieri) and platycodin D (Platycodon grandiflorum). The pharmacokinetic BBB parameters calculated in silico show that three of the four substances, i.e., arjunic acid, akebia saponin D, and bacoside A exhibit similar values of brain/plasma equilibration rate expressed as logPSFubrain (the average logPSFubrain: -5.03), whereas the logPSFubrain value for platycodin D is -9.0. Platycodin D also shows the highest value of the unbound fraction in the brain obtained using the examined compounds (0.98). In these studies, it was found out for the first time that the logarithm of the analyte-micelle association constant (logKMA) calculated based on Foley's equation can describe the passage of substances through the BBB. The most similar logBB values were obtained for hydrophilic platycodin D, applying both biomimetic and computational methods. All of the obtained logBB values and physicochemical parameters of the molecule indicate that platycodin D does not cross the BBB (the average logBB: -1.681), even though the in silico estimated value of the fraction unbound in plasma is relatively high (0.52). As far as it is known, this is the first paper that shows the applicability of biomimetic chromatographic methods in predicting the penetration of triterpenoid saponins through the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Stępnik
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
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Platycodon grandiflorum Root Protects against Aβ-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction and Pathology in Female Models of Alzheimer's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020207. [PMID: 33535469 PMCID: PMC7912782 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease characterized by irreversible cognitive dysfunction. Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide is an important pathological factor that triggers the progression of AD through accumulation and aggregation, which leads to AD-related pathologies that consequently affect cognitive functions. Interestingly, several studies have reported that Platycodon grandiflorum root extract (PGE), besides exhibiting other bioactive effects, displays neuroprotective, anti-neuroinflammatory, and cognitive-enhancing effects. However, to date, it is not clear whether PGE can affect AD-related cognitive dysfunction and pathogenesis. Therefore, to investigate whether PGE influences cognitive impairment in an animal model of AD, we conducted a Y-maze test using a 5XFAD mouse model. Oral administration of PGE for 3 weeks at a daily dose of 100 mg/kg significantly ameliorated cognitive impairment in 5XFAD mice. Moreover, to elucidate the neurohistological mechanisms underlying the PGE-mediated alleviative effect on cognitive dysfunction, we performed histological analysis of hippocampal formation in these mice. Histopathological analysis showed that PGE significantly alleviated AD-related pathologies such as Aβ accumulation, neurodegeneration, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. In addition, we observed a neuroprotective and antioxidant effect of PGE in mouse hippocampal neurons. Our findings suggest that administration of PGE might act as one of the therapeutic agents for AD by decreasing Aβ related pathology and ameliorating Aβ induced cognitive impairment.
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So-Ochim-Tang-Gamibang, a Traditional Herbal Formula, Ameliorates Depression by Regulating Hyperactive Glucocorticoid Signaling In Vitro and In Vivo. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:8834556. [PMID: 33224257 PMCID: PMC7671797 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8834556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
So-ochim-tang-gamibang (SOCG) is a Korean traditional medicine; it has previously been shown to be safe and effective against depression. Persistently increased levels of circulating glucocorticoids have been considered as a pathological mechanism for depression and associated with decreased neurotrophic factors in the hippocampus. This study investigated whether SOCG controls the hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the molecular mechanisms underlying its effects in vivo and in vitro. Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were subjected to restraint stress, where SOCG was orally administered to the animals for 2 weeks. An open field test (OFT), forced swimming test (FST), and sucrose preference test (SPT) were performed to explore the antidepressant activity of SOCG in WKY rats. Plasma levels of HPA axis hormones were measured by ELISA or western blotting analysis. The expression levels or activation of HPA axis-related signaling molecules such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), extracellular regulated kinase (ERK), and glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) in the brain were determined by real-time PCR and western blotting analysis. Furthermore, a corticosterone- (CORT-) induced cell injury model was established using SH-SY5Y cells to explore the antidepressive effects of SOCG in vitro. The results of the OFT, FST, and SPT revealed that SOCG ameliorated depressive-like behaviors in the WKY rats. The blood plasma levels of HPA axis hormones such as CORT, CORT-releasing hormone (CRH), and adrenocorticotrophic hormone were downregulated by SOCG. On the other hand, SOCG upregulated the phosphorylation of CREB and ERK in both the rat hippocampus and CORT-treated SH-SY5Y cells. Moreover, it also increased the GR expression. These results suggested that SOCG may improve depression by controlling hyperactive glucocorticoid signaling via the downregulation of HPA axis hormones and upregulation of GR.
