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Kline GM, Madrazo N, Cole CM, Pannikkat M, Bollong MJ, Rosarda JD, Kelly JW, Wiseman RL. Metabolically activated proteostasis regulators that protect against erastin-induced ferroptosis. RSC Chem Biol 2024; 5:866-876. [PMID: 39211477 PMCID: PMC11353103 DOI: 10.1039/d4cb00027g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that the proteostasis regulator compound AA147 (N-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)benzenepropanamide) potently protects against neurotoxic insults, such as glutamate-induced oxytosis. Though AA147 is a selective activator of the ATF6 arm of the unfolded protein response in non-neuronal cells, AA147-dependent protection against glutamate toxicity in cells of neuronal origin is primarily mediated through activation of the NRF2 oxidative stress response. AA147 activates NRF2 through a mechanism involving metabolic activation of AA147 by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) oxidases, affording an AA147-based quinone methide that covalently targets the NRF2 repressor protein KEAP1. Previous results show that the 2-amino-p-cresol A-ring of AA147 is required for NRF2 activation, while the phenyl B-ring of AA147 is amenable to modification. Here we explore whether the protease-sensitive amide linker between the A- and B-rings of this molecule can be modified to retain NRF2 activation. We show that replacement of the amide linker of AA147 with a carbamate linker retains NRF2 activation in neuronal cells and improves protection against neurotoxic insults, including glutamate-induced oxytosis and erastin-induced ferroptosis. Moreover, we demonstrate that inclusion of this carbamate linker facilitates identification of next-generation AA147 analogs with improved cellular tolerance and activity in disease-relevant assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel M Kline
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Nicole Madrazo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Christian M Cole
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Meera Pannikkat
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Michael J Bollong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Jessica D Rosarda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla CA 92037 USA
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Bethesda MD 20814 USA
| | - Jeffery W Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla CA 92037 USA
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - R Luke Wiseman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla CA 92037 USA
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2
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Wu Y, Xie Q, Wu L, Li Z, Li X, Zhang L, Zhang B. Identification of activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) as a novel prognostic biomarker and potential target in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Gene 2024; 915:148436. [PMID: 38579904 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is originating from oral mucosal epithelial cells. Autophagy plays a crucial role in cancer treatment by promoting cellular self-degradation and eliminating damaged components, thereby enhancing therapeutic efficacy. In this study, we aim to identify a novel autophagy-related biomarker to improve OSCC therapy. METHODS We firstly utilized Cox and Lasso analyses to identify that ATF6 is associated with OSCC prognosis, and validated the results by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. We further identified the downstream pathways and related genes by enrichment analysis and WGCNA analysis. Subsequently, we used short interfering RNA to investigate the effects of ATF6 knockdown on proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and autophagy in SCC-9 and SCC-15 cells through cell viability assay, transwell assay, EdU incorporation assay, flow cytometry analysis, western blot analysis and immunofluorescence analysis, etc. RESULTS: Bioinformatics analyses showed that ATF6 overexpression was associated with prognosis and detrimental to survival. In vitro studies verified that ATF6 knockdown reduced OSCC cell proliferation and migration. Mechanistically, ATF6 knockdown could promote cellular autophagy and apoptosis. CONCLUSION We propose that ATF6 holds potential as a prognostic biomarker linked to autophagy in OSCC. This study provides valuable clues for further exploration of targeted therapy against OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Qiang Xie
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lifeng Wu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhijia Li
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- CHN ENERGY Digital Intelligence Technology Development (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 100011, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China.
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3
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Bidooki SH, Navarro MA, Fernandes SCM, Osada J. Thioredoxin Domain Containing 5 (TXNDC5): Friend or Foe? Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:3134-3163. [PMID: 38666927 PMCID: PMC11049379 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46040197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the thioredoxin domain containing 5 (TXNDC5), also known as endoplasmic reticulum protein 46 (ERp46), a member of the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family with a dual role in multiple diseases. TXNDC5 is highly expressed in endothelial cells, fibroblasts, pancreatic β-cells, liver cells, and hypoxic tissues, such as cancer endothelial cells and atherosclerotic plaques. TXNDC5 plays a crucial role in regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and antioxidative stress. Its potential significance in cancer warrants further investigation, given the altered and highly adaptable metabolism of tumor cells. It has been reported that both high and low levels of TXNDC5 expression are associated with multiple diseases, such as arthritis, cancer, diabetes, brain diseases, and infections, as well as worse prognoses. TXNDC5 has been attributed to both oncogenic and tumor-suppressive features. It has been concluded that in cancer, TXNDC5 acts as a foe and responds to metabolic and cellular stress signals to promote the survival of tumor cells against apoptosis. Conversely, in normal cells, TXNDC5 acts as a friend to safeguard cells against oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Therefore, TXNDC5 could serve as a viable biomarker or even a potential pharmacological target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hesamoddin Bidooki
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.H.B.); (M.A.N.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Analytical Sciences and Physico-Chemistry for Environment and Materials (IPREM), Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, 64 000 Pau, France;
- MANTA—Marine Materials Research Group, Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, 64 600 Anglet, France
| | - María A. Navarro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.H.B.); (M.A.N.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana C. M. Fernandes
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Analytical Sciences and Physico-Chemistry for Environment and Materials (IPREM), Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, 64 000 Pau, France;
- MANTA—Marine Materials Research Group, Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, 64 600 Anglet, France
| | - Jesus Osada
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.H.B.); (M.A.N.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
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Kulesskaya N, Bhattacharjee A, Holmström KM, Vuorio P, Henriques A, Callizot N, Huttunen HJ. HER-096 is a CDNF-derived brain-penetrating peptidomimetic that protects dopaminergic neurons in a mouse synucleinopathy model of Parkinson's disease. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:593-606.e9. [PMID: 38039968 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor (CDNF) is an unconventional neurotropic factor that modulates unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway signaling and alleviates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress providing cytoprotective effects in different models of neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we developed a brain-penetrating peptidomimetic compound based on human CDNF. This compound called HER-096 shows similar potency and mechanism of action as CDNF, and promotes dopamine neuron survival, reduces α-synuclein aggregation and modulates UPR signaling in in vitro models. HER-096 is metabolically stable and able to penetrate to cerebrospinal (CSF) and brain interstitial fluids (ISF) after subcutaneous administration, with an extended CSF and brain ISF half-life compared to plasma. Subcutaneously administered HER-096 modulated UPR pathway activity, protected dopamine neurons, and reduced α-synuclein aggregates and neuroinflammation in substantia nigra of aged mice with synucleinopathy. Peptidomimetic HER-096 is a candidate for development of a disease-modifying therapy for Parkinson's disease with a patient-friendly route of administration.
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Xue M, Irshad Z, Rabbani N, Thornalley PJ. Increased cellular protein modification by methylglyoxal activates endoplasmic reticulum-based sensors of the unfolded protein response. Redox Biol 2024; 69:103025. [PMID: 38199038 PMCID: PMC10821617 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) detects increased misfolded proteins and activates protein refolding, protein degradation and inflammatory responses. UPR sensors in the endoplasmic reticulum, IRE1α and PERK, bind and are activated by proteins with unexpected surface hydrophobicity, whereas sensor ATF6 is activated by proteolytic cleavage when released from complexation with protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs). Metabolic dysfunction leading to the formation of misfolded proteins with surface hydrophobicity and disruption of ATF6-PDI complexes leading to activation of UPR sensors remains unclear. The cellular concentration of reactive dicarbonyl metabolite, methylglyoxal (MG), is increased in impaired metabolic health, producing increased MG-modified cellular proteins. Herein we assessed the effect of high glucose concentration and related increased cellular MG on activation status of IRE1α, PERK and ATF6. Human aortal endothelial cells and HMEC-1 microvascular endothelial cells were incubated in low and high glucose concentration to model blood glucose control, with increase or decrease of MG by silencing or increasing expression of glyoxalase 1 (Glo1), which metabolizes MG. Increased MG induced by high glucose concentration activated IRE1α, PERK and ATF6 and related downstream signalling leading to increased chaperone, apoptotic and inflammatory gene expression. Correction of increased MG by increasing Glo1 expression prevented UPR activation. MG modification of proteins produces surface hydrophobicity through arginine-derived hydroimidazolone MG-H1 formation, with related protein unfolding and preferentially targets PDIs and chaperone pathways for modification. It thereby poses a major challenge to proteostasis and activates UPR sensors. Pharmacological decrease of MG with Glo1 inducer, trans-resveratrol and hesperetin in combination, offers a novel treatment strategy to counter UPR-related cell dysfunction, particularly in hyperglycemia associated with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhan Xue
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Zehra Irshad
- Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, University Hospital, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Naila Rabbani
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Paul J Thornalley
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar; Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, University Hospital, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK; College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar.
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6
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Zhang SX, Wang JJ, Starr CR, Lee EJ, Park KS, Zhylkibayev A, Medina A, Lin JH, Gorbatyuk M. The endoplasmic reticulum: Homeostasis and crosstalk in retinal health and disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2024; 98:101231. [PMID: 38092262 PMCID: PMC11056313 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2023.101231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the largest intracellular organelle carrying out a broad range of important cellular functions including protein biosynthesis, folding, and trafficking, lipid and sterol biosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and calcium storage and gated release. In addition, the ER makes close contact with multiple intracellular organelles such as mitochondria and the plasma membrane to actively regulate the biogenesis, remodeling, and function of these organelles. Therefore, maintaining a homeostatic and functional ER is critical for the survival and function of cells. This vital process is implemented through well-orchestrated signaling pathways of the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR is activated when misfolded or unfolded proteins accumulate in the ER, a condition known as ER stress, and functions to restore ER homeostasis thus promoting cell survival. However, prolonged activation or dysregulation of the UPR can lead to cell death and other detrimental events such as inflammation and oxidative stress; these processes are implicated in the pathogenesis of many human diseases including retinal disorders. In this review manuscript, we discuss the unique features of the ER and ER stress signaling in the retina and retinal neurons and describe recent advances in the research to uncover the role of ER stress signaling in neurodegenerative retinal diseases including age-related macular degeneration, inherited retinal degeneration, achromatopsia and cone diseases, and diabetic retinopathy. In some chapters, we highlight the complex interactions between the ER and other intracellular organelles focusing on mitochondria and illustrate how ER stress signaling regulates common cellular stress pathways such as autophagy. We also touch upon the integrated stress response in retinal degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. Finally, we provide an update on the current development of pharmacological agents targeting the UPR response and discuss some unresolved questions and knowledge gaps to be addressed by future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah X Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States.
