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Sozzi E, Leo G, Bertasio C, Alborali GL, Salogni C, Tonni M, Formenti N, Lelli D, Moreno A, Trogu T, Canziani S, Tolini C, Cerioli MP, Lavazza A. Presence and Characterisation of Porcine Respirovirus 1 (PRV1) in Northern Italy. Pathogens 2024; 13:85. [PMID: 38251392 PMCID: PMC10819322 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine Respirovirus 1 (PRV1) is an enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus belonging to the genus Respirovirus within the Paramyxoviridae family. Since its first detection in China in 2013, PRV1 has been identified in several American and European countries. Although its pathogenicity is uncertain, recent studies have suggested that it may play a role in the Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC) because of its capacity to replicate in the upper and lower respiratory tracts. This study aimed to determine the spread of PRV1 in Northern Italy and the phylogeny of the isolates. Therefore, PRV1 was investigated using real-time RT-PCR in 902 samples collected from September 2022 to September 2023 from pigs with respiratory symptoms in North Italy. Fourteen (1.55%) samples tested as PRV1-positive. The full-length fusion (F) gene, which codifies for a major surface protein, was amplified and used for phylogenetic analysis to help carry out molecular epidemiological studies on this virus. In addition, swine influenza virus (SIV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infections were detected in most of the PRV1-positive samples. In conclusion, we report the detection of PRV1 in Italy and discuss its potential role as a co-factor in causing the Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Sozzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” (IZSLER), Via Antonio Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (G.L.); (C.B.); (G.L.A.); (C.S.); (M.T.); (N.F.); (D.L.); (A.M.); (T.T.); (S.C.); (C.T.); (M.P.C.); (A.L.)
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Lunardi M, Darold GM, Francescon RRS, Alfieri AA. First report of porcine respirovirus 1 in Brazil. Microb Pathog 2023; 182:106222. [PMID: 37406836 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Porcine respirovirus 1 (PRV1), currently referred to as Respirovirus suis, was first described in deceased pigs at a Hong Kong slaughterhouse. Since then, PRV1 strains have been detected in pig herds in American, European, and Asian countries. Considering that Brazil is the fourth-largest global producer and exporter of pork, we aimed to detect the PRV1 RNA in biological samples collected from intensive pig farming in the midwestern region of Brazil. Oropharyngeal and rectal swabs were collected from pigs of different ages at an intensive commercial pig operation. These samples were tested using reverse transcription semi-nested polymerase chain reaction. In this study, the frequency of identification of PRV1 RNA in feces was found to be 2% (1/50), whereas the detection rate of PRV1 in the respiratory mucosa was approximately 1% (1/90). Therefore, a low rate of PRV1 detection was observed only in weaned pigs aged 33-50 days. Sequence analyses revealed that the two Brazilian PRV1 strains were closely related to previously reported strains mainly from Asian countries such as Vietnam, China, and South Korea. These strains clustered with PRV1 sequences classified into the European lineage 1. This is the first report of PRV1 in a commercial pig herd in Brazil. To accurately determine the frequency of detection of PRV1 among pigs in intensive commercial pig farms in Brazil, additional prospective and retrospective studies should be conducted. These studies should aim to detect PRV1 in pig herds with diverse respiratory disease statuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Lunardi
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Celso Garcia Cid Road, PO Box 10011, Londrina, Parana, CEP 86057-970, Brazil; Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Celso Garcia Cid Road, PO Box 10011, Londrina, Parana, CEP 86057-970, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela M Darold
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Universidade de Cuiaba, 3300 Historiador Rubens de Mendonça Avenue, Cuiaba, Mato Grosso, CEP 78050-000, Brazil.
| | - Roger R S Francescon
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Universidade de Cuiaba, 3300 Historiador Rubens de Mendonça Avenue, Cuiaba, Mato Grosso, CEP 78050-000, Brazil.
| | - Amauri A Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Celso Garcia Cid Road, PO Box 10011, Londrina, Parana, CEP 86057-970, Brazil; Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Celso Garcia Cid Road, PO Box 10011, Londrina, Parana, CEP 86057-970, Brazil.