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Ibrakaw AS, Omoruyi SI, Ekpo OE, Hussein AA. Neuroprotective Activities of Boophone haemanthoides (Amaryllidaceae) Extract and Its Chemical Constituents. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225376. [PMID: 33212961 PMCID: PMC7698425 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition that progresses as age increases, and some of its major symptoms include tremor and postural and movement-related difficulties. To date, the treatment of PD remains a challenge because available drugs only treat the symptoms of the disease or possess serious side effects. In light of this, new treatment options are needed; hence, this study investigates the neuroprotective effects of an organic Boophone haemanthoides extract (BHE) and its bioactive compounds using an in vitro model of PD involving the toxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) and SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. A total of seven compounds were isolated from BHE, viz distichamine (1), 1α,3α-diacetylnerbowdine (2), hippadine (3), stigmast-4-ene-3,6-dione (4), cholest-4-en-3-one (5), tyrosol (6), and 3-hydroxy-1-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanone (7). Six compounds (1, 2, 4, 5, 6 and 7) were investigated, and five showed neuroprotection alongside the BHE. This study gives insight into the bioactivity of the non-alkaloidal constituents of Amaryllidaceae, since the isolated compounds and the BHE showed improved cell viability, increased ATP generation in the cells as well as inhibition of MPP+-induced apoptosis. Together, these findings support the claim that the Amaryllidaceae plant family could be a potential reserve of bioactive compounds for the discovery of neuroprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abobaker S. Ibrakaw
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, South Africa;
| | - Sylvester I. Omoruyi
- Department of Chemistry, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Symphony Road, Bellville 7535, South Africa;
| | - Okobi E. Ekpo
- Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, South Africa;
| | - Ahmed A. Hussein
- Department of Chemistry, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Symphony Road, Bellville 7535, South Africa;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-21-959-6193; Fax: +27-21-959-3055
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Ahmad I, Ahmad T, Aleemuddin Quamri M. Clinical efficacy of Majoon Falasfa and Roghan-e-Surkh in post-stroke-disability: an open labeled, pre-post analysis. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2020; 0:/j/dmdi.ahead-of-print/dmdi-2020-0144/dmdi-2020-0144.xml. [PMID: 33006948 DOI: 10.1515/dmdi-2020-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability in India. The estimated adjusted prevalence rate of stroke range, 84-262/100,000 in rural and 334-424/100,000 in urban areas. A deficit in motor function affects mobility, daily activity of life. Rehabilitation is the most useful method to reduce deficit motor function. Hemiplegia (Falij), is one of the most common disability resulting from stroke has been described by Unani physicians, and they treat the disease effectively on the principle of Tanqia (evacuation) and Tadeel (alterative). Hence, a study contemplated to determine the effectiveness of Majoon Falasfa (MF) and Roghan-e-Surkh (RS) in post-stroke disability. Methods This trail was an open labeled, pre-post analysis, carried out at the National Institute of Unani Medicine (NIUM), on thirty (n=30) subjects of both genders, with post-stroke disability, and given MF 6 g orally with water in the morning and evening on empty stomach daily along with massage of 15 mL RS on the affected part once a day for 45 days with three follow up fortnightly (i.e. 15th, 30th, and 45th day). Patients were assessed on each follow up based on Barthel Index of Activities of Daily Living (ADL). Pre- and post-treatment values of the scale were analyzed statistically using Student's 't' test and paired Proportion test. Results The treatment difference as pre-post values determine with Barthel Index was found statistically highly significant (p<0.001). Safety parameters found within the normal range. Conclusions Finding of this trial recommended that both Unani formulations are effective in the management of post-stroke disability, and it can be used to decrease the dependency and boost the quality of life of the patients. No adverse effect was noted during the treatment of test formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izhar Ahmad
- Department of Moalajat, National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Tanzeel Ahmad
