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Hou JJ, Ding L, Yang T, Yang YF, Jin YP, Zhang XP, Ma AH, Qin YH. The proteolytic activity in inflammatory bowel disease: insight from gut microbiota. Microb Pathog 2024; 188:106560. [PMID: 38272327 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, recurrent inflammatory disease caused by the destruction of the intestinal mucosal epithelium that affects a growing number of people worldwide. Although the etiology of IBD is complex and still elucidated, the role of dysbiosis and dysregulated proteolysis is well recognized. Various studies observed altered composition and diversity of gut microbiota, as well as increased proteolytic activity (PA) in serum, plasma, colonic mucosa, and fecal supernatant of IBD compared to healthy individuals. The imbalance of intestinal microecology and intestinal protein hydrolysis were gradually considered to be closely related to IBD. Notably, the pivotal role of intestinal microbiota in maintaining proteolytic balance received increasing attention. In summary, we have speculated a mesmerizing story, regarding the hidden role of PA and microbiota-derived PA hidden in IBD. Most importantly, we provided the diagnosis and therapeutic targets for IBD as well as the formulation of new treatment strategies for other digestive diseases and protease-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie Hou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, PR China
| | - Liang Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, PR China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, PR China
| | - Yan-Fei Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, PR China
| | - Yue-Ping Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, PR China
| | - A-Huo Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, PR China
| | - Yue-Hua Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, PR China.
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Iaquinto G, Aufiero VR, Mazzarella G, Lucariello A, Panico L, Melina R, Iaquinto S, De Luca A, Sellitto C. Pathogens in Crohn's Disease: The Role of Adherent Invasive Escherichia coli. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 2024; 34:83-99. [PMID: 38305291 DOI: 10.1615/critreveukaryotgeneexpr.2023050088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
In Crohn's disease (CD), gut dysbiosis is marked by the prevalence of pathogenic bacterial species. Although several microbes have been reported as risk factors or causative agents of CD, it is not yet clear which is the real trigger of the disease. Thirty years ago, a new pathovar of Escherichia coli strain was isolated in the ileal mucosa of CD patients. This strain, called adherent invasive E. coli (AIEC), for its ability to invade the intestinal mucosa, could represent the causative agent of the disease. Several authors studied the mechanisms by which the AIEC penetrate and replicate within macrophages, and release inflammatory cytokines sustaining inflammation. In this review we will discuss about the role of AIEC in the pathogenesis of CD, the virulence factors mediating adhesion and invasion of AIEC in mucosal tissue, the environmental conditions improving AIEC survival and replication within macrophages. Finally, we will also give an overview of the new strategies developed to limit AIEC overgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Iaquinto
- Gastroenterology Division, S. Rita Hospital, Atripalda, Avellino, Italy
| | - Vera Rotondi Aufiero
- Institute of Food Sciences, CNR, Avellino, Italy and Department of Translational Medical Science and E.L.F.I.D, University "Federico II" Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mazzarella
- Institute of Food Sciences, CNR, Avellino, Italy and Department of Translational Medical Science and E.L.F.I.D, University "Federico II" Napoli, Italy
| | - Angela Lucariello
- Department of Sport Sciences and Wellness, University of Naples "Parthenope," 80100, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Panico
- Pathological Anatomy and Histology Unit, Monaldi Hospital, Napoli, Italy
| | - Raffaele Melina
- Department of Gastroenterology, San G. Moscati Hospital, Avellino, Italy
| | | | - Antonio De Luca
- Department of Mental Health and Physics, Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy
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Zhang W, An EK, Kim SJ, Park HB, Lee PCW, Jin JO. Escherichia coli adhesion protein FimH exacerbates colitis via CD11b +CD103 - dendritic cell activation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1284770. [PMID: 38077339 PMCID: PMC10703180 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1284770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Immune stimulators are used to improve vaccine efficiency; however, they are accompanied by various side effects. In previous studies, we reported that the Escherichia coli adhesion protein, FimH, induces immune activity; however, we did not examine any side effects in colon inflammation. Methods FimH was administered orally or intraperitoneally (i.p.) to mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, and changes in symptoms were observed. Immune cells infiltrated into the colon after the induction of colon inflammation were analyzed using a flow cytometer. Changes in Th1 and Th17 cells that induce colitis were analyzed. Further, mesenteric lymph node (mLN) dendritic cells (DCs) activated by FimH were identified and isolated to examine their ability to induce T-cell immunity. Results FimH oral and i.p. administration in C57BL/6 mice did not induce inflammation in the colon; however, DSS-induced colitis was exacerbated by oral and i.p. FimH administration. FimH treatment increased immune cell infiltration in the colon compared to that in DSS colitis. Th1 and Th17 cells, which are directly related to colitis, were increased in the colon by FimH; however, FimH did not directly affect the differentiation of these T cells. FimH upregulated the CD11b+CD103- DC activity in the mLNs, which produced the signature cytokines required for Th1 and Th17. In addition, isolated CD11b+CD103- DCs, after stimulation with FimH, directly induced Th1 and Th17 differentiation in a co-culture of CD4 T cells. Conclusion This study demonstrated the side effects of FimH and indicated that the use of FimH can aggravate the disease in patients with colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Eun-Koung An
- Department of Microbiology, ASAN Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Jung Kim
