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Huang TY, Song WX, Wang YS, Liu Y, Chen FJ, Chen YH, Jiang YB, Zhang C, Yang X. A review of anorexia induced by T-2 toxin. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 179:113982. [PMID: 37553049 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
The presence of anorexia in animals is the most well-known clinical symptom of T-2 toxin poisoning. T-2 toxin is the most characteristic type A toxin in the trichothecene mycotoxins. The consumption of T-2 toxin can cause anorexic response in mice, rats, rabbits, and other animals. In this review, the basic information of T-2 toxin, appetite regulation mechanism and the molecular mechanism of T-2 toxin-induced anorectic response in animals are presented and discussed. The objective of this overview is to describe the research progress of anorexia in animals produced by T-2 toxin. T-2 toxin mainly causes antifeedant reaction through four pathways: vagus nerve, gastrointestinal hormone, neurotransmitter and cytokine. This review aims to give an academic basis and useable reference for the prevention and treatment of clinical symptoms of anorexia in animals resulting from T-2 toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yu Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Wen-Xi Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - You-Shuang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Feng-Juan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Yun-He Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Yi-Bao Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China.
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2
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Li S, Liu M, Cao S, Liu B, Li D, Wang Z, Sun H, Cui Y, Shi Y. The Mechanism of the Gut-Brain Axis in Regulating Food Intake. Nutrients 2023; 15:3728. [PMID: 37686760 PMCID: PMC10490484 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing prevalence of energy metabolism disorders such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and anorexia, the regulation of feeding has become the focus of global attention. The gastrointestinal tract is not only the site of food digestion and absorption but also contains a variety of appetite-regulating signals such as gut-brain peptides, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids (BAs), bacterial proteins, and cellular components produced by gut microbes. While the central nervous system (CNS), as the core of appetite regulation, can receive and integrate these appetite signals and send instructions to downstream effector organs to promote or inhibit the body's feeding behaviour. This review will focus on the gut-brain axis mechanism of feeding behaviour, discussing how the peripheral appetite signal is sensed by the CNS via the gut-brain axis and the role of the central "first order neural nuclei" in the process of appetite regulation. Here, elucidation of the gut-brain axis mechanism of feeding regulation may provide new strategies for future production practises and the treatment of diseases such as anorexia and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouren Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Mengqi Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Shixi Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Boshuai Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Defeng Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zhichang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Hao Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yalei Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yinghua Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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3
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Park SY, Lee SP, Kim D, Kim WJ. Gut Dysbiosis: A New Avenue for Stroke Prevention and Therapeutics. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2352. [PMID: 37760793 PMCID: PMC10525294 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A stroke is a serious life-threatening condition and a leading cause of death and disability that happens when the blood vessels to part of the brain are blocked or burst. While major advances in the understanding of the ischemic cascade in stroke was made over several decades, limited therapeutic options and high mortality and disability have caused researchers to extend the focus toward peripheral changes beyond brain. The largest proportion of microbes in human body reside in the gut and the interaction between host and microbiota in health and disease is well known. Our study aimed to explore the gut microbiota in patients with stroke with comparison to control group. Fecal samples were obtained from 51 subjects: 25 stroke patients (18 hemorrhagic, 7 ischemic) and 26 healthy control subjects. The variable region V3-V4 of the 16S rRNA gene was sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq platform. PICRUSt2 was used for prediction of metagenomics functions. Our results show taxonomic dysbiosis in stroke patients in parallel with functional dysbiosis. Here, we show that stroke patients have (1) increased Parabacteroides and Escherichia_Shigella, but decreased Prevotella and Fecalibacterium; (2) higher transposase and peptide/nickel transport system substrate-binding protein, but lower RNA polymerase sigma-70 factor and methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein, which are suggestive of malnutrition. Nutrients are essential regulators of both host and microbial physiology and function as key coordinators of host-microbe interactions. Manipulation of nutrition is expected to alleviate gut dysbiosis and prognosis and improve disability and mortality in the management of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Young Park
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Cheju Halla University, 38 Halladaehak-ro, Jeju-si 63092, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sang Pyung Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain-Neuro Center, Cheju Halla General Hospital, 65 Doryeong-ro, Jeju-si 63127, Republic of Korea;
