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Rodina ES, Fettser EI, Novikov IA. [Methods for assessing the microbiological diversity of the ocular surface]. Vestn Oftalmol 2024; 140:96-108. [PMID: 38962985 DOI: 10.17116/oftalma202414003196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
This review compares data from scientific studies on the microbial community of the ocular surface (OS) in conditionally healthy individuals using cultural methods (including culture-dependent diagnostic tests), microscopic and molecular genetic methods, and assesses the influence of research methods and sample preparation on the results. Concordance and discordance of the sets of identified microorganisms were analyzed using overlapping and non-overlapping methods of studying the microbial community of a healthy OS. The article presents tables showing the names of microorganisms that were identified in different sources. Cross-verification in taxa of different ranks helped confirm the following most frequently found microorganisms on healthy OS: coccomorphic microorganisms of the genera Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Kocuria, Streptococcus, Enterococcus; gram-positive spore-forming bacilli of the genera Bacillus and Paenibacillus; gram-positive non-spore-forming rod-shaped bacteria, including Corynebacterium, but excluding Propionibacterium and Microbacterium; gram-negative non-spore-forming rod-shaped microorganisms of the genera Moraxella and Serratia. The study also assessed the effect of wearing soft contact lenses on the composition of the microbial community of the OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Rodina
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - E I Fettser
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
- Krasnov Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - I A Novikov
- Krasnov Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
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Zhao A, Sun J, Liu Y. Understanding bacterial biofilms: From definition to treatment strategies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1137947. [PMID: 37091673 PMCID: PMC10117668 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1137947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are complex microbial communities encased in extracellular polymeric substances. Their formation is a multi-step process. Biofilms are a significant problem in treating bacterial infections and are one of the main reasons for the persistence of infections. They can exhibit increased resistance to classical antibiotics and cause disease through device-related and non-device (tissue) -associated infections, posing a severe threat to global health issues. Therefore, early detection and search for new and alternative treatments are essential for treating and suppressing biofilm-associated infections. In this paper, we systematically reviewed the formation of bacterial biofilms, associated infections, detection methods, and potential treatment strategies, aiming to provide researchers with the latest progress in the detection and treatment of bacterial biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailing Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Jiazheng Sun
- Department of Vasculocardiology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Yipin Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Yipin Liu,
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Schneider G, Pásztor D, Szabó P, Kőrösi L, Kishan NS, Raju PARK, Calay RK. Isolation and Characterisation of Electrogenic Bacteria from Mud Samples. Microorganisms 2023; 11:781. [PMID: 36985354 PMCID: PMC10058994 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To develop efficient microbial fuel cell systems for green energy production using different waste products, establishing characterised bacterial consortia is necessary. In this study, bacteria with electrogenic potentials were isolated from mud samples and examined to determine biofilm-formation capacities and macromolecule degradation. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry identifications have revealed that isolates represented 18 known and 4 unknown genuses. They all had the capacities to reduce the Reactive Black 5 stain in the agar medium, and 48 of them were positive in the wolfram nanorod reduction assay. The isolates formed biofilm to different extents on the surfaces of both adhesive and non-adhesive 96-well polystyrene plates and glass. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed the different adhesion potentials of isolates to the surface of carbon tissue fibres. Eight of them (15%) were able to form massive amounts of biofilm in three days at 23 °C. A total of 70% of the isolates produced proteases, while lipase and amylase production was lower, at 38% and 27% respectively. All of the macromolecule-degrading enzymes were produced by 11 isolates, and two isolates of them had the capacity to form a strong biofilm on the carbon tissue one of the most used anodic materials in MFC systems. This study discusses the potential of the isolates for future MFC development applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Schneider
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti Str. 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dorina Pásztor
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti Str. 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Szabó
- Department of Geology and Meteorology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Ifjúság Str. 6, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - László Kőrösi