- Department of Microbiology, ASAN Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Bin Park
- Department of Microbiology, ASAN Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Peter C. W. Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ASAN Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-O Jin
- Department of Microbiology, ASAN Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Wei J, Chen C, Feng J, Zhou S, Feng X, Yang Z, Lu H, Tao H, Li L, Xv H, Xuan J, Wang F. Muc2 mucin O-glycosylation interacts with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to influence the development of ulcerative colitis based on the NF-kB signaling pathway. J Transl Med 2023; 21:793. [PMID: 37940996 PMCID: PMC10631195 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04687-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the intestine characterized by a compromised intestinal epithelial barrier. Mucin glycans are crucial in preserving barrier function during bacterial infections, although the underlying mechanisms remain largely unexplored. METHODS A cohort comprising 15 patients diagnosed with UC and 15 healthy individuals was recruited. Stool samples were collected to perform 16S rRNA gene sequencing, while biopsy samples were subjected to nanocapillary liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-MS/MS) to assess O-glycosylation. Gene expression was evaluated through qPCR analysis and Western blotting. Furthermore, animal experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of Escherichia coli and/or O-glycan inhibitor benzyl-α-GalNAc on the development of colitis in mice. RESULTS Our findings revealed that the mucus barrier was disrupted during the early stages of UC, while the MUC2 protein content remained unaltered. Additionally, a noteworthy reduction in the O-glycosylation of MUC2 was observed, along with significant changes in the intestinal microbiota during the early stages of UC. These changes included a decrease in intestinal species richness and an increase in the abundance of Escherichia coli (E. coli). Moreover, subsequent to the administration of galactose or O-glycan inhibitor to intestinal epithelial cells, it was observed that the cell culture supernatant had the ability to modify the proliferation and adhesive capacity of E. coli. Furthermore, when pathogenic E. coli or commensal E. coli were cocultured with intestinal epithelium, both strains elicited activation of the NF-KB signaling pathway in epithelial cells and facilitated the expression of serine protease in comparison to the untreated control. Consistently, the inhibition of O-glycans has been observed to enhance the pathogenicity of E. coli in vivo. Furthermore, a correlation has been established between the level of O-glycans and the development of ulcerative colitis. Specifically, a reduction in the O-glycan content of MUC2 cells has been found to increase the virulence of E. coli, thereby compromising the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier. CONCLUSIONS Together, there exist complex interactions between the intestinal epithelium, O-glycans, and the intestinal microbiota, which may inform the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, No. 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuping Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Huainan First People's Hospital and, First Affiliated Hospital of The Medical College of Anhui, University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232000, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyue Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jinling Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, No. 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, No. 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Tao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, No. 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, People's Republic of China
| | - Liuying Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, No. 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, People's Republic of China
| | - Huabing Xv
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, No. 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Xuan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, No. 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fangyu Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, No. 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, People's Republic of China.
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Wang L, Shao L, Chen MY, Wang L, Yang P, Tan FB, Zhang W, Huang WH. Panax notoginseng Alleviates Colitis via the Regulation of Gut Microbiota. Am J Chin Med 2022; 51:107-127. [PMID: 36408726 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x23500076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbiota are significantly associated with the occurrence and development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) could be used for colitis and to modulate gut microbiota. However, the mechanism behind the effects of PNS on anti-colitis that are pertinent to gut microbiota is largely unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-colitis effects of PNS and explore the involved mechanism as it is related to gut microbiota. Results showed that PNS significantly alleviated dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Meanwhile, after PNS treatment, the tight junction proteins were enhanced and proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-[Formula: see text], IL-6, IL-1[Formula: see text], and IL-17, were decreased. Furthermore, Bacteroides spp. were significantly increased after modeling, while PNS reduced their abundance and significantly increased the amount of Akkermansia spp. in vivo. Importantly, Akkermansia spp. and Bacteroides spp. were correlated with the IBD disease indicators. Moreover, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiments confirmed that PNS-reshaped gut microbiota significantly alleviated DSS-induced colitis, while A. muciniphila significantly reduced the levels of the LPS-induced cellular inflammatory factors IL-1[Formula: see text] and TNF-[Formula: see text]. In conclusion, PNS alleviated colitis pertinent to the upregulation of Akkermania spp. and downregulation of Bacteroides spp. in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410128, P. R. China
| | - Li Shao
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410128, P. R. China
