1
|
Zeytinli Aksit M, Demet Arslan F, Karakoyun I, Aydin C, Turgut E, Parildar H, Gokbalci U, Isbilen Basok B, Duman C, Emiroglu M. Galectin-3 levels and inflammatory response in patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Cytokine 2022; 151:155793. [PMID: 35032862 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Obesity, a low-grade systemic inflammatory disease, causes inflammation in metabolic tissues. Galectin-3(Gal-3) is one of the lectin molecules involved in inflammatory processes. We evaluated the possible relationship between Gal-3 level and the metabolic inflammatory process before and after obesity surgery. METHODS One hundred participants were included in the study and classified as normal weight, overweight, Class I, II, and III obese. Class III obese group underwent bariatric surgery and evaluated in the 3rd and 6th months after surgery. Glucose, insulin, glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), Gal-3, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, adiponectin, and leptin levels were determined. RESULTS Gal-3 levels were higher in Class III obese compared to the normal weight group. Postoperative leptin and hsCRP levels were decreased significantly, but the decrease in IL-6 and Gal-3 levels were not significant. Postoperative increased adiponectin and IL-10 levels were significant. Gal-3 was found significantly higher in insulin resistant group. The correlation between Gal-3 with BMI, adiponectin, leptin, hsCRP levels, and HOMA-IR was found weak. CONCLUSION These findings might support the fact that Gal-3 is one of the molecules involved in the linkage between insulin resistance and meta-inflammation in morbid obese.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Merve Zeytinli Aksit
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Fatma Demet Arslan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Inanc Karakoyun
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Cengiz Aydin
- Department of General Surgery, University of Health Sciences, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Emre Turgut
- Department of General Surgery, University of Health Sciences, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hulya Parildar
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Umut Gokbalci
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Banu Isbilen Basok
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Can Duman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Emiroglu
- Department of General Surgery, University of Health Sciences, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yin L, Zeng Y, Zeng R, Chen Y, Wang TL, Rodabaugh KJ, Yu F, Natarajan A, Karpf AR, Dong J. Protein kinase RNA-activated controls mitotic progression and determines paclitaxel chemosensitivity through B-cell lymphoma 2 in ovarian cancer. Oncogene 2021; 40:6772-6785. [PMID: 34799660 PMCID: PMC8688329 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02117-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Anti-tubulin agents, such as paclitaxel, have been used extensively for treatment of several types of cancer, including ovarian, lung, breast, and pancreatic cancers. Despite their wide use in cancer treatment, however, patient response is highly variable and drug resistance remains a major clinical issue. Protein kinase RNA-activated (PKR) plays a critical role in immune response to viral infection. We identified PKR as a phospho-protein in response to anti-tubulin agents and this phosphorylation occurs independent of its own kinase activity. PKR is phosphorylated by cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) during anti-tubulin treatment and unperturbed mitosis and that PKR regulates mitotic progression in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Furthermore, inactivation of PKR confers resistance to paclitaxel in ovarian and breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. PKR expression levels and activity are decreased in chemotherapeutic recurrent ovarian cancer patients. Mechanistically, our findings suggest that PKR controls paclitaxel chemosensitivity through repressing Bcl2 expression. Pharmacological inhibition of Bcl2 with FDA-approved agent venetoclax overcomes paclitaxel resistance in preclinical animal models of ovarian cancer. Our results suggest that PKR is a critical determinant of paclitaxel cytotoxicity and that PKR-Bcl2 axis as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of recurrent drug-resistant ovarian tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yin
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yongji Zeng
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Renya Zeng
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Yuanhong Chen
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Tian-Li Wang
- Department of Pathology and Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Kerry J Rodabaugh
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Fang Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Amarnath Natarajan
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Adam R Karpf
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Jixin Dong
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Osorio-Conles Ó, Vidal J, de Hollanda A. Impact of Bariatric Surgery on Adipose Tissue Biology. J Clin Med 2021; 10:5516. [PMID: 34884217 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10235516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bariatric surgery (BS) procedures are actually the most effective intervention to help subjects with severe obesity achieve significant and sustained weight loss. White adipose tissue (WAT) is increasingly recognized as the largest endocrine organ. Unhealthy WAT expansion through adipocyte hypertrophy has pleiotropic effects on adipocyte function and promotes obesity-associated metabolic complications. WAT dysfunction in obesity encompasses an altered adipokine secretome, unresolved inflammation, dysregulated autophagy, inappropriate extracellular matrix remodeling and insufficient angiogenic potential. In the last 10 years, accumulating evidence suggests that BS can improve the WAT function beyond reducing the fat depot sizes. The causal relationships between improved WAT function and the health benefits of BS merits further investigation. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the short-, medium- and long-term outcomes of BS on the WAT composition and function.
