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Pikovskoi II, Kosyakov DS, Belesov AV. Resolution-enhanced Kendrick mass defect analysis for improved mass spectrometry characterization of lignin. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:133160. [PMID: 38889836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Lignin is a promising renewable source of valuable organic compounds and environmentally benign materials. However, its involvement in economic circulation and the creation of new biorefining technologies require an understanding of its chemical composition and structure. This problem can be overcome by applying mass spectrometry analytical techniques in combination with advanced chemometric methods for mass spectra processing. The present study is aimed at the development of mass defect filtering to characterize the chemical composition of lignin at the molecular level. This study introduces a novel approach involving resolution-enhanced Kendrick mass defect (REKMD) analysis for the processing of atmospheric pressure photoionization Orbitrap mass spectra of lignin. The set of priority Kendrick fractional base units was predefined in model experiments and provided a substantially expanding available mass defect range for the informative visualization of lignin mass spectra. The developed REKMD analysis strategy allowed to obtain the most complete data on all the homologous series typical of lignin and thus facilitated the interpretation and assignment of elemental compositions and structural formulas to oligomers detected in extremely complex mass spectra, including tandem ones. For the first time, the minor modifications (sulfation) of lignin obtained in ionic liquid-based biorefining processes were revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya I Pikovskoi
- Laboratory of Natural Compounds Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Core Facility Center "Arktika", M.V. Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Northern Dvina Emb. 17, 163002 Arkhangelsk, Russia.
| | - Dmitry S Kosyakov
- Laboratory of Natural Compounds Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Core Facility Center "Arktika", M.V. Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Northern Dvina Emb. 17, 163002 Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Artyom V Belesov
- Laboratory of Natural Compounds Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Core Facility Center "Arktika", M.V. Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Northern Dvina Emb. 17, 163002 Arkhangelsk, Russia
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2
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Pacholski P, Schramm S, Progent F, Aubriet F. Differentiation of Four Polyvinylidene Fluoride Polymers Based on Their End Groups by DART-FT-ICR MS and Kendrick Plots. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:2278-2288. [PMID: 37647027 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, synthetic polymers are produced and used in many materials for different applications. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization or electrospray mass spectrometry are classically used to investigate them, but these techniques require sample preparation steps, which are not always suitable for the study of insoluble or formulated polymers. Alternatively, direct real-time (DART) ionization analysis may be conducted without sample preparation. Four polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymers involving the C2H2F2 repeating unit coming from different suppliers have been analyzed by DART Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) in negative-ion mode. The obtained mass spectra systematically displayed an oligomeric distribution between m/z 400 and 1300 of [M - H]-, [M + O2]•-, and [M + NO2]- ions. Kendrick plots were used to ease the identification of PVDF end-groups and establish a difference between the samples. Both commercial PVDF polymers shared the same α+ω end groups formula, which confirmed a similar polymerization process for their synthesis. The two other PVDFs were clearly different from the commercial ones by the occurrence of specific end-groups. MS/MS and MS3 experiments were conducted to obtain structural information on these end-groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Pacholski
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
- Université de Lorraine, LCP-A2MC (Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique-Approche Multi-échelles des Milieux Complexes), F-57000 Metz, France
| | - Sébastien Schramm
- Université de Lorraine, LCP-A2MC (Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique-Approche Multi-échelles des Milieux Complexes), F-57000 Metz, France
| | | | - Frédéric Aubriet
- Université de Lorraine, LCP-A2MC (Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique-Approche Multi-échelles des Milieux Complexes), F-57000 Metz, France
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3
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Ramtanon I, Berlioz-Barbier A, Remy S, Renault JH, Masle AL. A combined liquid chromatography - trapped ion mobility - tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry and multivariate analysis approach for the determination of enzymatic reactivity descriptors in biomass hydrolysates. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1706:464277. [PMID: 37573756 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Intermediate products such as oxygenated compounds may interfere with bioconversion kinetics of lignocellulosic biomass into bioethanol. This work presents a multidimensional approach, based on liquid chromatography (LC), trapped ion mobility spectrometry (TIMS), tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS/MS), and multivariate analysis, for the identification of enzymatic reactivity descriptors in 22 industrial biomass samples, called hydrolysates. The first part of the study is dedicated to the improvement of the chemical diversity assessment of the hydrolysates through an original three-dimensional Van Krevelen diagram displaying the double bond equivalent (DBE) as third dimension. In a second part, the evaluation of data by multivariate data analysis allowed the discrimination of sample according to the biomass type and the level of enzymatic reactivity. In the last part, a potential descriptor of low enzymatic reactivity was selected and used in a case study. An in-depth structural analysis was performed on the feature annotated as carbohydrate derivative. Considering the intricate fragmentation spectrum exhibited by the selected feature, trapped ion mobility was employed to enhance separation prior to the HRMS/MS experiments. This final step improved data interpretation and increased the identification confidence level leading to the characterization of xylotriose, 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-cinnamaldehyde. This is the first study to present an untargeted multidimensional approach for the identification of enzymatic hydrolysis inhibitors in industrial hydrolysate samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Ramtanon
- IFP Energies nouvelles, rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize, BP 3, 69360 Solaize, France
| | | | - Simon Remy
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, CNRS, ICMR 7312, 51097, Reims, France
| | - Jean-Hugues Renault
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, CNRS, ICMR 7312, 51097, Reims, France
| | - Agnès Le Masle
- IFP Energies nouvelles, rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize, BP 3, 69360 Solaize, France.