| | - Josh J Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Christopher R Starr
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Eun-Jin Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Karen Sophia Park
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Assylbek Zhylkibayev
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Andy Medina
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Jonathan H Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Marina Gorbatyuk
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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Gao Y, Ryu H, Lee H, Kim YJ, Lee JH, Lee J. ER stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling modulate GLP-1 receptor signaling in the pancreatic islets. Mol Cells 2024; 47:100004. [PMID: 38376482 PMCID: PMC10880082 DOI: 10.1016/j.mocell.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Insulin is essential for maintaining normoglycemia and is predominantly secreted in response to glucose stimulation by β-cells. Incretin hormones, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, also stimulate insulin secretion. However, as obesity and type 2 diabetes worsen, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide loses its insulinotropic efficacy, whereas GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists continue to be effective owing to its signaling switch from Gs to Gq. Herein, we demonstrated that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induced a transition from Gs to Gq in GLP-1R signaling in mouse islets. Intriguingly, chemical chaperones known to alleviate ER stress, such as 4-PBA and TUDCA, enforced GLP-1R's Gq utilization rather than reversing GLP-1R's signaling switch induced by ER stress or obese and diabetic conditions. In addition, the activation of X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) or activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), 2 key ER stress-associated signaling (unfolded protein response) factors, promoted Gs utilization in GLP-1R signaling, whereas Gq employment by ER stress was unaffected by XBP1 or ATF6 activation. Our study revealed that ER stress and its associated signaling events alter GLP-1R's signaling, which can be used in type 2 diabetes treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Gao
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanguk Ryu
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Lee
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Lee
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemin Lee
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
- New Biology Research Center, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
- Well Aging Research Center, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
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Julio AR, Shikwana F, Truong C, Burton NR, Dominguez E, Turmon AC, Cao J, Backus K. Pervasive aggregation and depletion of host and viral proteins in response to cysteine-reactive electrophilic compounds. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.30.564067. [PMID: 38014036 PMCID: PMC10680658 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.30.564067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Protein homeostasis is tightly regulated, with damaged or misfolded proteins quickly eliminated by the proteasome and autophagosome pathways. By co-opting these processes, targeted protein degradation technologies enable pharmacological manipulation of protein abundance. Recently, cysteine-reactive molecules have been added to the degrader toolbox, which offer the benefit of unlocking the therapeutic potential of 'undruggable' protein targets. The proteome-wide impact of these molecules remains to be fully understood and given the general reactivity of many classes of cysteine-reactive electrophiles, on- and off-target effects are likely. Using chemical proteomics, we identified a cysteine-reactive small molecule degrader of the SARS-CoV-2 non- structural protein 14 (nsp14), which effects degradation through direct modification of cysteines in both nsp14 and in host chaperones together with activation of global cell stress response pathways. We find that cysteine-reactive electrophiles increase global protein ubiquitylation, trigger proteasome activation, and result in widespread aggregation and depletion of host proteins, including components of the nuclear pore complex. Formation of stress granules was also found to be a remarkably ubiquitous cellular response to nearly all cysteine-reactive compounds and degraders. Collectively, our study sheds light on complexities of covalent target protein degradation and highlights untapped opportunities in manipulating and characterizing proteostasis processes via deciphering the cysteine-centric regulation of stress response pathways.
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Parkkinen I, Their A, Asghar MY, Sree S, Jokitalo E, Airavaara M. Pharmacological Regulation of Endoplasmic Reticulum Structure and Calcium Dynamics: Importance for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:959-978. [PMID: 37127349 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the largest organelle of the cell, composed of a continuous network of sheets and tubules, and is involved in protein, calcium (Ca2+), and lipid homeostasis. In neurons, the ER extends throughout the cell, both somal and axodendritic compartments, and is highly important for neuronal functions. A third of the proteome of a cell, secreted and membrane-bound proteins, are processed within the ER lumen and most of these proteins are vital for neuronal activity. The brain itself is high in lipid content, and many structural lipids are produced, in part, by the ER. Cholesterol and steroid synthesis are strictly regulated in the ER of the blood-brain barrier protected brain cells. The high Ca2+ level in the ER lumen and low cytosolic concentration is needed for Ca2+-based intracellular signaling, for synaptic signaling and Ca2+ waves, and for preparing proteins for correct folding in the presence of high Ca2+ concentrations to cope with the high concentrations of extracellular milieu. Particularly, ER Ca2+ is controlled in axodendritic areas for proper neurito- and synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity and remodeling. In this review, we cover the physiologic functions of the neuronal ER and discuss it in context of common neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on pharmacological regulation of ER Ca2+ Furthermore, we postulate that heterogeneity of the ER, its protein folding capacity, and ensuring Ca2+ regulation are crucial factors for the aging and selective vulnerability of neurons in various neurodegenerative diseases. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ regulators are promising therapeutic targets for degenerative diseases for which efficacious drug therapies do not exist. The use of pharmacological probes targeting maintenance and restoration of ER Ca2+ can provide restoration of protein homeostasis (e.g., folding of complex plasma membrane signaling receptors) and slow down the degeneration process of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilmari Parkkinen
- Neuroscience Center (I.P., A.T., M.A.), Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy (I.P., M.A.), Cell and Tissue Dynamics Research Program, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (M.Y.A., S.S., E.J.), and Electron Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (E.J.), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Their
- Neuroscience Center (I.P., A.T., M.A.), Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy (I.P., M.A.), Cell and Tissue Dynamics Research Program, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (M.Y.A., S.S., E.J.), and Electron Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (E.J.), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Muhammad Yasir Asghar
- Neuroscience Center (I.P., A.T., M.A.), Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy (I.P., M.A.), Cell and Tissue Dynamics Research Program, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (M.Y.A., S.S., E.J.), and Electron Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (E.J.), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sreesha Sree
- Neuroscience Center (I.P., A.T., M.A.), Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy (I.P., M.A.), Cell and Tissue Dynamics Research Program, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (M.Y.A., S.S., E.J.), and Electron Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (E.J.), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eija Jokitalo
- Neuroscience Center (I.P., A.T., M.A.), Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy (I.P., M.A.), Cell and Tissue Dynamics Research Program, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (M.Y.A., S.S., E.J.), and Electron Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (E.J.), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Airavaara
- Neuroscience Center (I.P., A.T., M.A.), Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy (I.P., M.A.), Cell and Tissue Dynamics Research Program, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (M.Y.A., S.S., E.J.), and Electron Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (E.J.), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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10
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Kline G, Paxman RJ, Lin CY, Madrazo N, Yoon L, Grandjean JMD, Lee K, Nugroho K, Powers ET, Wiseman RL, Kelly JW. Divergent Proteome Reactivity Influences Arm-Selective Activation of the Unfolded Protein Response by Pharmacological Endoplasmic Reticulum Proteostasis Regulators. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:1719-1729. [PMID: 37523656 PMCID: PMC10442855 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacological activation of the activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) arm of the unfolded protein response (UPR) has proven useful for ameliorating proteostasis deficiencies in cellular and mouse models of numerous etiologically diverse diseases. Previous high-throughput screening efforts identified the small molecule AA147 as a potent and selective ATF6 activating compound that operates through a mechanism involving metabolic activation of its 2-amino-p-cresol substructure affording a quinone methide, which then covalently modifies a subset of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs). Another compound identified in this screen, AA132, also contains a 2-amino-p-cresol moiety; however, this compound showed less transcriptional selectivity, instead globally activating all three arms of the UPR. Here, we show that AA132 activates global UPR signaling through a mechanism analogous to that of AA147, involving metabolic activation and covalent modification of proteins including multiple PDIs. Chemoproteomic-enabled analyses show that AA132 covalently modifies PDIs to a greater extent than AA147. However, the extent of PDI labeling by AA147 approaches a plateau more rapidly than PDI labeling by AA132. These observations together suggest that AA132 can access a larger pool of proteins for covalent modification, possibly because its activated form is less susceptible to quenching than activated AA147. In other words, the lower reactivity of activated AA132 allows it to persist longer and modify more PDIs in the cellular environment. Collectively, these results suggest that AA132 globally activates the UPR through increased engagement of ER PDIs. Consistent with this, reducing the cellular concentration of AA132 decreases PDI modifications and enables selective ATF6 activation. Our results highlight the relationship between metabolically activatable-electrophile stability, ER proteome reactivity, and the transcriptional response observed with the enaminone chemotype of ER proteostasis regulators, enabling continued development of next-generation ATF6 activating compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel
M. Kline
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ryan J. Paxman
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Chung-Yon Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nicole Madrazo
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research
Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Leonard Yoon
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Julia M. D. Grandjean
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research
Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kyunga Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Karina Nugroho
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Evan T. Powers
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - R. Luke Wiseman
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research
Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jeffery W. Kelly
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- The
Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The
Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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11
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Rosarda JD, Giles S, Harkins-Perry S, Mills EA, Friedlander M, Wiseman RL, Eade KT. Imbalanced unfolded protein response signaling contributes to 1-deoxysphingolipid retinal toxicity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4119. [PMID: 37433773 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39775-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of atypical, cytotoxic 1-deoxysphingolipids (1-dSLs) has been linked to retinal diseases such as diabetic retinopathy and Macular Telangiectasia Type 2. However, the molecular mechanisms by which 1-dSLs induce toxicity in retinal cells remain poorly understood. Here, we integrate bulk and single-nucleus RNA-sequencing to define biological pathways that modulate 1-dSL toxicity in human retinal organoids. Our results demonstrate that 1-dSLs differentially activate signaling arms of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in photoreceptor cells and Müller glia. Using a combination of pharmacologic activators and inhibitors, we show that sustained PERK signaling through the integrated stress response (ISR) and deficiencies in signaling through the protective ATF6 arm of the UPR are implicated in 1-dSL-induced photoreceptor toxicity. Further, we demonstrate that pharmacologic activation of ATF6 mitigates 1-dSL toxicity without impacting PERK/ISR signaling. Collectively, our results identify new opportunities to intervene in 1-dSL linked diseases through targeting different arms of the UPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D Rosarda
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Sarah Giles
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Lowy Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Sarah Harkins-Perry
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Lowy Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Mills
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Lowy Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Martin Friedlander
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Lowy Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - R Luke Wiseman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Kevin T Eade
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- Lowy Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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12