Collapse
|
4
|
Li H, Wang C, Zhao J, Guo C. JNK downregulation improves olanzapine-induced insulin resistance by suppressing IRS1 Ser307 phosphorylation and reducing inflammation. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:112071. [PMID: 34449309 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) plays pivotal roles in many physiological processes, including inflammation and glucose metabolism. However, the effects of JNK on olanzapine-induced insulin resistance and the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. The aim of our study was to explore the role of JNK in olanzapine-induced insulin resistance and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS We studied glucose metabolism in olanzapine-treated female C57B/J mice and mice with adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated downregulation of JNK1 in epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT). 3T3-L1 adipocytes were used to investigate the mechanism of JNK1 regulating insulin signaling after olanzapine treatment. RESULTS JNK was activated in eWAT after olanzapine treatment. JNK1 downregulation in eWAT ameliorated the insulin resistance and adipose tissue inflammation in olanzapine-treated mice. Furthermore, overexpression of JNK1 in adipocytes exacerbated the glucose disorder while JNK1 knockdown alleviated the impaired insulin signaling on olanzapine challenge, which was likely mediated by the reduced inflammation and insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) phosphorylation. Moreover, the effect of JNK1 was attenuated by downregulation of IRS1 in adipocytes. Finally, the JNK1-IRS1 interaction and IRS1S307 phosphorylation were required for JNK1-regulated olanzapine-induced insulin resistance in adipocytes. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that JNK1 activation by olanzapine induced insulin resistance by promoting IRS1Ser307 phosphorylation and inflammation in eWAT. These results highlighted the importance of JNK1 in eWAT as a promising drug target for olanzapine-induced insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huqun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430014, China
| | - Chongshu Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiefang Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cuilian Guo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang H, Song Y, Wu Y, Kumar V, Mahato RI, Su Q. Activation of dsRNA-Dependent Protein Kinase R by miR-378 Sustains Metabolic Inflammation in Hepatic Insulin Resistance. Diabetes 2021; 70:710-719. [PMID: 33419758 PMCID: PMC7897349 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding small RNAs that regulate various pathophysiological cellular processes. Here, we report that expression of the miR-378 family was significantly induced by metabolic inflammatory inducers, a high-fructose diet, and inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α. Hepatic miRNA profiling revealed that expression of miR-378a was highly upregulated, which, in turn, targeted the 3'-untranslated region of PPARα mRNA, impaired mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation, and induced mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum stress. More importantly, the upregulated miR-378a can directly bind to and activate the double-strand RNA (dsRNA)-dependent protein kinase R (PKR) to sustain the metabolic stress. In vivo, genetic depletion of miR-378a prevented PKR activation and ameliorated inflammatory stress and insulin resistance. Counterbalancing the upregulated miR-378a using nanoparticles encapsulated with an anti-miR-378a oligonucleotide restored PPARα activity, inhibited PKR activation and ER stress, and improved insulin sensitivity in fructose-fed mice. Our study delineated a novel mechanism of miR-378a in the pathogenesis of metabolic inflammation and insulin resistance through targeting metabolic signaling at both mRNA (e.g., PPARα) and protein (e.g., PKR) molecules. This novel finding of functional interaction between miRNAs (e.g., miR-378a) and cellular RNA binding proteins (e.g., PKR) is biologically significant because it greatly broadens the potential targets of miRNAs in cellular pathophysiological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, U.K
| | - Yongyan Song
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Yuxin Wu
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, U.K
| | - Virender Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Ram I Mahato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Qiaozhu Su
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, U.K.
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Obesity is a health condition that has reached pandemic levels and is implicated in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus, cancer and heart failure. A key characteristic of obesity is the activation of stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs), such as the p38 and JNK stress kinases, in several organs, including adipose tissue, liver, skeletal muscle, immune organs and the central nervous system. The correct timing, intensity and duration of SAPK activation contributes to cellular metabolic adaptation. By contrast, uncontrolled SAPK activation has been proposed to contribute to the complications of obesity. The stress kinase signalling pathways have therefore been identified as potential targets for the development of novel therapeutic approaches for metabolic syndrome. The past few decades have seen intense research efforts to determine how these kinases are regulated in a cell-specific manner and to define their contribution to the development of obesity and insulin resistance. Several studies have uncovered new and unexpected functions of the non-classical members of both pathways. Here, we provide an overview of the role of SAPKs in metabolic control and highlight important discoveries in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Nikolic
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Magdalena Leiva
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Sabio
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kassouf T, Sumara G. Impact of Conventional and Atypical MAPKs on the Development of Metabolic Diseases. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091256. [PMID: 32872540 PMCID: PMC7563211 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The family of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) consists of fourteen members and has been implicated in regulation of virtually all cellular processes. MAPKs are divided into two groups, conventional and atypical MAPKs. Conventional MAPKs are further classified into four sub-families: extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK1, 2 and 3), p38 (α, β, γ, δ), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5). Four kinases, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 3, 4, and 7 (ERK3, 4 and 7) as well as Nemo-like kinase (NLK) build a group of atypical MAPKs, which are activated by different upstream mechanisms than conventional MAPKs. Early studies identified JNK1/2 and ERK1/2 as well as p38α as a central mediators of inflammation-evoked insulin resistance. These kinases have been also implicated in the development of obesity and diabetes. Recently, other members of conventional MAPKs emerged as important mediators of liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and pancreatic β-cell metabolism. Moreover, latest studies indicate that atypical members of MAPK family play a central role in the regulation of adipose tissue function. In this review, we summarize early studies on conventional MAPKs as well as recent findings implicating previously ignored members of the MAPK family. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of drugs targeting specific members of the MAPK family.