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4
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Vega-Herrera A, Llorca M, Borrell-Diaz X, Redondo-Hasselerharm PE, Abad E, Villanueva CM, Farré M. Polymers of micro(nano) plastic in household tap water of the Barcelona Metropolitan Area. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 220:118645. [PMID: 35635914 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPLs) are emerging persistent pollutants affecting drinking water systems, and different studies have reported their presence in tap water. However, most of the work has a focus on particles in the 100-5 µm range. Here, a workflow to identify and quantify polymers of micro and nanoplastics (MNPLs), with sizes from 0.7 to 20 µm in tap water, is presented. The analytical method consisted of water fractionated filtration followed by toluene ultrasonic-assisted extraction and size-exclusion chromatography, using an advanced polymer chromatography column coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure photoionization source with negative and positive ionization conditions (HPLC(APC)-APPI(±)-HRMS) and normal phase chromatography HILIC LUNA® column and electrospray ionisation source in positive and negative mode (HPLC(HILIC)-ESI(±)-HRMS). The acquisition was performed in full scan mode, and the subsequent tentative identification of MNPLs polymers has been based on increasing the confirmation level, including the characterisation of monomers by using Kendrick Mass Defect (KMD) analysis, and confirmation and quantification using standards. This approach was applied to assess MNPLs in tap water samples of the Barcelona Metropolitan Area (BMA), that were collected from August to October 2020 from home taps of volunteers distributed in the 42 postal codes of the BMA. Polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyisoprene (PI), polybutadiene (PBD), polystyrene (PS), polyamide (PA), and polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS) were identified. PE, PP, and PA were the most highly detected polymers, and PI and PBD were found at the highest concentrations (9,143 and 1,897 ng/L, respectively). A principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to assess differences in MNPLs occurrence in drinking water, that was provided from the two drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) suppliers. Results showed that no significant differences (at 95% confidence level) were established between the drinking water supplies to the different areas of the BMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Vega-Herrera
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C. Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona (Spain)
| | - Marta Llorca
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C. Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona (Spain)
| | - Xavier Borrell-Diaz
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C. Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona (Spain)
| | - Paula E Redondo-Hasselerharm
- ISGlobal, C. Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003, Barcelona (Spain); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Pl. de la Mercè, 10-12, 08002, Barcelona (Spain); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029, Madrid (Spain)
| | - Esteban Abad
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C. Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona (Spain)
| | - Cristina M Villanueva
- ISGlobal, C. Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003, Barcelona (Spain); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Pl. de la Mercè, 10-12, 08002, Barcelona (Spain); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029, Madrid (Spain); Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Passeig Marítim, 25-29, 08028, Barcelona (Spain)
| | - Marinella Farré
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C. Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona (Spain).
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5
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Lacroix-Andrivet O, Moualdi S, Hubert-Roux M, Loutelier Bourhis C, Mendes Siqueira AL, Afonso C. Molecular Characterization of Formulated Lubricants and Additive Packages Using Kendrick Mass Defect Determined by Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:1194-1203. [PMID: 35709480 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Formulated lubricants correspond to high value products used for several applications in automotive, industrial, medicinal, and agro-food sectors. They correspond to complex matrices composed of approximately 80% of base oils (mineral or synthetic) and of about 20% of additives. Additives are generally low molecular weight polymeric molecules with a great diversity of elements. To characterize such complex compositions at the molecular level, ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometers are required. Two formulated lubricants and two additive packages were analyzed by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry in direct infusion. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) sources were used to have an exhaustive characterization of the samples. The Kendrick mass defects (KMD) plot is a widespread representation to characterize polymeric molecules. Here, the terms apparent mass defect and apparent Kendrick mass defects (aKMD) values were introduced to consider the uncertainty on nominal mass determination. Several additive families including alkyldiphenylamines, trisalkylphenylthiophosphoric acid, zinc dithiophosphates, bisuccinimide dispersants, and their derivatives were observed by APCI(+). ESI(-) also presented a use for the selective ionization of acidic compounds including sulfonates, phenates, and sulfur phenate molecules. The specific aKMD values and polydispersity of many additive families have been reported to create a database of additives. Overall, this study demonstrated the great utility of the aKMD approach and the use of the ESI/APCI combination for a simple and fast characterization of formulated lubricant and additive package samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Lacroix-Andrivet
- TotalEnergies Marketing Services, Research Center, 69360 Solaize, France
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
| | - Samira Moualdi
- TotalEnergies Marketing Services, Research Center, 69360 Solaize, France
| | - Marie Hubert-Roux
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
| | - Corinne Loutelier Bourhis
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Anna Luiza Mendes Siqueira
- TotalEnergies Marketing Services, Research Center, 69360 Solaize, France
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Carlos Afonso
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
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Kissell LN, Quady TK, Lasseter Clare T. Optimized micro-sampling and computational analysis for SERS identification of red organic dyes on prints. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 270:120857. [PMID: 35030414 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.120857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The goals of this study were to develop a robust methodology and data analysis procedure to identify red dyes in artwork where dye collection is inaccessible by traditional methods. With Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) it is possible to obtain identifying molecular information from dilute and degraded dyes. A minimally invasive, soft-mechanical sampling method to gently contact printed paper is described; using a customized polymeric hydrogel surface with an exposure area of about 1 mm2, micrometer-diameter colorant particles were collected. To validate that the sample collection methodology is minimally invasive, test papers were photographed before and after sampling under UV and white light; and DART-MS analysis of the sampled area was conducted. A reference library of SERS spectra from binder (hide glue), dyes (safflower, sappan, and madder), and binder-dye mixtures was built and used by a spectral-matching genetic algorithm (GA). Fifty individual GA runs returned results that precisely matched at least one dye component in 48-50 of the 50 runs, and matched both dyes in a mixture between 29 and 50 of the 50 runs. Finally, in an artwork application, the methodologies were demonstrated on micro-samples from three areas of an 18th century Japanese woodblock print by Suzuki Harunobu in the collection of the Portland Art Museum, on which, madder dyes were positively identified. Conclusions and extensions from this work are expected to contribute to the body of knowledge about 18th c. Japanese woodblock prints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsay N Kissell
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10(th) Avenue, Science Research and Teaching Center Rm 262, Portland, OR 97201, United States
| | - Trine K Quady
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10(th) Avenue, Science Research and Teaching Center Rm 262, Portland, OR 97201, United States
| | - Tami Lasseter Clare
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10(th) Avenue, Science Research and Teaching Center Rm 262, Portland, OR 97201, United States.