- Research Institute for Viticulture and Oenology, University of Pécs, Pázmány P. u. 4, H-7634 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Nandyala Siva Kishan
- Centre for Research and Development, SRKR Engineering College, SRKR Marg, China Amiram, Bhimavaram 534204, India
| | | | - Rajnish Kaur Calay
- Institute for Building Energy and Materials Technology, Narvik Campus, UiT Norway’s Arctic University, 8514 Narvik, Norway
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Stachurová T, Rybková Z, Škrlová K, Malachová K, Havlíček M, Plachá D. Biocompatibility and biocidal effects of modified polylactide composites. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1031783. [PMID: 36504788 PMCID: PMC9731850 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1031783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Polylactide (PLA) materials treated with antimicrobial fillers represent a suitable alternative to the production of medical devices. Their advantage is that they can prevent the growth of microorganisms and the formation of microbial biofilms on the surface and around composites. The work is focused on the evaluation of biocompatibility and biocide effect of PLA composite films filled with vermiculite and graphene oxide modified with silver (Ag+ and Ag nanoparticles), hexadecylpyridinium (HDP) and hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA) cations and their degradation leachates monitored at 1-3-6-month intervals. The antimicrobial effect of the leachates was detected by microdilution methods on gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis), gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus salivarius) bacteria and yeast (Candida albicans). The biocidal effect of composites on biofilm formation on the surface of composites was monitored by Christensen method and autoaggregation and motility tests. The biocompatibility of the composite and the leachates was assessed by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) cytotoxicity assay. The evaluation of the antimicrobial effect of the leachates demonstrated that leachates of PLA composite filled with graphene oxide and Ag+ showed a stronger antimicrobial effect than leachates of PLA composite filled with vermiculite and Ag+ and Ag nanoparticles. The leachates of PLA composites containing vermiculite with HDP and HDTMA cations had a higher antimicrobial effect on G+ bacteria and yeast than G- bacteria. Bacterial growth, biofilm formation, autoaggregation and motility of the tested bacteria were most inhibited by the composite with vermiculite and Ag+ and Ag nanoparticles. Even after a 6-month degradation of this composite, bacterial growth and biofilm formation continued to be strongly inhibited up to 42 and 91%, respectively. The cytotoxic effect was proved only in the leachate of the composite with vermiculite containing HDP after 6 months of its degradation. Tests evaluating the biocompatibility of materials have shown that the vermiculite is the most preferred carrier and can be used in the future to bind other compounds. The study confirmed that PLA composite filled with vermiculite and Ag+ and Ag nanoparticles was the most stable and effective composite with the best biocompatible and biocidal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Stachurová
- Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia,*Correspondence: Tereza Stachurová,
| | - Zuzana Rybková
- Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Kateřina Škrlová
- Nanotechnology Centre, VSB–Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia,Center of Advanced Innovation Technologies, VSB–Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava-Poruba, Czechia
| | - Kateřina Malachová
- Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia,Kateřina Malachová,
| | | | - Daniela Plachá
- Nanotechnology Centre, VSB–Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia,Energy Units for Utilization of Non-Traditional Energy Source (ENET) Centre, Center for Energy and Environmental Technologies (CEET), VSB–Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
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Intimin (eae) and virulence membrane protein pagC genes are associated with biofilm formation and multidrug resistance in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica isolates from calves with diarrhea. BMC Res Notes 2022; 15:321. [PMID: 36221149 PMCID: PMC9552474 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-022-06218-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the association of the intimin (eae) and pagC genes with biofilm formation and multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica collected from calves with diarrhea. Results Fecal samples (n: 150) were collected from calves with diarrhea. Of 150 fecal samples, 122 (81.3%) were culture positive and 115/122 (94.2%) were Gram-negative bacteria. Among them, E. coli (n = 64/115, 55.6%) was the most common isolate followed by S. enterica (n = 41/115, 35.6%). Also, 10 (8.6%) isolates were other Enterobacteriaceae bacteria including Klebsiella and Proteus species. Eighty-nine isolates (77.4%) from calf diarrhea, including 52 (81.3%) E. coli and 37 (90.2%) S. enterica were MDR. The eae and pagC genes were detected in 33 (51.5%) E. coli and 28 (68.3%) S. enterica isolates, respectively. There was a strong association between these genes and biofilm formation and MDR phenotype (P-value = 0.000). All E. coli isolates carrying the eae gene were biofilm producers and MDR. Also, all pagC-positive S. enterica isolates were MDR and 25 (89.3%) isolates of them produced biofilm. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13104-022-06218-6.