Collapse
|
8
|
Piazzi M, Bavelloni A, Faenza I, Blalock W. Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3 and the double-strand RNA-dependent kinase, PKR: When two kinases for the common good turn bad. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 2020; 1867:118769. [PMID: 32512016 PMCID: PMC7273171 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3α/β and the double-stranded RNA-dependent kinase PKR are two sentinel kinases that carry-out multiple similar yet distinct functions in both the cytosol and the nucleus. While these kinases belong to separate signal transduction cascades, they demonstrate an uncanny propensity to regulate many of the same proteins either through direct phosphorylation or by altering transcription/translation, including: c-MYC, NF-κB, p53 and TAU, as well as each another. A significant number of studies centered on the GSK3 kinases have led to the identification of the GSK3 interactome and a number of substrates, which link GSK3 activity to metabolic control, translation, RNA splicing, ribosome biogenesis, cellular division, DNA repair and stress/inflammatory signaling. Interestingly, many of these same pathways and processes are controlled by PKR, but unlike the GSK3 kinases, a clear picture of proteins interacting with PKR and a complete listing of its substrates is still missing. In this review, we take a detailed look at what is known about the PKR and GSK3 kinases, how these kinases interact to influence common cellular processes (innate immunity, alternative splicing, translation, glucose metabolism) and how aberrant activation of these kinases leads to diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), diabetes mellitus (DM) and cancer. GSK3α/β and PKR are major regulators of cellular homeostasis and the response to stress/inflammation and infection. GSK3α/β and PKR interact with and/or modify many of the same proteins and affect the expression of similar genes. A balance between AKT and PKR nuclear signaling may be responsible for regulating the activation of nuclear GSK3β. GSK3α/β- and PKR-dependent signaling influence major molecular mechanisms of the cell through similar intermediates. Aberrant activation of GSK3α/β and PKR is highly involved in cancer, metabolic disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Piazzi
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IGM-CNR), Bologna, Italy; IRCCS, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Bavelloni
- Laboratoria di Oncologia Sperimentale, IRCCS, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Irene Faenza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - William Blalock
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IGM-CNR), Bologna, Italy; IRCCS, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Feng J, Lu S, Ou B, Liu Q, Dai J, Ji C, Zhou H, Huang H, Ma Y. The Role of JNk Signaling Pathway in Obesity-Driven Insulin Resistance. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:1399-1406. [PMID: 32425571 PMCID: PMC7196768 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s236127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is not only closely related to insulin resistance but is one of the main factors leading to the formation of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) too. The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) family is a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) superfamily. JNK is also one of the most investigated signal transducers in obesity and insulin resistance. JNK-centric JNK signaling pathway can be activated by growth factors, cytokines, stress responses, and other factors. Many researches have identified that the activated phosphorylation JNK negatively regulates insulin signaling pathway in insulin resistance which can be simultaneously regulated by multiple signaling pathways related to the JNK signaling pathway. In this review, we provide an overview of the composition of the JNK signaling pathway, its regulation of insulin signaling pathway, and the relationship between the JNK signaling pathway and other pathways in insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Feng
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiyin Lu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Biqian Ou
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Liu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaxin Dai
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Ji
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiqing Zhou
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongke Huang
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Ma
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Yi Ma Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou, Guangdong510632, People’s Republic of China Tel/Fax +86 20 8522 1983 Email
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang C, Zhang J, Liu Z, Zhou Z. More than an Anti-diabetic Bariatric Surgery, Metabolic Surgery Alleviates Systemic and Local Inflammation in Obesity. Obes Surg 2018; 28:3658-68. [PMID: 30187424 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-018-3400-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Obesity, associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disease, and hepatic steatosis et al., has become a major global health problem. Recently, obesity has been proven to be under a status of low-grade, chronic inflammation, which contributes to insulin resistance and T2D. Bariatric surgery is currently an effective treatment for the control of morbid obesity and T2D, which impels ongoing efforts to clarify physiological and molecular mechanisms mediating these benefits. The correlation between obesity, inflammation, and T2D has been revealed to a certain extent, and studies have shed light on the effect of bariatric surgery on inflammatory status of subjects with obesity. Based on recent findings, this review focuses on the relationship between inflammation, obesity, and bariatric surgery.
Collapse
|
11
|
Salem ESB, Vonberg AD, Borra VJ, Gill RK, Nakamura T. RNAs and RNA-Binding Proteins in Immuno-Metabolic Homeostasis and Diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:106. [PMID: 31482095 PMCID: PMC6710452 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of worldwide obesity has emerged as a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D), hepatosteatosis, and cardiovascular disease. Accumulating evidence indicates that obesity has strong inflammatory underpinnings tightly linked to the development of metabolic diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms by which obesity induces aberrant inflammation associated with metabolic diseases are not yet clearly defined. Recently, RNAs have emerged as important regulators of stress responses and metabolism. RNAs are subject to changes in modification status, higher-order structure, and cellular localization; all of which could affect the affinity for RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and thereby modify the RNA-RBP networks. Proper regulation and management of RNA characteristics are fundamental to cellular and organismal homeostasis, as well as paramount to health. Identification of multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within loci of fat mass- and obesity-associated protein (FTO) gene, an RNA demethylase, through genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of T2D, and functional assessments of FTO in mice, support the concept that disruption in RNA modifications leads to the development of human diseases including obesity and metabolic disorder. In obesity, dynamic alterations in modification and localization of RNAs appear to modulate the RNA-RBP networks and activate proinflammatory RBPs, such as double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent protein kinase (PKR), Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 and TLR7, and RNA silencing machinery. These changes induce aberrant inflammation and the development of metabolic diseases. This review will describe the current understanding of the underlying causes of these common and altered characteristics of RNA-RBP networks which will pave the way for developing novel approaches to tackle the pandemic issue of obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esam S B Salem