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Liu X, Chen Y, Fu Y, Jiang D, Gao F, Tang Z, Bian X, Wu S, Yu Y, Wang X, Shen J, Li C. Breaking Spatiotemporal Barriers of Immunogenic Chemotherapy via an Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane-Assisted Liposomal Drug Delivery. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37207349 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Immunogenic chemotherapy is a promising approach in cancer treatment, but the number of drugs capable of inducing immunogenic cell death is limited, and chronic immunogenic exposure can delay antitumor immune response and be counteracted by immunosuppressive factors. In this study, we used single-cell and multilevel analyses to highlight the critical importance of the first exposure to calreticulin (CRT) in eliciting immunogenicity. We then developed the ERASION (endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane to assist (AS) the presentation of intrinsic onco-immunogenicity (ION)) strategy, leveraging the high expression of functional proteins, including CRT, on the ER membrane. ER membrane-coated liposome (ER@PLip) was able to target the tumor and immune effectors and promoted dendritic cell maturation and T cell infiltration. This enabled eliciting an immunogenic effect from a nonimmunogenic chemotherapeutic drug. By utilizing the ER membrane-associated STING protein, ERASION enabled activating the STING pathway and the generation of adaptive antitumor immunity. This study presents a potential universal platform for integrating traditional chemotherapy and therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlong Liu
- Medical Research Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujuan Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, Clinical Center for Breast, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Fu
- Medical Research Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Dingxi Jiang
- Medical Research Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Feiyan Gao
- Medical Research Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongjie Tang
- Medical Research Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Xufei Bian
- Medical Research Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Medical Research Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yu
- Medical Research Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyou Wang
- Medical Research Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Shen
- Departments of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Chong Li
- Medical Research Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
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13
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Sun S, Wang C, Zhao P, Kline GM, Grandjean JMD, Jiang X, Labaudiniere R, Wiseman RL, Kelly JW, Balch WE. Capturing the conversion of the pathogenic alpha-1-antitrypsin fold by ATF6 enhanced proteostasis. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:22-42.e5. [PMID: 36630963 PMCID: PMC9930901 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variation in alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) causes AAT deficiency (AATD) through liver aggregation-associated gain-of-toxic pathology and/or insufficient AAT activity in the lung manifesting as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Here, we utilize 71 AATD-associated variants as input through Gaussian process (GP)-based machine learning to study the correction of AAT folding and function at a residue-by-residue level by pharmacological activation of the ATF6 arm of the unfolded protein response (UPR). We show that ATF6 activators increase AAT neutrophil elastase (NE) inhibitory activity, while reducing polymer accumulation for the majority of AATD variants, including the prominent Z variant. GP-based profiling of the residue-by-residue response to ATF6 activators captures an unexpected role of the "gate" area in managing AAT-specific activity. Our work establishes a new spatial covariant (SCV) understanding of the convertible state of the protein fold in response to genetic perturbation and active environmental management by proteostasis enhancement for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhong Sun
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pei Zhao
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gabe M Kline
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Xin Jiang
- Protego Biopharma, 10945 Vista Sorrento Parkway, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - R Luke Wiseman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeffery W Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - William E Balch
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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14
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Kline GM, Paxman RJ, Lin CY, Madrazo N, Grandjean JM, Lee K, Nugroho K, Powers ET, Wiseman RL, Kelly JW. Divergent Proteome Reactivity Influences Arm-Selective Activation of Pharmacological Endoplasmic Reticulum Proteostasis Regulators. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.16.524237. [PMID: 36712115 PMCID: PMC9882204 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.16.524237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacological activation of the activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) arm of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) has proven useful for ameliorating proteostasis deficiencies in a variety of etiologically diverse diseases. Previous high-throughput screening efforts identified the small molecule AA147 as a potent and selective ATF6 activating compound that operates through a mechanism involving metabolic activation of its 2-amino- p -cresol substructure affording a quinone methide, which then covalently modifies a subset of ER protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs). Intriguingly, another compound identified in this screen, AA132, also contains a 2-amino- p -cresol moiety; however, this compound showed less transcriptional selectivity, instead globally activating all three arms of the UPR. Here, we show that AA132 activates global UPR signaling through a mechanism analogous to that of AA147, involving metabolic activation and covalent PDI modification. Chemoproteomic-enabled analyses show that AA132 covalently modifies PDIs to a greater extent than AA147. Paradoxically, activated AA132 reacts slower with PDIs, indicating it is less reactive than activated AA147. This suggests that the higher labeling of PDIs observed with activated AA132 can be attributed to its lower reactivity, which allows this activated compound to persist longer in the cellular environment prior to quenching by endogenous nucleophiles. Collectively, these results suggest that AA132 globally activates the UPR through increased engagement of ER PDIs. Consistent with this, reducing the cellular concentration of AA132 decreases PDI modifications and allows for selective ATF6 activation. Our results highlight the relationship between metabolically activatable-electrophile stability, ER proteome reactivity, and the transcriptional response observed with the enaminone chemotype of ER proteostasis regulators, enabling continued development of next-generation ATF6 activating compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel M. Kline
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ryan J Paxman
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Chung-Yon Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Nicole Madrazo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Julia M. Grandjean
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Kyunga Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Karina Nugroho
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Evan T. Powers
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - R. Luke Wiseman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jeffery W. Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
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15
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Yuan Z, Lu L, Lian Y, Zhao Y, Tang T, Xu S, Yao Z, Yu Z. AA147 ameliorates post-cardiac arrest cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through the co-regulation of the ATF6 and Nrf2 signaling pathways. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1028002. [PMID: 36506549 PMCID: PMC9727236 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1028002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion caused by cardiac arrest (CA) disturbs endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis and redox balance in neurons. AA147, originally developed as a pharmacologic activator of the activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), can protect multiple tissues from ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) by decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and restoring ER function. However, it is unclear whether pharmacologic treatment of AA147 could ameliorate post-CA cerebral IRI and whether it is associated with proteostasis regulation and anti-oxidative stress mechanism. In the present study, mice were subjected to 9 min-CA surgery followed by cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). AA147 or vehicle was administered 1 day before the operation and 15 min after the return of spontaneous circulation. We found that AA147 restored neurological function and reduced dead neurons in mice suffering from CA. Moreover, AA147 inhibited CA/CPR-caused neuronal apoptosis and ER stress, indicated by reduced TUNEL-positive neurons, surged expression of Bcl-2/Bax, and down expression of cleaved caspase-3, caspase-12, C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). The expression of ATF6 and its regulated gene glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) increased significantly after the administration of AA147, suggesting the activation of the ATF6 pathway. In addition, AA147 also alleviated the upsurge of the ROS generation and MDA levels as well as increased SOD activity, accompanied by enhancement of the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its modulated heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expressions. Cotreatment of AA147 with inhibitors of the ATF6 or Nrf2 significantly suppressed AA147-dependent reductions in ROS scavenging and neuronal death after CA/CPR. The results suggested that AA147 could confer neuroprotection against post-CA cerebral IRI through inhibition of oxidative stress along with ER stress-associated apoptosis, which is attributed to the coregulation of both ATF6 and Nrf2 signaling pathways activity. Our findings support the potential for AA147 as a therapeutic approach to improve post-CA brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Yuan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liping Lu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingtao Lian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanrui Zhao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Tang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Song Xu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhun Yao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhui Yu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Zhui Yu,
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16
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Kubra KT, Akhter MS, Saini Y, Kousoulas KG, Barabutis N. Activating transcription factor 6 protects against endothelial barrier dysfunction. Cell Signal 2022; 99:110432. [PMID: 35933031 PMCID: PMC10413362 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial hyperpermeability is associated with sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The identification of molecular pathways involved in barrier dysfunction; may reveal promising therapeutic targets to combat ARDS. Unfolded protein response (UPR) is a highly conserved molecular pathway, which ameliorates endoplasmic reticulum stress. The present work focuses on the effects of ATF6, which is a UPR sensor, in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced endothelial hyperpermeability. METHODS The in vitro effects of AA147 and Ceapin-A7 in LPS-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction were investigated in bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (BPAEC). Small interfering (si) RNA was utilized to "silence" ATF6, and electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) measured transendothelial resistance. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran assay was utilized to assess paracellular permeability. Protein expression levels were evaluated with Western blotting, and cell viability with MTT assay. RESULTS We demonstrated that AA147 prevents LPS-induced barrier disruption by counteracting Cofilin and myosin light chain 2 (MLC2) activation, as well as VE-Cadherin phosphorylation. Moreover, this ATF6 inducer opposed LPS-triggered decrease in transendothelial resistance (TEER), as well as LPS-induced paracellular hyperpermeability. On the other hand, ATF6 suppression due to Ceapin-A7 or small interfering RNA exerted the opposite effects, and potentiated LPS-induced endothelial barrier disruption. Moderate concentrations of both ATF6 modulators did not affect cell viability. CONCLUSIONS ATF6 activation protects against endothelial barrier function, suggesting that this UPR sensor may serve as a therapeutic target for sepsis and ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadeja-Tul Kubra
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA
| | - Mohammad S Akhter
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA
| | - Yogesh Saini
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Konstantin G Kousoulas
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Nektarios Barabutis
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA.
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17
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Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) as a potential therapeutic target for neurological disorders. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113709. [PMID: 36126456 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is a typical member of the PTP family, considered a direct negative regulator of several receptor and receptor-associated tyrosine kinases. This widely localized enzyme has been involved in the pathophysiology of several diseases. More recently, PTP1B has attracted attention in the field of neuroscience, since its activation in brain cells can lead to schizophrenia-like behaviour deficits, anxiety-like effects, neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation and depression. Conversely, PTP1B inhibition has been shown to prevent microglial activation, thus exerting a potent anti-inflammatory effect and has also shown potential to increase the cognitive process through the stimulation of hippocampal insulin, leptin and BDNF/TrkB receptors. Notwithstanding, most research on the clinical efficacy of targeting PTP1B has been developed in the field of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (TD2M). However, despite the link existing between these metabolic alterations and neurodegeneration, no clinical trials assessing the neurological advantages of PTP1B inhibition have been performed yet. Preclinical studies, though, have provided strong evidence that targeting PTP1B could allow to reach different pathophysiological mechanisms at once. herefore, specific interventions or trials should be designed to modulate PTP1B activity in brain, since it is a promising strategy to decelerate or prevent neurodegeneration in aged individuals, among other neurological diseases. The present paper fails to include all neurological conditions in which PTP1B could have a role; instead, it focuses on those which have been related to metabolic alterations and neurodegenerative processes. Moreover, only preclinical data is discussed, since clinical studies on the potential of PTP1B inhibition for treating neurological diseases are still required.