- Department of Moalajat, Aligarh Muslim University, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Hwang KA, Hwang YJ, Im PR, Hwang HJ, Song J, Kim YJ. Platycodon grandiflorum Extract Reduces High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity Through Regulation of Adipogenesis and Lipogenesis Pathways in Mice. J Med Food 2019; 22:993-999. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2018.4370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-A Hwang
- Department of Agrofood Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Hwang
- Department of Agrofood Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Korea
| | - Pu Reum Im
- Department of Agrofood Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Korea
| | - Hye-Jeong Hwang
- Department of Agrofood Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Korea
| | - Jin Song
- Department of Agrofood Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Korea
| | - Young-Jun Kim
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, Korea
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Platycodigenin as Potential Drug Candidate for Alzheimer's Disease via Modulating Microglial Polarization and Neurite Regeneration. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24183207. [PMID: 31487775 PMCID: PMC6767002 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammatory microenvironment, regulating neurite regrowth and neuronal survival, plays a critical role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). During neuroinflammation, microglia are activated, inducing the release of inflammatory or anti-inflammatory factors depending on their polarization into classical M1 microglia or alternative M2 phenotype. Therefore, optimizing brain microenvironment by small molecule-targeted microglia polarization and promoting neurite regeneration might be a potential therapeutic strategy for AD. In this study, we found platycodigenin, a naturally occurring triterpenoid, promoted M2 polarization and inhibited M1 polarization in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 and primary microglia. Platycodigenin downregulated pro-inflammatory molecules such as interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-6 and nitric oxide (NO), while upregulated anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Further investigation confirmed that platycodigenin inhibited cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox2) positive M1 but increased Ym1/2 positive M2 microglial polarization in primary microglia. In addition, platycodigenin significantly decreased LPS-induced the hyperphosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38 and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 subunits. Furthermore, the inactivation of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) induced by LPS was completely ameliorated by platycodigenin. Platycodigenin also promoted neurite regeneration and neuronal survival after Aβ treatment in primary cortical neurons. Taken together, our study for the first time clarified that platycodigenin effectively ameliorated LPS-induced inflammation and Aβ-induced neurite atrophy and neuronal death.
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Park M, Park SY, Lee HJ, Kim CE. A Systems-Level Analysis of Mechanisms of Platycodon grandiflorum Based on A Network Pharmacological Approach. Molecules 2018; 23:E2841. [PMID: 30388815 PMCID: PMC6278259 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) is widely used in Asia for its various beneficial effects. Although many studies were conducted to understand the molecular mechanisms of PG, it is still unclear how the combinations of multiple ingredients work together to exert its therapeutic effects. The aim of the present study was to provide a comprehensive review of the systems-level mechanisms of PG by adopting network pharmacological analysis. We constructed a compound⁻target⁻disease network for PG using experimentally validated and machine-leaning-based prediction results. Each target of the network was analyzed based on previously known pharmacological activities of PG. Gene ontology analysis revealed that the majority of targets were related to cellular and metabolic processes, responses to stimuli, and biological regulation. In pathway enrichment analyses of targets, the terms related to cancer showed the most significant enrichment and formed distinct clusters. Degree matrix analysis for target⁻disease associations of PG suggested the therapeutic potential of PG in various cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric cancer, prostate cancer, small-cell lung cancer, and renal cell carcinoma. We expect that network pharmacological approaches will provide an understanding of the systems-level mechanisms of medicinal herbs and further develop their therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musun Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea.
| | - Sa-Yoon Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea.
| | - Hae-Jeung Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea.
| | - Chang-Eop Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea.