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7
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Satoh T, Takei M, Uematsu F. Development of a peak extraction method using the high-resolution matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and machine learning techniques: Analysis of peak shapes. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9235. [PMID: 34908200 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Combining matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) and Kendrick mass defect (KMD) analysis is a powerful tool for visualizing polymers in complex mass spectra. The identification of minor polymers by KMD analysis requires reduction of the broad noise peaks often observed in the low-mass region. METHODS A machine-learning model was created using pix2pixHD. It converts an original mass spectrum into a pseudo-mass spectrum that contains only the original peaks at m/z positions that the model judges as sharp single-component peaks. It reduces noise by selecting only the m/z and intensity values from the original spectrum's peak list that correspond to peaks in the pseudo-mass spectrum. RESULTS A machine-learning model was applied to a low-concentration polymer mass spectrum observed at m/z <2000. Extracting single-component peaks from the mass spectrum made the minor polymer series appear clearly in the KMD plot. The technique facilitated mass spectrometric imaging of the ultraviolet degradation of polyethylene terephthalate by plotting the polymers' spatial distributions. It could also distinguish between polymer series (before and after degradation) to identify their separate spatial distributions. CONCLUSIONS A machine-learning method for peak extraction from high-resolution MALDI-TOFMS was developed. Single-component peaks of the mass spectrum were distinguished from noise peaks by their peak shapes. Combining with KMD analysis facilitated the identification of minor polymer series in complex mass spectra.
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Cody RB. Mass Defect Filter for Removing Noise and Detector Oscillation Artifacts in Centroided Time-of-Flight Mass Spectra. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:603-606. [PMID: 35147424 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Spurious peaks in centroided mass spectra resulting from detector oscillation or "ringing" can be identified by their unusual mass defects. Mass defect plots (fractional m/z vs measured m/z) for the single-charge mass spectrum of a pure compound show data points falling along lines with well-defined slopes. Detector oscillation and electronic noise peaks were removed from database spectra of pure compounds and mixtures by eliminating points outside two standard deviations of the slope of the major peaks. No loss of chemical information was observed, even for compounds with isobaric fragment peaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Cody
- JEOL USA, Inc., Peabody, Massachusetts 03801, United States
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Pascale R, Acquavia MA, Onzo A, Cataldi TRI, Calvano CD, Bianco G. Analysis of surfactants by mass spectrometry: Coming to grips with their diversity. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021. [PMID: 34570373 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Surfactants are surface-active agents widely used in numerous applications in our daily lives as personal care products, domestic, and industrial detergents. To determine complex mixtures of surfactants and their degradation products, unselective and rather insensitive methods, based on colorimetric and complexometric analyses are no longer employable. Analytical methodologies able to determine low concentration levels of surfactants and closely related compounds in complex matrices are required. The recent introduction of robust, sensitive, and selective mass spectrometry (MS) techniques has led to the rapid expansion of the surfactant research field including complex mixtures of isomers, oligomers, and homologues of surfactants as well as their chemically and biodegradation products at trace levels. In this review, emphasis is given to the state-of-the-art MS-based analysis of surfactants and their degradation products with an overview of the current research landscape from traditional methods involving hyphenate techniques (gas chromatography-MS and liquid chromatography-MS) to the most innovative approaches, based on high-resolution MS. Finally, we outline a detailed explanation on the utilization of MS for mechanistic purposes, such as the study of micelle formation in different solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria A Acquavia
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
- ALMAGISI S.r.l Corso Italia, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Alberto Onzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Tommaso R I Cataldi
- Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Giuliana Bianco
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
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Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics for an in-depth questioning of human health. Adv Clin Chem 2020; 99:147-191. [PMID: 32951636 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Today, metabolomics is becoming an indispensable tool to get a more comprehensive analysis of complex living systems, providing insights on multiple aspects of physiology. Although its application in large scale population-based studies is very challenging due to the processing of large sample sets as well as the complexity of data information, its potential to characterize human health is well recognized. Technological advances in metabolomics pave the way for the efficient biomarker discovery of disease etiology, diagnosis and prognosis. Here, different steps of the metabolomics workflow, particularly mass spectrometry-based approaches, are discussed to demonstrate the potential of metabolomics to address biological questioning in human health. First an overview of metabolomics is provided with its interest in human health studies. Analytical development and advances in mass spectrometry instrumentation and computational tools are discussed regarding their application limits. Advancing metabolomics for applicability in human health and large-scale studies is presented and discussed in conclusion.