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18
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Mesgarzadeh JS, Romine IC, Smith-Cohen EM, Grandjean JMD, Kelly JW, Genereux JC, Wiseman RL. ATF6 Activation Reduces Amyloidogenic Transthyretin Secretion through Increased Interactions with Endoplasmic Reticulum Proteostasis Factors. Cells 2022; 11:1661. [PMID: 35626697 PMCID: PMC9139617 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular aggregation of destabilized transthyretin (TTR) variants is implicated in the onset and pathogenesis of familial TTR-related amyloid diseases. One strategy to reduce the toxic, extracellular aggregation of TTR is to decrease the population of aggregation-prone proteins secreted from mammalian cells. The stress-independent activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR)-associated transcription factor ATF6 preferentially decreases the secretion and subsequent aggregation of destabilized, aggregation-prone TTR variants. However, the mechanism of this reduced secretion was previously undefined. Here, we implement a mass-spectrometry-based interactomics approach to identify endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis factors involved in ATF6-dependent reductions in destabilized TTR secretion. We show that ATF6 activation reduces amyloidogenic TTR secretion and subsequent aggregation through a mechanism involving ER retention that is mediated by increased interactions with ATF6-regulated ER proteostasis factors including BiP and PDIA4. Intriguingly, the PDIA4-dependent retention of TTR is independent of both the single TTR cysteine residue and the redox activity of PDIA4, indicating that PDIA4 retains destabilized TTR in the ER through a redox-independent mechanism. Our results define a mechanistic basis to explain the ATF6 activation-dependent reduction in destabilized, amyloidogenic TTR secretion that could be therapeutically accessed to improve treatments of TTR-related amyloid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaleh S. Mesgarzadeh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Isabelle C. Romine
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ethan M. Smith-Cohen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Julia M. D. Grandjean
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jeffery W. Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Joseph C. Genereux
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - R. Luke Wiseman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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19
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Cui X, Zhang Y, Lu Y, Xiang M. ROS and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Pulmonary Disease. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:879204. [PMID: 35559240 PMCID: PMC9086276 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.879204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary diseases are main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current studies show that though specific pulmonary diseases and correlative lung-metabolic deviance own unique pathophysiology and clinical manifestations, they always tend to exhibit common characteristics including reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling and disruptions of proteostasis bringing about accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). ER is generated by the unfolded protein response. When the adaptive unfolded protein response (UPR) fails to preserve ER homeostasis, a maladaptive or terminal UPR is engaged, leading to the disruption of ER integrity and to apoptosis, which is called ER stress. The ER stress mainly includes the accumulation of misfolded and unfolded proteins in lumen and the disorder of Ca2+ balance. ROS mediates several critical aspects of the ER stress response. We summarize the latest advances in of the UPR and ER stress in the pathogenesis of pulmonary disease and discuss potential therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring ER proteostasis in pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangning Cui
- Department of Cardiovascular, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- First Clinical Medical School, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yingdong Lu
- Department of Cardiovascular, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mi Xiang
- Department of Cardiovascular, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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20
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Demange P, Joly E, Marcoux J, Zanon PRA, Listunov D, Rullière P, Barthes C, Noirot C, Izquierdo JB, Rozié A, Pradines K, Hee R, de Brito MV, Marcellin M, Serre RF, Bouchez O, Burlet-Schiltz O, Oliveira MCF, Ballereau S, Bernardes-Génisson V, Maraval V, Calsou P, Hacker SM, Génisson Y, Chauvin R, Britton S. SDR enzymes oxidize specific lipidic alkynylcarbinols into cytotoxic protein-reactive species. eLife 2022; 11:73913. [PMID: 35535493 PMCID: PMC9090334 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of cytotoxic natural or synthetic lipidic compounds contain chiral alkynylcarbinol motifs, but the mechanism of action of those potential therapeutic agents remains unknown. Using a genetic screen in haploid human cells, we discovered that the enantiospecific cytotoxicity of numerous terminal alkynylcarbinols, including the highly cytotoxic dialkynylcarbinols, involves a bioactivation by HSD17B11, a short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) known to oxidize the C-17 carbinol center of androstan-3-alpha,17-beta-diol to the corresponding ketone. A similar oxidation of dialkynylcarbinols generates dialkynylketones, that we characterize as highly protein-reactive electrophiles. We established that, once bioactivated in cells, the dialkynylcarbinols covalently modify several proteins involved in protein-quality control mechanisms, resulting in their lipoxidation on cysteines and lysines through Michael addition. For some proteins, this triggers their association to cellular membranes and results in endoplasmic reticulum stress, unfolded protein response activation, ubiquitin-proteasome system inhibition and cell death by apoptosis. Finally, as a proof-of-concept, we show that generic lipidic alkynylcarbinols can be devised to be bioactivated by other SDRs, including human RDH11 and HPGD/15-PGDH. Given that the SDR superfamily is one of the largest and most ubiquitous, this unique cytotoxic mechanism-of-action could be widely exploited to treat diseases, in particular cancer, through the design of tailored prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Demange
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Etienne Joly
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Julien Marcoux
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrick R A Zanon
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.,Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Dymytrii Listunov
- SPCMIB, UMR5068, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France.,LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Pauline Rullière
- SPCMIB, UMR5068, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Cécile Barthes
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Noirot
- INRAE, UR 875 Unité de Mathématique et Informatique Appliquées, Genotoul Bioinfo Auzeville, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Izquierdo
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Alexandrine Rozié
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Equipe labellisée la Ligue contre le Cancer 2018, Toulouse, France
| | - Karen Pradines
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Equipe labellisée la Ligue contre le Cancer 2018, Toulouse, France
| | - Romain Hee
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Equipe labellisée la Ligue contre le Cancer 2018, Toulouse, France
| | - Maria Vieira de Brito
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.,Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Science Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Marlène Marcellin
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Odile Burlet-Schiltz
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | - Valérie Maraval
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrick Calsou
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Equipe labellisée la Ligue contre le Cancer 2018, Toulouse, France
| | - Stephan M Hacker
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.,Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Yves Génisson
- SPCMIB, UMR5068, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Remi Chauvin
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Sébastien Britton
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Equipe labellisée la Ligue contre le Cancer 2018, Toulouse, France
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21
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Wang M, Cotter E, Wang YJ, Fu X, Whittsette AL, Lynch JW, Wiseman RL, Kelly JW, Keramidas A, Mu TW. Pharmacological activation of ATF6 remodels the proteostasis network to rescue pathogenic GABA A receptors. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:48. [PMID: 35477478 PMCID: PMC9044816 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00783-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic variants in the subunits of the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors are implicated in the onset of multiple pathologic conditions including genetic epilepsy. Previous work showed that pathogenic GABAA subunits promote misfolding and inefficient assembly of the GABAA receptors, limiting receptor expression and activity at the plasma membrane. However, GABAA receptors containing variant subunits can retain activity, indicating that enhancing the folding, assembly, and trafficking of these variant receptors offers a potential opportunity to mitigate pathology associated with genetic epilepsy. RESULTS Here, we demonstrate that pharmacologically enhancing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis using small molecule activators of the ATF6 (Activating Transcription Factor 6) signaling arm of the unfolded protein response (UPR) increases the assembly, trafficking, and surface expression of variant GABAA receptors. These improvements are attributed to ATF6-dependent remodeling of the ER proteostasis environment, which increases protein levels of pro-folding ER proteostasis factors including the ER chaperone BiP (Immunoglobulin Binding Protein) and trafficking receptors, such as LMAN1 (Lectin Mannose-Binding 1) and enhances their interactions with GABAA receptors. Importantly, we further show that pharmacologic ATF6 activators increase the activity of GABAA receptors at the cell surface, revealing the potential for this strategy to restore receptor activity to levels that could mitigate disease pathogenesis. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that pharmacologic ATF6 activators offer an opportunity to restore GABAA receptor activity in diseases including genetic epilepsy and point to the potential for similar pharmacologic enhancement of ER proteostasis to improve trafficking of other disease-associated variant ion channels implicated in etiologically-diverse diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Edmund Cotter
- Queensland Brain Institute, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Ya-Juan Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Xu Fu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Angela L Whittsette
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Joseph W Lynch
- Queensland Brain Institute, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - R Luke Wiseman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jeffery W Kelly
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Angelo Keramidas
- Queensland Brain Institute, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Ting-Wei Mu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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22
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Wiseman RL, Mesgarzadeh JS, Hendershot LM. Reshaping endoplasmic reticulum quality control through the unfolded protein response. Mol Cell 2022; 82:1477-1491. [PMID: 35452616 PMCID: PMC9038009 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum quality control (ERQC) pathways comprising chaperones, folding enzymes, and degradation factors ensure the fidelity of ER protein folding and trafficking to downstream secretory environments. However, multiple factors, including tissue-specific secretory proteomes, environmental and genetic insults, and organismal aging, challenge ERQC. Thus, a key question is: how do cells adapt ERQC to match the diverse, ever-changing demands encountered during normal physiology and in disease? The answer lies in the unfolded protein response (UPR), a signaling mechanism activated by ER stress. In mammals, the UPR comprises three signaling pathways regulated downstream of the ER membrane proteins IRE1, ATF6, and PERK. Upon activation, these UPR pathways remodel ERQC to alleviate cellular stress and restore ER function. Here, we describe how UPR signaling pathways adapt ERQC, highlighting their importance for maintaining ER function across tissues and the potential for targeting the UPR to mitigate pathologies associated with protein misfolding diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Luke Wiseman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037,To whom correspondences should be addressed: Linda Hendershot, ; R. Luke Wiseman,
| | - Jaleh S. Mesgarzadeh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Linda M. Hendershot
- Department of Tumor Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105,To whom correspondences should be addressed: Linda Hendershot, ; R. Luke Wiseman,
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23
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Mesgarzadeh JS, Buxbaum JN, Wiseman RL. Stress-responsive regulation of extracellular proteostasis. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213026. [PMID: 35191945 PMCID: PMC8868021 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202112104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic, environmental, and aging-related insults can promote the misfolding and subsequent aggregation of secreted proteins implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases. This has led to considerable interest in understanding the molecular mechanisms responsible for regulating proteostasis in extracellular environments such as the blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Extracellular proteostasis is largely dictated by biological pathways comprising chaperones, folding enzymes, and degradation factors localized to the ER and extracellular space. These pathways limit the accumulation of nonnative, potentially aggregation-prone proteins in extracellular environments. Many reviews discuss the molecular mechanisms by which these pathways impact the conformational integrity of the secreted proteome. Here, we instead focus on describing the stress-responsive mechanisms responsible for adapting ER and extracellular proteostasis pathways to protect the secreted proteome from pathologic insults that challenge these environments. Further, we highlight new strategies to identify stress-responsive pathways involved in regulating extracellular proteostasis and describe the pathologic and therapeutic implications for these pathways in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joel N Buxbaum
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA
| | - R Luke Wiseman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA
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24
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Spirocyclic dimer SpiD7 activates the unfolded protein response to selectively inhibit growth and induce apoptosis of cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101890. [PMID: 35378132 PMCID: PMC9062249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an adaptation mechanism activated to resolve transient accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Failure to resolve the transient accumulation of such proteins results in UPR-mediated programmed cell death. Loss of tumor suppressor gene or oncogene addiction in cancer cells can result in sustained higher basal UPR levels; however, it is not clear if these higher basal UPR levels in cancer cells can be exploited as a therapeutic strategy. We hypothesized that covalent modification of surface-exposed cysteine (SEC) residues could simulate unfolded/misfolded proteins to activate the UPR, and that higher basal UPR levels in cancer cells would provide the necessary therapeutic window. To test this hypothesis, here we synthesized analogs that can covalently modify multiple SEC residues and evaluated them as UPR activators. We identified a spirocyclic dimer, SpiD7, and evaluated its effects on UPR activation signals, that is, XBP1 splicing, phosphorylation of eIF2α, and a decrease in ATF 6 levels, in normal and cancer cells, which were further confirmed by RNA-Seq analyses. We found that SpiD7 selectively induced caspase-mediated apoptosis in cancer cells, whereas normal cells exhibited robust XBP1 splicing, indicating adaptation to stress. Furthermore, SpiD7 inhibited the growth of high-grade serous carcinoma cell lines ~3-15-fold more potently than immortalized fallopian tube epithelial (paired normal control) cells and reduced clonogenic growth of high-grade serous carcinoma cell lines. Our results suggest that induction of the UPR by covalent modification of SEC residues represents a cancer cell vulnerability and can be exploited to discover novel therapeutics.