| | - Man-Yun Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410128, P. R. China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410128, P. R. China
| | - Pu Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P. R. China
| | - Feng-Bo Tan
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410128, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Hua Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410128, P. R. China
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Zheng L, Duan SL, Dai YC, Wu SC. Role of adherent invasive Escherichia coli in pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:11671-11689. [PMID: 36405271 PMCID: PMC9669839 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i32.11671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota imbalances play an important role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but no single pathogenic microorganism critical to IBD that is specific to the IBD terminal ileum mucosa or can invade intestinal epithelial cells has been found. Invasive Escherichia coli (E. coli) adhesion to macrophages is considered to be closely related to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Further study of the specific biological characteristics of adherent invasive E. coli (AIEC) may contribute to a further understanding of IBD pathogenesis. This review explores the relationship between AIEC and the intestinal immune system, discusses the prevalence and relevance of AIEC in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis patients, and describes the relationship between AIEC and the disease site, activity, and postoperative recurrence. Finally, we highlight potential therapeutic strategies to attenuate AIEC colonization in the intestinal mucosa, including the use of phage therapy, antibiotics, and anti-adhesion molecules. These strategies may open up new avenues for the prevention and treatment of IBD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lie Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi’an 322000, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Sheng-Lei Duan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi’an 322000, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yan-Cheng Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Shi-Cheng Wu
- Department of Proctology, Gansu Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Gansu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu Province, China
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Mao Y, Song F, Song A, Xu Y, Qiu X, Zhao M, Tian Z, Yang Y. The protective effects of low- and high-fermentable dietary fibers on fecal microflora with antibiotic disturbance in in vitro fecal fermentation. J Funct Foods 2022; 98:105266. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Saitz W, Montero DA, Pardo M, Araya D, De la Fuente M, Hermoso MA, Farfán MJ, Ginard D, Rosselló-Móra R, Rasko DA, Del Canto F, Vidal RM. Characterization of Adherent-Invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) Outer Membrane Proteins Provides Potential Molecular Markers to Screen Putative AIEC Strains. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169005. [PMID: 36012279 PMCID: PMC9409007 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Adherent-invasive E. coli (AIEC) is a pathotype associated with the etiopathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD), albeit with an as-yet unclear role. The main pathogenic mechanisms described for AIEC are adherence to epithelial cells, invasion of epithelial cells, and survival and replication within macrophages. A few virulence factors have been described as participating directly in these phenotypes, most of which have been evaluated only in AIEC reference strains. To date, no molecular markers have been identified that can differentiate AIEC from other E. coli pathotypes, so these strains are currently identified based on the phenotypic characterization of their pathogenic mechanisms. The identification of putative AIEC molecular markers could be beneficial not only from the diagnostic point of view but could also help in better understanding the determinants of AIEC pathogenicity. The objective of this study was to identify molecular markers that contribute to the screening of AIEC strains. For this, we characterized outer membrane protein (OMP) profiles in a group of AIEC strains and compared them with the commensal E. coli HS strain. Notably, we found a set of OMPs that were present in the AIEC strains but absent in the HS strain. Moreover, we developed a PCR assay and performed phylogenomic analyses to determine the frequency and distribution of the genes coding for these OMPs in a larger collection of AIEC and other E. coli strains. As result, it was found that three genes (chuA, eefC, and fitA) are widely distributed and significantly correlated with AIEC strains, whereas they are infrequent in commensal and diarrheagenic E. coli strains (DEC). Additional studies are needed to validate these markers in diverse strain collections from different geographical regions, as well as investigate their possible role in AIEC pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleska Saitz
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - David A. Montero
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago 8370993, Chile
| | - Mirka Pardo
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Daniela Araya
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Marjorie De la Fuente
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Marcela A. Hermoso
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, 9712 Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mauricio J. Farfán
- Departamento de Pediatría y Cirugía Infantil Oriente, Hospital Dr. Luis Calvo Mackenna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7500539, Chile
| | - Daniel Ginard
- Department of Gastroenterology and Palma Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario Son Espases, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Ramon Rosselló-Móra
- Grupo de Microbiología Marina, Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados (IMEDEA; CSIC-UIB), 07190 Esporles, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Dave A. Rasko
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Felipe Del Canto
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Correspondence: (F.D.C.); (R.M.V.)
| | - Roberto M. Vidal
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Correspondence: (F.D.C.); (R.M.V.)
