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Wang M, Guo Z, Xu Y, Yu G, Li Y. How state mindfulness affects mobile phones usage while walking: A daily diary study in China. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2024; 90:216-224. [PMID: 39251281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pedestrians are a particularly vulnerable group of road users. Mobile phone usage while walking (MPUWW) is a significant contributor to pedestrians' involvement in road crashes and associated injuries. The current study aims to explore the effect of state mindfulness on daily MPUWW via phone dependence (at the within-person level), and the moderating role of risk perception (at the between-person level) in the phone dependence-MPUWW relationship. METHOD We utilized a fine-grained method, the daily diary methodology (DDM) to explore the aforementioned model. A total of 88 Chinese college students participated in a consecutive 12-day study, yielding 632 daily data. Unconflated multilevel modeling was used to analyze the data. RESULTS After trait mindfulness being controlled, state mindfulness has a negative impact on MPUWW via phone dependence at the daily level. Furthermore, risk perception as an individual difference variable moderates the relationship between phone dependence and MPUWW, in which a weaker effect observed in individuals with higher levels of risk perception. CONCLUSIONS State mindfulness can decrease the frequency of daily MPUWW by reducing phone dependence, and risk perception is a crucial factor in mitigating the negative effects of phone dependence on MPUWW. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS To lower MPUWW and thereby minimize the risk of road crashes and associated injuries, it is beneficial to foster present-moment awareness of individuals, encourage individuals to use mobile phones in a balanced and sensible manner, and integrate the enhancement of risk perception into road safety education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran Wang
- Department of Human Resource Management, Business School, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China.
| | - Zitong Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
| | - Yaoshan Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
| | - Guangtao Yu
- Department of Human Resource Management, Business School, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China.
| | - Yongjuan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
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Lu Z, Zhang X, Mao C, Liu T, Li X, Zhu W, Wang C, Sun Y. Effects of Mobile Phone Use on Gait and Balance Control in Young Adults: A Hip-Ankle Strategy. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:665. [PMID: 37370596 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10060665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to derive the effects of walking while using a mobile phone on balance perturbation and joint movement among young adults. METHODS Sixteen healthy college students with no history of brain injury were tested. The participants were asked to walk under four different conditions: (1) walking, (2) browsing, (3) dialing, and (4) texting. Indicators related to balance control and lower limb kinematic/kinetic parameters were analyzed using the continuous relative phase and statistical nonparametric mapping methods. RESULTS Walking while using a mobile phone slowed participants' gait speed and reduced the cadence, stride length, and step length. The posterior tilt angle (0-14%, 57-99%), torque of the hip flexion (0-15%, 30-35%, 75-100%), and angle of the hip flexion (0-28%, 44-100%) decreased significantly. The activation of biceps femoris and gastrocnemius, hip stiffness, and ankle stiffness increased significantly. This impact on gait significantly differed among three dual tasks: texting > browsing > dialing. CONCLUSION Che overlap of walking and mobile phone use affects the gait significantly. The "hip-ankle strategy" may result in a "smooth" but slower gait, while this strategy was deliberate and tense. In addition, this adjustment also increases the stiffness of the hip and ankle, increasing the risk of fatigue. Findings regarding this effect may prove that even for young healthy adults, walking with mobile phone use induces measurable adjustment of the motor pattern. These results suggest the importance of simplifying the control of the movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Lu
- Department of Exercise Science, School of Physical Education, Faculty of Sports and Human Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Department of Exercise Science, School of Physical Education, Faculty of Sports and Human Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Chuangui Mao
- Department of Exercise Science, School of Physical Education, Faculty of Sports and Human Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Exercise Science, School of Physical Education, Faculty of Sports and Human Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Xinglu Li
- Department of Exercise Science, School of Physical Education, Faculty of Sports and Human Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Wenfei Zhu
- Department of Exercise Science, School of Physical Education, Faculty of Sports and Human Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Exercise Science, School of Physical Education, Faculty of Sports and Human Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yuliang Sun
- Department of Exercise Science, School of Physical Education, Faculty of Sports and Human Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