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25
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Kline GM, Nugroho K, Kelly JW. Inverse Drug Discovery identifies weak electrophiles affording protein conjugates. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2022; 67:102113. [PMID: 35065430 PMCID: PMC8940698 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.102113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Traditional biochemical target-based and phenotypic cell-based screening approaches to drug discovery have produced the current covalent and non-covalent pharmacopoeia. Strategies to expand the druggable proteome include Inverse Drug Discovery, which involves incubating one weak organic electrophile at a time with the proteins of a living cell to identify the conjugates formed. An alkyne substructure in each organic electrophile enables affinity chromatography-mass spectrometry, which produces a list of proteins that each distinct compound reacts with. Herein, we review Inverse Drug Discovery in the context of organic compounds of intermediate complexity harboring Sulfur(VI)-fluoride exchange (SuFEx) electrophiles used to expand the cellular proteins that can be targeted covalently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel M Kline
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Karina Nugroho
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeffery W Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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26
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D'Amico D, Biondi O, Januel C, Bezier C, Sapaly D, Clerc Z, Khoury ME, Sundaram VK, Houdebine L, Josse T, Gaspera BD, Martinat C, Massaad C, Weill L, Charbonnier F. Activating ATF6 in Spinal Muscular Atrophy promotes SMN expression and motor neuron survival through the IRE1α-XBP1 pathway. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2022; 48:e12816. [PMID: 35338505 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a neuromuscular disease caused by Survival of Motor Neuron (SMN) deficiency that induces motor neuron (MN) degeneration and severe muscular atrophy. Gene therapies that increase SMN have proven their efficacy but not for all patients. Here, we explored the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) status in SMA pathology and explored whether UPR modulation could be beneficial for SMA patients. METHODS We analysed the expression and activation of key UPR proteins by RT-qPCR and by western blots in SMA patient iPSC-derived MNs and one SMA cell line in which SMN expression was re-established (rescue). We complemented this approach by using myoblast and fibroblast SMA patient cells and SMA mouse models of varying severities. Finally, we tested in vitro and in vivo the effect of IRE1α/XBP1 pathway restoration on SMN expression and subsequent neuroprotection. RESULTS We report that the IRE1α/XBP1 branch of the unfolded protein response is disrupted in SMA, with a depletion of XBP1s irrespective of IRE1α activation pattern. The overexpression of XBP1s in SMA fibroblasts proved to transcriptionally enhance SMN expression. Importantly, rebalancing XBP1s expression in severe SMA-like mice, induced SMN expression and spinal MN protection. CONCLUSIONS We have identified XBP1s depletion as a contributing factor in SMA pathogenesis, and the modulation of this transcription factor proves to be a plausible therapeutic avenue in the context of pharmacological interventions for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico D'Amico
- Université Paris cité & Inserm UMR_S1124, Paris Cedex 06, France
| | - Olivier Biondi
- Université Paris cité & Inserm UMR_S1124, Paris Cedex 06, France
| | - Camille Januel
- Université d'Evry-Val-d'Essonne & Inserm UMR 861, I-STEM, AFM, Corbeil-Essonne, France
| | - Cynthia Bezier
- Université Paris cité & Inserm UMR_S1124, Paris Cedex 06, France.,Biophytis, Sorbonne Université, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Delphine Sapaly
- Université Paris cité & Inserm UMR_S1124, Paris Cedex 06, France
| | - Zoé Clerc
- Université Paris cité & Inserm UMR_S1124, Paris Cedex 06, France
| | | | | | - Léo Houdebine
- Université Paris cité & Inserm UMR_S1124, Paris Cedex 06, France
| | - Thibaut Josse
- Université de Tour &CNRS UMR 7261, Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, Tours, France
| | | | - Cécile Martinat
- Université d'Evry-Val-d'Essonne & Inserm UMR 861, I-STEM, AFM, Corbeil-Essonne, France
| | - Charbel Massaad
- Université Paris cité & Inserm UMR_S1124, Paris Cedex 06, France
| | - Laure Weill
- Université Paris cité & Inserm UMR_S1124, Paris Cedex 06, France
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27
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Regulation of the Homeostatic Unfolded Protein Response in Diabetic Nephropathy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15040401. [PMID: 35455399 PMCID: PMC9030951 DOI: 10.3390/ph15040401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of scientific evidence indicates that protein homeostasis, also designated as proteostasis, is causatively linked to chronic diabetic nephropathy (DN). Experimental studies have demonstrated that the insulin signaling in podocytes maintain the homeostatic unfolded protein response (UPR). Insulin signaling via the insulin receptor non-canonically activates the spliced X-box binding protein-1 (sXBP1), a highly conserved endoplasmic reticulum (ER) transcription factor, which regulates the expression of genes that control proteostasis. Defective insulin signaling in mouse models of diabetes or the genetic disruption of the insulin signaling pathway in podocytes propagates hyperglycemia induced maladaptive UPR and DN. Insulin resistance in podocytes specifically promotes activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) dependent pathogenic UPR. Akin to insulin, recent studies have identified that the cytoprotective effect of anticoagulant serine protease-activated protein C (aPC) in DN is mediated by sXBP1. In mouse models of DN, treatment with chemical chaperones that improve protein folding provides an additional benefit on top of currently used ACE inhibitors. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that transmute renal cell specific adaptive responses and that deteriorate renal function in diabetes will enable researchers to develop new therapeutic regimens for DN. Within this review, we focus on the current understanding of homeostatic mechanisms by which UPR is regulated in DN.
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28
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Wang T, Zhou J, Zhang X, Wu Y, Jin K, Wang Y, Xu R, Yang G, Li W, Jiao L. X-box Binding Protein 1: An Adaptor in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. Aging Dis 2022; 14:350-369. [PMID: 37008067 PMCID: PMC10017146 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS), the formation of fibrofatty lesions in the vessel wall, is the primary cause of heart disease and stroke and is closely associated with aging. Disrupted metabolic homeostasis is a primary feature of AS and leads to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which is an abnormal accumulation of unfolded proteins. By orchestrating signaling cascades of the unfolded protein response (UPR), ER stress functions as a double-edged sword in AS, where adaptive UPR triggers synthetic metabolic processes to restore homeostasis, whereas the maladaptive response programs the cell to the apoptotic pathway. However, little is known regarding their precise coordination. Herein, an advanced understanding of the role of UPR in the pathological process of AS is reviewed. In particular, we focused on a critical mediator of the UPR, X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1), and its important role in balancing adaptive and maladaptive responses. The XBP1 mRNA is processed from the unspliced isoform (XBP1u) to the spliced isoform of XBP1 (XBP1s). Compared with XBP1u, XBP1s predominantly functions downstream of inositol-requiring enzyme-1α (IRE1α) and transcript genes involved in protein quality control, inflammation, lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and calcification, which are critical for the pathogenesis of AS. Thus, the IRE1α/XBP1 axis is a promising pharmaceutical candidate against AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China.
| | - Jia Zhou
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China.
| | - Yujie Wu
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Machine Intelligence, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Kehan Jin
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Yilin Wang
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Ran Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China.
| | - Ge Yang
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Machine Intelligence, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Ge Yang, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. , Dr. Wenjing Li, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. ; Dr. Liqun Jiao, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. .
| | - Wenjing Li
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Machine Intelligence, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Ge Yang, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. , Dr. Wenjing Li, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. ; Dr. Liqun Jiao, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. .
| | - Liqun Jiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China.
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Ge Yang, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. , Dr. Wenjing Li, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. ; Dr. Liqun Jiao, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. .