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11
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Ubukata M, Kubo A, Nagatomo K, Hizume T, Ishioka H, Dane AJ, Cody RB, Ueda Y. Integrated qualitative analysis of polymer sample by pyrolysis-gas chromatography combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry: Using accurate mass measurement results from both electron ionization and soft ionization. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8820. [PMID: 32358819 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is a powerful analytical tool used to separate and then identify volatile compounds through library database searches. However, as not all compounds are registered in these databases, it is not uncommon to detect unregistered components. Therefore, new analytical techniques were developed that utilize methods of identification beyond database searches alone. METHODS Acquire data by using electron ionization (EI) and soft ionization (SI) with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Use the EI mass spectra to library search for matches. Use the SI mass spectra for accurate mass analysis of the EI molecular ions. Conduct an isotope pattern analysis of the molecular ion to refine the possible candidate compositions. Use these compositions as a constraint for the accurate mass analysis of the EI fragment ions. If a given molecular ion formula is not correct, the EI fragment ions will not show good matches. Finally, all analytical results are integrated into a color-coded qualitative analysis report. RESULTS The capabilities of this new integrated analytical method were assessed for a polymer resin sample that was measured by using pyrolysis-gas chromatography/high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry. A total of 161 compounds were detected in the total ion current chromatogram, and 154 of these compounds were identified as having only one chemical formula candidate with this new integrated qualitative analysis method. CONCLUSIONS This new integrated qualitative analysis method gives analytical results independent of library search results. It can be applied to a variety of SI methods including chemical ionization, photoionization, field ionization, and low-energy EI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayumi Kubo
- JEOL Ltd, Akishima, Tokyo, 196-8558, Japan
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12
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Ishitsuka K, Kakiuchi T, Sato H, Fouquet TNJ. An arsenal of tools based on Kendrick mass defects to process congested electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectra of polymers with multiple charging. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34 Suppl 2:e8584. [PMID: 31517411 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Electrospray ionization (ESI) favors the multiple charging of high molecular weight polymer samples and allows their high-resolution mass analysis in the low-mass range. It also induces the detection of numerous ion series at different charge states with different adducts complicating the interpretation of the mass spectrum which should be facilitated by an appropriate data processing. METHODS An arsenal of tools based on the Kendrick mass defect (KMD) is proposed to process congested ESI high-resolution mass spectra of poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) samples. The combination of regular, charge-dependent, and resolution-enhanced KMD plots in addition to a "remainders" plot and a new three-dimensional plot offers unrivaled capabilities of filtering for any minor series among thousands of points. The sequential data processing is conducted using Kendo, a spreadsheet developed in-house for an advanced KMD analysis. RESULTS The charge-state distribution is easily evaluated by counting the parallel lines in a regular KMD plot. A charge-dependent resolution-enhanced KMD plot instantly reveals the variation of adducted ions at a given charge state, helping the user to choose the best analytical conditions. Ion series at different charge states from PPO oligomers carrying different end-groups are also efficiently extracted using several combinations of KMD and remainders plots and assigned using a new simulator tool. CONCLUSIONS The innovative combination of existing and new KMD-related plots, selection tools, and simulator all combined in a single spreadsheet dramatically facilitates the processing and interpretation of complex ESI mass spectral data. The presented tools may be extended to any other class of homo-, co- and terpolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Ishitsuka
- Analytical Science Team, Common Base Technology Division, Innovative Technology Laboratories, AGC Inc., Yokohama, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Kakiuchi
- Analytical Science Team, Common Base Technology Division, Innovative Technology Laboratories, AGC Inc., Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sato
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Thierry N J Fouquet
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
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13
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Desport JS, Frache G, Patiny L. MSPolyCalc: A web-based App for polymer mass spectrometry data interpretation. The case study of a pharmaceutical excipient. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34 Suppl 2:e8652. [PMID: 31715638 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE In contrast to biological polymers, synthetic macromolecules consist of distributions of sizes, chemical compositions, functionalities and eventually architectures. The mass spectrum of a synthetic polymer may exhibit a tremendous number of signals. The availability of suitable IT tools to support interpretation is key. METHODS A web-based tool is presented: MSPolyCalc. It offers a set of functionalities, including the calculation of polymer distributions, molecular formulae and a match evaluation for peak assignment based on both mass and spectral accuracy (similarity score). The software was successfully tested with mass spectra exhibiting resolutions ranging from 10,000 to 240,000. RESULTS The molecular characterization of a synthetic poly(ethylene glycol)-based excipient was achieved. MSPolyCalc allowed the discrimination of six polymer compositions of variable relative abundance. Secondary ionization adducts with very low intensity consisting of matrix-analyte clusters were also successfully identified. CONCLUSIONS MSPolyCalc offers assisted data interpretation to target the needs of polymer chemists. It facilitates structure characterization, ionization adduct identification, and end-group determination together with visual result reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Desport
- Material, Research and Technology Department, LIST - Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Gilles Frache
- Material, Research and Technology Department, LIST - Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Luc Patiny
- Zakodium Sàrl, chemin des Plantaz 10, CH-1440, Montagny-Chamard, Switzerland
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14