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Yuan ZZ, Suo YR, Hao XY, Wang SL, Li G, Wang HL. Triterpenic Acids from Potentilla parvifolia and Their Protective Effects against Okadaic Acid Induced Neurotoxicity in Differentiated SH-SY5Y Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 41:885-890. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-01010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-zhen Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University
- Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Qinghai University
| | - You-rui Suo
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Xue-yan Hao
- Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, College of Life Sciences, Yantai University
| | - Shu-lin Wang
- Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Qinghai University
| | - Gang Li
- Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, College of Life Sciences, Yantai University
| | - Hong-lun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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Kim JI, Jeon SG, Kim KA, Kim JJ, Song EJ, Jeon Y, Kim E, Lee KB, Kwak JH, Moon M. Platycodon grandiflorus Root Extract Improves Learning and Memory by Enhancing Synaptogenesis in Mice Hippocampus. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9070794. [PMID: 28737698 PMCID: PMC5537907 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A.DC. (PG) has long been used as an ingredient of foods and is known to have beneficial effects on cognitive functions as well. The present study examined the effect of each PG extract (PGE) from root, aerial part, and seeds on cognitive functions in mice. Changes in spatial learning and memory using a Y-maze test, and markers of adult hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptogenesis were examined. Moreover, changes in neuritogenesis and activation of the ERK1/2 pathway were investigated. Results indicated that mice administered PGE (root) showed increased spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze test and synaptogenesis in the hippocampus. In addition, PGE (root) and platycodin D, the major bioactive compound from the PG root, significantly stimulated neuritic outgrowth by phosphorylation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway in vitro. These results indicate that the PGE (root), containing platycodin D, enhances cognitive function through synaptogenesis via activation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Il Kim
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Jeju National University, Jeju-si 63243, Korea.
| | - Seong Gak Jeon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Kyoung Ah Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Jwa-Jin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Jungwon University, Goesan-gun, Chungbuk 28024, Korea.
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
- LES Corporation Inc., 4 Munhwawon-ro 46beon-gil Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34167, Korea.
| | - Eun Ji Song
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Yukyoung Jeon
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
| | - Eunbin Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
| | - Kyung Bok Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Jong Hwan Kwak
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
| | - Minho Moon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
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Acute toxicity and genotoxicity of fermented traditional medicine oyaksungi-san. Integr Med Res 2017; 6:214-222. [PMID: 28664144 PMCID: PMC5478292 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The traditional medicine oyaksungi-san (OY) has been prescribed in East Asia for hundreds of years for the treatment of stroke, paralysis, and ataxia. OY also has therapeutic effects on arthralgia, myalgia, and rheumatoid arthritis, and recent studies have shown its protective effects against apoptosis of hippocampal cells and its anti-inflammatory effects on the peripheral blood cells of patient with cerebral infarction. Many studies have explored the use of traditional medicine and herb materials in the development of safe, novel, and effective pharmaceuticals with fewer side effects. These efforts commonly adopt a bioconversion tool for fermentation with beneficial microbes. However, only pharmaceuticals with high levels of safety and low levels of toxicity can be used in healthcare system. Methods OY water extract was fermented with Lactobacillus and assayed for acute toxicity and genotoxicity. Single dose acute toxicity, bacterial reverse mutation, chromosome aberrations, and micronucleus were observed and assayed in rats, histidine/tryptophan auxotrophic bacteria, Chinese hamster ovary fibroblast cells, and mice bone marrow cells, respectively. Results All the experimental animals showed no abnormal behavior, clinical signs, body weight increases, or mortality. In the bacterial cultures, no revertant colonies were observed. Morphological and numerical chromosomal aberrations were not found in all metaphases examined. Frequency of induced micronuclei was not significantly increased in all doses applied. Conclusion As a whole, no acute toxicity or genotoxicity were observed in all the assays examined. Therefore, fermented OY is considered to be a safe material that can be used for development of complementary and alternative medicine using bioconversion.