| | - Dongin Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, EONE Laboratories, 291 Harmony-ro, Incheon 22014, Republic of Korea;
| | - Woo Jin Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, EONE Laboratories, 291 Harmony-ro, Incheon 22014, Republic of Korea;
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Zolotarev VA, Murovets VO, Sepp AL, Sozontov EA, Lukina EA, Khropycheva RP, Pestereva NS, Ivleva IS, El Mehdi M, Lahaye E, Chartrel N, Fetissov SO. Protein Extract of a Probiotic Strain of Hafnia alvei and Bacterial ClpB Protein Improve Glucose Tolerance in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10590. [PMID: 37445766 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A commercial strain of Hafnia alvei (H. alvei) 4597 bacteria was shown to reduce food intake and promote weight loss, effects possibly induced by the bacterial protein ClpB, an antigen-mimetic of the anorexigenic α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. A decrease in the basal plasma glucose levels was also observed in overweight fasted humans and mice receiving H. alvei. However, it is not known whether H. alvei influences sweet taste preference and whether its protein extract or ClpB are sufficient to increase glucose tolerance; these are the objectives tested in the present study. C57BL/6J male mice were kept under standard diet and were gavaged daily for 17 days with a suspension of H. alvei (4.5 × 107 CFU/animal) or with H. alvei total protein extract (5 μg/animal) or saline as a control. Sweet taste preference was analyzed via a brief-access licking test with sucrose solution. Glucose tolerance tests (GTT) were performed after the intraperitoneal (IP) or intragastric (IG) glucose administration at the 9th and 15th days of gavage, respectively. The expression of regulatory peptides' mRNA levels was assayed in the hypothalamus. In another experiment performed in non-treated C57BL/6J male mice, effects of acute IP administration of recombinant ClpB protein on glucose tolerance were studied by both IP- and IG-GTT. Mice treated with the H. alvei protein extract showed an improved glucose tolerance in IP-GTT but not in IG-GTT. Both groups treated with H. alvei bacteria or protein extract showed a reduction of pancreatic tissue weight but without significant changes to basal plasma insulin. No significant effects of H. alvei bacteria or its total protein extract administration were observed on the sweet taste preference, insulin tolerance and expression of regulatory peptides' mRNA in the hypothalamus. Acute administration of ClpB in non-treated mice increased glucose tolerance during the IP-GTT but not the IG-GTT, and reduced basal plasma glucose levels. We conclude that both the H. alvei protein extract introduced orally and the ClpB protein administered via IP improve glucose tolerance probably by acting at the glucose postabsorptive level. Moreover, H. alvei probiotic does not seem to influence the sweet taste preference. These results justify future testing of both the H. alvei protein extract and ClpB protein in animal models of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliy A Zolotarev
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir O Murovets
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasiya L Sepp
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Egor A Sozontov
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Lukina
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Raisa P Khropycheva
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nina S Pestereva
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina S Ivleva
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mouna El Mehdi
- Inserm UMR1239 Laboratory, Team: Regulatory Peptides-Energy Metabolism and Motivated Behavior, University of Rouen Normandie, 76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Emilie Lahaye
- Inserm UMR1239 Laboratory, Team: Regulatory Peptides-Energy Metabolism and Motivated Behavior, University of Rouen Normandie, 76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Nicolas Chartrel
- Inserm UMR1239 Laboratory, Team: Regulatory Peptides-Energy Metabolism and Motivated Behavior, University of Rouen Normandie, 76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Sergueï O Fetissov
- Inserm UMR1239 Laboratory, Team: Regulatory Peptides-Energy Metabolism and Motivated Behavior, University of Rouen Normandie, 76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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Anorexia nervosa and microbiota: systematic review and critical appraisal. Eat Weight Disord 2023; 28:1. [PMID: 36752887 PMCID: PMC9908645 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-023-01529-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent studies have reported a gut microbiota imbalance or dysbiosis associated with anorexia nervosa (AN), which has prompted an appraisal of its aetiological role, and the reformulation of AN as a metabo-psychiatric disorder. Thus, the aim of this paper was to critically review the current scientific findings regarding the role of microbiota in anorexia nervosa. METHODS A systematic study of peer-reviewed literature published in four databases between 2009 and 2022 was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Both human and animal studies were included. RESULTS A total of 18 studies were included. In animal models, both the preclinical and clinical findings were inconsistent regarding microbiota composition, faecal metabolite concentrations, and the effects of human faecal microbiota transplants. CONCLUSION The methodological limitations, lack of standardisation, and conceptual ambiguity hinder the analysis of microbiota as a key explanatory factor for AN. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level I, systematic review.