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9
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Sisti D, Pazienza V, Piccini F, Citterio B, Baffone W, Donati Zeppa S, Biavasco F, Prospero E, De Luca A, Artico M, Taurone S, Minelli A, Perri F, Binda E, Pracella R, Santolini R, Amatori S, Sestili P, Rocchi MBL, Gobbi P. A proposal for the reference intervals of the Italian microbiota "scaffold" in healthy adults. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3952. [PMID: 35273317 PMCID: PMC8913673 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08000-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous factors, ranging from genetics, age, lifestyle, and dietary habits to local environments, contribute to the heterogeneity of the microbiota in humans. Understanding the variability of a “healthy microbiota” is a major challenge in scientific research. The gut microbiota profiles of 148 healthy Italian volunteers were examined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing to determine the range and diversity of taxonomic compositions in the gut microbiota of healthy populations. Possible driving factors were evaluated through a detailed anamnestic questionnaire. Microbiota reference intervals were also calculated. A “scaffold” of a healthy Italian gut microbiota composition was identified. Differences in relative quantitative ratios of microbiota composition were detected in two clusters: a bigger cluster (C2), which included 124 subjects, was characterized by more people from the northern Italian regions, who habitually practised more physical activity and with fewer dietary restrictions. Species richness and diversity were significantly higher in this cluster (C2) than in the other one (C1) (C1: 146.67 ± 43.67; C2: 198.17 ± 48.47; F = 23.40; P < 0.001 and C1: 16.88 ± 8.66; C2: 35.01 ± 13.40; F = 40.50; P < 0.001, respectively). The main contribution of the present study was the identification of the existence of a primary healthy microbiological framework that is only marginally affected by variations. Taken together, our data help to contextualize studies on population-specific variations, including marginal aspects, in human microbiota composition. Such variations must be related to the primary framework of a healthy microbiota and providing this perspective could help scientists to better design experimental plans and develop strategies for precision tailored microbiota modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Sisti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento 7, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Valerio Pazienza
- Division of Gastroenterology, IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" Hospital, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Citterio
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento 7, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Wally Baffone
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento 7, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Sabrina Donati Zeppa
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento 7, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Francesca Biavasco
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60121, Ancona, Italy
| | - Emilia Prospero
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60121, Ancona, Italy
| | - Antonio De Luca
- Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Artico
- Department of Sense Organs, La Sapienza University, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Samanta Taurone
- Department of Sense Organs, La Sapienza University, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Minelli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento 7, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Francesco Perri
- Division of Gastroenterology, IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" Hospital, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Elena Binda
- Cancer Stem Cells Unit ISBReMIT, IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" Hospital, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Riccardo Pracella
- Cancer Stem Cells Unit ISBReMIT, IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" Hospital, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Riccardo Santolini
- Department of Humanities, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Stefano Amatori
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento 7, 61029, Urbino, Italy.
| | - Piero Sestili
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento 7, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Marco B L Rocchi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento 7, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Pietro Gobbi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento 7, 61029, Urbino, Italy
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10
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Pace F, Rudolph SE, Chen Y, Bao B, Kaplan DL, Watnick PI. The Short-Chain Fatty Acids Propionate and Butyrate Augment Adherent-Invasive Escherichia coli Virulence but Repress Inflammation in a Human Intestinal Enteroid Model of Infection. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0136921. [PMID: 34612688 DOI: 10.1128/Spectrum.01369-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which consist of six or fewer carbons, are fermentation products of the bacterial community that inhabits the intestine. Due to an immunosuppressive effect on intestinal tissue, they have been touted as a therapeutic for inflammatory conditions of the bowel. Here, we study the impact of acetate, propionate, and butyrate, the three most abundant SCFAs in the intestine, on gene expression in the intestinal pathobiont adherent-invasive Escherichia coli. We pair this with adherence, invasion, and inflammation in Caco-2 and human intestinal enteroid (HIE)-derived monolayer models of the intestinal epithelium. We report that propionate and butyrate upregulate transcription of adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) flagellar synthesis genes and decrease expression of capsule assembly and transport genes. These changes are predicted to augment AIEC invasiveness. In fact, SCFA supplementation increases AIEC adherence to and invasion of the Caco-2 monolayer but has no effect on these parameters in the HIE model. We attribute this to the anti-inflammatory effect of propionate and butyrate on HIEs but not on Caco-2 cells. We conclude that the potential of SCFAs to increase the virulence of intestinal pathogens should be considered in their use as anti-inflammatory agents. IMPORTANCE The human terminal ileum and colon are colonized by a community of microbes known as the microbiota. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) excreted by bacterial members of the microbiota define the intestinal environment. These constitute an important line of communication within the microbiota and between the microbiota and the host epithelium. In inflammatory conditions of the bowel, SCFAs are often low and there is a preponderance of a conditionally virulent bacterium termed adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC). A connection between SCFA abundance and AIEC has been suggested. Here, we study AIEC in monoculture and in coculture with human intestinal enteroid-derived monolayers and show that the SCFAs propionate and butyrate increase expression of AIEC virulence genes while concurrently bolstering the intestinal epithelial barrier and reducing intestinal inflammation. While these SCFAs have been promoted as a therapy for inflammatory bowel conditions, our findings demonstrate that their effect on bacterial virulence must be considered.