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Graaf A, Hennig C, Jaschniski KL, Koechling M, Stadler J, Boehmer J, Ripp U, Pohlmann A, Schwarz BA, Beer M, Harder T. Emergenceof swine influenza A virus, porcine respirovirus 1 and swine orthopneumovirus in porcine respiratory disease in Germany. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023:2239938. [PMID: 37470510 PMCID: PMC10402848 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2239938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory disease is a significant economic issue in pig farming, with a complex aetiology that includes swine influenza A viruses (swIAV), which are common in European domestic pig populations. The most recent human influenza pandemic in 2009 showed swIAV's zoonotic potential. Monitoring pathogens and disease control are critical from a preventive standpoint, and are based on quick, sensitive, and specific diagnostic assays capable of detecting and distinguishing currently circulating swIAV in clinical samples. For passive surveillance, a set of multiplex quantitative reverse transcription real-time PCRs (mRT-qPCR) and MinION-directed sequencing was updated and deployed. Several lineages and genotypes of swIAV were shown to be dynamically developing, including novel reassortants between human pandemic H1N1 and the avian-derived H1 lineage of swIAV. Despite this, nearly 70% (842/1216) of individual samples from pigs with respiratory symptoms were swIAV-negative, hinting to different aetiologies. The complex and synergistic interactions of swIAV infections with other viral and bacterial infectious agents contribute to the aggravation of pig respiratory diseases. Using a newly developed mRT-qPCR for the combined detection of swIAV and the recently described porcine respirovirus 1 (PRV1) and swine orthopneumovirus (SOV) widespread co-circulation of PRV1 (19.6%, 238/1216 samples) and SOV (14.2%, 173/1216 samples) was evident. Because of the high incidence of PRV1 and SOV infections in pigs with respiratory disease, these viruses may emerge as new allies in the porcine respiratory disease syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Graaf
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Christin Hennig
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | | | - Julia Stadler
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Jan Boehmer
- IVD Society for Innovative Veterinary Diagnostics mbH, Seelze-Letter, Germany
| | - Ulrike Ripp
- Vaxxinova diagnostics GmbH, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anne Pohlmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Li Y, Li C. Porcine Respirovirus 1 Suppresses Host Type I Interferon Production and the JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051176. [PMID: 37243262 DOI: 10.3390/v15051176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine respirovirus 1 (PRV1), first reported in Hong Kong, is currently widely spread in several countries. Our knowledge of the clinical significance and the pathogenicity of this virus is still limited. In this study, we studied the interactions between PRV1 and host innate immune responses. PRV1 exhibited strong inhibitory effects on the production of interferon (IFN), ISG15, and RIG-I induced by SeV infection. Our data generated in vitro suggest that multiple viral proteins can suppress host type I interferon production and signaling, including N, M, and P/C/V/W. The P gene products disrupt both IRF3 and NF-κB dependent type I IFN production and block type I IFN signaling pathway by sequestering STAT1 in the cytoplasm. The V protein disrupts both MDA5 signaling and RIG-I signaling through interaction with TRIM25 and RIG-I, V protein blocks RIG-I polyubiquitination, which is required for RIG-I activation. V protein also binds to MDA5, which may contribute to its inhibitory effect on MDA5 signaling. These findings indicate that PRV1 antagonizes host innate immune responses using various mechanisms, which provides important insights into the pathogenicity of PRV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Vereecke N, Zwickl S, Gumbert S, Graaf A, Harder T, Ritzmann M, Lillie-Jaschniski K, Theuns S, Stadler J. Viral and Bacterial Profiles in Endemic Influenza A Virus Infected Swine Herds Using Nanopore Metagenomic Sequencing on Tracheobronchial Swabs. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0009823. [PMID: 36853049 PMCID: PMC10100764 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00098-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine influenza A virus (swIAV) plays an important role in porcine respiratory infections. In addition to its ability to cause severe disease by itself, it is important in the multietiological porcine respiratory disease complex. Still, to date, no comprehensive diagnostics with which to study polymicrobial infections in detail have been offered. Hence, veterinary practitioners rely on monospecific and costly diagnostics, such as Reverse Transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), antigen detection, and serology. This prevents the proper understanding of the entire disease context, thereby hampering effective preventive and therapeutic actions. A new, nanopore-based, metagenomic diagnostic platform was applied to study viral and bacterial profiles across 4 age groups on 25 endemic swIAV-infected German farms with respiratory distress in the nursery. Farms were screened for swIAV using RT-qPCR on nasal and tracheobronchial swabs (TBS). TBS samples were pooled per age, prior to metagenomic characterization. The resulting data showed a correlation between the swIAV loads and the normalized reads, supporting a (semi-)quantitative interpretation of the metagenomic data. Interestingly, an in-depth characterization using beta diversity and PERMANOVA analyses allowed for the observation of an age-dependent interplay of known microbial agents. Also, lesser-known microbes, such as porcine polyoma, parainfluenza, and hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis viruses, were observed. Analyses of swIAV incidence and clinical signs showed differing microbial communities, highlighting age-specific observations of various microbes in porcine respiratory disease. In conclusion, nanopore metagenomics were shown to enable a