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Rahmillah FI, Tariq A, King M, Oviedo-Trespalacios O. Is distraction on the road associated with maladaptive mobile phone use? A systematic review. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2023; 181:106900. [PMID: 36580764 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2022.106900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Maladaptive Mobile Phone Use (MMPU) (also known as Smartphone Addiction, Nomophobia, Fear of Missing Out, or Problematic Mobile Phone Use) is a growing mental health problem. However, the health and safety consequences of MMPU remain unexplored in many real-life contexts. A potential setting where MMPU may have some negative repercussions is on the road. It is well established that road users (e.g., drivers, motorcyclists, pedestrians, and cyclists) increasingly injure themselves or others due to distractions such as phone use while on the road. Emerging research suggests that MMPU is a possible determinant of this risky behaviour. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the relationship between MMPU and mobile phone use behaviour on the road, as it could help guide and improve interventions aimed at increasing road safety. This systematic review investigated the relationship between maladaptive mobile phone use and mobile phone use behaviour on the road in terms of attitudes and risk perception, intention, phone use engagement, performance changes, and safety outcomes. A total of 44 studies were identified with 47 unique samples of road users, of which 68.1% (32/47) were comprised of drivers, 19.1% (9/47) were pedestrians, 8.5% (4/47) were unspecified road users, and there was one group of motorcyclists and cyclists. Our findings confirmed that MMPU is related to risky behaviour on the roads. In the 29 studies considering observed or self-reported behaviour, 90.9% (30/33) found that road users who scored higher in MMPU are more likely to use their phones on the road as cyclists, drivers, motorcyclists, and pedestrians. Of the nine studies that analysed performance changes, 55.6% (5/9) showed evidence that MMPU changes the performance of road users engaging in mobile phone use, meaning that there is evidence suggesting that MMPU determines the level of impairment. Of the nine studies that analysed the safety-related-outcomes, 66.7% (6/9) found that the higher the MMPU score, the more likely road users are to experience safety-critical traffic events. This review contributes to the literature by showing a pathway between the negative health consequences of MMPU and road trauma. We also identified that the quality of the studies was generally low due to study design and blinding aspects. This field of research also lacks standard practices as researchers avoid using established and well-validated questionnaires, often creating new ones to measure MMPU. This hinders the generalisability of the findings and raises questions about the construct validity and external validity of MMPU. The usefulness of future research would be enhanced by a consistent methodological approach using the same scales based on standard behavioural definitions. The cross-disciplinary nature of MMPU effects means that transport and road safety professionals need to work with healthcare professionals and technology organisations to understand and address MMPU as a contributing factor to road crashes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fety Ilma Rahmillah
- Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety-Queensland (CARRS-Q), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Amina Tariq
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mark King
- Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety-Queensland (CARRS-Q), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios
- Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety-Queensland (CARRS-Q), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia; Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Section of Safety and Security Science, Jaffalaan 5, 2628 BX Delft, The Netherlands..
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Arafat ME, Larue GS, Dehkordi SG. Effectiveness of interventions for mobile phone distracted pedestrians: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2023; 84:330-346. [PMID: 36868662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mobile phones are used universally due to their versatility and easy-to-use features; this includes when users are walking and when crossing streets. At intersections, using a mobile phone is a secondary task that can distract from the primary task of scanning the road environment and ensuring it is safe to traverse. Such a distraction has been shown to increase risky pedestrian behavior compared to non-distracted behavior. Developing an intervention to make distracted pedestrians aware of imminent danger is a promising approach to refocus pedestrians on their primary task and avoid incidents. Interventions have already been developed in different parts of the world, such as in-ground flashing lights, painted crosswalks, and mobile phone app-based warning systems. METHOD A systematic review of 42 articles was performed to determine the effectiveness of such interventions. This review found that three types of interventions are currently developed, with differing evaluations. Interventions based on infrastructure tend to be evaluated based on behavioral change. Mobile phone-based apps tend to be evaluated on their ability to detect obstacles. Legislative changes and education campaigns are not currently evaluated. Further, technological development often occurs independently of pedestrians' needs, reducing the likely safety benefits of such interventions. The interventions related to infrastructure mainly focus on warning pedestrians without considering pedestrian mobile phone use, potentially leading to numerous irrelevant warnings and reduced user acceptance. The lack of a comprehensive and systematic approach to evaluating these interventions is also an issue requiring consideration. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS This review demonstrates that despite significant recent progress surrounding pedestrian distraction, more work is required to identify the most effective interventions to implement. Future studies with a well-designed experimental framework are necessary to compare the different approaches, and warning messages, and ensure the best guidance for road safety agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Eaysir Arafat
