Hepatoprotective effect of silymarin

Frailty as a determinant of liver transplant outcomes: A call for integrative strategies

Frailty has emerged as a pivotal determinant of post-liver transplant (LT) outcomes, yet its integration into clinical practice remains inconsistent. Defined by functional impairments and reduced physiologic reserve, frailty transcends traditional metrics like the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score, demonstrating increasing predictive value for mortality beyond the immediate post-operative period. Recent findings suggest that frail recipients experience significantly higher mortality within the first 12 months following transplantation—a period when traditional monitoring often wanes. This raises critical questions about the adequacy of current assessment and follow-up protocols. The observed dissociation between MELD scores and long-term survival underscores the limitations of existing selection criteria. Frailty, as a dynamic and modifiable condition, represents an opportunity for targeted intervention. Prehabilitation programs focusing on nutritional optimization, physical rehabilitation, and psychosocial support could enhance resilience in transplant candidates, reducing their risk profile and improving post-transplant outcomes. Furthermore, these findings call for an expanded approach to post-transplant monitoring. Extending surveillance for frail recipients beyond standard timelines may facilitate early detection of complications, mitigating their impact on survival. Incorporating frailty into both pre- and post-transplant protocols could redefine how transplant centers evaluate and manage risk. This editorial advocates for a paradigm shift: Frailty must no longer be viewed as a secondary consideration but as a core element in LT care. By addressing frailty comprehensively, we can move toward more personalized, effective strategies that improve survival and quality of life for LT recipients.

Alpha-pinene protects rat liver against acetaminophen-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis

Acetaminophen (APA) is a commonly used antipyretic and analgesic medication worldwide. The current study aims to investigate the relationship between alpha-pinene, oxidative stress factors, genes involved in the apoptotic pathway, and liver damage caused by PAR. Thirty Wistar rats were divided into five groups: a control group and four treatment groups receiving APA (0.640 g/kg/day), APA+alpha-pinene (75 mg/kg), APA+alpha-pinene (125 mg/kg), and APA+ silymarin (50 mg/kg). The treatment groups were injected with APA for 2 weeks, while the control group received distilled water. The study assessed liver enzymes, oxidative stress factors, and apoptotic gene expression. We found that alpha-pinene decreased the ALT, AST, and ALP levels in the liver of PAR-treated rats. Alpha-pinene restored GSH, MDA, SOD, and CAT activities in the liver of PAR-treated rats. Real-time PCR analysis showed that alpha-pinene inhibited apoptosis by suppressing Bax and caspase-3 and upregulating Bcl-2 in the liver of APA-treated rats. Moreover, alpha-pinene downregulates PPARγ in the liver of APA-treated rats. Alpha-pinene has been discovered to have protective properties against liver damage caused by the use of APA. This protection is achieved by reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis. Alpha-pinene increases the expression of Bcl-2, which has an anti-apoptotic effect and reduces the levels of Bax and caspase-3.

Preclinical insights into the potential of itaconate and its derivatives for liver disease therapy

Annually, approximately 3.5 % of the world's population dies of cirrhosis or liver cancer, and the burden of liver disease is steadily expanding owing to multiple factors such as alcohol consumption, irrational diets, viral transmission, and exposure to drugs and toxins. However, the lack of effective therapies and the adverse effects of some medications remain a threat to the management of liver disease. Recently, immunometabolism, as an emerging discipline, appears to be the focus of unprecedented research. As a natural metabolite that regulates cellular functions, itaconate is a crucial bridge connecting metabolism and immune response. Remodeling immune function through metabolic modulation may be a promising alternative for disease intervention strategies. In this review, we first briefly describe the historical origin of itaconate and the development of its derivatives. This was followed by a review of the molecular mechanisms by which itaconate regulated immune-metabolic responses. Furthermore, we analyzed the effects of itaconate regulation on immune cells of the hepatic system. Finally, we summarized the experimental evidence for itaconate and its derivatives in the therapeutic application of liver diseases. Itaconate is potentially an invaluable component of emerging therapeutic strategies for liver disease.

Protective effects of silymarin on preventing vancomycin nephrotoxicity in infectious patients: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, pilot clinical trial

Nephrotoxicity is one of the most common complications of vancomycin use in clinical practice. Silymarin has potential to be a renoprotective agent for nephrotoxic drugs due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects. The aim of this clinical study is evaluating the potential effects of silymarin on preventing vancomycin nephrotoxicity. A multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, clinical trial was conducted on patients with the indication of systemic vancomycin for at least 7 days. Patients were screened daily and those who met the inclusion criteria were selected and randomly assigned into either silymarin or placebo groups. Accordingly, 140 mg silymarin tablet (Livergol®) or placebo was given orally three times daily. Silymarin or placebo were provided in conjunction with vancomycin for at least 7 days. If vancomycin therapy was extended beyond 7 days, the administration of silymarin or placebo was continued until the end of vancomycin treatment. Malondialdehyde, glutathione, and total antioxidant capacity were measured in the serum on days 0 and 7. A trough level of vancomycin was assessed 30 min before the fifth dose of vancomycin. Acute kidney injury (AKI) was monitored in each patient daily during the course of vancomycin treatment. The causality assessment of all identified cases of vancomycin associated AKI was performed by the Naranjo scale. The primary endpoint was vancomycin nephrotoxicity. It was defined based on the KDIGO 2012 criteria for AKI as either an increase of 0.3 units or more in serum creatinine level during 48 h or 50% (1.5-fold) or more during 7 days compared to baseline values. During the study period, 34 patients in the silymarin group and 32 patients in the placebo group completed the clinical trial. Demographic, baseline clinical, and laboratory characteristics were comparable between placebo and silymarin groups. The number of patients with AKI on days 5, 6, 7, 11,12, 13, and 14 in the placebo group was significantly higher than that in the silymarin group (p-value < 0.05). The incidence of acute tubular injury on the day  5 and 7 of vancomycin treatment was significantly lower in the silymarin group (p-value = 0.005 and p-value = 0.032, respectively). Antioxidant indexes including serum total antioxidant capacity and glutathione significantly increased in the silymarin group (p-value < 0.001 for both indexes). In contrast, serum malondialdehyde as an end product of lipid peroxidation pathway significantly decreased in the silymarin group during 7 days (p-value < 0.001). The results of the present pilot, clinical trial suggested that silymarin co-administration may prevent vancomycin nephrotoxicity.

Post-treatment of rat aflatoxicosis by camel milk and silymarin

Background

Aflatoxins are highly potent mycotoxins that can seriously harm the health of humans and a variety of animal species. On the other hand, camel milk and silymarin offer a variety of positive effects for many animal species. In addition, camel milk and silymarin reduce the impact of AFB1 on the hematology, serum biochemical markers, histopathology of the liver and testes, and expression of the inflammatory, antioxidant, and male reproductive genes.

Methods

40 rats were used to evaluate the beneficial effect of silymarin and camel milk against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) toxicity in rats. The classified treatments were the control negative (no treatment) and the control positive (supplied with 1.4 mg aflatoxin/kg diet) for 28 days. Camel milk group (supplied with 1.4 mg aflatoxin/kg diet) for 28 days and camel milk (1 milliliter of camel milk per kilogram of body weight) orally, from day 29 to day 43). Silymarin (supplied with 1.4 mg aflatoxin/kg diet) for 28 days and silymarin (20 mg silymarin/kg b.wt), orally, from day 29 to day 43). The evaluation was done through measuring leukocyte count, liver function tests, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), ferritin, and testosterone. Moreover, the histopathology of the liver and testes was done along with expression levels of specific genes in the liver and testes.

Results

The outcomes showed that the post-treatment with silymarin and camel milk improved biochemical markers in serum and ability to reproduce.

Conclusion

In conclusion, post-treatment with camel milk and silymarin could mitigate the negative effect of AFB1 on rats.

Molecular docking targeting autophagy pathway mediate abrogation of NASH by specific functional foods: update review

Autophagy is a very well-conserved self-digestive mechanism that transports unwanted or disposable cytoplasmic debris to lysosomes for destruction, including misfolded proteins and damaged organelles. Advanced liver illnesses can develop from the prevalent clinical condition known as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). There is no effective treatment, is still unclear. Therefore, in order to create novel therapeutics, it is necessary to comprehend the pathogenic pathways causing disease onset and progression. Natural components from medicinal plants are currently the subject of a larger number of studies since they provide fresh promise for NASH. This review provided an overview of the aetiology of NASH, in addition the role of natural products as alternative or complementary therapeutic agent for management of NASH via autophagy induction. It was concluded that, alternative and complementary supplement of natural functional food as Arabica coffee that rich with chlorogenic acid targeting autophagy mechanism mediate amelioration effect of NASH.

Dietary silymarin supplementation enhances chemotherapy efficacy of capecitabine and irinotecan and mitigates hepatotoxicity in a mouse model of colon cancer

Background and purpose

The flavonoid silymarin (SMN) has shown promise due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. SMN has been widely used in preclinical and clinical studies to treat various types of cancer, alone and with chemotherapy agents. Recent research suggests that SMN may increase conventional chemotherapy efficacy and reduce adverse effects. Herein, we investigated the therapeutic efficacy of SMN and its combination with capecitabine (CAP) and irinotecan (IRI) in a mouse model of colon cancer.