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Andrew D Vonberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Vishnupriya J Borra
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Rupinder K Gill
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Takahisa Nakamura
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Metabolic Bioregulation, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lee YS, Kunkeaw N, Lee YS. Protein kinase R and its cellular regulators in cancer: An active player or a surveillant? Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA 2019; 11:e1558. [PMID: 31231984 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase R (PKR), originally known as an antiviral protein, senses various stresses as well as pathogen-driven double-stranded RNAs. Thereby activated PKR provokes diverse downstream events, including eIF2α phosphorylation and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells activation. Consequently, PKR induces apoptosis and inflammation, both of which are highly important in cancer as much as its original antiviral role. Therefore, cellular proteins and RNAs should tightly control PKR activity. PKR and its regulators are often dysregulated in cancer and it is undoubted that such dysregulation contributes to tumorigenesis. However, PKR's precise role in cancer is still in debate, due to incomprehensible and even contradictory data. In this review, we introduce important cellular PKR regulators and discuss about their roles in cancer. Among them, we pay particular attention to nc886, a PKR repressor noncoding RNA that has been identified relatively recently, because its expression pattern in cancer can explain interesting yet obscure oncologic aspects of PKR. Based on nc886 and its regulation of PKR, we have proposed a tumor surveillance model, which reconciles contradictory data about PKR in cancer. This article is categorized under: Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Regulatory RNAs RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein-RNA Interactions: Functional Implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Sun Lee
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Nawapol Kunkeaw
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Yeon-Su Lee
- Division of Clinical Research, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Czarzasta K, Koperski L, Segiet A, Janiszewski M, Kuch M, Gornicka B, Cudnoch-Jedrzejewska A. The role of high fat diet in the regulation of MAP kinases activity in left ventricular fibrosis. Acta Histochem 2019; 121:303-310. [PMID: 30733042 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that obesity contributes to the development of systemic inflammatory responses, which in turn may be involved in the process of interstitial fibrosis and left ventricular (LV) remodelling. Activation of pro-inflammatory factors such as transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) can directly stimulate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38 and JNK. The aim of the study was to evaluate the level of TGF-β and MAPK p38 and JNK in the LV in Sprague Dawley (SPRD) rats maintained on a high fat diet (HFD). The SPRD rats from 4 weeks of age were on a normal fat diet (NFD) or a HFD for 12 weeks (NFD-16-week-old rats, NFD 16-wk; or HFD-16-week-old rats, HFD 16-wk) or 16 weeks (NFD-20-week-old rats, NFD 20-wk; or HFD-20-week-old rats, HFD 20-wk). At the end of the experiment, blood and LV were collected from all rats for further analysis (biochemical, Real Time PCR and immunohistochemical analysis). TGF-β mRNA expression did not differ between the study groups of rats. However, p38 MAPK mRNA expression was significantly lower in the HFD 20-wk rats than in both the HFD 16-wk rats and the NFD 20-wk rats. c-jun mRNA expression was significantly higher in the HFD 16-wk rats than in the NFD 16-wk rats. There was significantly lower expression of c-jun mRNA in the HFD 20-wk rats and in the NFD 20-wk rats than in the HFD 16-wk rats and in the NFD 16-wk rats, respectively. TGF-β type II receptor (TβRII) protein demonstrated only cytoplasmic reactivity, while p38 MAPK protein and c-jun protein showed both nuclear and cytoplasmic reactivity. The results suggest that a high fat diet and in two time intervals significantly influence the expression of p38 MAPK and JNK in the LV. However, demonstrating their potential involvement in the processes of interstitial myocardial fibrosis and left ventricular remodeling requires further research.
Collapse
|
14
|
Bandet CL, Tan-Chen S, Bourron O, Le Stunff H, Hajduch E. Sphingolipid Metabolism: New Insight into Ceramide-Induced Lipotoxicity in Muscle Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E479. [PMID: 30678043 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-resistance is a characteristic feature of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and plays a major role in the pathogenesis of this disease. Skeletal muscles are quantitatively the biggest glucose users in response to insulin and are considered as main targets in development of insulin-resistance. It is now clear that circulating fatty acids (FA), which are highly increased in T2D, play a major role in the development of muscle insulin-resistance. In healthy individuals, excess FA are stored as lipid droplets in adipocytes. In situations like obesity and T2D, FA from lipolysis and food are in excess and eventually accumulate in peripheral tissues. High plasma concentrations of FA are generally associated with increased risk of developing diabetes. Indeed, ectopic fat accumulation is associated with insulin-resistance; this is called lipotoxicity. However, FA themselves are not involved in insulin-resistance, but rather some of their metabolic derivatives, such as ceramides. Ceramides, which are synthetized de novo from saturated FA like palmitate, have been demonstrated to play a critical role in the deterioration of insulin sensitivity in muscle cells. This review describes the latest progress involving ceramides as major players in the development of muscle insulin-resistance through the targeting of selective actors of the insulin signaling pathway.