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29
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Chinese Herbal Medicine Alleviates Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Regulating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:4963346. [PMID: 34917158 PMCID: PMC8670943 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4963346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury is the main cause of increased mortality and disability in cardiovascular diseases. The injury involves many pathological processes, such as oxidative stress, calcium homeostasis imbalance, inflammation, and energy metabolism disorders, and these pathological stimuli can activate endoplasmic reticulum stress. In the early stage of ischemia, endoplasmic reticulum stress alleviates the injury as an adaptive survival response, but the long-term stress on endoplasmic reticulum amplifies oxidative stress, inflammation, and calcium overload to accelerate cell damage and apoptosis. Therefore, regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress may be a mechanism to improve ischemia/reperfusion injury. Chinese herbal medicine has a long history of clinical application and unique advantages in the treatment of ischemic heart diseases. This review focuses on the effect of Chinese herbal medicine on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury from the perspective of regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress.
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30
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Rosarda J, Baron KR, Nutsch K, Kline GM, Stanton C, Kelly JW, Bollong MJ, Wiseman RL. Metabolically Activated Proteostasis Regulators Protect against Glutamate Toxicity by Activating NRF2. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:2852-2863. [PMID: 34797633 PMCID: PMC8689639 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular accumulation of glutamate is a pathologic hallmark of numerous neurodegenerative diseases including ischemic stroke and Alzheimer's disease. At high extracellular concentrations, glutamate causes neuronal damage by promoting oxidative stress, which can lead to cellular death. This has led to significant interest in developing pharmacologic approaches to mitigate the oxidative toxicity caused by high levels of glutamate. Here, we show that the small molecule proteostasis regulator AA147 protects against glutamate-induced cell death in a neuronal-derived cell culture model. While originally developed as an activator of the activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) arm of the unfolded protein response, this AA147-dependent protection against glutamate toxicity is primarily mediated through activation of the NRF2-regulated oxidative stress response. We demonstrate that AA147 activates NRF2 selectively in neuronal-derived cells through a mechanism involving metabolic activation to a reactive electrophile and covalent modification of KEAP1─a mechanism analogous to that involved in the AA147-dependent activation of ATF6. These results define the potential for AA147 to protect against glutamate-induced oxidative toxicity and highlight the potential for metabolically activated proteostasis regulators like AA147 to activate both protective ATF6 and NRF2 stress-responsive signaling pathways to mitigate oxidative damage associated with diverse neurologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica
D. Rosarda
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research
Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kelsey R. Baron
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research
Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kayla Nutsch
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Gabriel M. Kline
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- The
Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The
Scripps Research Institute, La
Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Caroline Stanton
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research
Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jeffery W. Kelly
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- The
Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The
Scripps Research Institute, La
Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Michael J. Bollong
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - R. Luke Wiseman
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research
Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Ramdas Nair A, Lakhiani P, Zhang C, Macchi F, Sadler KC. A permissive epigenetic landscape facilitates distinct transcriptional signatures of activating transcription factor 6 in the liver. Genomics 2021; 114:107-124. [PMID: 34863900 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Restoring homeostasis following proteostatic stress hinges on a stress-specific transcriptional signature. How these signatures are regulated is unknown. We use functional genomics to uncover how activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), a central factor in the unfolded protein response, regulates its target genes in response to toxicant induced and physiological stress in the liver. We identified 652 conserved putative ATF6 targets (CPATs), which functioned in metabolism, development and proteostasis. Strikingly, Atf6 activation in the zebrafish liver by transgenic nAtf6 overexpression, ethanol and arsenic exposure resulted in a distinct CPAT signature for each; with only 34 CPATs differentially expressed in all conditions. In contrast, during liver regeneration in mice resulted in a dynamic differential expression pattern of 53% of CPATs. These CPATs were distinguished by residing in open chromatin, H3K4me3 occupancy and the absence of H3K27me3 on their promoters. This suggests that a permissive epigenetic landscape allows stress-specific Atf6 target gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjana Ramdas Nair
- Program in Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box. 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Priyanka Lakhiani
- Program in Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box. 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Chi Zhang
- Program in Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box. 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Filippo Macchi
- Program in Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box. 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kirsten C Sadler
- Program in Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box. 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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Sarkar A, Nazir A. Carrying Excess Baggage Can Slowdown Life: Protein Clearance Machineries That Go Awry During Aging and the Relevance of Maintaining Them. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 59:821-840. [PMID: 34792731 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02640-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cellular homeostasis is maintained by rapid and systematic cleansing of aberrant and aggregated proteins within cells. Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) especially Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease are known to be associated with multiple factors, most important being impaired clearance of aggregates, resulting in the accumulation of specific aggregated protein in the brain. Protein quality control (PQC) of proteostasis network comprises proteolytic machineries and chaperones along with their regulators to ensure precise operation and maintenance of proteostasis. Such regulatory factors coordinate among each other multiple functional aspects related to proteins, including their synthesis, folding, transport, and degradation. During aging due to inevitable endogenous and external stresses, sustaining a proteome balance is a challenging task. Such stresses decline the capacity of the proteostasis network compromising the proteome integrity, affecting the fundamental physiological processes including reproductive fitness of the organism. This review focuses on highlighting proteome-wide changes during aging and the strategies for proteostasis improvements. The possibility of augmenting the proteostasis network either via genetic or pharmacological interventions may be a promising strategy towards delaying age-associated pathological consequences due to proteome disbalance, thus promoting healthy aging and prolonged longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunabh Sarkar
- Division of Neuroscience and Ageing Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, 226031, India
| | - Aamir Nazir
- Division of Neuroscience and Ageing Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, 226031, India.
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33
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Pharmacological targeting of endoplasmic reticulum stress in disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 21:115-140. [PMID: 34702991 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00320-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) leads to ER stress, resulting in activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) that aims to restore protein homeostasis. However, the UPR also plays an important pathological role in many diseases, including metabolic disorders, cancer and neurological disorders. Over the last decade, significant effort has been invested in targeting signalling proteins involved in the UPR and an array of drug-like molecules is now available. However, these molecules have limitations, the understanding of which is crucial for their development into therapies. Here, we critically review the existing ER stress and UPR-directed drug-like molecules, highlighting both their value and their limitations.
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Abstract
Viruses are intracellular parasites that subvert the functions of their host cells to accomplish their infection cycle. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-residing chaperone proteins are central for the achievement of different steps of the viral cycle, from entry and replication to assembly and exit. The most abundant ER chaperones are GRP78 (78-kDa glucose-regulated protein), GRP94 (94-kDa glucose-regulated protein), the carbohydrate or lectin-like chaperones calnexin (CNX) and calreticulin (CRT), the protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs), and the DNAJ chaperones. This review will focus on the pleiotropic roles of ER chaperones during viral infection. We will cover their essential role in the folding and quality control of viral proteins, notably viral glycoproteins which play a major role in host cell infection. We will also describe how viruses co-opt ER chaperones at various steps of their infectious cycle but also in order to evade immune responses and avoid apoptosis. Finally, we will discuss the different molecules targeting these chaperones and the perspectives in the development of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs.
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Kroeger H, Grandjean JMD, Chiang WCJ, Bindels DD, Mastey R, Okalova J, Nguyen A, Powers ET, Kelly JW, Grimsey NJ, Michaelides M, Carroll J, Wiseman RL, Lin JH. ATF6 is essential for human cone photoreceptor development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2103196118. [PMID: 34561305 PMCID: PMC8488632 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2103196118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) signaling promote the pathology of many human diseases. Loss-of-function variants of the UPR regulator Activating Transcription Factor 6 (ATF6) cause severe congenital vision loss diseases such as achromatopsia by unclear pathomechanisms. To investigate this, we generated retinal organoids from achromatopsia patient induced pluripotent stem cells carrying ATF6 disease variants and from gene-edited ATF6 null hESCs. We found that achromatopsia patient and ATF6 null retinal organoids failed to form cone structures concomitant with loss of cone phototransduction gene expression, while rod photoreceptors developed normally. Adaptive optics retinal imaging of achromatopsia patients carrying ATF6 variants also showed absence of cone inner/outer segment structures but preserved rod structures, mirroring the defect in cone formation observed in our retinal organoids. These results establish that ATF6 is essential for human cone development. Interestingly, we find that a selective small molecule ATF6 signaling agonist restores the transcriptional activity of some ATF6 disease-causing variants and stimulates cone growth and gene expression in patient retinal organoids carrying these variants. These findings support that pharmacologic targeting of the ATF6 pathway can promote human cone development and should be further explored for blinding retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Kroeger
- Department of Cellular Biology, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30601;
| | - Julia M D Grandjean
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Wei-Chieh Jerry Chiang
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Daphne D Bindels
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Rebecca Mastey
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Jennifer Okalova
- College of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30601
| | - Amanda Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Evan T Powers
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Jeffery W Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Neil J Grimsey
- College of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30601
| | - Michel Michaelides
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London EC1V 2PD, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Carroll
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - R Luke Wiseman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Jonathan H Lin
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94303
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA 94304
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36
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Lee EJ, Chan P, Chea L, Kim K, Kaufman RJ, Lin JH. ATF6 is required for efficient rhodopsin clearance and retinal homeostasis in the P23H rho retinitis pigmentosa mouse model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16356. [PMID: 34381136 PMCID: PMC8357971 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95895-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) is a blinding disease that arises from loss of rods and subsequently cones. The P23H rhodopsin knock-in (P23H-KI) mouse develops retinal degeneration that mirrors RP phenotype in patients carrying the orthologous variant. Previously, we found that the P23H rhodopsin protein was degraded in P23H-KI retinas, and the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) promoted P23H rhodopsin degradation in heterologous cells in vitro. Here, we investigated the role of a UPR regulator gene, activating transcription factor 6 (Atf6), in rhodopsin protein homeostasis in heterozygous P23H rhodopsin (Rho+/P23H) mice. Significantly increased rhodopsin protein levels were found in Atf6-/-Rho+/P23H retinas compared to Atf6+/-Rho+/P23H retinas at early ages (~ P12), while rhodopsin mRNA levels were not different. The IRE1 pathway of the UPR was hyper-activated in young Atf6-/-Rho+/P23H retinas, and photoreceptor layer thickness was unchanged at this early age in Rho+/P23H mice lacking Atf6. By contrast, older Atf6-/-Rho+/P23H mice developed significantly increased retinal degeneration in comparison to Atf6+/-Rho+/P23H mice in all retinal layers, accompanied by reduced rhodopsin protein levels. Our findings demonstrate that Atf6 is required for efficient clearance of rhodopsin protein in rod photoreceptors expressing P23H rhodopsin, and that loss of Atf6 ultimately accelerates retinal degeneration in P23H-KI mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jin Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,USC ROSKI Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Priscilla Chan
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Leon Chea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Kyle Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Randal J Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan H Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA. .,VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA. .,School of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr. L235, Palo Alto, CA, 94305, USA.