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Ma XQ, Li SM, Chan CL, Su T, Li WD, Cao H, Fong WF, Yu ZL. Influence of sulfur fumigation on glycoside profile in Platycodonis Radix (Jiegeng). Chin Med 2016; 11:32. [PMID: 27385975 PMCID: PMC4934009 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-016-0101-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over recent decades, sulfur fumigation is becoming abused in processing some freshly harvested herbs used as both medicine and food, although it has been questioned whether sulfur fumigation will change the efficacy and safety of the herbs. One of the herbs commonly processed by sulfur fumigation is Platycodonis Radix (Jiegeng in Chinese). Glycosides are the main bioactive components of Jiegeng. Up to the present, no study has been carried out to evaluate the impact of sulfur fumigation on glycoside profile of Jiegeng. METHODS A rapid and versatile ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultra-high resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC UHD Q-TOF MS/MS) method was developed for comprehensive analysis of the glycoside profiles of sulfur-fumigated and air-dried Jiegeng samples. RESULTS Twenty-three glycosides were detected in air-dried and sulfur-fumigated Jiegeng samples. After sulfur fumigation, the peak heights of eight glycosides, namely platycogenin A, platycodin D, platycodin D2, platycodin D3, polygalacin D, polygalacin D2, deapio-platycodin D and 3″-O-acetylplatycodin D2, remarkably decreased; while peak heights of five glycosides, namely syringin, lobetyolin, platycoside E, deapio-platycodin D2 and deapio-platycoside E, slightly increased; in addition, peaks of ten glycosides, platycodin A, platycodin C, platycodin V, platycoside C, 16-oxoplatycodin D, 2″-O-acetylpolygalacin D, 2″-O-acetylpolygalacin D2, 3″-O-acetylpolygalacin D, 3″-O-acetylpolygalacin D2, and platycogenic acid B, disappeared. CONCLUSION Sulfur fumigation caused significant changes of glycoside components of Jiegeng. Further investigations are warranted to explore how these chemical changes occurred and whether these changes would affect the efficacy and safety of Jiegeng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Ma
- />School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong China
| | - Su-Mei Li
- />School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong China
| | - Chi Leung Chan
- />School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong China
| | - Tao Su
- />School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong China
| | - Wei-Dong Li
- />School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong China
| | - Hui Cao
- />National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhuhai, Guangdong China
| | - Wang-Fun Fong
- />School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong China
| | - Zhi-Ling Yu
- />School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong China
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Nyakudya E, Jeong JH, Lee NK, Jeong YS. Platycosides from the Roots of Platycodon grandiflorum and Their Health Benefits. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2014; 19:59-68. [PMID: 25054103 PMCID: PMC4103729 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2014.19.2.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracts and pure saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) are reported to have a wide range of health benefits. Platycosides (saponins) from the roots of PG are characterized by a structure containing a triterpenoid aglycone and two sugar chains. Saponins are of commercial significance, and their applications are increasing with increasing evidence of their health benefits. The biological effects of saponins include cytotoxic effects against cancer cells, neuroprotective activity, antiviral activity, and cholesterol lowering effects. Saponins with commercial value range from crude plant extracts, which can be used for their foaming properties, to high purity saponins such as platycodin D, which can be used for its health applications (e.g., as a vaccine adjuvant). This review reveals that platycosides have many health benefits and have the potential to be used as a remedy against many of the major health hazards (e.g., cancer, obesity, alzheimer's) faced by populations around the world. Methods of platycoside purification and analysis are also covered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah Nyakudya
- Research Center for Industrial Development of Biofood Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk 561-756, Korea ; Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk 561-756, Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Jeong
- Research Center for Industrial Development of Biofood Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk 561-756, Korea
| | - Nam Keun Lee
- Research Center for Industrial Development of Biofood Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk 561-756, Korea
| | - Yong-Seob Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk 561-756, Korea
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Politeo O, Skocibusic M, Burcul F, Maravic A, Carev I, Ruscic M, Milos M. Campanula portenschlagianaRoem. et Schult.: Chemical and Antimicrobial Activities. Chem Biodivers 2013; 10:1072-80. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201200094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Park SJ, Kim JW, Park SJ, Kim TJ. Effects of Platycodon Grandiflorum Including Platycodin D in IgE/Ag-Induced Type I Hypersensitivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5352/jls.2012.22.5.595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Güvenç A, Akkol EK, Hürkul MM, Süntar I, Keleş H. Wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities of the Michauxia L'Hérit (Campanulaceae) species native to Turkey. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 139:401-408. [PMID: 22138348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The leaves of Michauxia species are used for the treatment of wounds in Turkish traditional medicine. In the present study, wound healing, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the extracts obtained from the root and herb of 5 species of Michauxia collected in different parts of Turkey were evaluated. MATERIAL AND METHODS In vivo incision and excision wound models were used in order to assess the wound healing effects of the methanolic extracts of the plants. Skin samples were also evaluated histopathologically. In vivo inhibitory effect of the extracts on acetic acid-induced increase in capillary permeability was studied for the assessment of anti-inflammatory activity. TBA (thiobarbituric acid) test, qualitative and quantitative DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) tests were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity. RESULTS Noteworthy wound healing activity was observed for the ointment formulation prepared with 1% Michauxia nuda (root) and Michauxia tchihatchewii (herb) extracts. The results of histopathological evaluation supported the outcome of incision and excision wound models. Moreover, the Michauxia nuda (root) exerted remarkable anti-inflammatory effect. The highest antioxidant activity was observed with the ethyl acetate extract of Michauxia tchihatchewii herb. CONCLUSION The experimental study revealed that Michauxia displays remarkable wound healing and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşegül Güvenç
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Tandoğan 06100, Ankara, Turkey
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Parameshappa B, Ali Basha MS, Sen S, Chakraborty R, Kumar GV, Sagar GV, Sowmya L, Raju KK, Sesh Kumar PKR, Lakshmi AVSM. Acetaminophen-induced nephrotoxicity in rats: Protective role ofCardiospermum halicacabum. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2011; 50:247-53. [PMID: 22103691 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2011.596843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Parameshappa
- CES College of Pharmacy, Chinnatekur, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Yoo DS, Choi YH, Cha MR, Lee BH, Kim SJ, Yon GH, Hong KS, Jang YS, Lee HS, Kim YS, Ryu SY, Kang JS. HPLC-ELSD analysis of 18 platycosides from balloon flower roots (Platycodi Radix) sourced from various regions in Korea and geographical clustering of the cultivation areas. Food Chem 2011; 129:645-651. [PMID: 30634281 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.04.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 03/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An effective HPLC method to analyse platycosides from the balloon flower root was developed using ELSD. The optimum resolution of the platycosides was achieved on an ODS column with gradient elution of eluent A, 30mM ammonium acetate buffer (pH 4.81): methanol: acetonitrile=75:5:20 (v/v/v), and B, 69:5:26 (v/v/v). Amongst 18 platycosides, platycoside E showed the highest content, followed by polygalacin D2 and 3″-O-acetylplatyconic acid A. The sum of these three compounds was recommended for quality control of balloon flower root for medicinal purposes. The samples could be clustered into groups based on platycoside content. Group I, characterised by a high concentration of platycosides, was located near the west coast of Korea, whereas group II, characterised by a low concentration of platycosides, was located inland or in mountainous area. The method could be used to control the quality of balloon flower root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dea Seok Yoo
- Department of Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Hee Choi
- Department of Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Ran Cha
- Department of Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hoe Lee
- Department of Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Ju Kim
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu Hwan Yon
- Department of Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Sik Hong
- Department of Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Seon Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sun Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sup Kim
- Department of Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Shi Yong Ryu
- Department of Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Seong Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea.
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Chemical study and medical application of saponins as anti-cancer agents. Fitoterapia 2010; 81:703-14. [PMID: 20550961 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Saponins are a group of naturally occurring plant glycosides, characterized by their strong foam-forming properties in aqueous solution. The presence of saponins has been reported in more than 100 families of plants out of which at least 150 kinds of natural saponins have been found to possess significant anti-cancer properties. There are more than 11 distinguished classes of saponins including dammaranes, tirucallanes, lupanes, hopanes, oleananes, taraxasteranes, ursanes, cycloartanes, lanostanes, cucurbitanes and steroids. Due to the great variability of their structures, saponins always display anti-tumorigenic effects through varieties of antitumor pathways. In addition, there are a large amount of saponins that still either remain to be trapped or studied in details by the medicinal chemists. This article reviews many such structures and their related chemistry along with the recent advances in understanding mechanism of action and structure-function relationships of saponins at the molecular and cellular levels. These aglycones have been described and their classification and distribution have been listed in the review. Some special saponins with strong antitumor effects have also been exhibited. Ginsenosides, belonging to dammaranes, have been found beneficial targeted on inhibition of tumor angiogenesis by suppressing its inducer in the endothelial cells of blood vessels, and then on prevention of adhering, invasion, and metastasis of tumor cells. Dioscin, one of the steroidal saponins, and its aglycone diosgenin also have been extensively studied on its antitumor effect by cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Other important molecules discussed include oleanane saponins such as avicins, platycodons, saikosaponins, and soysaponins along with tubeimosides.