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Satoh T, Nakamura S, Fouquet T, Sato H, Ueda Y. A mass spectrometry imaging method for visualizing synthetic polymers by using average molecular weight and dispersity as indices. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34 Suppl 2:e8653. [PMID: 31721332 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric imaging (MSI) is considered to be a powerful tool for visualizing the spatial distribution of synthetic polymers. However, a conventional method extracting an image of a specific m/z value is not suitable for polymers, which have a mass distribution. It is necessary to develop the visualization method to show the spatial distribution of entire polymer series. METHODS The mass peaks included in polymer series were specified from the average mass spectrum of the entire MSI measurement region by using Kendrick mass defect analysis. The images of those mass peaks were extracted and the number average molecular weight (Mn ), the weight average molecular weight (Mw ) and dispersity (Đ) were calculated for each pixel. Finally, the spatial distribution of the polymer series was summarized to images using Mn , Mw and Đ as indices. RESULTS The effects of the methods were investigated by (i) polymers with different mass distributions and (ii) polymers with different repeat units and end-groups. In both cases, the spatial distribution of specific polymer series including several dozens to hundreds of mass peaks was summarized into three images related to Mn , Mw and Đ, which are familiar indices in polymer analysis. The results are able to provide an overview of the spatial variation of each polymer more intuitively. CONCLUSIONS The visualization of Mn , Mw and Đ will help provide an overview of the spatial distribution of polymer series combined with ion intensity distribution made by conventional methods. It can be also applied to other mass spectrometric imaging methods such as desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) or time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sayaka Nakamura
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Thierry Fouquet
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sato
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
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15
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Cody RB, Fouquet TNJ, Takei C. Thermal desorption and pyrolysis direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry for qualitative characterization of polymers and polymer additives. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34 Suppl 2:e8687. [PMID: 31797453 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) provides qualitative information about additives and polymer composition. However, the observed mass spectra are dependent on sampling conditions, in particular the DART gas temperature. This report describes the combination of a heated sample stage with DART-MS for polymer characterization. METHODS Industrial polymers with different compositions were examined by thermal desorption and pyrolysis (TDPy) DART. Samples were heated on disposable copper stages from ambient temperature to 600°C, and the evolved gases were introduced directly into a DART ion source through a glass tee. Time- and temperature-dependent mass spectra were acquired using a high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Kendrick mass analysis was applied to the interpretation of complex mass spectra observed for fluorinated polymers. RESULTS Positive-ion DART mass spectra of common polymers exhibited peak series differing by monomer masses, often accompanied by a peak corresponding to the protonated monomer. Even polymers that did not exhibit a clear series of peaks produced characteristic mass spectra. Positive-ion and negative-ion mass spectra were recorded for fluorinated polymers, with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) producing only negative ions. Thermal desorption provided characteristic temperature profiles for volatile species such as polymer additives and polymer pyrolysis products. CONCLUSIONS In comparison with direct analysis by positioning sample directly in the heated DART gas stream, TDPy DART provides a more versatile sampling method and provides thermal separation and profiling of polymer additives, intact short polymer chains, and pyrolysis fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thierry N J Fouquet
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Chikako Takei
- Biochromato Inc., 1-12-19 Honcho, Fujisawa, Kanagawa-ken, Japan
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16
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Palacio Lozano DC, Thomas MJ, Jones HE, Barrow MP. Petroleomics: Tools, Challenges, and Developments. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2020; 13:405-430. [PMID: 32197051 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091619-091824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The detailed molecular characterization of petroleum-related samples by mass spectrometry, often referred to as petroleomics, continues to present significant analytical challenges. As a result, petroleomics continues to be a driving force for the development of new ultrahigh resolution instrumentation, experimental methods, and data analysis procedures. Recent advances in ionization, resolving power, mass accuracy, and the use of separation methods, have allowed for record levels of compositional detail to be obtained for petroleum-related samples. To address the growing size and complexity of the data generated, vital software tools for data processing, analysis, and visualization continue to be developed. The insights gained impact upon the fields of energy and environmental science and the petrochemical industry, among others. In addition to advancing the understanding of one of nature's most complex mixtures, advances in petroleomics methodologies are being adapted for the study of other sample types, resulting in direct benefits to other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary J Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom;
- Molecular Analytical Sciences Centre for Doctoral Training, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh E Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom;
- Molecular Analytical Sciences Centre for Doctoral Training, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Mark P Barrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom;
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17
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Nakamura S, Sato H, N J Fouquet T. Kendrick Analysis and Complex Isotopic Patterns: A Case Study of the Compositional Analysis of Pristine and Heated Polybrominated Flame Retardants by High-Resolution MALDI Mass Spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 9:A0079. [PMID: 32158630 PMCID: PMC7039712 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.a0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Kendrick analysis is used for the processing and visualization of mass spectra obtained from polymers containing C, H, O and/or Si with simple isotopic patterns (monoisotope=lightest isotope=most intense isotope for short chains). In the case of heteroatoms with complex isotopic patterns, the impact of the chosen isotope on point alignments in Kendrick plots has not been examined extensively. Rich isotopic patterns also make the evaluation of the mass and nature of the repeating unit and end-groups more difficult from the mass spectrum in the case of unknown samples due to the number of peaks and the absence of a monoisotopic peak. Using a polybrominated polycarbonate as running example, we report that horizontal point alignments can be obtained in a Kendrick plot using the mass of the most abundant isotope instead of the monoisotopic mass as is usually done. Rotating the plot (“reverse Kendrick analysis”) helps to accurately evaluate the mass of the most abundant isotope of the repeating unit, as well as the nature of the brominated neutral expelled upon gentle heating (debromination or dehydrobromination). The whole procedure is then applied to the characterization of an unknown polybrominated flame retardant in an industrial formulation before and after heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Nakamura
- Polymer Chemistry Group, Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sato
- Polymer Chemistry Group, Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Thierry N J Fouquet
- Polymer Chemistry Group, Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
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18