Experimental approach

Following 1,2 dimethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer, a modified diet supplemented with SMN (2500 ppm) and mono- and combined therapy of CAP and IRI was used. Serum samples were analyzed for lipid profile, liver function, and inflammatory cytokines. Oxidative stress and inflammation markers, including malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), myeloperoxidase (MPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were measured in colonic, hepatic, and circulatory samples. Colonic BAX and Bcl-2 levels were examined via western blotting and histopathological analysis of colon sections was conducted.

Findings/Results

SMN alone and combined with chemotherapeutic agents significantly mitigated the elevated inflammatory cytokines liver function enzyme levels, and hyperlipidemia. Furthermore, SMN supplementation with chemotherapy agents enhanced antioxidant activity and reduced lipid peroxidation and inflammatory markers. Significant upregulation of BAX and downregulation of Bcl-2 were observed. In addition, treatment regimens ameliorated carcinogen-induced polyp multiplicity, adenoma formation, dysplastic changes, and lymphocytic aggregation.

Conclusion and implications

Our results demonstrated that the potential anticancer properties of SMN could enhance chemotherapy efficacy and reduce carcinogen- and chemotherapy-induced hepatotoxicity.

Action of Carduus marianus 6cH on Hepatopathy and Gallstone in Ambystoma mexicanum (Axolotl): Case Report

BACKGROUND

 Carduus marianus is a Mediterranean plant used for treating liver diseases. One of its properties is that it inhibits fat peroxidation, which can contribute toward the prevention of metabolites that are harmful to the liver.

OBJECTIVE

 The aim of this study was to describe the treatment of fatty liver disease in an axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum).

METHODS

 An approximately 6-year-old female specimen of A. mexicanum, of length 21 cm and weight 153 g, presented edema in the rostral region and inappetence. Ultrasound showed hepatopathy and a gallbladder stone. A globule of C. marianus 6cH was diluted in 30 mL distilled water and administered in spray form over the animal twice a day.

RESULTS

 Twenty days after the beginning of the treatment, improvement of the facial edema and return of appetite were observed. Ultrasound showed improvement in the appearance of the liver and reduction in the size of the gallstone. The Modified Naranjo Criteria for Homeopathy score was +9 in this case, thus suggesting a causal relationship between the use of homeopathic medicine and the clinical outcome.

CONCLUSION

 C. marianus 6cH appeared to be effective in treating fatty liver disease and gallstone in this specimen of A. mexicanum.

Investigation of the effects of silymarin and vitamin C on kidney damage and aquaporin-2 downregulation in lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in rats

Although lithium (LIT) therapy is key in managing bipolar disorder long-term, prolonged use significantly contributes to acquired Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus (NDI). This study examined whether combining Silymarin (SIL) with Vitamin C (Vit C) enhances protection against lithium-induced nephrotoxicity in rats, comparing their individual antioxidant effects as well. Rats subjected to Li exposure were provided with a standard commercial diet supplemented with 80 mmol LiCl per kilogram for 28 days. Concurrently, SIL and Vit C were administered orally at dosages of 200 and 100 mg/kg body weight, respectively, throughout the 28 days. The study assessed levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as the enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), to evaluate the protective effects of SIL and Vit C against oxidative stress. Aquaporin-2 (AQP2) levels in kidney tissues were evaluated using immunohistochemistry and ELISA. Serum and urine parameters (sodium, potassium, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen [BUN], and urea) and serum lithium levels were also measured. Lithium-induced nephrotoxicity showed increased renal toxicity markers and decreased antioxidant enzyme activity. SIL administration significantly reduced markers of kidney tissue toxicity, increased antioxidant enzyme activities, regulated the aforementioned physiological parameters in blood and urine, and downregulated AQP2 expression in the kidney. However, Vit C administration did not demonstrate a significant protective effect against lithium-induced renal toxicity. These findings indicate that SIL effectively protects against lithium-induced nephrotoxicity, whereas Vitamin C does not exhibit this protective effect.

Mechanistic Insights into Silymarin-Induced Apoptosis and Growth Inhibition in SPC212 Human Mesothelioma Cells

Silymarin, a flavonoid complex isolated from Silybum marianum, possesses various biological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-glycation, and hepatoprotective effects. In the present study, we investigated the effects of silymarin on the SPC212 human mesothelioma cell line. MTT and neutral red assays were performed to examine the cytotoxic effects of silymarin. The apoptotic effect was investigated using AO/EB and DAPI staining, and morphological changes were observed using H&E and May-Grünwald staining. Additionally, immunocytochemistry was performed to detect Bax, Bcl2, and PCNA. Our results indicated that silymarin has a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect on SPC212 cells, with an IC50 value of approximately 187.5 µM. Silymarin induces apoptotic hallmarks such as apoptotic bodies, cell shrinkage, and nuclear condensation. In conclusion, silymarin demonstrated cytotoxic and apoptotic effects as well as morphological changes in SPC212 human mesothelioma cells. Further detailed studies are warranted to explore the potential of silymarin as an anti-cancer agent.

Therapeutic potential of bark extracts from Macaranga denticulata on renal fibrosis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Macaranga denticulata (MD) bark is commonly utilized in traditional medicine for diabetes prevention and treatment. The bark extract of MD is rich in prenyl or farnesyl flavonoids and stilbenes, which possess antioxidant properties. Although data suggest the potential therapeutic benefits of the use of MD in treating diabetic nephropathy (DN), the precise mechanisms underlying MD-initiated protective effects against DN are not well understood. This study aimed to assess the renoprotective properties of MD extract by examining renofibrosis inhibition, oxidative stress, and inflammation utilizing streptozotocin-induced DN male Sprague - Dawley rats. Diabetic rats were intraperitoneally injected with streptozotocin (STZ) to induce diabetes. After 6 days, these rats were orally administered MD extract (200 mg/kg/day) or metformin (200 mg/kg/day) for 14 days. The administration of MD extract significantly lowered blood glucose levels, restored body weight, and reduced urine levels of various biomarkers associated with kidney functions. Histopathological analysis revealed protective effects in both kidneys and pancreas. Further, MD extract significantly restored abnormalities in advanced glycation end products, oxidative stress biomarkers, and proinflammatory cytokine levels in STZ-treated rats. MD extract markedly reduced renal fibrosis biomarker levels, indicating recovery from renal injury, and reversed dysregulation of sirtuins and claudin-1 in the kidneys of rats with STZ-induced diabetes. In conclusion, data demonstrated the renoprotective role of MD extract, indicating plant extract's ability to suppress oxidative stress and regulate proinflammatory pathways during pathological changes in diabetic nephropathy.

Effective action of silymarin against ketamine-induced schizophrenia in male mice: Insight into the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of action

BACKGROUND

Neurochemical dysregulations resulting from N-methyl-D-aspartate hypofunction (NMDA), are exacerbated by neuroimmune and oxidative stress and are known risk factors for neuropsychiatric disorders like schizophrenia-like diseases. Here, we investigate the protective and curative effects, and mechanisms of silymarin, a polyphenolic flavonoid with neuroprotective functions in preventive-reversal model of ketamine, an NMDA antagonist in mice.

METHODS

Mice were grouped into 6 cohorts (n = 9). In the pre-treatment, groups 1 and 2 received saline (10 mL/kg/p.o.), groups 3 and 4 (silymarin, 50 and 100 mg/kg/p.o.), and group 5 (risperidone, 0.5 mg/kg/p.o.) consecutively for 14 days, then combined with ketamine (20 mg/kg/i.p.) injection in groups 2-5 from days 8-14. However, mice in reversal study received intraperitoneal injection of ketamine for 14 days before silymarin (50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o) and risperidone (0.5 mg/kg, p.o.) treatment between days 8-14. The consequences on schizophrenia-like behavior, neurochemistry, inflammation, and oxidative/nitrergic stress markers were evaluated in critical brain regions of the disease.

RESULTS

Silymarin prevented and reversed ketamine-induced increase in dopamine, 5-hydroxyltryptamine, acetylcholinesterase, malondialdehyde and nitrite levels in the striatum, prefrontal-cortex and hippocampus. These were accompanied by improvement in hyperlocomotion, stereotypy, memory, and social impairments, notably devoid of cataleptogenic potential. Complementarily, silymarin reduced myeloperoxidase, tumor-necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6 concentrations relative to the ketamine group. Moreover, ketamine-induced decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor, glutathione, catalase, superoxide-dismutase levels were normalized by silymarin in the brain regions relative to ketamine.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, these findings suggest that silymarin's antipsychotic effect might be primarily associated, among other mechanisms, with the normalization of neurochemical and neurotrophic changes in the mice brains.

Enhanced healing of burn wounds by multifunctional alginate-chitosan hydrogel enclosing silymarin and zinc ‎oxide ‎nanoparticles

Multifunctional wound dressings have been applied for burn injuries to avoid complications and promote tissue regeneration. In the present study, we fabricated a natural alginate-chitosan hydrogel comprising silymarin and green-synthesized zinc ‎oxide ‎nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). Then, the physicochemical attributes of ZnO NPs and loaded hydrogels were analyzed. Afterward, wound healing efficacy was evaluated in a rat model of full-thickness dermal burn wounds. The findings indicated that ZnO NPs were synthesized via reduction with phytochemicals from Elettaria cardamomum seeds extract. The microscopic images exhibited fairly spherical ZnO NPs (35-45 nm), and elemental analysis verified the relevant composition. The hydrogel, containing silymarin and biosynthesized ZnO NPs, displayed a uniform appearance, smooth surfaces, and a porous structure. Moreover, infrared spectroscopy ‎identified functional groups, confirming the successful loading without adverse interactions. The obtained hydrogel exhibited great water absorption, high porosity, sustainable degradation for several days, and enhanced antioxidant capability of the combined loaded component. In vivo studies revealed faster and superior wound healing, achieving nearly complete closure by day 21. Histopathology confirmed improved cell growth, tissue regeneration, collagen deposition, and neovascularization. It is believed that this multifunctional hydrogel-based wound dressing can be applied for effective burn wound treatment.