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety-Queensland (CARRS-Q), Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Grégoire S Larue
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety-Queensland (CARRS-Q), Brisbane, Australia; University of the Sunshine coast (UniSC), Road Safety Research Collaboration, Sippy Downs, Australia
| | - Sepehr Ghasemi Dehkordi
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety-Queensland (CARRS-Q), Brisbane, Australia; Australian Road Research Board (ARRB), Brisbane, Australia
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Useche SA, Llamazares FJ. The guilty, the unlucky, or the unaware? Assessing self-reported behavioral contributors and attributions on pedestrian crashes through structural equation modeling and mixed methods. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2022; 82:329-341. [PMID: 36031261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent literature suggests that the causation of pedestrians' crashes and the contribution of safety-related behaviors within them may substantially differ compared to other road users. This study aimed to test the effect of individual factors and safety-related road behaviors on the self-reported walking crashes suffered by pedestrians and, complementarily, to analyze the causes that pedestrians attributed to the crashes they suffered as pedestrians during the previous five years. METHOD For this cross-sectional research performed in Spain, data from a nationwide sample of 2,499 pedestrians from the 17 regions of the country were collected. Participants had a mean age of 31 years. They responded to a questionnaire on demographics, safety-related walking behaviors, and self-reported pedestrian crashes and the causes attributed to them. RESULTS Utilizing Structural Equation Models (SEM), it was found that self-reported walking crashes can be predicted through unintentional risky behaviors (errors). However, violations and positive behaviors remain non-significant predictors, allowing to hypothesize that they might, rather, play a key role in the pedestrian's involvement in pre-crash scenarios (critical situations preceding crashes). Also, categorical analyses allowed to determine that the causes that pedestrians attributed to the walking crashes they had suffered were principally their own errors (44.6%), rather than their own traffic violations (8.5%). Nevertheless, this trend is inverse when they believe the responsibility of the crash weighs on the driver. That is to say, they usually attribute the crash to their traffic violations rather than errors. However, many biases could help explain these attributional findings. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The results of this study highlight key differences in behavioral features and crash predictors among pedestrians, with potentially relevant applications in the study and improvement of walking safety from behavioral-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A Useche
- ESIC Business & Marketing School, Valencia, Spain; University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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Sobrinho-Junior SA, de Almeida ACN, Ceabras AAP, da Silva Carvalho CL, Lino TB, Christofoletti G. Risks of Accidents Caused by the Use of Smartphone by Pedestrians Are Task- and Environment-Dependent. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10320. [PMID: 36011955 PMCID: PMC9408215 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Using smartphones during a task that requires an upright posture can be detrimental for the overall motor performance. The aim of this study was to determine the risks of accidents caused by the use of smartphones by pedestrians while walking in a controlled (laboratory) and a non-controlled (public street) environment. Two hundred and one participants, 100 men and 101 women, all young adults, were submitted to walking activities while texting messages and talking on the phone. The risk of accident was measured by the time and the number of steps necessary to walk a 20 ft distance. Assessments were performed with no external distractors (laboratory) and on a public street with vehicles, pedestrians, lights, and noises. Multivariate analysis of variance tests provided the main effect of task (using × not using smartphone), environment (laboratory × street), sex (men × women), and interactions. Significance was set at 5%. The results showed that using a smartphone while walking demanded a greater number of steps and time to perform the task (main effect of task: 0.84; p = 0.001). The risk of accident was higher on the streets where, due to traffic hazards, pedestrians performed the task faster and with a lower number of steps (the main effect of environment: 0.82; p = 0.001). There was no difference of risks between men and women (main effect of sex: 0.01; p = 0.225), whether in the laboratory or on the street (main effect of sex × environment: 0.01; p = 0.905). The task × environment interaction showed that using a smartphone on the street potentiates risks of accidents of pedestrians (main effect of task × environment: 0.41; p = 0.001). In conclusion, using a smartphone while walking can be risky for pedestrians, especially in a traffic environment. People should avoid using their smartphone while crossing streets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney Afonso Sobrinho-Junior
- Applied Biomechanics Laboratory, Institute of Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, UFMS, Campo Grande 79060-900, Brazil
| | | | - Amanda Aparecida Paniago Ceabras