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11
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Pakbin B, Brück WM, Rossen JWA. Virulence Factors of Enteric Pathogenic Escherichia coli: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9922. [PMID: 34576083 PMCID: PMC8468683 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli are remarkably versatile microorganisms and important members of the normal intestinal microbiota of humans and animals. This harmless commensal organism can acquire a mixture of comprehensive mobile genetic elements that contain genes encoding virulence factors, becoming an emerging human pathogen capable of causing a broad spectrum of intestinal and extraintestinal diseases. Nine definite enteric E. coli pathotypes have been well characterized, causing diseases ranging from various gastrointestinal disorders to urinary tract infections. These pathotypes employ many virulence factors and effectors subverting the functions of host cells to mediate their virulence and pathogenesis. This review summarizes new developments in our understanding of diverse virulence factors associated with encoding genes used by different pathotypes of enteric pathogenic E. coli to cause intestinal and extraintestinal diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Pakbin
- Institute for Life Technologies, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland Valais-Wallis, 1950 Sion 2, Switzerland;
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands;
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin 15315-3419, Iran
| | - Wolfram M. Brück
- Institute for Life Technologies, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland Valais-Wallis, 1950 Sion 2, Switzerland;
| | - John W. A. Rossen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands;
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12
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Hou JJ, Wang X, Li Y, Su S, Wang YM, Wang BM. The relationship between gut microbiota and proteolytic activity in irritable bowel syndrome. Microb Pathog 2021; 157:104995. [PMID: 34048892 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common functional gastrointestinal disease that affects 3.8-9.2% of the world population. It affects the physiology and psychology of patients and increases the burden on families, the healthcare system, society, and economic development. Presently, a large number of studies have shown that compared to healthy individuals, the composition and diversity of gut microbiota in IBS patients have changed, and the proteolytic activity (PA) in fecal supernatant and colonic mucosa of IBS patients has also increased. These findings indicate that the imbalance of intestinal microecology and intestinal protein hydrolysis is closely related to IBS. Furthermore, the intestinal flora is a key substance that regulates the PA and is associated with IBS. The current review described the intestinal microecology and intestinal proteolytic activity of patients with IBS and also discussed the effect of intestinal flora on PA. In summary, this study proposed a pivotal role of gut microbiota and PA in IBS, respectively, and provided an in-depth insight into the diagnosis and treatment targets of IBS as well as the formulation of new treatment strategies for other digestive diseases and protease-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie Hou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Shuai Su
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Yu-Ming Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Bang-Mao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China.
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Iaquinto G, Panico L, Luongo G, Tenneriello V, Iaquinto S, Giardullo N, Rotondi Aufiero V, Mazzarella G, Rispoli R, Lucariello A, Perna A, De Luca A. Adult autoimmune enteropathy in autoimmune hepatitis patient. Case report and literature review. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2021; 45:101673. [PMID: 33744411 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2021.101673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune enteropathy (AIE) is a rare disease characterized by prolonged diarrhea, vomiting and weight loss; although it is mainly a rare pediatric disease, over the years a number of adults have also been found to be affected. In this study, we present a case report of a 73-year-old woman with a history of autoimmune hepatitis, antinuclear (ANA) and positive anti-enterocyte antibodies (AEA), who has suffered two months of intractable diarrhea, nausea, anorexia and severe weight loss. The histological examination of the endoscopic duodenal mucosa biopsies revealed severe shortening and flattening of the villi, resulting in mucosal atrophy. The immunohistochemical study revealed a polymorphic lymphoid population, exhibiting a B cell (CD20+) phenotype in follicles and a T cell phenotype (CD3+) in the diffuse component within the lamina propria. Our patient had a complete recovery after two weeks of taking prednisone and following a gluten-rich diet. To our knowledge this is the first case of autoimmune enteropathy in adults with ANA and AEA 7 years after a diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis. To date, the patient is still in clinical remission on a low dose of orally administered predinisone without any additional immunosuppression.
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Crudo F, Aichinger G, Mihajlovic J, Varga E, Dellafiora L, Warth B, Dall'Asta C, Berry D, Marko D. In vitro interactions of Alternaria mycotoxins, an emerging class of food contaminants, with the gut microbiota: a bidirectional relationship. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:2533-49. [PMID: 33847775 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03043-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The human gut microbiota plays an important role in the maintenance of human health. Factors able to modify its composition might predispose the host to the development of pathologies. Among the various xenobiotics introduced through the diet, Alternaria mycotoxins are speculated to represent a threat for human health. However, limited data are currently available about the bidirectional relation between gut microbiota and Alternaria mycotoxins. In the present work, we investigated the in vitro effects of different concentrations of a complex extract of Alternaria mycotoxins (CE; containing eleven mycotoxins; e.g. 0.153 µM alternariol and 2.3 µM altersetin, at the maximum CE concentration tested) on human gut bacterial strains, as well as the ability of the latter to metabolize or adsorb these compounds. Results from the minimum inhibitory concentration assay showed the scarce ability of CE to inhibit the growth of the tested strains. However, the growth kinetics of most of the strains were negatively affected by exposure to the various CE concentrations, mainly at the highest dose (50 µg/mL). The CE was also found to antagonize the formation of biofilms, already at concentrations of 0.5 µg/mL. LC–MS/MS data analysis of the mycotoxin concentrations found in bacterial pellets and supernatants after 24 h incubation showed the ability of bacterial strains to adsorb some Alternaria mycotoxins, especially the key toxins alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, and altersetin. The tendency of these mycotoxins to accumulate within bacterial pellets, especially in those of Gram-negative strains, was found to be directly related to their lipophilicity.