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Schirinzi GF, Llorca M, Seró R, Moyano E, Barceló D, Abad E, Farré M. Trace analysis of polystyrene microplastics in natural waters. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 236:124321. [PMID: 31319300 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The development of quantitative and qualitative analytical methods to assess micro-plastics (MPLs) and nano-plastics (NPLs) content in the environment is a central issue for realistic risk assessment studies. However, the quantitative analysis continues being a critical issue, in particular for MPLs from 100 μm down to the nano-sized range in complex environmental samples. This paper evaluates the potential of mass spectrometry for the analysis of MPLs and NPLs. The performance of different techniques including matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation (MALDI) coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS), liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), and the ambient ionisation approaches as desorption electrospray ionisation (DESI) and direct analysis real-time (DART), were assessed for the study of polystyrene (PS) MPLs and NPLs in natural waters. A method based on LC-HRMS, equipped with an atmospheric pressure photoionisation source (APPI), operated in negative conditions for the quantitative analysis of PS MPLs and NPLs in natural waters, was developed. The chromatographic separation was achieved using an advanced polymer chromatographic (APC) column using toluene isocratic as the mobile phase. The optimal analytical method showed an instrumental limit of detection (ILOD) of 20 pg and methods limits of detection and quantification around 30 pg L-1 and 100 pg L-1, respectively. And, recoveries of 60 and 70% in samples from rivers and the marine coast, respectively. The performance of the new method was proved by the analysis of fortified samples and natural seawater samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella F Schirinzi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Llorca
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Raquel Seró
- University of Barcelona, Barcelona Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Damià Barceló
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research, ICRA, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Esteban Abad
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marinella Farré
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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19
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Fouquet TNJ. The Kendrick analysis for polymer mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2019; 54:933-947. [PMID: 31758605 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The mass spectrum of a polymer often displays repetitive patterns with peak series spaced by the repeating unit(s) of the polymeric backbones, sometimes complexified with different adducts, chain terminations, or charge states. Exploring the complex mass spectral data or filtering the unwanted signal is tedious whether performed manually or automatically. In contrast, the now 60-year-old Kendrick (mass defect) analysis, when adapted to polymer ions, produces visual two-dimensional maps with intuitive alignments of the repetitive patterns and favourable deconvolution of features overlaid in the one-dimensional mass spectrum. This special feature article reports on an up-to-date and theoretically sound use of Kendrick plots as a data processing tool. The approach requires no prior knowledge of the sample but offers promising dynamic capabilities for visualizing, filtering, and sometimes assigning congested mass spectra. Examples of applications of the approach to polymers are discussed throughout the text, but the same tools can be readily extended to other applications, including the analysis of polymers present as pollutants/contaminants, and to other analytes incorporating a repetitive moiety, for example, oils or lipids. In each of these instances, data processing can benefit from the application of an updated and interactive Kendrick analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry N J Fouquet
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (RISC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
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20
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Chevalier M, Ricart E, Hanozin E, Pupin M, Jacques P, Smargiasso N, De Pauw E, Lisacek F, Leclère V, Flahaut C. Kendrick Mass Defect Approach Combined to NORINE Database for Molecular Formula Assignment of Nonribosomal Peptides. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:2608-2616. [PMID: 31659720 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02314-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The identification of known (dereplication) or unknown nonribosomal peptides (NRPs) produced by microorganisms is a time consuming, expensive, and challenging task where mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance play a key role. The first step of the identification process always involves the establishment of a molecular formula. Unfortunately, the number of potential molecular formulae increases significantly with higher molecular masses and the lower precision of their measurements. In the present article, we demonstrate that molecular formula assignment can be achieved by a combined approach using the regular Kendrick mass defect (RKMD) and NORINE, the reference curated database of NRPs. We observed that irrespective of the molecular formula, the addition and subtraction of a given atom or atom group always leads to the same RKMD variation and nominal Kendrick mass (NKM). Graphically, these variations translated into a vector mesh can be used to connect an unknown molecule to a known NRP of the NORINE database and establish its molecular formula. We explain and illustrate this concept through the high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis of a commercially available mixture composed of four surfactins. The Kendrick approach enriched with the NORINE database content is a fast, useful, and easy-to-use tool for molecular mass assignment of known and unknown NRP structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickaël Chevalier
- Univ. Lille, INRA, ISA, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 7394-Institut Charles Viollette (ICV), F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Emma Ricart
- Proteome informatics Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), and Computer Science Department, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emeline Hanozin
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Molecular Systems - MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Maude Pupin
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, UMR 9189 - CRIStAL - Centre de Recherche en Informatique Signal et Automatique de Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
- Inria-Lille Nord Europe, Bonsai team, F-59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Jacques
- TERRA Research Centre, Microbial Processes and Interactions (MiPI), Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech University of Liège, B-5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Smargiasso
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Molecular Systems - MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Edwin De Pauw
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Molecular Systems - MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Frédérique Lisacek
- Proteome informatics Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), and Computer Science Department, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valérie Leclère
- Univ. Lille, INRA, ISA, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 7394-Institut Charles Viollette (ICV), F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Flahaut
- Univ. Lille, INRA, ISA, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 7394-Institut Charles Viollette (ICV), F-59000, Lille, France.