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Aging is a major risk factor for many diseases including metabolic syndrome, cancer, inflammation, and neurodegeneration. Identifying mechanistic common denominators underlying the impact of aging is essential for our fundamental understanding of age-related diseases and the possibility to propose new ways to fight them. One can define aging biochemically as prolonged metabolic stress, the innate cellular and molecular programs responding to it, and the new stable or unstable state of equilibrium between the two. A candidate to play a role in the process is protein kinase R (PKR), first identified as a cellular protector against viral infection and today known as a major regulator of central cellular processes including mRNA translation, transcriptional control, regulation of apoptosis, and cell proliferation. Prolonged imbalance in PKR activation is both affected by biochemical and metabolic parameters and affects them in turn to create a feedforward loop. Here, we portray the central role of PKR in transferring metabolic information and regulating cellular function with a focus on cancer, inflammation, and brain function. Later, we integrate information from open data sources and discuss current knowledge and gaps in the literature about the signaling cascades upstream and downstream of PKR in different cell types and function. Finally, we summarize current major points and biological means to manipulate PKR expression and/or activation and propose PKR as a therapeutic target to shift age/metabolic-dependent undesired steady states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunit Gal-Ben-Ari
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Underlying Learning and Memory, Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Iliana Barrera
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Underlying Learning and Memory, Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Marcelo Ehrlich
- Laboratory of Intracellular Trafficking and Signaling, School of Molecular Cell Biology & Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Kobi Rosenblum
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Underlying Learning and Memory, Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.,Center for Gene Manipulation in the Brain, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Valentine RJ, Jefferson MA, Kohut ML, Eo H. Imoxin attenuates LPS-induced inflammation and MuRF1 expression in mouse skeletal muscle. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13941. [PMID: 30548229 PMCID: PMC6286898 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) contributes to inflammatory cytokine expression and disease pathogenesis in many conditions. Limited data are available on the efficacy of the PKR inhibitor imoxin to prevent lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in skeletal muscle in vivo. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of imoxin, a PKR inhibitor, on inflammatory and atrophy signaling in skeletal muscle in response to an acute inflammatory insult with LPS. Six-week old C57BL/6J mice received vehicle (saline) or 0.5 mg/kg imoxin 24 and 2 h prior to induction of inflammation via 1 mg/kg LPS. Gastrocnemius muscles were collected 24 h post-LPS and mRNA and protein expression were assessed. LPS lead to a loss of body weight, which was similar in Imoxin+LPS. There were no differences in muscle weight among groups. LPS increased gastrocnemius mRNA expression of TNF-α and IL-1β, and protein levels of NLRP3, all of which were attenuated by imoxin. Similarly, IL-6 mRNA and IL-1β protein were suppressed in Imoxin+LPS compared to LPS alone. LPS increased mRNA of the atrogenes, MuRF1 and MAFbx, and imoxin attenuated the LPS-induced increase in MuRF1 mRNA, and lowered MuRF1 protein. Imoxin+LPS increased p-Akt compared to saline or LPS, whereas p-mTOR was unaltered. FoxO1 was upregulated and p-FoxO1/FoxO1 reduced by LPS, both of which were prevented by imoxin. Both LPS and Imoxin+LPS had diminished p-FoxO3/FoxO3 compared to control. These results demonstrate the potential anti-inflammatory and anti-atrophy effects of imoxin on skeletal muscle in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rudy J. Valentine
- Department of KinesiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowa
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional SciencesIowa State UniversityAmesIowa
- Immunobiology Interdepartmental Graduate ProgramIowa State UniversityAmesIowa
| | - Matthew A. Jefferson
- Department of KinesiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowa
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Graduate ProgramIowa State UniversityAmesIowa
| | - Marian L. Kohut
- Department of KinesiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowa
- Immunobiology Interdepartmental Graduate ProgramIowa State UniversityAmesIowa
| | - Hyeyoon Eo
- Department of KinesiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowa
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional SciencesIowa State UniversityAmesIowa
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bozic J, Markotic A, Cikes-Culic V, Novak A, Borovac JA, Vucemilovic H, Trgo G, Ticinovic Kurir T. Ganglioside GM3 content in skeletal muscles is increased in type 2 but decreased in type 1 diabetes rat models: Implications of glycosphingolipid metabolism in pathophysiology of diabetes. J Diabetes 2018; 10:130-139. [PMID: 28544772 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ganglioside GM3 is found in the plasma membrane, where its accumulation attenuates insulin receptor signaling. Considering the role of skeletal muscles in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, the aim of the present study was to determine the expression of GM3 and its precursors in skeletal muscles of rat models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T1DM and T2DM, respectively). METHODS Diabetes was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by streptozotocin injection (55 mg/kg, i.p., for T1DM induction; 35 mg/kg, i.p., for T2DM induction), followed by feeding of rats with either a normal pellet diet (T1DM) or a high-fat diet (T2DM). Rats were killed 2 weeks after diabetes induction and samples of skeletal muscle were collected. Frozen quadriceps muscle sections were stained with a primary antibody against GM3 (Neu5Ac) and visualized using a secondary antibody coupled with Texas Red. The muscle content of ganglioside GM3 and its precursors was analyzed by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) followed by GM3 immunostaining. RESULTS Muscle GM3 content was significantly higher in T2DM compared with control rats (P < 0.001). Furthermore, levels of the GM3 precursors ceramide, glucosylceramide, and lactosylceramide were significantly higher in T2DM compared with control rats (P < 0.05), whereas ceramide content was significantly lower in T1DM rats (P < 0.05). The intensity of the GM3 band on HPTLC was significantly higher in T2DM rats (P < 0.001) and significantly lower in T1DM rats (P < 0.05) compared with control. CONCLUSIONS The expression patterns of GM3 ganglioside and its precursors in diabetic rats suggest that the role of glycosphingolipid metabolism may differ between T2DM and T1DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josko Bozic
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Anita Markotic
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Vedrana Cikes-Culic
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Anela Novak
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Josip A Borovac
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Hrvoje Vucemilovic
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Gorana Trgo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Tina Ticinovic Kurir