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Mascolo S, Carleo MA, Contieri M, Izzo S, Perna A, De Luca A, Esposito V. SARS-CoV-2 and inflammatory responses: From mechanisms to the potential therapeutic use of intravenous immunoglobulin. J Med Virol 2021; 93:2654-2661. [PMID: 33150961 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for a severe acute respiratory syndrome called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It is originated in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Due to its extreme transmissibility with droplets and human contacts, in a few months, it has become a pandemic. Nowadays, no effective therapy is available, and the scientific community is moving to find a therapeutic choice to fight this silent enemy. Studies are ongoing on several therapeutic options, including antiviral agents, immunomodulant drugs, and immunotherapy. Due to viral features, including the ability to start an inflammatory response that seems to be the fulcrum of COVID-19 pathogenic action, immunotherapy could represent a promising alternative waiting for the vaccine. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), already used in other infectious diseases, could represent an effective help. The aim of this narrative review is to reassemble the clinical experiences on the use of IVIg in COVID-19 and the rationale of its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Mascolo
- UOC Immunodeficiencies and Gender-Related Infectious Diseases, AO dei Colli, Cotugno Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria A Carleo
- UOC Immunodeficiencies and Gender-Related Infectious Diseases, AO dei Colli, Cotugno Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Marcella Contieri
- Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Izzo
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Angelica Perna
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Antonio De Luca
- Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Esposito
- UOC Immunodeficiencies and Gender-Related Infectious Diseases, AO dei Colli, Cotugno Hospital, Naples, Italy
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Cutone A, Ianiro G, Lepanto MS, Rosa L, Valenti P, Bonaccorsi di Patti MC, Musci G. Lactoferrin in the Prevention and Treatment of Intestinal Inflammatory Pathologies Associated with Colorectal Cancer Development. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3806. [PMID: 33348646 PMCID: PMC7766217 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The connection between inflammation and cancer is well-established and supported by genetic, pharmacological and epidemiological data. The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, have been described as important promoters for colorectal cancer development. Risk factors include environmental and food-borne mutagens, dysbalance of intestinal microbiome composition and chronic intestinal inflammation, with loss of intestinal epithelial barrier and enhanced cell proliferation rate. Therapies aimed at shutting down mucosal inflammatory response represent the foundation for IBDs treatment. However, when applied for long periods, they can alter the immune system and promote microbiome dysbiosis and carcinogenesis. Therefore, it is imperative to find new safe substances acting as both potent anti-inflammatory and anti-pathogen agents. Lactoferrin (Lf), an iron-binding glycoprotein essential in innate immunity, is generally recognized as safe and used as food supplement due to its multifunctionality. Lf possesses a wide range of immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties against different aseptic and septic inflammatory pathologies, including IBDs. Moreover, Lf exerts anti-adhesive, anti-invasive and anti-survival activities against several microbial pathogens that colonize intestinal mucosa of IBDs patients. This review focuses on those activities of Lf potentially useful for the prevention/treatment of intestinal inflammatory pathologies associated with colorectal cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antimo Cutone
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, 86090 Pesche, Italy; (A.C.); (G.I.)
| | - Giusi Ianiro
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, 86090 Pesche, Italy; (A.C.); (G.I.)
| | - Maria Stefania Lepanto
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.S.L.); (L.R.); (P.V.)
| | - Luigi Rosa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.S.L.); (L.R.); (P.V.)
| | - Piera Valenti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.S.L.); (L.R.); (P.V.)
| | | | - Giovanni Musci
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, 86090 Pesche, Italy; (A.C.); (G.I.)
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17
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Salamon D, Gosiewski T, Krawczyk A, Sroka-Oleksiak A, Duplaga M, Fyderek K, Kowalska-Duplaga K. Quantitative changes in selected bacteria in the stool during the treatment of Crohn's disease. Adv Med Sci 2020; 65:348-353. [PMID: 32590155 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine quantitative changes in selected species of bacteria (Bacteroides fragilis, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Serratia marcescens) in the stool of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) in the course of induction treatment with exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) or anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (Infliximab, IFX) vs. healthy controls (HC). MATERIALS/METHODS DNA was isolated from stool samples of CD (n = 122) and HC (n = 17), and quantitative real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) was applied. In both treatment groups, the first stool sample was taken before the start of treatment, and the second 4 weeks after its end: in EEN (n = 48; age (mean; SD) 13.35 ± 3.09 years) and IFX groups (n = 13; age (mean; SD) 13.09 ± 3.76 years). RESULTS The only species that showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups of patients before any therapeutic intervention was L. fermentum. Moreover, its number increased after completion of EEN and differed significantly when compared with the HC. In the IFX group the number of L. fermentum decreased during the therapy but was significantly higher than in the HC. The number of S. marcescens in the EEN group was significantly lower than in the controls both before and after EEN. CONCLUSION The implemented treatment (EEN or IFX) modifies the microbiome in CD patients, but does not make it become the same as in HC.