Evaluating the therapeutic effect of different forms of silymarin on liver status and expression of some genes involved in fat metabolism, antioxidants and anti-inflammatory in older laying hens

BACKGROUND

Silymarin, the predominant compound of milk thistle, is an extract took out from milk thistle (Silybum marianum) seeds, containing a mixture of flavonolignans with strong antioxidant capability.

METHODS

The experiment was conducted using 70 Lohmann LSL-Lite hens at 80 weeks of age with 7 treatments each with 10 replicates. Treatments included: (1) control diet without silymarin, (2) daily intake of 100 mg silymarin powder/kg body weight (BW) (PSM100), (3) daily intake of 200 mg silymarin powder/kg BW (PSM200), (4) daily intake of 100 mg nano-silymarin/kg BW (NSM100), (5) daily intake of 200 mg nano-silymarin/kg BW (NSM200), (6) daily intake of 100 mg lecithinized silymarin/kg BW (LSM100) and (7) daily intake of 200 mg lecithinized silymarin/kg BW (LSM200). The birds were housed individually, and diets were fed for 12 weeks.

RESULTS

Scanning electron microscopy showed that NSM was produced with the average particle size of 20.30 nm. Silymarin treatment improved serum antioxidant enzyme activity. All groups receiving silymarin showed a decrease in liver malondialdehyde content, expression of fatty acid synthase, tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6 (IL-6) genes in the liver, and hepatic steatosis than the control, except those fed the PSM100 diet. There were decreases in liver dry matter and fat contents, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocyte ballooning, and an increase in glutathione peroxidase gene expression and a decrease in iNOS gene expression in birds fed the NSM100, NSM200, LSM100 and LSM200 diets compared to the control group. Moreover, all groups receiving silymarin showed a significant decrease in liver weight compare to the control group.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, the effects of silymarin when converted to NSM or LSM and offered at the level of 200 mg/kg BW were more pronounced on the hepatic variables and may be useful in the prevention of the liver disease in older laying hens.

Unlocking the possibilities of therapeutic potential of silymarin and silibinin against neurodegenerative Diseases-A mechanistic overview

Silymarin, a bioflavonoid derived from the Silybum marianum plant, was discovered in 1960. It contains C25 and has been extensively used as a therapeutic agent against liver-related diseases caused by alcohol addiction, acute viral hepatitis, and toxins-inducing liver failure. Its efficacy stems from its role as a potent anti-oxidant and scavenger of free radicals, employed through various mechanisms. Additionally, silymarin or silybin possesses immunomodulatory characteristics, impacting immune-enhancing and immune-suppressive functions. Recently, silymarin has been recognized as a potential neuroprotective therapy for various neurological conditions, including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, along with conditions related to cerebral ischemia. Its hepatoprotective qualities, primarily due to its anti-oxidant and tissue-regenerating properties, are well-established. Silymarin also enhances health by modifying processes such as inflammation, β-amyloid accumulation, cellular estrogenic receptor mediation, and apoptotic machinery. While believed to reduce oxidative stress and support neuroprotective mechanisms, these effects represent just one aspect of the compound's multifaceted protective action. This review article further delves into the possibilities of potential therapeutic advancement of silymarin and silibinin for the management of neurodegenerative disorders via mechanics modules.

Effects of micelle silymarin in corn-soybean meal-based diet on laying hens' performance, egg quality, and blood profile, with comparative assessment of blood absorption rates between powdered and micelle silymarin

Micelle silymarin (MS) is recognized for its diverse range of beneficial properties, which encompass anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and antidiabetic effects. The main objective of this study was to examine the effects of micelle silymarin on the performance, egg quality, blood profile, and absorption rate of silymarin in laying hens. In experiment 1: 288 Hy-Line brown laying hens, 28 wk old, were utilized for this experiment. The hens were randomly allocated into 3 dietary treatment groups, with each group comprising eight replicates of 12 hens, each housed in individual pens with access to feed and water. Over a 12-wk feeding trial, the hens were provided with a basal diet supplemented with different levels of MS: 0, 0.03, and 0.06%. In experiment 2: For this experiment, 192 Hy-Line Brown laying hens were divided into 2 dietary treatment groups, with each group comprising eight replications of 12 hens. The dietary treatments were: TRT1, basal diet + powder silymarin 4%; TRT2, basal diet + MS 4%. From the first experiment, the findings revealed that incorporating micelle silymarin (MS) into the hens' diet significantly increased egg weight at wk 6 (P < 0.05). Similarly, at wk 12 and throughout the entire experiment, significant effects were observed on downgraded egg count, egg production, egg weight, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P < 0.05). Moreover, Haugh Units (HU) and albumen height showed a linear improvement (P < 0.05) at wk 4 with MS supplementation. Furthermore, there was a linear increase in egg yolk color, albumen height, and eggshell thickness at wk 8 with MS supplementation (P < 0.05). Furthermore, a layers-fed diet supplemented with MS showed a linear increase (P < 0.05) in HU, egg weight, yolk color, albumen height, eggshell strength, and eggshell thickness in wk 12. Regarding blood profile parameters, the study revealed linear reductions for aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (P < 0.05), whereas there was a tendency for albumin, triglyceride, and cholesterol (P < 0.10). In the second experiment, it was observed that the blood absorption rate of silymarin was higher in TRT2 compared to TRT1 at 2- and 4-h intervals following administration. In summary, increasing MS supplementation in the diet of laying hens enhanced egg production, egg quality, and blood profile. Additionally, silymarin absorption was higher in its micelle form than in its powder form.

Ameliorative effects of silymarin on aflatoxin B1 toxicity in weaned rabbits: impact on growth, blood profile, and oxidative stress

Natural plant extracts offer numerous health benefits for rabbits, including improved feed utilization, antimycotic and antiaflatoxigenic effect, antioxidants, immunological modulation, and growth performance. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of silymarin on the performance, hemato-biochemical indices, antioxidants, and villus morphology. A total of 45 Moshtohor 4 weeks old weaned male rabbits were randomly allocated into three groups (15 rabbit/each) each group with 5 replicates. The first group served as the control group feed on an infected diet by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) 0.02 mg/kg BW, while the second and third groups received an infected diet by AFB1 (0.02 mg/kg BW) and was treated with Silymarin 20 mg/kg BW/day or 30 mg/kg BW/day, respectively. Regarding the growth performance, silymarin supplementation significantly improved the final body weight compared with the control group. Physiologically, silymarin induced high level of dose-dependent total red blood cell count, hematocrit, eosinophils, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, superoxid dismutase, catalase activity, total antioxidant capacityand intestinal villi width and length. Moreover, silymarin significantly restricted oxidative stress indicators, malondialdehyde, Alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total cholesterol, triglyceridein rabbits treated with (AFB1). In conclusion, silymarin supplementation to AFB1 contaminated rabbit diet may mitigate the negative effect of AFB1 on the rabbit performance and health status and increase growth performance, average daily gain, immunological modulation and antioxidants and provide a theoretical basis for the application of silymarin in livestock production.

An untargeted metabolomics approach applied to the study of the bioavailability and metabolism of three different bioactive plant extracts in human blood samples

Advances in the understanding of bioavailability and metabolism of bioactive compounds have been achieved primarily through targeted or semi-targeted metabolomics approaches using the hypothesis of potential metabolized compounds. The recent development of untargeted metabolomics approaches can present great advantages in this field, such as in the discovery of new metabolized compounds or to study the metabolism of compounds from multiple matrices simultaneously. Thus, this study proposes the use of an untargeted metabolomics strategy based on HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS for the study of bioavailability and metabolism of bioactive compounds from different vegetal sources. Specifically, this study has been applied to plasma samples collected in an acute human intervention study using three matrices (Hibiscus sabdariffa, Silybum marianum and Theobroma cacao). This approach allowed the selection of those significant variables associated with exogenous metabolites derived from the consumption of bioactive compounds for their subsequent identification. As a result, 14, 25 and 3 potential metabolites associated with supplement intake were significantly detected in the plasma samples from volunteers who ingested the H. sabdariffa (HS), S. marianum (SM) and T. cacao (TC) extracts. Furthermore, Tmax values have been computed for each detected compound. The results highlight the potential of untargeted metabolomics for rapid and comprehensive analysis when working with a wide range of exogenous metabolites from different plant sources in biological samples.