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Split, Split, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pedro MN, Rocha GZ, Guadagnini D, Santos A, Magro DO, Assalin HB, Oliveira AG, Pedro RDJ, Saad MJA. Insulin Resistance in HIV-Patients: Causes and Consequences. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:514. [PMID: 30233499 PMCID: PMC6133958 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we review how immune activation and insulin resistance contribute to the metabolic alterations observed in HIV-infected patients, and how these alterations increase the risk of developing CVD. The introduction and evolution of antiretroviral drugs over the past 25 years has completely changed the clinical prognosis of HIV-infected patients. The deaths of these individuals are now related to atherosclerotic CVDs, rather than from the viral infection itself. However, HIV infection, cART, and intestinal microbiota are associated with immune activation and insulin resistance, which can lead to the development of a variety of diseases and disorders, especially with regards to CVDs. The increase in LPS and proinflammatory cytokines circulating levels and intracellular mechanisms activate serine kinases, resulting in insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) serine phosphorylation and consequently a down regulation in insulin signaling. While lifestyle modifications and pharmaceutical interventions can be employed to treat these altered metabolic functions, the mechanisms involved in the development of these chronic complications remain largely unresolved. The elucidation and understanding of these mechanisms will give rise to new classes of drugs that will further improve the quality of life of HIV-infected patients, over the age of 50.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo N. Pedro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Z. Rocha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Dioze Guadagnini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Andrey Santos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Daniela O. Magro
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Heloisa B. Assalin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Alexandre G. Oliveira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
- Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Rogerio de Jesus Pedro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Mario J. A. Saad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Mario J. A. Saad
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
Pedro MN, Magro DO, da Silva EUPP, Guadagnini D, Santos A, de Jesus Pedro R, Saad MJA. Plasma levels of lipopolysaccharide correlate with insulin resistance in HIV patients. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2018; 10:5. [PMID: 29434676 PMCID: PMC5793397 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-018-0308-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In HIV patients using HAART insulin resistance is a central pathophysiological condition that can contribute to the development of diabetes and cardiovascular complications. To examine the role of adipocyte hormones and LPS in insulin resistance in HIV patients, we investigated the role of adiponectin, leptin, visfatin and LPS levels in the insulin resistance of HIV-infected patients treated with HAART. METHODS This study included 67 HIV positive individuals on HAART and ten healthy controls. All participants performed plasma or serum levels of glucose; insulin; lipids, visfatin, leptin, adiponectin, and LPS. The homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR), was used to estimate insulin resistance. RESULTS The levels of visfatin, leptin and adiponectin were similar between controls and HIV patients. However, circulating levels of LPS were higher in HIV patients on HAART than in controls. There was a positive correlation between LPS and TG (r = 0.49, p = 0.0001), between LPS and TG/HDL (r = 0.50, p = 0.0001), between LPS and insulin (r = 0.52, p = 0.0003), and between LPS and HOMA-IR (r = 0.52, p = 0.0005), in HIV patients. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed a clear correlation between plasma LPS and markers of insulin resistance, suggesting a relationship between LPS levels and metabolic alterations, particularly affecting lipids and insulin resistance in HIV patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Nardi Pedro
- Department of Internal Medicine-FCM, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Daniela Oliveira Magro
- Department of Internal Medicine-FCM, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | | | - Dioze Guadagnini
- Department of Internal Medicine-FCM, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Andrey Santos
- Department of Internal Medicine-FCM, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Rogerio de Jesus Pedro
- Department of Internal Medicine-FCM, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Labrecque J, Laforest S, Michaud A, Biertho L, Tchernof A. Impact of Bariatric Surgery on White Adipose Tissue Inflammation. Can J Diabetes 2017; 41:407-417. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
22
|
Garcia-Ortega MB, Lopez GJ, Jimenez G, Garcia-Garcia JA, Conde V, Boulaiz H, Carrillo E, Perán M, Marchal JA, Garcia MA. Clinical and therapeutic potential of protein kinase PKR in cancer and metabolism. Expert Rev Mol Med 2017; 19:e9. [PMID: 28724458 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2017.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The protein kinase R (PKR, also called EIF2AK2) is an interferon-inducible double-stranded RNA protein kinase with multiple effects on cells that plays an active part in the cellular response to numerous types of stress. PKR has been extensively studied and documented for its relevance as an antiviral agent and a cell growth regulator. Recently, the role of PKR related to metabolism, inflammatory processes, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases has gained interest. In this review, we summarise and discuss the involvement of PKR in several cancer signalling pathways and the dual role that this kinase plays in cancer disease. We emphasise the importance of PKR as a molecular target for both conventional chemotherapeutics and emerging treatments based on novel drugs, and its potential as a biomarker and therapeutic target for several pathologies. Finally, we discuss the impact that the recent knowledge regarding PKR involvement in metabolism has in our understanding of the complex processes of cancer and metabolism pathologies, highlighting the translational research establishing the clinical and therapeutic potential of this pleiotropic kinase.
Collapse
|
23
|
Kalra J, Dhar A. Double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase signalling and paradigms of cardiometabolic syndrome. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2017; 31:265-279. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Kalra
- Department of Pharmacy; Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences Pilani, Hyderabad Campus; Jawahar Nagar Shameerpet, Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh 500078 India
| | - Arti Dhar
- Department of Pharmacy; Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences Pilani, Hyderabad Campus; Jawahar Nagar Shameerpet, Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh 500078 India
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zanotto TM, Quaresma PGF, Guadagnini D, Weissmann L, Santos AC, Vecina JF, Calisto K, Santos A, Prada PO, Saad MJA. Blocking iNOS and endoplasmic reticulum stress synergistically improves insulin resistance in mice. Mol Metab 2016; 6:206-218. [PMID: 28180062 PMCID: PMC5279911 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent data show that iNOS has an essential role in ER stress in obesity. However, whether iNOS is sufficient to account for obesity-induced ER stress and Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) has not yet been investigated. In the present study, we used iNOS knockout mice to investigate whether high-fat diet (HFD) can still induce residual ER stress-associated insulin resistance. METHODS For this purpose, we used the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (GTT), euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp, western blotting and qPCR in liver, muscle, and adipose tissue of iNOS KO and control mice on HFD. RESULTS The results of the present study demonstrated that, in HFD fed mice, iNOS-induced alteration in insulin signaling is an essential mechanism of insulin resistance in muscle, suggesting that iNOS may represent an important target that could be blocked in order to improve insulin sensitivity in this tissue. However, in liver and adipose tissue, the insulin resistance induced by HFD was only partially dependent on iNOS, and, even in the presence of genetic or pharmacological blockade of iNOS, a clear ER stress associated with altered insulin signaling remained evident in these tissues. When this ER stress was blocked pharmacologically, insulin signaling was improved, and a complete recovery of glucose tolerance was achieved. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results reinforce the tissue-specific regulation of insulin signaling in obesity, with iNOS being sufficient to account for insulin resistance in muscle, but in liver and adipose tissue ER stress and insulin resistance can be induced by both iNOS-dependent and iNOS-independent mechanisms.