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37
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Almasy KM, Davies JP, Plate L. Comparative Host Interactomes of the SARS-CoV-2 Nonstructural Protein 3 and Human Coronavirus Homologs. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 20:100120. [PMID: 34186245 PMCID: PMC8236078 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2021.100120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human coronaviruses have become an increasing threat to global health; three highly pathogenic strains have emerged since the early 2000s, including most recently SARS-CoV-2, the cause of COVID-19. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of coronavirus pathogenesis is needed, including how these highly virulent strains differ from those that cause milder, common-cold-like disease. While significant progress has been made in understanding how SARS-CoV-2 proteins interact with the host cell, nonstructural protein 3 (nsp3) has largely been omitted from the analyses. Nsp3 is a viral protease with important roles in viral protein biogenesis, replication complex formation, and modulation of host ubiquitinylation and ISGylation. Herein, we use affinity purification-mass spectrometry to study the host-viral protein-protein interactome of nsp3 from five coronavirus strains: pathogenic strains SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV; and endemic common-cold strains hCoV-229E and hCoV-OC43. We divide each nsp3 into three fragments and use tandem mass tag technology to directly compare the interactors across the five strains for each fragment. We find that few interactors are common across all variants for a particular fragment, but we identify shared patterns between select variants, such as ribosomal proteins enriched in the N-terminal fragment (nsp3.1) data set for SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. We also identify unique biological processes enriched for individual homologs, for instance, nuclear protein import for the middle fragment of hCoV-229E, as well as ribosome biogenesis of the MERS nsp3.2 homolog. Lastly, we further investigate the interaction of the SARS-CoV-2 nsp3 N-terminal fragment with ATF6, a regulator of the unfolded protein response. We show that SARS-CoV-2 nsp3.1 directly binds to ATF6 and can suppress the ATF6 stress response. Characterizing the host interactions of nsp3 widens our understanding of how coronaviruses co-opt cellular pathways and presents new avenues for host-targeted antiviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Almasy
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jonathan P Davies
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lars Plate
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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38
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Small-molecule endoplasmic reticulum proteostasis regulator acts as a broad-spectrum inhibitor of dengue and Zika virus infections. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2012209118. [PMID: 33441483 PMCID: PMC7826409 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2012209118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses, including dengue and Zika, are widespread human pathogens; however, no broadly active therapeutics exist to fight infection. Recently, remodeling of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis by pharmacologic regulators, such as compound 147, was shown to correct pathologic ER imbalances associated with protein misfolding diseases. Here, we establish an additional activity of compound 147 as an effective host-centered antiviral agent against flaviviruses. Compound 147 reduces infection by attenuating the infectivity of secreted virions without causing toxicity in host cells. Compound 147 is a preferential activator of the ATF6 pathway of the ER unfolded protein response, which requires targeting of cysteine residues primarily on protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs). We find that the antiviral activity of 147 is independent of ATF6 induction but does require modification of reactive thiols on protein targets. Targeting PDIs and additional non-PDI targets using RNAi and other small-molecule inhibitors was unable to recapitulate the antiviral effects, suggesting a unique polypharmacology may mediate the activity. Importantly, 147 can impair infection of multiple strains of dengue and Zika virus, indicating that it is suitable as a broad-spectrum antiviral agent.
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39
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Vidal RL, Sepulveda D, Troncoso-Escudero P, Garcia-Huerta P, Gonzalez C, Plate L, Jerez C, Canovas J, Rivera CA, Castillo V, Cisternas M, Leal S, Martinez A, Grandjean J, Sonia D, Lashuel HA, Martin AJM, Latapiat V, Matus S, Sardi SP, Wiseman RL, Hetz C. Enforced dimerization between XBP1s and ATF6f enhances the protective effects of the UPR in models of neurodegeneration. Mol Ther 2021; 29:1862-1882. [PMID: 33545358 PMCID: PMC8116614 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alteration to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis is observed in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases associated with abnormal protein aggregation. Activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) enables an adaptive reaction to recover ER proteostasis and cell function. The UPR is initiated by specialized stress sensors that engage gene expression programs through the concerted action of the transcription factors ATF4, ATF6f, and XBP1s. Although UPR signaling is generally studied as unique linear signaling branches, correlative evidence suggests that ATF6f and XBP1s may physically interact to regulate a subset of UPR target genes. In this study, we designed an ATF6f/XBP1s fusion protein termed UPRplus that behaves as a heterodimer in terms of its selective transcriptional activity. Cell-based studies demonstrated that UPRplus has a stronger effect in reducing the abnormal aggregation of mutant huntingtin and α-synuclein when compared to XBP1s or ATF6 alone. We developed a gene transfer approach to deliver UPRplus into the brain using adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) and demonstrated potent neuroprotection in vivo in preclinical models of Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. These results support the concept in which directing UPR-mediated gene expression toward specific adaptive programs may serve as a possible strategy to optimize the beneficial effects of the pathway in different disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- René L Vidal
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Integrative Biology, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Denisse Sepulveda
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Integrative Biology, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulina Troncoso-Escudero
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Integrative Biology, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula Garcia-Huerta
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Constanza Gonzalez
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lars Plate
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Carolina Jerez
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Canovas
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A Rivera
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Integrative Biology, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valentina Castillo
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Integrative Biology, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marisol Cisternas
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Integrative Biology, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sirley Leal
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Integrative Biology, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis Martinez
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Julia Grandjean
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Donzelli Sonia
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hilal A Lashuel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alberto J M Martin
- Laboratorio de Biología de Redes, Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Veronica Latapiat
- Laboratorio de Biología de Redes, Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Soledad Matus
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile; Fundacion Ciencia Vida, Santiago 7780272, Chile; Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Providencia 7510157, Santiago, Chile
| | - S Pablo Sardi
- Rare and Neurological Diseases Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - R Luke Wiseman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA.
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40
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Hien LT, Back SH. Establishment of a reporter system for monitoring activation of the ER stress transducer ATF6β. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 558:1-7. [PMID: 33894672 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
ATF6 has two isoforms, ATF6α and ATF6β, which are ubiquitously expressed type II transmembrane glycoproteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). While the regulatory mechanisms and transcriptional roles of ATF6α in response to ER stress have been well-studied, those of its paralogue ATF6β are less understood. Moreover, there is no specific cell-based reporter assay to monitor ATF6β activation. Here, we developed a new cell-based reporter system that can monitor activation of endogenous ATF6β. This system expresses a chimeric protein containing a synthetic transcription factor followed by the transmembrane domain and C-terminal luminal domain of ATF6β. Under ER stress conditions, the chimeric protein was cleaved by regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) to liberate the N-terminal synthetic transcription factor, which induced luciferase expression in the HeLa Luciferase Reporter cell line. This new stable reporter cell line will be an innovative tool to investigate RIP of ATF6β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Thi Hien
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, South Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Back
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, South Korea.
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Effectors Targeting the Unfolded Protein Response during Intracellular Bacterial Infection. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040705. [PMID: 33805575 PMCID: PMC8065698 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a homeostatic response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress within eukaryotic cells. The UPR initiates transcriptional and post-transcriptional programs to resolve ER stress; or, if ER stress is severe or prolonged, initiates apoptosis. ER stress is a common feature of bacterial infection although the role of the UPR in host defense is only beginning to be understood. While the UPR is important for host defense against pore-forming toxins produced by some bacteria, other bacterial effector proteins hijack the UPR through the activity of translocated effector proteins that facilitate intracellular survival and proliferation. UPR-mediated apoptosis can limit bacterial replication but also often contributes to tissue damage and disease. Here, we discuss the dual nature of the UPR during infection and the implications of UPR activation or inhibition for inflammation and immunity as illustrated by different bacterial pathogens.