panoramic view on viral and bacterial profiles as well as putative pathogen dynamics in endemic swIAV-infected herds. The results also highlighted the need for better insights into lesser studied agents that are potentially associated with porcine respiratory disease. IMPORTANCE To date, no comprehensive diagnostics for the study of polymicrobial infections that are associated with porcine respiratory disease have been offered. This precludes the proper understanding of the entire disease landscape, thereby hampering effective preventive and therapeutic actions. Compared to the often-costly diagnostic procedures that are applied for the diagnostics of porcine respiratory disease nowadays, a third-generation nanopore sequencing diagnostics workflow presents a cost-efficient and informative tool. This approach offers a panoramic view of microbial agents and contributes to the in-depth observation and characterization of viral and bacterial profiles within the respiratory disease context. While these data allow for the study of age-associated, swIAV-associated, and clinical symptom-associated observations, it also suggests that more effort should be put toward the investigation of coinfections and lesser-known pathogens (e.g., PHEV and PPIV), along with their potential roles in porcine respiratory disease. Overall, this approach will allow veterinary practitioners to tailor treatment and/or management changes on farms in a quicker, more complete, and cost-efficient way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Vereecke
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- PathoSense BV, Lier, Belgium
| | - Sophia Zwickl
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Sophie Gumbert
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Annika Graaf
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany
| | - Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany
| | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | | | - Sebastiaan Theuns
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- PathoSense BV, Lier, Belgium
| | - Julia Stadler
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
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Characterization of Two Porcine Parainfluenza Virus 1 Isolates and Human Parainfluenza Virus 1 Infection in Weaned Nursery Pigs. Vet Sci 2022; 10:vetsci10010018. [PMID: 36669019 PMCID: PMC9863182 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine parainfluenza virus 1 (PPIV1) is a newly characterized porcine respiratory virus. Recent experimental challenge studies in three-week-old nursery pigs failed to cause disease. However, it remains unclear how genetic differences contribute to viral pathogenesis. To characterize the pathogenesis of different PPIV1 isolates, three-week-old nursery pigs were challenged with either PPIV1 isolate USA/MN25890NS/2016 (MN16) or USA/IA84915LG/2017 (IA17). A human parainfluenza virus 1 (HPIV1) strain C35 ATCC® VR-94™ was included to evaluate swine as a model for human parainfluenza. All viruses were successfully re-isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and detected by RT-qPCR at necropsy. Microscopic lung lesions were more severe in the IA17 group compared to the non-challenged negative control (Ctrl) group whereas differences were not found between the MN16 and Ctrl groups. Immunohistochemistry staining in respiratory samples showed a consistent trend of higher levels of PPIV1 signal in the IA17 group followed by the MN16 group, and no PPIV1 signal observed in the HPIV1 or Ctrl groups. This study suggests potential pathogenesis differences between PPIV1 isolates. Additionally, these results indicate that HPIV1 is capable of replicating in nursery pigs after experimental inoculation. However, clinical disease or gross lung lesions were not observed in any of the challenge groups.
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Park J, Kim HR, Kim JM, Lee KK, Kim WI, Lyoo YS, Kwon OD, Park CK, Park SC. First report of Porcine respirovirus 1 in South Korea. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:4041-4047. [PMID: 36174972 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Porcine respirovirus 1 (PRV1) is a recently emerging porcine respiratory virus that belongs to the genus Respirovirus of the Paramyxoviridae family. Since its first detection in Hong Kong, China in 2009, PRV1 has been subsequently identified in several American and European countries, suggesting that the emerging virus may have been globally distributed. However, in Asia, the virus has been reported only in China. Here, we report that PRV1 was first detected in pigs from 16 farms located in seven provinces across Korea, with a prevalence of 71.4% based on the tested oral fluid samples, suggesting that the virus is already widespread in Korean pig herds. For further genetic characterization of the Korean PRV1 strains, a complete genome and two F gene sequences were obtained from PRV1-positive samples collected from three different pig farms. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete genome and F gene sequences showed that all three Korean PRV1 strains were grouped into European lineage 1 and were closely related to strains from Hong Kong (China), Germany and Poland. We could not obtain evidence for the origin of Korean PRV1 because of the limited availability of PRV1 sequences. In conclusion, PRV1 was first identified in Korean pig herds and genetically characterized in the present study. These results contribute to a better understanding of the global geographical distribution and genetic characteristics of PRV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghyun Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,DIVA Bio Incorporation, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ryung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Min Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ki Lee
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Il Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Young S Lyoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh-Deog Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Choi-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Chun Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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