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Martín R, Carvalho-Tavares J, Hernández M, Arnés M, Ruiz-Gutiérrez V, Nieto ML. Beneficial actions of oleanolic acid in an experimental model of multiple sclerosis: a potential therapeutic role. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 79:198-208. [PMID: 19679109 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease for which there exist no therapies without undesired side effects. Thus, the establishment of less toxic treatments is an ongoing challenge. Nowadays, research on medicinal plants has been attracting much attention, since screening of its active principles could prove useful in identification of safe and innovative pharmaceutical molecules. In this study we investigated the therapeutic effect of oleanolic acid (OA) a plant-derived triterpene with potent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities, whose actions on CNS diseases remain far from completely characterized. We focussed on the potential therapeutic effect of oleanolic acid (OA) on an accepted experimental model of MS, the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We have found that OA treatment, before or at the early onset of EAE, ameliorates neurological signs of EAE-mice. These beneficial effects of OA seem to be associated with a reduction of blood-brain barrier leakage and lower infiltration of inflammatory cells within the CNS, as well as with its modulatory role in Th1/Th2 polarization: inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and stimulation of anti-inflammatory ones. Moreover, EAE-animals that were treated with OA had lower levels of anti-MOG antibodies than untreated EAE-mice. Our findings show that the administration of the natural triterpenoid OA reduces and limits the severity and development of EAE. Therefore, OA therapy might be of clinical interest for human MS and other Th1 cell-mediated inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Martín
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, CSIC-Universidad de Valladolid, C/Sanz y Forés s/n, 47003-Valladolid, Spain
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Wang J, Zhao XZ, Qi Q, Tao L, Zhao Q, Mu R, Gu HY, Wang M, Feng X, Guo QL. Macranthoside B, a hederagenin saponin extracted from Lonicera macranthoides and its anti-tumor activities in vitro and in vivo. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:1716-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2008] [Revised: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Xie Y, Pan H, Sun H, Li D. A promising balanced Th1 and Th2 directing immunological adjuvant, saponins from the root of Platycodon grandiflorum. Vaccine 2008; 26:3937-45. [PMID: 18547688 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Revised: 12/25/2007] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The haemolytic activities and adjuvant potentials of Platycodon grandiflorum saponin (PGS) and its fractions on the cellular and humoral immune responses of ICR mice against ovalbumin (OVA) were evaluated. PGS was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to afford four fractions, and two fractions PGSC and PGSD selected for testing for activities because of containing dominant saponin peaks. PGS, PGSC, and PGSD showed a slight haemolytic effect, with their HD50 value being 37.91+/-2.24, 21.30+/-1.22, 37.58+/-1.86 microg/ml against 0.5% rabbit red blood cell, respectively. ICR mice were immunized subcutaneously with OVA 100 microg alone or with OVA 100 microg dissolved in saline containing Alum (200 microg), Quil A (10 microg), PGS (50, 100 or 200 microg), PGSC, or PGSD (25, 50 or 100 microg) on days 1 and 15. Two weeks later (day 28), concanavalin A (Con A)-, pokeweed (PWM)-, and OVA-stimulated splenocyte proliferation and OVA-specific antibodies in serum were measured. PGS and PGSC significantly enhanced the Con A-, PWM-, and OVA-induced splenocyte proliferation in OVA-immunized mice at three doses (P<0.01 or P<0.001). However, no significant differences (P>0.05) were observed among the OVA group, OVA/Alum group and OVA/PGSD group. OVA-specific IgG, IgG1, and IgG2b antibody levels in serum were significantly enhanced by PGS, PGSC, and PGSD compared with OVA control group (P<0.05, P<0.01, or P<0.001). Moreover, the adjuvant effects of PGSC (50 or 100 microg) on the OVA-specific IgG, IgG1, and IgG2b antibody responses to OVA in mice were more significant than those of Alum. In conclusion, PGS seem to be a promising balanced Th1 and Th2 directing immunological adjuvants which can enhance the immunogenicity of vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xie
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Kaixuan Road 268, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310029, People's Republic of China
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