Assessing the influence of micelle silymarin on laying hens' performance, egg quality, water loss and blood profile

Micelle silymarin (MS) is known for its various beneficial properties, including antiswelling, antioxidant, hepatoprotective and antidiabetic effects. The primary goal of this research was to investigate how MS impacts the performance, egg quality, water loss and blood profile of laying hens. 288 Hy-Line brown laying hens, 28 weeks in age, were utilized for this experiment. The hens were randomly allocated into three dietary treatment groups, with each group comprising eight replicates of 12 hens, each housed in individual pens with access to feed and water. Over a 12-week feeding trial, the hens were provided with a basal diet supplemented with different levels of MS: 0%, 0.03% and 0.06%. The results indicated that the inclusion of MS in the hens' diet did not have a significant impact on their performance (p > 0.05). However, Haugh units, egg weight and eggshell strength showed a linear improvement (p < 0.05) throughout the entire trial period with MS supplementation. Furthermore, there was a linear decrease in egg yolk colour and eggshell thickness showed linear improvements (p < 0.05), particularly during Week 8, with MS supplementation. Moreover, layers fed diet supplemented with MS showed a linear increased (p < 0.05) in albumen height and eggshell thickness in Week 12. In addition, egg water loss during Week 12, the third day of incubation, linearly decreased as an effect of the increasing level of the MS in the laying hen's diet (p < 0.05). Regarding blood profile parameters, the study revealed a tendency for alkaline phosphatase to decrease, whereas aspartate aminotransferase and cholesterol levels were linearly decreased (p < 0.05). In summary, increasing the level of MS supplementation in the diet of laying hens appeared to be beneficial in improving egg quality, slight improvement for egg water loss and certain aspects of blood profile parameters, without adversely affecting the hens' growth performance.

The Effects of Silymarin on Calcium Chloride-Induced Arrhythmia in Male Rat

Antioxidants play an important role in protecting cardiac arrhythmias. Silymarin, strong antioxidant, is effective in reducing the complications caused by arrhythmias. This study was conducted to determine the effect of silymarin on the prevention and treatment of calcium chloride-induced arrhythmia. In total, 48 male rats were randomly divided into six groups: the first control group for acute administration received intravenous injection of 0.2 mL of dimethylsulfoxide, a cosolvent, immediately after induction of arrhythmia; the second control group for chronic administration, daily gavage of dimethylsulfoxide for 2 weeks before induction of arrhythmia; acute silymarin group, 100 mg/kg intravenous, immediately after the occurrence of arrhythmia; chronic silymarin group, daily gavage of 50 mg/kg for 2 weeks before induction of arrhythmia; amiodarone standard treatment, 5 mg/kg intravenous, immediately after induction of arrhythmia; and quinidine standard treatment, 10 mg/kg intravenous, immediately after induction of arrhythmia. Calcium chloride (140 mg/kg, i.v.) was used to induce arrhythmia. Electrocardiogram was recorded and monitored by PowerLab™ system. The incidence rates of premature ventricular beat (PVB), ventricular tachycardia (VT), and ventricular fibrillation (VF) were calculated. The antiarrhythmic effect of silymarin was observed with a significant decrease in the incidence of premature ventricular beat (22.56 ± 1.04%, P < 0.001), ventricular tachycardia (34.150 ± 1.59%, P < 0.001), and ventricular fibrillation (24.31 ± 1.02%, P < 0.001) compared with the control group (100%). These effects were comparable to antiarrhythmic drugs such as quinidine (29.23% ± 1.24%, 52.23% ± 1.13%, 66.31% ± 1.81%) and amiodarone (22.91% ± .72%, 41.09% ± 1.66%, 61.59% ± 1.11%). Silymarin exerts a potent antioxidant effect, thereby mitigating the risk of VT, VF, and PVC.

Mitigating Acetaminophen-Induced Kidney Injury: The Protective Role of Grape Seed and Peanut Skin Extracts through the iNOS/CYP2E1 Pathway

The rising number of acute kidney injury cases worldwide due to acetaminophen (APAP) emphasizes the critical need for effective prevention strategies to counteract APAP's detrimental effects. This study examined the kidney-protective capabilities of ethanolic extracts from grape seeds and peanut skins (GSEE and PSEE, respectively) in comparison with silymarin in rats that experienced an APAP overdose. The phenolic compounds in these extracts were measured by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In the experiment, Sixty adult male albino rats were divided into five groups of 12. The Control group received 0.5 mL of saline via a gastric tube. Group II received acetaminophen (APAP, 640 mg/kg per day via a gastric tube) to induce renal injury, following Ucar et al. and Islam et al. Groups III, IV, and V received silymarin (50 mg/kg), grape seed extract (200 mg/kg), and peanut skin extract (200 mg/kg), respectively, along with 640 mg of APAP/kg per day for 21 days. Post APAP treatment, significant increases in serum urea and creatinine levels were noted, along with notable decreases in the percentage of body weight gain. Furthermore, there were increases in oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in the kidney tissues, including heightened mRNA expressions of renal iNOS and CYP2E1, which were confirmed through histological studies. The administration of GSEE, PSEE, and silymarin mitigated these adverse effects, likely due to their high phenolic content, which is recognized for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. GSEE, in particular, showed efficacy comparable to that of silymarin. Molecular docking studies revealed that APAP impeded critical enzymes essential for cellular antioxidant defense, whereas the bioactive compounds in the grape seed and peanut skin extracts effectively inhibited key enzymes and receptors involved in inflammation and oxidative stress. These findings suggest that GSEE and PSEE could serve as viable alternative treatments for kidney damage induced by APAP. Further research to isolate and identify these effective compounds is recommended.

Nanocrystal Formulation to Enhance Oral Absorption of Silybin: Preparation, In Vitro Evaluations, and Pharmacokinetic Evaluations in Rats and Healthy Human Subjects

Despite the various therapeutic benefits and high tolerance of orally administered silybin, poor water-solubility can be the main restrictive physicochemical feature, which results in low oral bioavailability in the absorption. A milk thistle nanocrystal formulation (HM40) was prepared using a modified wet-milling method. Comprehensive characterization was performed to determine the physical morphology, crystallinity, and physicochemical properties. The long-term stability was evaluated over 24 months. In vitro silybin release was assessed at pH 1.2 for 2 h, followed by pH 6.8 for 4 h. Finally, in vivo pharmacokinetic studies were conducted in rats and healthy human volunteers. HM40 exhibited a nanocrystal structure maintaining crystallinity and enhanced the solubility and dissolution of silybin compared to that of the raw material. The stability over 24 months revealed consistent surface morphology, particle size, silybin content, and solubility. In vitro release profiles indicated a significant increase in the silybin release from HM40. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that HM40 showed 2.61- and 1.51-fold higher oral bioavailability in rats and humans, respectively, than that of the reference capsule. HM40 formulation presents a stable and promising approach for the oral delivery of poorly water-soluble silybin, with the potential for use in pharmaceutical formulations containing milk thistle.

Recent advances in dietary androgen receptor inhibitors

As a nuclear transcription factor, the androgen receptor (AR) plays a crucial role not only in normal male sexual differentiation and growth of the prostate, but also in benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatitis, and prostate cancer. Multiple population-based epidemiological studies demonstrated that prostate cancer risk was inversely associated with increased dietary intakes of green tea, soy products, tomato, and so forth. Therefore, this review aimed to summarize the structure and function of AR, and further illustrate the structural basis for antagonistic mechanisms of the currently clinically available antiandrogens. Due to the limitations of these antiandrogens, a series of natural AR inhibitors have been identified from edible plants such as fruits and vegetables, as well as folk medicines, health foods, and nutritional supplements. Hence, this review mainly focused on recent experimental, epidemiological, and clinical studies about natural AR inhibitors, particularly the association between dietary intake of natural antiandrogens and reduced risk of prostatic diseases. Since natural products offer multiple advantages over synthetic antiandrogens, this review may provide a comprehensive and updated overview of dietary-derived AR inhibitors, as well as their potential for the nutritional intervention against prostatic disorders.

Development, Optimization, and in vitro Evaluation of Silybin-loaded PLGA Nanoparticles and Decoration with 5TR1 Aptamer for Targeted Delivery to Colorectal Cancer Cells

Chemotherapeutic agents often lack specificity, intratumoral accumulation, and face drug resistance. Targeted drug delivery systems based on nanoparticles (NPs) mitigate these issues. Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is a well-studied polymer, commonly modified with aptamers (Apts) for cancer diagnosis and therapy. In this study, silybin (SBN), a natural agent with established anticancer properties, was encapsulated into PLGA NPs to control delivery and improve its poor solubility. The field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) showed spherical and uniform morphology of optimum SBN-PLGA NPs with 138.57±1.30nm diameter, 0.202±0.004 polydispersity index (PDI), -16.93±0.45mV zeta potential (ZP), and 70.19±1.63% entrapment efficiency (EE). The results of attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) showed no chemical interaction between formulation components, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms confirmed efficient SBN entrapment in the carrier. Then, the optimum formulation was functionalized with 5TR1 Apt for active targeted delivery of SBN to colorectal cancer (CRC) cells in vitro. The SBN-PLGA-5TR1 nanocomplex released SBN at a sustained and constant rate (zero-order kinetic), favoring passive delivery to acidic CRC environments. The MTT assay demonstrated the highest cytotoxicity of the SBN-PLGA-5TR1 nanocomplex in C26 and HT29 cells and no significant cytotoxicity in normal cells. Apoptosis analysis supported these results, showing early apoptosis induction with SBN-PLGA-5TR1 nanocomplex which indicated this agent could cause programmed death more than necrosis. This study presents the first targeted delivery of SBN to cancer cells using Apts. The SBN-PLGA-5TR1 nanocomplex effectively targeted and suppressed CRC cell proliferation, providing valuable insights into CRC treatment without harmful effects on healthy tissues.