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21
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Nakamura S, Fouquet T, Sato H. Molecular Characterization of High Molecular Weight Polyesters by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Combined with On-plate Alkaline Degradation and Mass Defect Analysis. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:355-367. [PMID: 30411195 PMCID: PMC6345728 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-2092-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI HR TOF MS) is a powerful tool for the molecular characterization of industrial polymers. However, accurate mass determination and resolution of isobaric ions are possible for oligomer samples only typically below m/z 3000. To cut long polymer chains into oligomers suitable for high-resolution mass spectrometry, we propose a simple "on-plate" alkaline degradation of polyesters as a sample pretreatment technique prior to the MALDI TOF MS measurement. This pretreatment can be performed on a MALDI target using a small amount of sample (μg or less) and 1 μL of alkaline reagent by simple pipetting. Informative mass spectra in the oligomeric mass range are successfully recorded but complicated by the variation of end-groups and the copolymeric composition of the degradation products. Data processing is assisted by a series of advanced Kendrick mass defect (KMD) analyses recently proposed by the authors to plot visually understandable two-dimensional maps. On-plate degradation pretreatment, high-resolution MALDI TOF MS measurements, and advanced KMD analyses are innovatively combined for the compositional characterization of bacterial poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid-co-3-hydroxyvaleric acid) and industrial poly(ethylene terephthalate) samples. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Nakamura
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Thierry Fouquet
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sato
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan.
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22
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Nakamura S, Cody RB, Sato H, Fouquet T. Graphical Ranking of Divisors to Get the Most out of a Resolution-Enhanced Kendrick Mass Defect Plot. Anal Chem 2018; 91:2004-2012. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Nakamura
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8560, Japan
| | - Robert B. Cody
- JEOL USA Inc., Peabody, Massachusetts 01960, United States
| | - Hiroaki Sato
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8560, Japan
| | - Thierry Fouquet
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8560, Japan
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Cody RB, Fouquet T. “Reverse Kendrick Mass Defect Analysis”: Rotating Mass Defect Graphs to Determine Oligomer Compositions for Homopolymers. Anal Chem 2018; 90:12854-12860. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert B. Cody
- JEOL USA, Inc., 11 Dearborn Road, Peabody, Massachusetts 01960 United States
| | - Thierry Fouquet
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute for Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
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Fouquet TNJ, Cody RB, Ozeki Y, Kitagawa S, Ohtani H, Sato H. On the Kendrick Mass Defect Plots of Multiply Charged Polymer Ions: Splits, Misalignments, and How to Correct Them. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:1611-1626. [PMID: 29752598 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-1972-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Kendrick mass defect (KMD) analysis of multiply charged polymeric distributions has recently revealed a surprising isotopic split in their KMD plots-namely a 1/z difference between KMDs of isotopes of an oligomer at charge state z. Relying on the KMD analysis of actual and simulated distributions of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), the isotopic split is mathematically accounted for and found to go with an isotopic misalignment in certain cases. It is demonstrated that the divisibility (resp. indivisibility) of the nominal mass of the repeating unit (R) by z is the condition for homolog ions to line up horizontally (resp. misaligned obliquely) in a KMD plot. Computing KMDs using a fractional base unit R/z eventually corrects the misalignments for the associated charge state while using the least common multiple of all the charge states as the divisor realigns all the points at once. The isotopic split itself can be removed by using either a new charge-dependent KMD plot compatible with any fractional base unit or the remainders of KM (RKM) recently developed for low-resolution data all found to be linked in a unified theory. These original applications of the fractional base units and the RKM plots are of importance theoretically to satisfy the basics of a mass defect analysis and practically for a correct data handling of single stage and tandem mass spectra of multiply charged homo- and copolymers. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry N J Fouquet
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan.