- Applied Biomechanics Laboratory, Institute of Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, UFMS, Campo Grande 79060-900, Brazil
| | - Carolina Leonel da Silva Carvalho
- Applied Biomechanics Laboratory, Institute of Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, UFMS, Campo Grande 79060-900, Brazil
| | - Tayla Borges Lino
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, UFMS, Campo Grande 79060-900, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Christofoletti
- Applied Biomechanics Laboratory, Institute of Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, UFMS, Campo Grande 79060-900, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, UFMS, Campo Grande 79060-900, Brazil
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O'Dell AL, Filtness AJ, Morris AP. Predicting the intention of distracted pedestrians at road crossings. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2022; 173:106707. [PMID: 35594743 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2022.106707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite improvements to road safety, accidents involving pedestrians are still numerous, for example in the UK there were over 20,000 pedestrian casualties on public roads in 2019. One of the potential causal factors is pedestrian distraction. Therefore, this study aimed to predict pedestrian intention to cross the road under conditions of distraction (using phone maps, talking to another pedestrian, listening to music through headphones), by applying the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) using an online survey. This also involved investigation of the impact of selected traffic characteristics (traffic density, vehicle speed) and crossing type (pelican, zebra, unmarked). The survey consisted of 72 questions and took approximately 15 min to complete. The results (N = 81) revealed that the TPB construct of perceived behavioural control (PBC) was a significant predictor of intention to cross the road while distracted across all scenarios. Furthermore, crossing type was a significant predictor of PBC across all scenarios, with marked crossings facilitating feelings of PBC. Findings suggest that high feelings of PBC, as measured through ease and confidence, are linked with stronger intention to cross the road while distracted. This understanding of pedestrian motivation can be used to help design interventions (such as auditory and visual pedestrian warnings) that prevent conflict between distracted pedestrians and vehicles. These interventions should target marked crossing types, whereby pedestrians are more likely to cross while distracted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L O'Dell
- Transport Safety Research Centre, School of Design and Creative Arts, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
| | - Ashleigh J Filtness
- Transport Safety Research Centre, School of Design and Creative Arts, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Transport Safety Research Centre, School of Design and Creative Arts, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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Hou M, Chen S, Cheng J. The effect of risk perception and other psychological factors on mobile phone use while crossing the street among pedestrians. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2022; 170:106643. [PMID: 35358756 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2022.106643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pedestrians may be the most vulnerable group among road users, and mobile phone use while crossing the street is ubiquitous worldwide in this information era. However, previous studies have found that such distracting behaviors may increase the risk of injury and death. The present study primarily aimed to explore the effect of reinforcement sensitivity theory components (i.e., Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS), Behavioral Approach System (BAS)), risk perception, attitudes towards red light running, and fear of missing out (FoMO) on mobile phone use while crossing the street among pedestrians. Risk perception was measured in three ways (i.e., assessing the probability of a negative outcome (RP-Pro), judging the severity of the consequence (RP-Se), and evaluating the general riskiness of the behavior (RP-Ri)). An online questionnaire survey was conducted, and only valid responses (N = 425) were used for subsequent data analyses. The results indicated significant differences in the responses across the risk perception questions with different focuses. Participants who reported engaging in more distracted street-crossing (i.e., high-risk takers) perceived a significantly lower risk, and this difference did not depend on the focus of risk perception. Three path analysis models with differential risk perception constructs (RP-Pro, RP-Se, and RP-Ri) were developed to examine the relationship between risk perception and distracted street-crossing. The results suggest that the relationship between these two variables does not depend on the focus of the risk perception questions. Moreover, FoMO was a predictor of mobile phone use while crossing the street, while attitudes had both direct and indirect effects on behavior. BIS and BAS had the lowest total effect on mobile phone use among pedestrians. In particular, a direct association between BAS and distracted street-crossing was found only in the model in which risk perception was measured by judging the severity of crashes caused by mobile phone use distraction. This study may be meaningful for understanding the associations between psychological factors and mobile phone use among pedestrians. The implications of the findings for the development of safety interventions are discussed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Hou
- School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Sikai Chen
- Center for Connected and Automated Transportation (CCAT), Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, USA.