Evaluation of Silybin Nanoparticles against Liver Damage in Murine Schistosomiasis mansoni Infection

Silybin (SIB) is a hepatoprotective drug known for its poor oral bioavailability, attributed to its classification as a class IV drug with significant metabolism during the first-pass effect. This study explored the potential of solid lipid nanoparticles with (SLN-SIB-U) or without (SLN-SIB) ursodeoxycholic acid and polymeric nanoparticles (PN-SIB) as delivery systems for SIB. The efficacy of these nanosystems was assessed through in vitro studies using the GRX and Caco-2 cell lines for permeability and proliferation assays, respectively, as well as in vivo experiments employing a murine model of Schistosomiasis mansoni infection in BALB/c mice. The mean diameter and encapsulation efficiency of the nanosystems were as follows: SLN-SIB (252.8 ± 4.4 nm, 90.28 ± 2.2%), SLN-SIB-U (252.9 ± 14.4 nm, 77.05 ± 2.8%), and PN-SIB (241.8 ± 4.1 nm, 98.0 ± 0.2%). In the proliferation assay with the GRX cell line, SLN-SIB and SLN-SIB-U exhibited inhibitory effects of 43.09 ± 5.74% and 38.78 ± 3.78%, respectively, compared to PN-SIB, which showed no inhibitory effect. Moreover, SLN-SIB-U demonstrated a greater apparent permeability coefficient (25.82 ± 2.2) than PN-SIB (20.76 ± 0.1), which was twice as high as that of SLN-SIB (11.32 ± 4.6) and pure SIB (11.28 ± 0.2). These findings suggest that solid lipid nanosystems hold promise for further in vivo investigations. In the murine model of acute-phase Schistosomiasis mansoni infection, both SLN-SIB and SLN-SIB-U displayed hepatoprotective effects, as evidenced by lower alanine amino transferase values (22.89 ± 1.6 and 23.93 ± 2.4 U/L, respectively) than those in control groups I (29.55 ± 0.7 U/L) and I+SIB (34.29 ± 0.3 U/L). Among the prepared nanosystems, SLN-SIB-U emerges as a promising candidate for enhancing the pharmacokinetic properties of SIB.

Silymarin enriched gelatin methacrylamide bioink imparts hepatoprotectivity to 3D bioprinted liver construct against carbon tetrachloride induced toxicity

Three-dimensional liver bioprinting is an emerging technology in the field of regenerative medicine that aids in the creation of functional tissue constructs that can be used as transplantable organ substitutes. During transplantation, the bioprinted donor liver must be protected from the oxidative stress environment created by various factors during the transplantation procedure, as well as from drug-induced damage from medications taken as part of the post-surgery medication regimen following the procedure. In this study, Silymarin, a flavonoid with the hepatoprotective properties were introduced into the GelMA bioink formulation to protect the bioprinted liver against hepatotoxicity. The concentration of silymarin to be added in GelMA was optimised, bioink properties were evaluated, and HepG2 cells were used to bioprint liver tissue. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) was used to induce hepatotoxicity in bioprinted liver, and the effect of this chemical on the metabolic activities of HepG2 cells was studied. The results showed that Silymarin helps with albumin synthesis and shields liver tissue from the damaging effects of CCl4. According to gene expression analysis, CCl4 treatment increased TNF-α and the antioxidant enzyme SOD expression in HepG2 cells while the presence of silymarin protected the bioprinted construct from CCl4-induced damage. Thus, the outcomes demonstrate that the addition of silymarin in GelMA formulation protects liver function in toxic environments.

Silymarin inhibits dermal gelatinolytic activity and reduces cutaneous inflammation

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) is well-known for its antioxidant activity due to the presence of silymarin. Albeit some studies show a potential for skin inflammation, its activity against dermal MMP-9 and MMP-2 remains to be studied. Silymarin isolated from an S. marianum herbal extract was tested for gelatinase inhibition in the presence of isolated MMP-9 and in dermal adenocarcinome HaCaT cells. Silymarin was then further tested in vivo, using a cutaneous inflammation mice model mediated by reactive oxygen species. Silymarin was able to significantly inhibit gelatinolytic activity in vitro without impairing cell growth and viability. Furthermore, inhibition was more pronounced in cells than with the isolated gelatinase, suggesting an additional effect upon metabolic pathways. In vivo, silymarin was able to reduce ear edema up to 74% and attenuated histological lesions. Results highlight silymarin potential for application in skin inflammatory disorders via gelatinase inhibition.

Cardioprotective and Hepatoprotective Potential of Silymarin in Paracetamol-Induced Oxidative Stress

Silymarin, derived from Silybum marianum, has been used in traditional medicine for various ailments. In this study, the cardioprotective and hepatoprotective effects of silymarin against paracetamol-induced oxidative stress were examined in 28 male Swiss Webster mice, divided into four groups and treated for 7 days (via the oral route) with (a) saline 1 mL/kg (control group), (b) saline 1 mL/kg + single dose of paracetamol 110 mg/kg on the 7th day; (c) silymarin 50 mg/kg; and (d) silymarin 50 mg/kg + single dose of paracetamol 110 mg/kg on the 7th day. In vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity together with liver enzyme activity were evaluated. Histopathological and immunohistochemical assessment was performed. Silymarin mitigated paracetamol-induced liver injury by reducing oxidative stress markers such as lipid peroxidation and restoring antioxidant enzyme activity. Silymarin treatment resulted in a significant decrease in liver enzyme levels. Reduced necrosis and inflammatory infiltrate in liver tissues of silymarin-treated groups were detected as well. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated reduced expression of inflammatory markers (COX2, iNOS) and oxidative stress marker (SOD2) in the liver tissues of the silymarin-treated groups. Similar trends were observed in cardiac tissue. These results suggest that silymarin exerts potent hepatoprotective and cardioprotective effects against paracetamol-induced oxidative stress, making it a promising therapeutic agent for liver and heart diseases associated with oxidative damage.

Chromosome-level genome assembly of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.)

Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., commonly known as milk thistle, is a medicinal plant belonging to the Asteraceae family. This plant has been recognized for its medicinal properties for over 2,000 years. However, the genome of this plant remains largely undiscovered, having no reference genome at a chromosomal level. Here, we assembled the chromosome-level genome of S. marianum, allowing for the annotation of 53,552 genes and the identification of transposable elements comprising 58% of the genome. The genome assembly from this study showed 99.1% completeness as determined by BUSCO assessment, while the previous assembly (ASM154182v1) showed 36.7%. Functional annotation of the predicted genes showed 50,329 genes (94% of total genes) with known protein functions in public databases. Comparative genome analysis among Asteraceae plants revealed a striking conservation of collinearity between S. marianum and C. cardunculus. The genomic information generated from this study will be a valuable resource for milk thistle breeding and for use by the larger research community.

Novel fast dissolving freeze dried sublingual baicalin tablets for enhanced hepatoprotective effect: in-vitro characterization, cell viability, and in-vivo evaluation

Baicalin (BG), a natural product, has been used in the prevention and treatment of drug-induced liver injury (DILI); however, its poor solubility and extensive liver metabolism limit its pharmacological use. The aim of the present study was the formulation of fast-dissolving freeze-dried sublingual tablets (FFSTs) to increase BG dissolution, avoid first-pass metabolism, and overcome swallowing difficulties. FFSTs were prepared following a 23 factorial design. The effect of three independent variables namely matrix former, Maltodextrin, concentration (4%, and 6%), binder concentration (2%, and 3%), and binder type (Methocel E5, and Methocel E15) on the FFSTs' in-vitro disintegration time and percentage dissolution was studied along with other tablet characteristics. Differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, in-vitro HepG2 cell viability assay, and in-vivo characterization were also performed. F8 (6% Maltodextrin, 2% Mannitol, 2% Methocel E5), with desirability of 0.852, has been furtherly enhanced using 1%PEG (F10). F10 has achieved an in-vitro disintegration time of 41 secs, and 60.83% in-vitro dissolution after 2 min. Cell viability assay, in-vivo study in rats, and histopathological studies confirmed that pretreatment with F10 has achieved a significant hepatoprotective effect against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. The outcome of this study demonstrated that FFSTs may present a patient-friendly dosage form against DILI.

Assessment of Silver Nanoparticles Derived from Brown Algae Sargassum vulgare: Insight into Antioxidants, Anticancer, Antibacterial and Hepatoprotective Effect

Algae are used as safe materials to fabricate novel nanoparticles to treat some diseases. Marine brown alga Sargassum vulgare are used to fabricate silver nanoparticles (Sv/Ag-NPs). The characterization of Sv/Ag-NPs was determined by TEM, EDX, Zeta potential, XRD, and UV spectroscopy. The Sv/Ag-NPs were investigated as antioxidant, anticancer, and antibacterial activities against Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus mojavensis PP400982, Staphylococcus caprae PP401704, Staphylococcus capitis PP402689, and Staphylococcus epidermidis PP403851. The activity of the Sv/Ag-NPs was evaluated as hepatoprotective in vitro in comparison with silymarin. The UV-visible spectrum of Sv/Ag-NPs appeared at 442 nm; the size of Sv/Ag-NPs is in range between 6.90 to 16.97 nm, and spherical in shape. Different concentrations of Sv/Ag-NPs possessed antioxidant, anticancer activities against (HepG-2), colon carcinoma (HCT-116), cervical carcinoma (HeLa), and prostate carcinoma (PC-3) with IC50 50.46, 45.84, 78.42, and 100.39 µg/mL, respectively. The Sv/Ag-NPs induced the cell viability of Hep G2 cells and hepatocytes treated with carbon tetrachloride. The Sv/Ag-NPs exhibited antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus caprae PP401704, Staphylococcus capitis PP402689, and Staphylococcus epidermidis PP403851. This study strongly suggests the silver nanoparticles derived from Sargassum vulgare showed potential hepato-protective effect against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver cells, and could be used as anticancer and antibacterial activities.