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18
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Santos ACDM, Santos FF, Silva RM, Gomes TAT. Diversity of Hybrid- and Hetero-Pathogenic Escherichia coli and Their Potential Implication in More Severe Diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:339. [PMID: 32766163 PMCID: PMC7381148 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) are designated by their isolation site and grouped based on the type of host and the disease they cause, most diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) are subdivided into several pathotypes based on the presence of specific virulence traits directly related to disease development. This scenario of a well-categorized E. coli collapsed after the German outbreak of 2011, caused by one strain bearing the virulence factors of two different DEC pathotypes (enteroaggregative E. coli and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli). Since the outbreak, many studies have shown that this phenomenon is more frequent than previously realized. Therefore, the terms hybrid- and hetero-pathogenic E. coli have been coined to describe new combinations of virulence factors among the classic E. coli pathotypes. In this review, we provide an overview of these classifications and highlight the E. coli genomic plasticity that results in some mixed E. coli pathotypes displaying novel pathogenic strategies, which lead to a new symptomatology related to E. coli diseases. In addition, as the capacity for genome interrogation has grown in the last few years, it is clear that genes encoding some virulence factors, such as Shiga toxin, are found among different E. coli pathotypes to which they have not traditionally been associated, perhaps foreshowing their emergence in new and severe outbreaks caused by such hybrid strains. Therefore, further studies regarding hetero-pathogenic and hybrid-pathogenic E. coli isolates are necessary to better understand and control the spread of these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina de Mello Santos
- Disciplina de Microbiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Fernandes Santos
- Disciplina de Microbiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosa Maria Silva
- Disciplina de Microbiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tânia Aparecida Tardelli Gomes
- Disciplina de Microbiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Mao YH, Song AX, Li LQ, Yang Y, Yao ZP, Wu JY. A high-molecular weight exopolysaccharide from the Cs-HK1 fungus: Ultrasonic degradation, characterization and in vitro fecal fermentation. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 246:116636. [PMID: 32747271 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This work was to examine the impact of power ultrasound (US) on the molecular properties of a high-molecular weight (MW) exopolysaccharide (EPS) from the Cs-HK1 medicinal fungus and the utilization, and prebiotic function of the US-treated EPS fractions in human fecal microflora in vitro. The US treatment caused notable reduction of intrinsic viscosity, average MW and aggregate size of EPS in water but no significant changes in the molecular structure. The US-treated EPS fractions were consumed more rapidly by the fecal microflora, resulting in a higher total level of short chain fatty acids. They also affected the relative abundance in the microflora more beneficially than the original EPS. The results suggest that power US is effective for modifying and improving the prebiotic properties of high-MW polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Heng Mao
- Food Safety and Technology Research Center, Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ang-Xin Song
- Food Safety and Technology Research Center, Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Long-Qing Li
- Food Safety and Technology Research Center, Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yan Yang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhong-Ping Yao
- Food Safety and Technology Research Center, Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jian-Yong Wu
- Food Safety and Technology Research Center, Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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Papoutsopoulou S, Satsangi J, Campbell BJ, Probert CS. Review article: impact of cigarette smoking on intestinal inflammation-direct and indirect mechanisms. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2020; 51:1268-1285. [PMID: 32372449 DOI: 10.1111/apt.15774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inflammatory bowel diseases, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are related multifactorial diseases. Their pathogenesis is influenced by each individual's immune system, the environmental factors within exposome and genetic predisposition. Smoking habit is the single best-established environmental factor that influences disease phenotype, behaviour and response to therapy. AIM To assess current epidemiological, experimental and clinical evidence that may explain how smoking impacts on the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS A Medline search for 'cigarette smoking', in combination with terms including 'passive', 'second-hand', 'intestinal inflammation', 'Crohn's disease', 'ulcerative colitis', 'colitis'; 'intestinal epithelium', 'immune system', 'intestinal microbiota', 'tight junctions', 'mucus', 'goblet cells', 'Paneth cells', 'autophagy'; 'epigenetics', 'genes', 'DNA methylation', 'histones', 'short noncoding/long noncoding RNAs'; 'carbon monoxide/CO' and 'nitric oxide/NO' was performed. RESULTS Studies found evidence of direct and indirect effects of smoking on various parameters, including oxidative damage, impairment of intestinal barrier and immune cell function, epigenetic and microbiota composition changes, that contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. CONCLUSIONS Cigarette smoking promotes intestinal inflammation by affecting the function and interactions among intestinal epithelium, immune system and microbiota/microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stamatia Papoutsopoulou
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jack Satsangi
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine Division, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Barry J Campbell
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Chris S Probert
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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21