Collapse
Key Words
- AKT, Protein kinase B
- ATF6, activating transcription factor 6
- Blocking
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- Endoplasmic reticulum stress
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GTT, glucose tolerance test
- HFD, high-fat diet
- IKK, kappa α/β kinase
- IRE1, inositol requiring enzyme 1
- ITT, insulin tolerance test
- Improving
- Insulin resistance
- JNK, c-JunN-terminal kinase
- NO, nitric oxide
- PERK, protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- iNOS
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- qPCR, real time PCR
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamires M Zanotto
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Medical Clinics, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (O.C.R.C.), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula G F Quaresma
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Medical Clinics, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (O.C.R.C.), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Dioze Guadagnini
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Lais Weissmann
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Andressa C Santos
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana F Vecina
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Medical Clinics, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (O.C.R.C.), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Kelly Calisto
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Medical Clinics, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (O.C.R.C.), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Andrey Santos
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia O Prada
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil; School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, SP, Brazil; Department of Medical Clinics, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (O.C.R.C.), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Mario J A Saad
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Medical Clinics, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (O.C.R.C.), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Frikke-Schmidt H, O'Rourke RW, Lumeng CN, Sandoval DA, Seeley RJ. Does bariatric surgery improve adipose tissue function? Obes Rev 2016; 17:795-809. [PMID: 27272117 PMCID: PMC5328428 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bariatric surgery is currently the most effective treatment for obesity. Not only do these types of surgeries produce significant weight loss but also they improve insulin sensitivity and whole body metabolic function. The aim of this review is to explore how altered physiology of adipose tissue may contribute to the potent metabolic effects of some of these procedures. This includes specific effects on various fat depots, the function of individual adipocytes and the interaction between adipose tissue and other key metabolic tissues. Besides a dramatic loss of fat mass, bariatric surgery shifts the distribution of fat from visceral to the subcutaneous compartment favoring metabolic improvement. The sensitivity towards lipolysis controlled by insulin and catecholamines is improved, adipokine secretion is altered and local adipose inflammation as well as systemic inflammatory markers decreases. Some of these changes have been shown to be weight loss independent, and novel hypothesis for these effects includes include changes in bile acid metabolism, gut microbiota and central regulation of metabolism. In conclusion bariatric surgery is capable of improving aspects of adipose tissue function and do so in some cases in ways that are not entirely explained by the potent effect of surgery. © 2016 World Obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - R W O'Rourke
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - C N Lumeng
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - D A Sandoval
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - R J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
The ability to distinguish between self and nonself is the fundamental basis of the immune system in all organisms. The conceptual distinction between self and nonself, however, breaks down when it comes to endogenous retroviruses and other retroelements. While some retroelements retain the virus-like features including the capacity to replicate and reinvade the host genome, most have become inactive through mutations or host epigenetic silencing. And yet, accumulating evidence suggests that endogenous retroelements, both active and inactive, play important roles not only in pathogenesis of immune disorders, but also in proper functioning of the immune system. This review discusses the recent development in our understanding of the interaction between retroelements and the host innate immune system. In particular, it focuses on the impact of retroelement transcripts on the viral RNA sensors such as Toll-like receptors, RIG-I-like receptors, protein kinase R, and the inflammasomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Mu
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - S Ahmad
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - S Hur
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Affiliation(s)
- Takahisa Nakamura
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Coope A, Torsoni AS, Velloso LA. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Metabolic and inflammatory pathways on the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 174:R175-87. [PMID: 26646937 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is the main risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Studies performed over the last 20 years have identified inflammation as the most important link between these two diseases. During the development of obesity, there is activation of subclinical inflammatory activity in tissues involved in metabolism and energy homeostasis. Intracellular serine/threonine kinases activated in response to inflammatory factors can catalyse the inhibitory phosphorylation of key proteins of the insulin-signalling pathway, leading to insulin resistance. Moreover, during the progression of obesity and insulin resistance, the pancreatic islets are also affected by inflammation, contributing to β-cell failure and leading to the onset of T2D. In this review, we will present the main mechanisms involved in the activation of obesity-associated metabolic inflammation and discuss potential therapeutic opportunities that can be developed to treat obesity-associated metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Coope
- Laboratory of Cell SignalingApplied Sciences FacultyUniversity of Campinas, 13084-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana S Torsoni
- Laboratory of Cell SignalingApplied Sciences FacultyUniversity of Campinas, 13084-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Licio A Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell SignalingApplied Sciences FacultyUniversity of Campinas, 13084-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Segev Y, Barrera I, Ounallah-Saad H, Wibrand K, Sporild I, Livne A, Rosenberg T, David O, Mints M, Bramham CR, Rosenblum K. PKR Inhibition Rescues Memory Deficit and ATF4 Overexpression in ApoE ε4 Human Replacement Mice. J Neurosci 2015; 35:12986-93. [PMID: 26400930 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5241-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an incurable neurodegenerative disease with clear pathological hallmarks, brain dysfunction, and unknown etiology. Here, we tested the hypothesis that there is a link between genetic risk factors for AD, cellular metabolic stress, and transcription/translation regulation. In addition, we aimed at reversing the memory impairment observed in a mouse model of sporadic AD. We have previously demonstrated that the most prevalent genetic risk factor for AD, the ApoE4 allele, is correlated with increased phosphorylation of the translation factor eIF2α. In the present study, we tested the possible involvement of additional members of the eIF2α pathway and identified increased mRNA expression of negative transcription factor ATF4 (aka CREB2) both in human and a mouse model expressing the human ApoE4 allele. Furthermore, injection of a PKR inhibitor rescued memory impairment and attenuated ATF4 mRNA increased expression in the ApoE4 mice. The results propose a new mechanism by which ApoE4 affects brain function and further suggest that inhibition of PKR is a way to restore ATF4 overexpression and memory impairment in early stages of sporadic AD. Significance statement: ATF4 mRNA relative quantities are elevated in ApoE4 allele carriers compared with noncarrier controls. This is true also for the ApoE ε4 human replacement mice. ApoE4 mice injected with PKR inhibitor (PKRi) demonstrate a significant reduction in ATF4 expression levels 3 h after one injection of PKRi. Treatment of ApoE4 human replacement mice with the PKRi before learning rescues the memory impairment of the ApoE4 AD model mice. We think that these results propose a new mechanism by which ApoE4 affects brain function and suggest that inhibition of PKR is a way to restore memory impairment in early stages of sporadic AD.