Silymarin Synergizes with Antiviral Therapy in Hepatitis B Virus-Related Liver Cirrhosis: A Propensity Score Matching Multi-Institutional Study

Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related liver cirrhosis (HBV-LC) presents a substantial mortality and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk. While antiviral therapy (AVT) is the standard, complete HBV clearance remains elusive and may not reduce the risk of death in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. Silymarin, a centuries-old herbal remedy, has shown promise against HBV infection and as an antifibrosis therapy. This study explores the potential of silymarin combined with AVT to reduce mortality and HCC incidence in patients with HBV-LC. This research, spanning from 2001 to 2019, entailed a multi-institutional retrospective cohort study which included 8447 HBV-LC patients all undergoing AVT. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, the study comprised two cohorts: a case cohort receiving silymarin alongside AVT for at least 30 days, and a control cohort on AVT alone. Propensity score matching, based on baseline parameters including HBV-DNA levels, comorbidity, and an important LC medication, namely, non-selective β-blockers, was employed to ensure balanced groups, resulting in 319 patients in each cohort for subsequent analyses. Overall mortality was the primary outcome, with HCC occurrence as a secondary outcome. Among 319 patients in both cohorts, the case cohort exhibited significant improvements in the international normalized ratio (INR), model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score and the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) one year after the index date. A competing risk survival analysis demonstrated superior one-year and two-year mortality outcomes in the case cohort. However, no significant impact on one-year and two-year HCC occurrence was observed in either cohort. The combination of silymarin and AVT in HBV-LC patients demonstrated a synergistic effect, leading to decreased overall mortality and an improved comorbidity index. While the incidence of HCC remained unchanged, our results suggested promising potential for further clinical trials investigating the synergistic role of silymarin in the treatment of HBV-LC.

A Comprehensive Review of Various Therapeutic Strategies for the Management of Skin Cancer

Skin cancer (SC) poses a global threat to the healthcare system and is expected to increase significantly over the next two decades if not diagnosed at an early stage. Early diagnosis is crucial for successful treatment, as the disease becomes more challenging to cure as it progresses. However, identifying new drugs, achieving clinical success, and overcoming drug resistance remain significant challenges. To overcome these obstacles and provide effective treatment, it is crucial to understand the causes of skin cancer, how cells grow and divide, factors that affect cell growth, and how drug resistance occurs. In this review, we have explained various therapeutic approaches for SC treatment via ligands, targeted photosensitizers, natural and synthetic drugs for the treatment of SC, an epigenetic approach for management of melanoma, photodynamic therapy, and targeted therapy for BRAF-mutated melanoma. This article also provides a detailed summary of the various natural drugs that are effective in managing melanoma and reducing the occurrence of skin cancer at early stages and focuses on the current status and future prospects of various therapies available for the management of skin cancer.

Evaluation of hepatoprotective and antidiarrheal activities of the hydromethanol crude extract and solvent fractions of Schinus molle L. (Anacardiaceae) leaf and fruit in mice

Background

Liver disease is any disease that negatively affects the normal function of the liver, and it is a major health problem that challenges not only healthcare professionals, but also the pharmaceutical industry and drug regulatory agencies. Similarly, diarrhea is the second leading cause of death among children under five globally next to pneumonia. The available synthetic drugs for the treatment of liver disorders and diarrhoea have limited safety and efficacy.

Objective

To evaluate the in vivo hepatoprotective and antidiarrheal activities of hydroalcoholic leaf and fruit extracts of Schinus molle L. (Anacardiaceae) in mice.

Methods

Hepatoprotective activity of the extracts was evaluated by using CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in mice model. In this model, mice were divided into groups and treated as follows. The normal control and toxicant control groups were treated with the vehicle used for reconstitution, the positive control was treated with the standard drug (silymarin), and the test groups were treated with different doses of plant extracts daily in the morning for seven days. Additionally, all groups except the normal control were treated with CCl4 (2 mg/kg, IP) on the 4th day of treatment, 30 min post-dose. On the 7th day, blood was collected from each mouse via a cardiac puncture. The collected blood was centrifuged, and serum levels of ALT, AST, and ALP were determined using an automated chemistry analyser. Data were analysed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's post-hoc test.The antidiarrheal activity of the extract was investigated using castor oil-induced diarrhoea, enteropooling, and small intestine transit. The test groups received various doses (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) of the extract, whereas the positive control received loperamide (3 mg/kg), and the negative control received the vehicle (distilled water, 10 ml/kg).

Result

Hepatoprotective activity: The leaf and fruit crude extracts showed significant improvement in the body weight and liver weight of mice compared to the untreated toxicant control. Additionally, treatment with hydromethanol leaf and fruit extracts caused a significant (P < 0.05) improvement in liver biomarkers compared to the toxicant control. Similarly, the n-butanol and chloroform fractions of the fruit extract caused a significant reduction (P < 0.01) in serum AST, ALT, ALP and Bilirubin levels and a significant (P < 0.001) increase in total protein compared to the toxicant control. However, none of the three solvent fractions (n-butanol, chloroform, and aqueous) of the fruit extract significantly affected (P > 0.05) the level of albumin compared with the toxicant control.Antidiarrheal activity: In the castor oil-induced diarrheal model, the 80 % methanol extract delayed the onset of defaecation and significantly reduced the number and weight of faeces at all tested doses compared to the negative control. In the enteropooling test, 80 ME significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the weight and volume of intestinal fluid at all tested doses compared with the negative control. Results from the charcoal meal test revealed that the extracts produced a significant anti-motility effect at all tested doses compared with the negative control.

Conclusion

This study confirmed the hepatoprotective and antidiarrheal activities of hydroalcoholic extracts. The highest test dose produced the maximum hepatoprotective and antidiarrheal activities in all models.

Mitigation of intrahepatic cholestasis induced by 17α-ethinylestradiol via nanoformulation of Silybum marianum L

BACKGROUND

Cholestasis is an important predisposing factor for hepatocyte damage, liver fibrosis, primary biliary cirrhosis, and even liver failure. Silybum marianum L. (SM) plant is used in teas or eaten in some countries due to its antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties. Because of its low and poor oral bioavailability, so we improve the therapeutic activity of Silybum marianum L. extract (SM) by studying the potential effects of nanoformulation of Silybum marianium L. extract (nano-SM) on 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE)-induced intrahepatic cholestasis.

METHODS

Thirty female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups (6 rats/group). Group I: Rats were received the treatment vehicle and served as normal group. Group II:Rats were injected daily with EE (10 mg/kg) for five successive days. Group III-V: Rats were injected daily with EE (10 mg/kg) and treated with either Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) (40 mg/kg), SM (100 mg/kg) and nano-SM (100 mg/kg) orally once/day throughout the trialfor five successive days, respectively.

RESULTS

Nano-SM greatly dampened the increase in serum levels of total and direct bilirubin, alanine aminotransaminase, aspartate aminotransaminase, and alkaline phosphatase caused by EE. Furthermore, nano-SM increased the hepatic contents of reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) and also upregulated the relative hepatic gene expressions of Rho-kinase (ROCK-1), myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), and myosin phosphatase target subunit (MYPT1) compared to the EE-induced group. Administration of nano-SM reduced hepatic lipid peroxidation and downregulated the relative hepatic expressions of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-ҡB) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). In addition, nano-SM improved the histopathological changes induced by EE.

CONCLUSION

Nano-SM possessed a superior effect over SM, which can be considered an effective protective modality against EE-induced cholestatic liver injury through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities, and enhancing bile acid (BA) efflux.

The Radiosensitizing Potentials of Silymarin/Silibinin in Cancer: A Systematic Review

INTRODUCTION

Although radiotherapy is one of the main cancer treatment modalities, exposing healthy organs/tissues to ionizing radiation during treatment and tumor resistance to ionizing radiation are the chief challenges of radiotherapy that can lead to different adverse effects. It was shown that the combined treatment of radiotherapy and natural bioactive compounds (such as silymarin/silibinin) can alleviate the ionizing radiation-induced adverse side effects and induce synergies between these therapeutic modalities. In the present review, the potential radiosensitization effects of silymarin/silibinin during cancer radiation exposure/radiotherapy were studied.

METHODS

According to the PRISMA guideline, a systematic search was performed for the identification of relevant studies in different electronic databases of Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus up to October 2022. We screened 843 articles in accordance with a predefined set of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Seven studies were finally included in this systematic review.

RESULTS

Compared to the control group, the cell survival/proliferation of cancer cells treated with ionizing radiation was considerably less, and silymarin/silibinin administration synergistically increased ionizing radiation-induced cytotoxicity. Furthermore, there was a decrease in the tumor volume, weight, and growth of ionizing radiation-treated mice as compared to the untreated groups, and these diminutions were predominant in those treated with radiotherapy plus silymarin/ silibinin. Furthermore, the irradiation led to a set of biochemical and histopathological changes in tumoral cells/tissues, and the ionizing radiation-induced alterations were synergized following silymarin/silibinin administration (in most cases).

CONCLUSION

In most cases, silymarin/silibinin administration could sensitize the cancer cells to ionizing radiation through an increase of free radical formation, induction of DNA damage, increase of apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis and metastasis, etc. However, suggesting the use of silymarin/silibinin during radiotherapeutic treatment of cancer patients requires further clinical studies.