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Gautier T, Fahet N, Tamanai-Shacoori Z, Oliviero N, Blot M, Sauvager A, Burel A, Gall SDL, Tomasi S, Blat S, Bousarghin L. Roseburia intestinalis Modulates PYY Expression in a New a Multicellular Model including Enteroendocrine Cells. Microorganisms 2022; 10:2263. [PMID: 36422333 PMCID: PMC9694292 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota contributes to human health and disease; however, the mechanisms by which commensal bacteria interact with the host are still unclear. To date, a number of in vitro systems have been designed to investigate the host-microbe interactions. In most of the intestinal models, the enteroendocrine cells, considered as a potential link between gut bacteria and several human diseases, were missing. In the present study, we have generated a new model by adding enteroendocrine cells (ECC) of L-type (NCI-H716) to the one that we have previously described including enterocytes, mucus, and M cells. After 21 days of culture with the other cells, enteroendocrine-differentiated NCI-H716 cells showed neuropods at their basolateral side and expressed their specific genes encoding proglucagon (GCG) and chromogranin A (CHGA). We showed that this model could be stimulated by commensal bacteria playing a key role in health, Roseburia intestinalis and Bacteroides fragilis, but also by a pathogenic strain such as Salmonella Heidelberg. Moreover, using cell-free supernatants of B. fragilis and R. intestinalis, we have shown that R. intestinalis supernatant induced a significant increase in IL-8 and PYY but not in GCG gene expression, while B. fragilis had no impact. Our data indicated that R. intestinalis produced short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as butyrate whereas B. fragilis produced more propionate. However, these SCFAs were probably not the only metabolites implicated in PYY expression since butyrate alone had no effect. In conclusion, our new quadricellular model of gut epithelium could be an effective tool to highlight potential beneficial effects of bacteria or their metabolites, in order to develop new classes of probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gautier
- Institut NUMECAN, INSERM, Univ Rennes, INRAE, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Nelly Fahet
- Institut NUMECAN, INSERM, Univ Rennes, INRAE, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | | | - Nolwenn Oliviero
- Institut NUMECAN, INSERM, Univ Rennes, INRAE, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Marielle Blot
- ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR CNRS 6226, Univ Rennes, CNRS, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Aurélie Sauvager
- ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR CNRS 6226, Univ Rennes, CNRS, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Agnes Burel
- Plateforme Microscopie Electronique MRic/ISFR Biosit/Campus Santé, Univ Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | | | - Sophie Tomasi
- ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR CNRS 6226, Univ Rennes, CNRS, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Sophie Blat
- Institut NUMECAN, INSERM, Univ Rennes, INRAE, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Latifa Bousarghin
- Institut NUMECAN, INSERM, Univ Rennes, INRAE, F-35000 Rennes, France
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Les approches thérapeutiques non invasives de l’obésité : hier, aujourd’hui et demain. NUTR CLIN METAB 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nupar.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Frostad S. Are the Effects of Malnutrition on the Gut Microbiota–Brain Axis the Core Pathologies of Anorexia Nervosa? Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081486. [PMID: 35893544 PMCID: PMC9329996 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a disabling, costly, and potentially deadly illness. Treatment failure and relapse after treatment are common. Several studies have indicated the involvement of the gut microbiota–brain (GMB) axis. This narrative review hypothesizes that AN is driven by malnutrition-induced alterations in the GMB axis in susceptible individuals. According to this hypothesis, initial weight loss can voluntarily occur through dieting or be caused by somatic or psychiatric diseases. Malnutrition-induced alterations in gut microbiota may increase the sensitivity to anxiety-inducing gastrointestinal hormones