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Martinez-Medina M, Strozzi F, Ruiz Del Castillo B, Serrano-Morillas N, Ferrer Bustins N, Martínez-Martínez L. Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Adherent Invasive Escherichia coli Show Increased Resistance to β-Lactams. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9050251. [PMID: 32414140 PMCID: PMC7277491 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9050251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The adherent invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) pathotype has been associated with the aetiology of Crohn’s disease (CD). Scarce reports have shown the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles of AIEC. Despite antibiotics not being recommended to treat CD, antimicrobial therapy could be useful in stratified patients, such as AIEC carriers. We examined the antimicrobial resistance profiles of AIEC strains to identify which therapies could be effective or confer a risk for such patients. Phenotypic resistance to 30 antimicrobials was tested according to CLSI standards. AIEC (n = 22) and non-pathogenic E. coli (non-AIEC) strains (n = 37) isolated from the gut mucosa of 31 CD patients and 18 controls were studied. De novo genome sequencing was carried out for 39 of the 59 strains, and AMR genes were searched using the DeepARG database in these genomes and 33 additional AIEC publicly available genomes. The strains isolated from CD and controls showed similar phenotypic AMR profiles. The genomic analysis did not reveal an increased prevalence of AMR genes. However, AIEC strains were more frequently resistant to β-lactams than non-AIEC strains (11 AIEC (50%) and 5 non-AIEC (22%) strains were resistant to at least one β-lactam; p < 0.042). Two AIEC strains were resistant to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins. One strain carried a plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamase (CMY-69), and the other presented mutations in the promotor of the intrinsic chromosomal AmpC related to the hyperproduction of this enzyme. The rest of the strains were resistant to β-lactams not including expanded-spectrum cephalosporins. The majority carried TEM-related β-lactamases. Genomic analysis including external AIEC revealed that the gene sul1 encoding for sulphonamide resistance was more frequent in AIEC strains than non-AIEC strains (34.6% vs. 9.5%, p = 0.030). AMR in AIEC is a matter of concern regarding the putative implication of the pathotype in CD. The high proportion of AIEC resistant to β-lactams warrants caution about the risk there may be in the use of these antimicrobials in AIEC-colonized CD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Martinez-Medina
- Microbiology of Intestinal Disease Group, Biology Department, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain; (N.S.-M.); (N.F.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-972-418261
| | - Francesco Strozzi
- Data Science Departement, Enterome Biosciences S.A., 75011 Paris, France;
| | - Belén Ruiz Del Castillo
- Service of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39008 Santander, Spain;
| | - Natalia Serrano-Morillas
- Microbiology of Intestinal Disease Group, Biology Department, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain; (N.S.-M.); (N.F.B.)
| | - Nuria Ferrer Bustins
- Microbiology of Intestinal Disease Group, Biology Department, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain; (N.S.-M.); (N.F.B.)
| | - Luis Martínez-Martínez
- Unit of Microbiology, University Hospital Reina Sofia, 14004 Córdoba, Spain;
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Microbiology, University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
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Piao X, Liu B, Sui X, Li S, Niu W, Zhang Q, Shi X, Cai S, Fan Y. Picroside II Improves Severe Acute Pancreatitis-Induced Intestinal Barrier Injury by Inactivating Oxidative and Inflammatory TLR4-Dependent PI3K/AKT/NF- κB Signaling and Improving Gut Microbiota. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2020; 2020:3589497. [PMID: 32351672 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3589497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Picroside II exerts anti-inflammatory and antidiarrheal effects for treating the diseases associated with oxidative injury. However, its function on pancreatitis-induced intestinal barrier injury remains unclear. Hypothesis/Purpose. We hypothesized that picroside II will have protective effects against pancreatitis-induced intestinal barrier injury by affecting oxidative and inflammatory signaling (Toll-like receptor 4- (TLR4-) dependent phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)). Study Design and Methods. A Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat model with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) was induced via the injection of sodium taurocholate (4% wt/vol; 1 mL/kg). All rats were divided into 3 groups: sham (CG), SAP-induced intestinal barrier injury (MG), and picroside II (PG) groups. Intestinal barrier injury was assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), hematoxylin and eosin staining, and pathological scores. We measured the levels of pancreatitis biomarkers (amylase and lipase), oxidative and inflammatory signaling (TLR4-dependent PI3K/AKT/NF-κB), oxidative stress marker (superoxidase dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidases (GPx), and malondialdehyde), and inflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin- (IL-) 1, IL-6, and IL-10) in serum and/or gut tissues. Gut microbiota composition in feces was measured by using 16S rRNA sequencing. Results SEM showed that intestinal barrier injury was caused with the loss of intestinal villi and mitochondria destruction, and pathological scores were increased in the MG group. The levels of amylase, lipase, malondialdehyde, TNFα, IL-1, IL-6, TLR4, PI3K, AKT, and NF-κB were increased, and the levels of SOD, GPx, CAT, and IL-10 was reduced in the MG group when compared with CG group (P < 0.05). Picroside II treatment inhibited the symptoms in the MG group and showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The serum levels of picroside II had strong correlation with the levels of inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers (P < 0.05). Picroside II treatment increased the proportion of Lactobacillus and Prevotella and decreased the proportion of Helicobacter and Escherichia_Shigella in the model. Conclusions Picroside II improved the SAP-induced intestinal barrier injury in the rat model by inactivating oxidant and inflammatory signaling and improving gut microbiota.
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