Medicinal Plant-derived Phytochemicals in Detoxification

The average worldwide human life expectancy is 70 years, with a significantly higher value in Western societies. Many modern diseases are not associated with premature mortality but with a decreased quality of life in aged patients and an excessive accumulation of various toxic compounds in the human body during life. Today, scientists are especially interested in finding compounds that can help increase a healthy lifespan by detoxifying the body. Phytotherapy with specific approaches is used in alternative medicine to remove toxins from the body. Worldwide, research is conducted to identify medicinal plant-derived molecules that, with few or no side effects, may protect the liver and other organs. This review provides updated information about the detoxification process, the traditional and modern use of the most effective medicinal plants, their active metabolites as detoxifying agents, and the mechanisms and pathways involved in the detoxification process. Among medicinal plants with substantial detoxifying properties, a major part belongs to the Asteraceae family (Silybum marianum, Cynara scolymus, Arctium lappa, Helichrysum species, Inula helenium, and Taraxacum officinale). The most widely used hepatoprotective phytocomponent is silymarin, a standardized extract from the Silybum marianum seeds containing a mixture of flavonolignans. Many polysaccharides, polyphenols, and terpenoids have a detoxifying effect. Overall, scientific data on medicinal plants used in phytotherapeutic practice worldwide provides an understanding and awareness of their efficacy in detoxification.

Total saponins from Panax japonicus attenuate acute alcoholic liver oxidative stress and hepatosteatosis by p62-related Nrf2 pathway and AMPK-ACC/PPARα axis in vivo and in vitro

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Panax japonicus (T. Nees) C.A. Mey. (PJ) has been used as a tonic traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for years. Based on its meridian tropism in liver, spleen, and lung, PJ was popularly used to enhance the function of these organs. It is originally recorded with detoxicant effect on binge drink in Ben Cao Gang Mu Shi Yi, a persuasive Chinese materia medica. And binge dink has a close relationship with alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Hence, it's meaningful to investigate whether PJ exerts liver protection against binge drink toxicity.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This investigation was carried out not only to emphasize the right recognition of total saponins from PJ (SPJ), but also to study on its sober-up effectiveness and defensive mechanism against acute alcoholic liver injury in vivo and in vitro.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

SPJ constituents were verified by HPLC-UV analysis. In vivo, acute alcoholic liver oxidative stress and hepatosteatosis were established by continuous ethanol gavage to C57BL/6 mice for 3 days. SPJ was pre-administered for 7 days to investigate its protective efficacy. Loss of righting reflex (LORR) assay was employed to assess anti-inebriation effect of SPJ. Transaminases levels and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining were measured to indicate the alcoholic liver injury. Antioxidant enzymes were measured to evaluate the oxidative stress degree in liver. Measurement of hepatic lipid accumulation was based on Oil Red O staining. Levels of inflammatory cytokines were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In vitro, HepG2 cells were treated with ethanol for 24 h, and SPJ was pre-administered for 2 h. 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) was used as a probe to indicate reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Nrf2 activation was verified by the favor of specific inhibitor, ML385. The nuclear translocation of Nrf2 was indicated with immunofluorescence analysis. Proteins expressions of related pathways were determined by Western blotting.

RESULTS

Oleanane-type saponins are the most abundant constituents of SPJ. In this acute model, SPJ released inebriation of mice in a dose dependent manner. It decreased levels of serum ALT and AST, and hepatic TG. Besides, SPJ inhibited CYP2E1 expression and reduced MDA level in liver, with upregulations of antioxidant enzymes GSH, SOD and CAT. p62-related Nrf2 pathway was activated by SPJ with downstream upregulations of GCLC and NQO1 in liver. AMPK-ACC/PPARα axis was upregulated by SPJ to alleviate hepatic lipidosis. Hepatic IL-6 and TNF-α levels were downregulated by SPJ, which indicated a regressive lipid peroxidation in liver. In HepG2 cells, SPJ reduced ethanol-exposed ROS generation. Activated p62-related Nrf2 pathway was verified to contribute to the alleviation of alcohol-induced oxidative stress in hepatic cells.

CONCLUSION

This attenuation of hepatic oxidative stress and steatosis suggested the therapeutic value of SPJ for ALD.

Mitigation of Imidacloprid Toxicity in Poultry Chicken by Selenium Nanoparticles: Growth Performance, Lipid Peroxidation, and Blood Traits

Imidacloprid is an insecticide that protects against insects in the agriculture, animal, and poultry production sectors. Since the accumulation of imidacloprid induces adverse impacts on general health status and quality of the food chain, this study tested the impacts on broilers. Besides, selenium nanoparticles were fed to birds to relieve the negative impacts on growth performance and health status. Birds (1-day age, initial weight 46.05 ± 1.0 g) divided into four groups (triplicates) where 15 chicks of each replicate (45 for each group). The first group (control) was fed the basal diet without either selenium or imidacloprid toxicity. The second group was fed selenium nano form at 3 mg/kg. The third group was fed selenium and exposed to imidacloprid at 1/10 LT50 (3 mg/kg body weight). The fourth group was fed selenium nano form (3 mg/kg) and exposed to imidacloprid at 1/10 LT50 (3 mg/kg body weight). All groups were kept under the same conditions for 35 days. The final weight and weight gain of birds fed selenium nano form showed marked improvement compared to the imidacloprid-exposed group, while the feed intake and feed conversion ratio markedly reduced. The red blood cells showed higher values in birds fed selenium nano than the control and those exposed to imidacloprid. Interestingly, the hemoglobulin and hematocrit increased in birds fed selenium nano form with or without imidacloprid exposure. Furthermore, the white blood cells increased in birds fed selenium nano form with or without imidacloprid exposure. The total protein, albumin, and globulin were higher in birds fed selenium nanoparticles than those exposed to imidacloprid with or without selenium feeding. Birds in the control and imidacloprid groups had higher aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and malondialdehyde levels than the remaining groups. Accordingly, dietary selenium nanoparticles are suggested in broiler feed to cope with the adverse effects of imidacloprid toxicity.

Silymarin pretreatment protects against ethanol-induced memory impairment: Biochemical and histopathological evidence

BACKGROUND

Ethanol (Eth.) abuse induces memory impairment. Oxidative damage and apoptosis are considered the likely causes of memory impairment. Silymarin (Sil.) is a flavonoid isolated from the plant Silymarin marianum (milk thistle). While studies have reported the neuroprotective effect of Sil. against neurodegenerative processes, the precise mechanism of action of Sil. in Eth.-induced memory impairment remains unclear.

METHODS

Twenty-eight rats were equally divided into four groups: Control (saline 1 ml/rat); Sil. (200 mg/kg for 30 days); Eth. (2 g/kg/day for 30 days); and Sil. + Eth. Behavioral tests including inhibitory avoidance and open field were used to investigate memory and locomotion. Brain antioxidant parameters, including catalase, superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant capacity and total thiol group, plus oxidative parameters, including malondialdehyde and total oxidant status, followed by hippocampal apoptosis (Bax/Bcl2, cleaved caspase) and histopathological changes were evaluated in the groups.

RESULTS

While the administration of Eth. impaired memory, Sil. significantly reversed Eth-induced memory deficits. Eth. administration also augmented brain oxidative and hippocampal apoptosis parameters. In contrast, a marked reduction in brain antioxidant and anti-apoptotic parameters was observed in the Eth. group. At the tissue level, hippocampal sections from Eth.-treated animals revealed severe neuronal damage. The administration of Sil. to Eth.-treated rats remarkably alleviated all the said Eth.-induced biochemical and histopathological effects. On the contrary, Sil. alone did not change the behavior and biochemical/molecular parameters.

CONCLUSION

The memory-enhancing effect of Sil. in Eth.-induced demented rats may be partly mediated by the augmented antioxidant effects and amelioration of apoptotic and histopathological changes.

Effect of silymarin on the relative gene expressions of some inflammatory cytokines in the liver of CCl4-intoxicated male rats

The intensive exposure of the liver cells to any type of noxae, such as viruses, drugs, alcohols, and xenobiotics could induce hepatic inflammation through the upregulation of gene expression of several fibrotic and inflammatory mediators. So, our study assessed the role of silymarin on the inflammatory response induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) as an example of xenobiotics on liver tissues in male rats. Forty-eight Wister male rats (weight: 130 ± 10) were housed for 14 days and then divided randomly into six groups: control, SLY: rats received only silymarin orally for 12 weeks (daily), CO: rats were injected with corn oil for 8 weeks (3 times weekly), CCl4: rats were injected with CCl4 solubilized in corn oil for 8 weeks (day by day), Treated: rats received silymarin for 4 weeks after CCl4 injection, Protected: rats received silymarin for 4 weeks before and 8 weeks during CCl4 injection. When the treatment period for the rats was over, they underwent scarification after anesthesia. Then, the sera were extracted from the collected blood for the determination of irisin levels, liver functions, and lipid profiles. Liver tissues were separated for the histopathological examinations, the determination of oxidative stress (OS) parameters content, and the relative gene expression of inflammatory cytokines; nuclear factor kappa (NF)-κB, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β). The findings showed that silymarin reduced liver inflammation by overcoming the OS process and inflammatory cytokines production which was stimulated by CCl4. These results were confirmed by histopathology of liver tissues.