released during meals, one of which is cholecystokinin (CCK). The experimental injection of a high dose of its CCK-4 fragment in healthy individuals induces panic attacks, probably via the stimulation of CCK receptors in the brain. Such meal-related anxiety attacks may take part in developing the clinical picture of AN. Malnutrition may also cause increased effects from appetite-reducing hormones that also seem to have roles in AN development and maintenance. The scientific background, including clinical, microbiological, and biochemical factors, of AN is discussed. A novel model for AN development and maintenance in accordance with this hypothesis is presented. Suggestions for future research are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stein Frostad
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
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Boscaini S, Leigh SJ, Lavelle A, García-Cabrerizo R, Lipuma T, Clarke G, Schellekens H, Cryan JF. Microbiota and body weight control: Weight watchers within? Mol Metab 2022; 57:101427. [PMID: 34973469 PMCID: PMC8829807 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite several decades of research, managing body weight remains an unsolved clinical problem. Health problems associated with dysregulated body weight, such as obesity and cachexia, exhibit several gut microbiota alterations. There is an increased interest in utilising the gut microbiota for body weight control, as it responds to intervention and plays an important role in energy extraction from food, as well as biotransformation of nutrients. SCOPE OF THE REVIEW This review provides an overview of the role of the gut microbiota in the physiological and metabolic alterations observed in two body weight dysregulation-related disorders, namely obesity and cachexia. Second, we assess the available evidence for different strategies, including caloric restriction, intermittent fasting, ketogenic diet, bariatric surgery, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, high-fibre diet, and fermented foods - effects on body weight and gut microbiota composition. This approach was used to give insights into the possible link between body weight control and gut microbiota configuration. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Despite extensive associations between body weight and gut microbiota composition, limited success could be achieved in the translation of microbiota-related interventions for body weight control in humans. Manipulation of the gut microbiota alone is insufficient to alter body weight and future research is needed with a combination of strategies to enhance the effects of lifestyle interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Boscaini
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Aonghus Lavelle
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Timothy Lipuma
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Harriët Schellekens
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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Dysbiotic Gut Bacteria in Obesity: An Overview of the Metabolic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives of Next-Generation Probiotics. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020452. [PMID: 35208906 PMCID: PMC8877435 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity, a worldwide health concern with a constantly rising prevalence, is a multifactorial chronic disease associated with a wide range of physiological disruptions, including energy imbalance, central appetite and food reward dysregulation, and hormonal alterations and gut dysbiosis. The gut microbiome is a well-recognized factor in the pathophysiology of obesity, and its influence on host physiology has been extensively investigated over the last decade. This review highlights the mechanisms by which gut dysbiosis can contribute to the pathophysiology of obesity. In particular, we discuss gut microbiota’s contribution to host energy homeostatic changes, low-grade inflammation, and regulation of fat deposition and bile acid metabolism via bacterial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids, and bacterial components, such as lipopolysaccharides, among others. Finally, therapeutic strategies based on next-generation probiotics aiming to re-shape the intestinal microbiota and reverse metabolic alterations associated with obesity are described.
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