| | - Jianchuan Cheng
- School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Social Psychology and the Willingness of Different Citizens to Participate in a Car Lottery. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14020944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To investigate citizens’ participation behavior in the lottery under the influence of the license plate lottery policy (LPLP) and to guide them to participate in the lottery rationally, this paper, based on social psychology and combined with the theory of planned behavior, divides citizens into citizens with cars in their households and citizens without cars in their households. This study then separately constructs structural equation models, sets perceived car necessity (PCN), perceived behavioral control (PBC), attitude toward car ownership (ATT), and subjective norms (SN), respectively. These four psychological latent variables were used to analyze the participation behavior of different categories of citizens in the car lottery from the perspective of psychological factors. Our empirical study found that there are significant differences in age and the number of people living together. The mechanism of their intention to participate in the car lottery and the psychological factors are different. The psychological factors affecting the intention of people with a car and people without a car to participate in the car lottery are SN > ATT > PCN > PBC and ATT > SN > PBC, respectively. Our research results can help to identify the internal factors and mechanisms that influence citizens’ intention to participate in the car lottery and help government administrators to optimize the LPLP.
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Abstract
Vehicle purchase restriction policies greatly influence people’s behavior, especially their participation in the license plate lottery. This paper focuses on the socioeconomic characteristics and psychological factors of citizens participating in the license plate lottery, which can serve as a reference for policy makers aiming to guide rational participation in the lottery. A Multi-Index and Multi-Causal model were established based on social psychology, combined with the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Perceived car necessity, perceived behavioral control, car ownership attitude and subjective norms were regarded as four latent psychological variables. Furthermore, the behaviors of license plate lottery participants in cities with purchase restriction policies were statistically analyzed from the perspectives of personal socioeconomic characteristics and psychological factors. The empirical research results reveal that the socioeconomic attributes of citizens have different degrees of influence on latent variables. Perceived car necessity is observed to have a significant direct impact on a citizen’s behavioral intention to participate in the lottery, which is also affected by perceived behavioral control. Car ownership attitude has the strongest impact on citizen behavior towards participating in the license plate lottery, followed by subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and perceived car necessity. More specifically, the economic benefit associated with perceived behavioral control is identified as the critical factor in further promoting participation in the license plate lottery.
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Krasovsky T, Lanir J, Felberbaum Y, Kizony R. Mobile Phone Use during Gait: The Role of Perceived Prioritization and Executive Control. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168637. [PMID: 34444385 PMCID: PMC8391292 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Mobile phone use during gait is associated with adverse health outcomes, namely increased risk of pedestrian injury. Healthy individuals can voluntarily prioritize concurrent task performance, but the factors underlying the impact of phone use during walking remain largely unknown. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the relationship between subjective (perceived) prioritization, cognitive flexibility and dual-task performance when using a mobile phone during walking. (2) Methods: Thirty young participants walked for one minute with and without reading or texting on a mobile phone, as well as reading or texting while sitting. Walking performance (kinematics) was recorded, as well as phone use (text comprehension, text read/written), mental workload, perceived prioritization (visual analog scale), and cognitive flexibility (trail-making test). (3) Results: Texting while walking was associated with larger decreases in gait speed, larger gait variability, higher mental workload, and lower text comprehension compared to reading. Perceived prioritization was associated with walking dual-task costs (DTCs) (r = 0.39–0.42, p < 0.04) when texting, and better cognitive flexibility was associated with lower gait DTCs when texting (r = 0.55, p = 0.002) but not reading. (4) Conclusions: The context-dependent link between perceived prioritization, cognitive flexibility, and walking DTCs promotes our understanding of the factors underlying texting-while-walking performance. This could identify individuals who are more prone to dual-task interference in this increasingly common and dangerous task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Krasovsky
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
- Pediatric Rehabilitation Department, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5262000, Israel
- Correspondence:
| | - Joel Lanir
- Department of Information Systems, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel; (J.L.); (Y.F.)
| | - Yasmin Felberbaum
- Department of Information Systems, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel; (J.L.); (Y.F.)
| | - Rachel Kizony
- Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel;
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5262000, Israel
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