Effect of Ethanol Extract of Soursop (Annona muricata L.) Stem Bark on Rat Liver Function

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Paracetamol does not cause toxic effects if given in therapeutic doses, namely below 4 g per day. Use of paracetamol at a dose of more than 4 g per day can result in hepatotoxicity. This study aims to compare the hepatoprotector potency of the ethanol extract of soursop stem bark (<i>A. muricata</i>) against the enzyme activity of SGOT and SGPT in rats induced by toxic doses of paracetamol. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) comprised of 6 treatment groups and 3 replications. Total 27 white male rats were induced hepatotoxicity with 1350 mg of paracetamol on the 7th day, except for normal control (K0) which was given aquadest. The tested animals received akuades as the negative control (K-) 11.34 mg kg¹ b.wt., of Hepa-Q as the positive control (K+), ethanol extract stem bark <i>Annona muricata</i> at a dose of 150 mg kg¹ BB (P1), 300 mg kg¹ BB (P2) and 600 mg kg¹ BB (P3). <b>Results:</b> There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the levels of SGOT and SGPT after giving ethanol extract of soursop (<i>A. muricata</i>) stem bark. The best treatment for reducing SGOT and SGPT levels in rats induced by paracetamol was the administration of ethanol extract of <i>A. muricata</i> stem bark at a dose of 600 mg kg¹ BB. <b>Conclusion:</b> Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that all ethanol extract of <i>Annona muricata</i> L. stem bark (EEAMSB) doses had the potential to reduce the levels of AST and ALT in paracetamol-induced rats.

Glutathione: Lights and Shadows in Cancer Patients

In cases of cellular injury, there is an observed increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). When this production becomes excessive, it can result in various conditions, including cancerogenesis. Glutathione (GSH), the most abundant thiol-containing antioxidant, is fundamental to re-establishing redox homeostasis. In order to evaluate the role of GSH and its antioxi-dant effects in patients affected by cancer, we performed a thorough search on Medline and EMBASE databases for relevant clinical and/or preclinical studies, with particular regard to diet, toxicities, and pharmacological processes. The conjugation of GSH with xenobiotics, including anti-cancer drugs, can result in either of two effects: xenobiotics may lose their harmful effects, or GSH conjugation may enhance their toxicity by inducing bioactivation. While being an interesting weapon against chemotherapy-induced toxicities, GSH may also have a potential protective role for cancer cells. New studies are necessary to better explain the relationship between GSH and cancer. Although self-prescribed glutathione (GSH) implementation is prevalent among cancer patients with the intention of reducing the toxic effects of anticancer treatments and potentially preventing damage to normal tissues, this belief lacks substantial scientific evidence for its efficacy in reducing toxicity, except in the case of cisplatin-related neurotoxicity. Therefore, the use of GSH should only be considered under medical supervision, taking into account the appropriate timing and setting.

Silibinin ameliorates STING-mediated neuroinflammation via downregulation of ferroptotic damage in a sporadic Alzheimer's disease model

Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent cell death, is caused by lipid peroxidation. Noteworthily, accumulation of iron and lipid peroxidation are found in the proximity of the neuritic plaque, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the relationship between ferroptosis and neuroinflammation in AD is unclear. Silibinin, extracted from the Silybum marianum, is possibly developed as an agent for AD treatment from its neuroprotective effect, but the effect of silibinin on sporadic AD that accounts for more than 95% of AD remains unclear. To determine whether silibinin alleviates the pathogenesis of sporadic AD and investigate the underlying mechanisms, STZ-treated HT22 murine hippocampal neurons and intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin (ICV-STZ) rats, a sporadic AD model, were used in this study. Results show that silibinin not only promotes survival of STZ-treated HT22 cells, but also ameliorates the cognitive impairment and anxiety/depression-like behavior of ICV-STZ rats. We here demonstrate that silibinin evidently inhibits the protein level of p53 as well as upregulates the protein level of cystine/glutamate antiporter SLC7A11 and ferroptosis inhibitor GPX4, but not p21, leading to the protection against STZ-induced ferroptotic damage. Immunofluorescent staining also shows that accumulation of lipid peroxidation induced by ferroptotic damage leads to increased fluorescence of 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine (8-OHDG), a maker of oxidized DNA. The oxidized DNA then leaks to the cytoplasm and upregulates the expression of the stimulator of interferon gene (STING), which triggers the production of IFN-β and other inflammatory cascades including NF-κB/TNFα and NLRP3/caspase 1/IL-1β. However, the treatment with silibinin blocks the above pathological changes. Moreover, in HT22 cells with/without STZ treatment, GPX4-knockdown increases the protein level of STING, indicating that the ferroptotic damage leads to the activation of STING signaling pathway. These results imply that silibinin exerts neuroprotective effect on an STZ-induced sporadic AD model by downregulating ferroptotic damage and thus the downstream STING-mediated neuroinflammation.

The innate effects of plant secondary metabolites in preclusion of gynecologic cancers: Inflammatory response and therapeutic action

Gynecologic cancers can make up the bulk of cancers in both humans and animals. The stage of diagnosis and the type of tumor, its origin, and its spread are a few of the factors that influence how effectively a treatment modality works. Currently, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery are the major treatment options recommended for the eradication of malignancies. The use of several anti-carcinogenic drugs increases the chance of harmful side effects, and patients might not react to the treatments as expected. The significance of the relationship between inflammation and cancer has been underscored by recent research. As a result, it has been shown that a variety of phytochemicals with beneficial bioactive effects on inflammatory pathways have the potential to act as anti-carcinogenic medications for the treatment of gynecologic cancer. The current paper reviews the significance of inflammatory pathways in gynecologic malignancies and discusses the role of plants-derived secondary metabolites that are useful in the treatment of cancer.

Commentary: Discussing the antidepressant potential of silymarin

The therapeutic potential of diet, dietary supplements, herbal remedies, and nutraceuticals for treatment of depression and anxiety is being increasingly explored. In this commentary, we discuss the recent findings on the antidepressant potential of silymarin (SILY) in mice and present an alternative approach. We highlight the extensive research on another phytochemical, curcumin, for the treatment of depression and anxiety. Finally, we suggest a future application, which investigates the potential synergistic effects of combined treatment with SILY and curcumin for depression.

Comparative assessment of hepatoprotective properties of Artesunate and flavonoids from Artemisia annua on acetaminophen and carbon tetrachloride-induced cytotoxicity in primary mice hepatocytes

Background

Artesunate (ART) is a semi-synthetized molecule from Artemisinin, an active compound isolated from the medicinal plant Artemisia annua, widely used for the treatment of malaria. Previous studies reported that ART may exert a dual effect on the liver. Accordingly, this study investigated the potential protective action of ART against Acetaminophen (APAP) and Carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced hepatotoxicity in primary mice hepatocytes, in comparison to that of flavonoid extracted from A. annua (FAA). In addition, the antioxidant properties of FAA were also assessed.

Methods

The antioxidant activities of FAA and Ascorbic acid (ASC) (0.01-100 μg/mL) were assessed through inhibition of lipid peroxidation, reduction of ferric and phosphomolydenum, and hydroxyl and DPPH radicals scavenging assays. The hepatoprotective effects of FAA and ART (0.1-100 μg/mL) were evaluated against APAP (11 mM) or CCl4 (4 mM) induced oxidative damage in primary mouse hepatocytes. Biochemical parameters associated with hepatotoxicity assessed include cell viability, cell membrane integrity, cellular glutathione, and antioxidant enzyme activities.

Results

The obtained finding revealed FAA displayed a remarkable antioxidant activities as evidenced by the low IC₅₀/EC₅₀ values (3.85-19.32 μg/mL), comparable to that of ASC (3.26-18.04 μg/mL). When tested at 10 μg/mL, both FAA and ART significantly (p˂0.05) preserved cell viability, inhibited alanine aminotransferase leakage and lipid membrane peroxidation, and restored superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and glutathione content induced by APAP or CCl₄ in a similar way as Silymarin. However, ART showed a significant (p˂0.05) cytotoxic effect on hepatocytes at 100 and 1000 μg/mL and did not confer obvious protection at 100 μg/mL.

Conclusion

Overall, our data demonstrated that ART harms mice hepatocytes at high concentration while conferring relative protection against APAP and CCl₄-hepatotoxicity at low concentration. In contrast, FAA effectively protects liver cells without cytotoxicity effect, event at 100 μg/mL. Accordingly, ART should be given to the patient only under a medical prescription.

Dendropanoxide Alleviates Thioacetamide-induced Hepatic Fibrosis via Inhibition of ROS Production and Inflammation in BALB/C Mice

Hepatic fibrosis results from overproduction and excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in hepatocytes. Although the beneficial effects of dendropanoxide (DPx) isolated from Dendropanax morbifera have been studied, its role as an anti-fibrotic agent remains elucidated. We investigated the protective effect of DPx in BALB/_C mice that received thioacetamide (TAA) intraperitoneally for 6 weeks. Later DPx (20 mg/kg/day) or silymarin (50 mg/kg/day) was administered daily for 6 weeks, followed by biochemical and histological analyses of each group. Hematoxylin and eosin staining of the livers showed TAA-induced hepatic fibrosis, which was significantly reduced in the DPx group. DPx treatment significantly decreased TAA-induced hyperlipidemia as evidenced by the decreased AST, ALT, ALP, γ-GTP and serum TG concentrations and reduced the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. ELISA revealed reduced levels of total glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and Inflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α). Immunostaining showed reduced in collagen-1, α-SMA, and TGF-β1 expression and western blotting showed reduced levels of the apoptotic proteins, TGF-β1, p-Smad2/3, and Smad4. RT-qPCR and Western blotting revealed modifications in SIRT1, SIRT3 and SIRT4. Thus, DPx exerted a protective effect against TAA-induced hepatic fibrosis in the male BALB/_C mouse model by inhibiting oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis via TGF-β1/Smads signaling.