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Almasy KM, Davies JP, Plate L. Comparative host interactomes of the SARS-CoV-2 nonstructural protein 3 and human coronavirus homologs. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.03.08.434440. [PMID: 33758849 PMCID: PMC7987008 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.08.434440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Human coronaviruses have become an increasing threat to global health; three highly pathogenic strains have emerged since the early 2000s, including most recently SARS-CoV-2, the cause of COVID-19. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of coronavirus pathogenesis is needed, including how these highly virulent strains differ from those that cause milder, common-cold like disease. While significant progress has been made in understanding how SARS-CoV-2 proteins interact with the host cell, non-structural protein 3 (nsp3) has largely been omitted from the analyses. Nsp3 is a viral protease with important roles in viral protein biogenesis, replication complex formation, and modulation of host ubiquitinylation and ISGylation. Herein, we use affinity purification-mass spectrometry to study the host-viral protein-protein interactome of nsp3 from five coronavirus strains: pathogenic strains SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV; and endemic common-cold strains hCoV-229E and hCoV-OC43. We divide each nsp3 into three fragments and use tandem mass tag technology to directly compare the interactors across the five strains for each fragment. We find that few interactors are common across all variants for a particular fragment, but we identify shared patterns between select variants, such as ribosomal proteins enriched in the N-terminal fragment (nsp3.1) dataset for SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. We also identify unique biological processes enriched for individual homologs, for instance nuclear protein important for the middle fragment of hCoV-229E, as well as ribosome biogenesis of the MERS nsp3.2 homolog. Lastly, we further investigate the interaction of the SARS-CoV-2 nsp3 N-terminal fragment with ATF6, a regulator of the unfolded protein response. We show that SARS-CoV-2 nsp3.1 directly binds to ATF6 and can suppress the ATF6 stress response. Characterizing the host interactions of nsp3 widens our understanding of how coronaviruses co-opt cellular pathways and presents new avenues for host-targeted antiviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M. Almasy
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Davies
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lars Plate
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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43
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Rius B, Mesgarzadeh JS, Romine IC, Paxman RJ, Kelly JW, Wiseman RL. Pharmacologic targeting of plasma cell endoplasmic reticulum proteostasis to reduce amyloidogenic light chain secretion. Blood Adv 2021; 5:1037-1049. [PMID: 33599742 PMCID: PMC7903236 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Light chain (LC) amyloidosis (AL) involves the toxic aggregation of amyloidogenic immunoglobulin LCs secreted from a clonal expansion of diseased plasma cells. Current AL treatments use chemotherapeutics to ablate the AL plasma cell population. However, no treatments are available that directly reduce the toxic LC aggregation involved in AL pathogenesis. An attractive strategy to reduce toxic LC aggregation in AL involves enhancing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis in plasma cells to reduce the secretion and subsequent aggregation of amyloidogenic LCs. Here, we show that the ER proteostasis regulator compound 147 reduces secretion of an amyloidogenic LC as aggregation-prone monomers and dimers in AL patient-derived plasma cells. Compound 147 was established to promote ER proteostasis remodeling by activating the ATF6 unfolded protein response signaling pathway through a mechanism involving covalent modification of ER protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs). However, we show that 147-dependent reductions in amyloidogenic LCs are independent of ATF6 activation. Instead, 147 reduces amyloidogenic LC secretion through the selective, on-target covalent modification of ER proteostasis factors, including PDIs, revealing an alternative mechanism by which this compound can influence ER proteostasis of amyloidogenic proteins. Importantly, compound 147 does not interfere with AL plasma cell toxicity induced by bortezomib, a standard chemotherapeutic used to ablate the underlying diseased plasma cells in AL. This shows that pharmacologic targeting of ER proteostasis through selective covalent modification of ER proteostasis factors is a strategy that can be used in combination with chemotherapeutics to reduce the LC toxicity associated with AL pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jeffery W Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, and
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
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44
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Endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response in cardiovascular diseases. Nat Rev Cardiol 2021; 18:499-521. [PMID: 33619348 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-021-00511-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), such as ischaemic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, atherosclerosis, hypertension, stroke and heart failure, are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although specific CVDs and the associated cardiometabolic abnormalities have distinct pathophysiological and clinical manifestations, they often share common traits, including disruption of proteostasis resulting in accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). ER proteostasis is governed by the unfolded protein response (UPR), a signalling pathway that adjusts the protein-folding capacity of the cell to sustain the cell's secretory function. When the adaptive UPR fails to preserve ER homeostasis, a maladaptive or terminal UPR is engaged, leading to the disruption of ER integrity and to apoptosis. ER stress functions as a double-edged sword, with long-term ER stress resulting in cellular defects causing disturbed cardiovascular function. In this Review, we discuss the distinct roles of the UPR and ER stress response as both causes and consequences of CVD. We also summarize the latest advances in our understanding of the importance of the UPR and ER stress in the pathogenesis of CVD and discuss potential therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring ER proteostasis in CVDs.
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45
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Lu W, Kostic M, Zhang T, Che J, Patricelli MP, Jones LH, Chouchani ET, Gray NS. Fragment-based covalent ligand discovery. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:354-367. [PMID: 34458789 PMCID: PMC8341086 DOI: 10.1039/d0cb00222d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted covalent inhibitors have regained widespread attention in drug discovery and have emerged as powerful tools for basic biomedical research. Fueled by considerable improvements in mass spectrometry sensitivity and sample processing, chemoproteomic strategies have revealed thousands of proteins that can be covalently modified by reactive small molecules. Fragment-based drug discovery, which has traditionally been used in a target-centric fashion, is now being deployed on a proteome-wide scale thereby expanding its utility to both the discovery of novel covalent ligands and their cognate protein targets. This powerful approach is allowing ‘high-throughput’ serendipitous discovery of cryptic pockets leading to the identification of pharmacological modulators of proteins previously viewed as “undruggable”. The reactive fragment toolkit has been enabled by recent advances in the development of new chemistries that target residues other than cysteine including lysine and tyrosine. Here, we review the emerging area of covalent fragment-based ligand discovery, which integrates the benefits of covalent targeting and fragment-based medicinal chemistry. We discuss how the two strategies synergize to facilitate the efficient discovery of new pharmacological modulators of established and new therapeutic target proteins. Covalent fragment-based ligand discovery greatly facilitates the discovery of useful fragments for drug discovery and helps unveil chemical-tractable biological targets in native biological systems.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Lu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston MA 02215 USA .,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Milka Kostic
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Tinghu Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston MA 02215 USA .,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Jianwei Che
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston MA 02215 USA .,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02215 USA.,Center for Protein Degradation, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston MA 02215 USA
| | | | - Lyn H Jones
- Center for Protein Degradation, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Edward T Chouchani
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston MA 02215 USA .,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston MA 02215 USA .,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02215 USA
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46
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Kumar V, Maity S. ER Stress-Sensor Proteins and ER-Mitochondrial Crosstalk-Signaling Beyond (ER) Stress Response. Biomolecules 2021; 11:173. [PMID: 33525374 PMCID: PMC7911976 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies undoubtedly show the importance of inter organellar connections to maintain cellular homeostasis. In normal physiological conditions or in the presence of cellular and environmental stress, each organelle responds alone or in coordination to maintain cellular function. The Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria are two important organelles with very specialized structural and functional properties. These two organelles are physically connected through very specialized proteins in the region called the mitochondria-associated ER membrane (MAM). The molecular foundation of this relationship is complex and involves not only ion homeostasis through the shuttling of calcium but also many structural and apoptotic proteins. IRE1alpha and PERK are known for their canonical function as an ER stress sensor controlling unfolded protein response during ER stress. The presence of these transmembrane proteins at the MAM indicates its potential involvement in other biological functions beyond ER stress signaling. Many recent studies have now focused on the non-canonical function of these sensors. In this review, we will focus on ER mitochondrial interdependence with special emphasis on the non-canonical role of ER stress sensors beyond ER stress.
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Poothong J, Jang I, Kaufman RJ. Defects in Protein Folding and/or Quality Control Cause Protein Aggregation in the Endoplasmic Reticulum. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 59:115-143. [PMID: 34050864 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67696-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein aggregation is now a common hallmark of numerous human diseases, most of which involve cytosolic aggregates including Aβ (AD) and ⍺-synuclein (PD) in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. However, it is also evident that protein aggregation can also occur in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that leads to specific diseases due to loss of protein function or detrimental effects on the host cell, the former is inherited in a recessive manner where the latter are dominantly inherited. However, the mechanisms of protein aggregation, disaggregation and degradation in the ER are not well understood. Here we provide an overview of factors that cause protein aggregation in the ER and how the ER handles aggregated proteins. Protein aggregation in the ER can result from intrinsic properties of the protein (hydrophobic residues in the ER), oxidative stress or nutrient depletion. The ER has quality control mechanisms [chaperone functions, ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD) and autophagy] to ensure only correctly folded proteins exit the ER and enter the cis-Golgi compartment. Perturbation of protein folding in the ER activates the unfolded protein response (UPR) that evolved to increase ER protein folding capacity and efficiency and degrade misfolded proteins. Accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER to a level that exceeds the ER-chaperone folding capacity is a major factor that exacerbates protein aggregation. The most significant ER resident protein that prevents protein aggregation in the ER is the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) homologue, BiP/GRP78, which is a peptide-dependent ATPase that binds unfolded/misfolded proteins and releases them upon ATP binding. Since exogenous factors can also reduce protein misfolding and aggregation in the ER, such as chemical chaperones and antioxidants, these treatments have potential therapeutic benefit for ER protein aggregation-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juthakorn Poothong
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Insook Jang
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Randal J Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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48
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Bilekova S, Sachs S, Lickert H. Pharmacological Targeting of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Pancreatic Beta Cells. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2020; 42:85-95. [PMID: 33353789 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a disease with pandemic dimensions and no pharmacological treatment prevents disease progression. Dedifferentiation has been proposed to be a driver of beta-cell dysfunction in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Regenerative therapies aim to re-establish function in dysfunctional or dedifferentiated beta cells and restore the defective insulin secretion. Unsustainable levels of insulin production, with increased demand at disease onset, strain the beta-cell secretory machinery, leading to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Unresolved chronic ER stress is a major contributor to beta-cell loss of function and identity. Restoring ER homeostasis, enhancing ER-associated degradation of misfolded protein, and boosting chaperoning activity, are emerging therapeutic approaches for diabetes treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bilekova
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Technical University of Munich, Medical Faculty, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Sachs
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Technical University of Munich, Medical Faculty, Munich, Germany
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Technical University of Munich, Medical Faculty, Munich, Germany; Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
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49
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Starting at the beginning: endoplasmic reticulum proteostasis and systemic amyloid disease. Biochem J 2020; 477:1721-1732. [PMID: 32412081 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Systemic amyloid diseases are characterized by the deposition of an amyloidogenic protein as toxic oligomers and amyloid fibrils on tissues distal from the site of protein synthesis. Traditionally, these diseases have been viewed as disorders of peripheral target tissues where aggregates are deposited, and toxicity is observed. However, recent evidence highlights an important role for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis pathways within tissues synthesizing and secreting amyloidogenic proteins, such as the liver, in the pathogenesis of these disorders. Here, we describe the pathologic implications of ER proteostasis and its regulation on the toxic extracellular aggregation of amyloidogenic proteins implicated in systemic amyloid disease pathogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss the therapeutic potential for targeting ER proteostasis to reduce the secretion and toxic aggregation of amyloidogenic proteins to mitigate peripheral amyloid-associated toxicity involved in the onset and progression of systemic amyloid diseases.
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50
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Su A, Wang H, Zheng D, Wu Z. TUDCA inhibits HSV-1 replication by the modulating unfolded protein response pathway. J Med Virol 2020; 92:3628-3637. [PMID: 32356915 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), an endogenous bile acid, was used to protect liver function through antiapoptosis or reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress). Previous studies showed that ER stress was modulated by herpes simplex virus types 1 (HSV-1) infection to facilitate viral replication. Here, we investigated the effect of TUDCA on HSV-1 infection of HEC-1-A cells and showed that both replication and multiplication of the virus were inhibited by TUDCA in a dose dependent manner. Unfolded protein response was induced to deliver stress signals from ER to nucleus. We found that TUDCA alleviated activating transcription factor 6 branch inhibition, partially enhanced protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase pathway activation, and repressed inositol-requiring protein 1α arm activation significantly in infected cells. The findings of this study suggest that TUDCA inhibits HSV-1 replication through ER stress pathway, which may provide a potential therapeutic strategy for HSV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airong Su
- Clinical Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Huanru Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Datong Zheng
- Clinical Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Children's Health Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Second Clinical School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiwei Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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