| | | | - Yuka Ozeki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinya Kitagawa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hajime Ohtani
- Graduate School of Engineering, Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sato
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
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Poyer S, Fouquet T, Sato H, Lutz JF, Charles L. Convenient Graphical Visualization of Messages Encoded in Sequence-Defined Synthetic Polymers Using Kendrick Mass Defect Analysis of their MS/MS Data. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201800173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Salomé Poyer
- Aix Marseille University; CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) Institut de Chimie Radicalaire; 13397 Marseille Cedex 20 France
| | - Thierry Fouquet
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology; Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry; 1-1-1 Higashi Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sato
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology; Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry; 1-1-1 Higashi Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
| | - Jean-François Lutz
- CNRS, UPR (Unité Propre de Recherche), Institut Charles Sadron; Université de Strasbourg; 23 rue du Loess 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
| | - Laurence Charles
- Aix Marseille University; CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) Institut de Chimie Radicalaire; 13397 Marseille Cedex 20 France
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Fouquet T. Comment on “Mass-Remainder Analysis (MARA): A New Data Mining Tool for Copolymer Characterization” (An Example of Multiple Discovery). Anal Chem 2018; 90:8716-8718. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Fouquet
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan 305-8565
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Nagy T, Kuki Á, Zsuga M, Kéki S. Mass-Remainder Analysis (MARA): a New Data Mining Tool for Copolymer Characterization. Anal Chem 2018; 90:3892-3897. [PMID: 29443513 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new data mining method is proposed for the determination of the copolymer composition from moderate/low resolution complex mass spectra. The Mass-remainder analysis (MARA) does not require a "Kendrick-like" transformation to a new mass scale, it is simply based on the calculation of the remainder after dividing by the exact mass of one of the repeat units of the copolymer (e.g., B of an A/B copolymer). Plotting the remainder of this division (MR) versus m/ z the homologous series differing only by a number of base units (e.g., B unit) can be visualized. The number of A units ( nA) and subsequently nB is assigned to the m/ z peaks using the bijective nA, MR mapping. Simultaneously, our algorithm removes the isotopes from the peak list. However, the intensities of the monoisotopes are increased to the value corresponding, approximately, to the total intensity of their isotope peaks. The correction of the mass spectral peak intensities enables the accurate calculation of the usual polymer and copolymer quantities: the molecular weight-average, the number-averaged molecular weight of A and B units, the composition drift, or the bivariate distribution, among others. Our Mass-remainder analysis method was demonstrated by the analysis of various ethylene oxide/propylene oxide copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Nagy
- Department of Applied Chemistry , University of Debrecen , H-4032 Debrecen , Egyetem tér 1. , Hungary
| | - Ákos Kuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry , University of Debrecen , H-4032 Debrecen , Egyetem tér 1. , Hungary
| | - Miklós Zsuga
- Department of Applied Chemistry , University of Debrecen , H-4032 Debrecen , Egyetem tér 1. , Hungary
| | - Sándor Kéki
- Department of Applied Chemistry , University of Debrecen , H-4032 Debrecen , Egyetem tér 1. , Hungary
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Fouquet T, Satoh T, Sato H. First Gut Instincts Are Always Right: The Resolution Required for a Mass Defect Analysis of Polymer Ions Can Be as Low as Oligomeric. Anal Chem 2018; 90:2404-2408. [PMID: 29336551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Its recent adaptation to low-resolution mass spectra of polymers using fractional base units raises the question of the minimal resolution needed for a Kendrick mass defect (KMD) analysis. Intuiting an oligomeric resolution since the mass of a repeat unit is the sole value to be known, it is challenged by the relative failure of the KMD plots computed from an isotopically resolved matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrum to display clear alignments in the high mass range. Another procedure based on the remainders of Kendrick mass (RKMs) overcomes this pitfall with oligomers perfectly aligned in a new RKM plot. Despite a concomitant degradation of the resolving power and accuracy, with the example of MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectra of a variety of homo- and copolymer ions, the RKM procedure still allows a rapid enumeration, assignment, and any further manipulation of all the product ion series in visual RKM plots. Successfully extended to the critical case of a MALDI mass spectrum recorded with a linear TOF analyzer allowing a bare oligomeric resolution, the RKM plot turns the distributions differing by their end-groups or adducted ion into clear horizontal lines. It eventually gives intuition its due by answering the original question: the minimal resolution required for a mass defect analysis can be as low as oligomeric with the appropriate formulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Fouquet
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology , 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Takaya Satoh
- JEOL Ltd. , 3-1-2 Musashino, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sato
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology , 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
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Fouquet T, Cody RB, Sato H. Capabilities of the remainders of nominal Kendrick masses and the referenced Kendrick mass defects for copolymer ions. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2017; 52:618-624. [PMID: 28670698 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Fouquet
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, 305-8565, Japan
| | - R B Cody
- JEOL USA, Inc., 11 Dearborn Rd., Peabody, MA, 01960, USA
| | - H Sato
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, 305-8565, Japan
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Fouquet T, Sato H. How to choose the best fractional base unit for a high-resolution Kendrick mass defect analysis of polymer ions. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:1067-1072. [PMID: 28370542 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Fouquet
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute for Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sato
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute for Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8565, Japan
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Fouquet T, Shimada H, Maeno K, Ito K, Ozeki Y, Kitagawa S, Ohtani H, Sato H. High-resolution Kendrick Mass Defect Analysis of Poly(ethylene oxide)-based Non-ionic Surfactants and Their Degradation Products. J Oleo Sci 2017; 66:1061-1072. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess17096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Fouquet
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry
| | | | | | - Kanako Ito
- Nagoya Institute of Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Life Science and Applied Chemistry
| | - Yuka Ozeki
- Nagoya Institute of Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Life Science and Applied Chemistry
| | - Shinya Kitagawa
- Nagoya Institute of Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Life Science and Applied Chemistry
| | - Hajime Ohtani
- Nagoya Institute of Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Life Science and Applied Chemistry
| | - Hiroaki Sato
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry
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