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Pokharel K, Dawadi BR, Shrestha LB. Role of Biofilm in Bacterial Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc 2022; 60:836-840. [PMID: 36705135 PMCID: PMC9794942 DOI: 10.31729/jnma.7580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilm refers to the complex, sessile communities of microbes found either attached to a surface or buried firmly in an extracellular matrix as aggregates. Microbial flora which produces biofilm manifests an altered growth rate and transcribes genes that provide them resistance to antimicrobial and host immune systems. Biofilms protect the invading bacteria against the immune system of the host via impaired activation of phagocytes and the complement system. Biofilm-producing isolates showed greater multidrug resistance than non-biofilm producers. Biofilm causes antibiotic resistance through processes like chromosomally encoded resistant genes, restriction of antibiotics, reduction of growth rate, and host immunity. Biofilm formation is responsible for the development of superbugs like methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and metallo-beta-lactamase producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Regular monitoring of antimicrobial resistance and maintaining hygiene, especially in hospitalized patients are required to control biofilm-related infections in order to prevent antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khilasa Pokharel
- Department of Microbiology, Kathmandu Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Sinamangal, Kathmandu, Nepal,Correspondence: Dr Khilasa Pokharel, Department of Microbiology, Kathmandu Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. , Phone: +977-9841437466
| | - Bishwa Raj Dawadi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Grande International Hospital, Dhapasi, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Lok Bahadur Shrestha
- School of Medical Sciences and The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Asghar S, Khan IU, Salman S, Khalid SH, Ashfaq R, Vandamme TF. Plant-derived nanotherapeutic systems to counter the overgrowing threat of resistant microbes and biofilms. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 179:114019. [PMID: 34699940 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Since antiquity, the survival of human civilization has always been threatened by the microbial infections. An alarming surge in the resistant microbial strains against the conventional drugs is quite evident in the preceding years. Furthermore, failure of currently available regimens of antibiotics has been highlighted by the emerging threat of biofilms in the community and hospital settings. Biofilms are complex dynamic composites rich in extracellular polysaccharides and DNA, supporting plethora of symbiotic microbial life forms, that can grow on both living and non-living surfaces. These enforced structures are impervious to the drugs and lead to spread of recurrent and non-treatable infections. There is a strong realization among the scientists and healthcare providers to work out alternative strategies to combat the issue of drug resistance and biofilms. Plants are a traditional but rich source of effective antimicrobials with wider spectrum due to presence of multiple constituents in perfect synergy. Other than the biocompatibility and the safety profile, these phytochemicals have been repeatedly proven to overcome the non-responsiveness of resistant microbes and films via multiple pathways such as blocking the efflux pumps, better penetration across the cell membranes or biofilms, and anti-adhesive properties. However, the unfavorable physicochemical attributes and stability issues of these phytochemicals have hampered their commercialization. These issues of the phytochemicals can be solved by designing suitably constructed nanoscaled structures. Nanosized systems can not only improve the physicochemical features of the encapsulated payloads but can also enhance their pharmacokinetic and therapeutic profile. This review encompasses why and how various types of phytochemicals and their nanosized preparations counter the microbial resistance and the biofouling. We believe that phytochemical in tandem with nanotechnological innovations can be employed to defeat the microbial resistance and biofilms. This review will help in better understanding of the challenges associated with developing such platforms and their future prospects.
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Matok LA, Azrad M, Leshem T, Abuzahya A, Khamaisi T, Smolkin T, Peretz A. Mother-to-Neonate Transmission of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria: A Cross-Sectional Study. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061245. [PMID: 34201210 PMCID: PMC8229721 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated carriage rates of extended spectrum β-lactam-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E), Carbapeneme-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE), vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among pregnant women and determined the maternal-to-neonate transmission rates of these antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB). Pregnant women provided rectal and vaginal samples, proximal to delivery. Stool samples were collected from newborns within 48 h of birth. All samples were cultured on selective media for ARB identification. Clinical and demographic data were collected from the participants' medical files. We performed molecular and phenotypic characterization of the different resistance mechanisms, and determined the isolates' antibiotic susceptibility and biofilm-forming ability. The prevalence of ESBL-E, MRSA and VRE among pregnant women were 16%, 6% and 1%, respectively. The prevalence of ESBL-E and MRSA among neonates were 7.6% and 1.6%, respectively. Maternal-to-neonate transmission rates of ESBL-E and MRSA were 48% and 27.8%, respectively. Maternal and neonatal isolates shared similar characteristics. Maternal-to-neonate transmission of ARB plays an important role in bacterial colonization in newborns. Future studies should investigate the outcomes of the high ESBL-E transmission rate. The biofilm-forming ability of ARB was found to affect transmission. Additional factors should be investigated in order to understand the differences between transmitted and non-transmitted bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maya Azrad
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, The Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poriya, Tiberias 1311502, Israel;
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (A.P.); Tel.: +972-4-665-2322 (M.A.)
| | - Tamar Leshem
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, The Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poriya, Tiberias 1311502, Israel;
| | - Anan Abuzahya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poriya, Tiberias 1311502, Israel; (A.A.); (T.K.)
| | - Thanaa Khamaisi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poriya, Tiberias 1311502, Israel; (A.A.); (T.K.)
| | - Tatiana Smolkin
- Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, The Baruch Padeh Medical Center Poriya, Tiberias 1311502, Israel;
| | - Avi Peretz
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel;
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, The Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poriya, Tiberias 1311502, Israel;
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (A.P.); Tel.: +972-4-665-2322 (M.A.)
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Quintieri L, Caputo L, Monaci L, Cavalluzzi MM, Denora N. Lactoferrin-Derived Peptides as a Control Strategy against Skinborne Staphylococcal Biofilms. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E323. [PMID: 32883023 PMCID: PMC7554924 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8090323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) widely colonize the human skin and play an active role in host defense. However, these bacteria may cause malodours and increase infection incidence rate in immune-compromised patients and individuals with catheters and implants. CoNS spreading is favored by biofilm formation that also promotes the release of virulence factors and drug resistance. Biofilm control or eradication by antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represents an attractive strategy which is worth investigating. In this work, bovine lactoferrin (BLF) hydrolysate (HLF) was in vitro evaluated for its antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities against skin-related coagulase negative and positive staphylococci. Despite a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) recorded for HLF ranging from 10 to more than 20 mg/mL, a minimal biofilm inhibitory concentration (MIBC) equal to 2.5 mg/mL was found for most target strains. Conversely, MIBC values referred to the individual peptides, LFcinB or LFmpin (herein purified and identified) were significantly lower. Finally, the application of 2.5 mg/mL HLF solution by dipping and spraying on biofilm-attached glass surfaces also caused a high biofilm eradication rate depending on the incubation time, thus attracting interest for future applications in cosmetic formulation for skin care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Quintieri
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA) National Council of Research, Via G. Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (L.Q.); (L.M.)
| | - Leonardo Caputo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA) National Council of Research, Via G. Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (L.Q.); (L.M.)
| | - Linda Monaci
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA) National Council of Research, Via G. Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (L.Q.); (L.M.)
| | - Maria Maddalena Cavalluzzi
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Studies of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.M.C.); (N.D.)
| | - Nunzio Denora
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Studies of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.M.C.); (N.D.)
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