Collapse
|
30
|
Hage Hassan R, Pacheco de Sousa AC, Mahfouz R, Hainault I, Blachnio-Zabielska A, Bourron O, Koskas F, Górski J, Ferré P, Foufelle F, Hajduch E. Sustained Action of Ceramide on the Insulin Signaling Pathway in Muscle Cells: IMPLICATION OF THE DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:3019-29. [PMID: 26698173 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.686949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo, ectopic accumulation of fatty acids in muscles leads to alterations in insulin signaling at both the IRS1 and Akt steps. However, in vitro treatments with saturated fatty acids or their derivative ceramide demonstrate an effect only at the Akt step. In this study, we adapted our experimental procedures to mimic the in vivo situation and show that the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) is involved in the long-term effects of saturated fatty acids on IRS1. C2C12 or human muscle cells were incubated with palmitate or directly with ceramide for short or long periods, and insulin signaling pathway activity was evaluated. PKR involvement was assessed through pharmacological and genetic studies. Short-term treatments of myotubes with palmitate, a ceramide precursor, or directly with ceramide induce an inhibition of Akt, whereas prolonged periods of treatment show an additive inhibition of insulin signaling through increased IRS1 serine 307 phosphorylation. PKR mRNA, protein, and phosphorylation are increased in insulin-resistant muscles. When PKR activity is reduced (siRNA or a pharmacological inhibitor), serine phosphorylation of IRS1 is reduced, and insulin-induced phosphorylation of Akt is improved. Finally, we show that JNK mediates ceramide-activated PKR inhibitory action on IRS1. Together, in the long term, our results show that ceramide acts at two distinct levels of the insulin signaling pathway (IRS1 and Akt). PKR, which is induced by both inflammation signals and ceramide, could play a major role in the development of insulin resistance in muscle cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rima Hage Hassan
- From INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, Unité Mixte de Recherche_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité Mixte de Recherche_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Ana Catarina Pacheco de Sousa
- From INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, Unité Mixte de Recherche_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité Mixte de Recherche_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Rana Mahfouz
- From INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, Unité Mixte de Recherche_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité Mixte de Recherche_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Hainault
- From INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, Unité Mixte de Recherche_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité Mixte de Recherche_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Agnieszka Blachnio-Zabielska
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris
| | - Olivier Bourron
- From INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, Unité Mixte de Recherche_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité Mixte de Recherche_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France, Département de Diabétologie et Maladies Métaboliques and
| | - Fabien Koskas
- Service de Chirurgie Vasculaire,Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jan Górski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris
| | - Pascal Ferré
- From INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, Unité Mixte de Recherche_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité Mixte de Recherche_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Fabienne Foufelle
- From INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, Unité Mixte de Recherche_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité Mixte de Recherche_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Eric Hajduch
- From INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, Unité Mixte de Recherche_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité Mixte de Recherche_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France,
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Pal M, Febbraio MA, Lancaster GI. The roles of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases (JNKs) in obesity and insulin resistance. J Physiol 2015; 594:267-79. [PMID: 26608096 DOI: 10.1113/jp271457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is currently at epidemic levels worldwide and is associated with a wide range of diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, fatty liver disease and certain forms of cancer. Obesity-induced chronic inflammation is central to the disrupted metabolic homeostasis which underlies many of these conditions. While research over the past decade has identified many of the cells and signalling molecules that contribute to obesity-induced inflammation, perhaps the best characterised are the stress-activated c-Jun NH2 -terminal kinases (JNKs). JNKs are activated in obesity in numerous metabolically important cells and tissues such as adipose tissue, macrophages, liver, skeletal muscle and regions of the brain and pituitary. Elegant in vivo mouse studies using Cre-LoxP-mediated recombination of the JNK1 and JNK2 genes have revealed the remarkably diverse roles that JNKs play in the development of obesity-induced inflammation, impaired glucose homeostasis and hepatic steatosis. While JNK activation in classical metabolically active tissues such as skeletal muscle and adipose tissue only appears to play a minor role on the induction of the above-mentioned pathologies, recent studies have clearly established the important roles JNK signalling fulfils in macrophages, the liver and cells of the anterior pituitary. Collectively, these studies place JNKs as important mediators of obesity and obesity-associated disruptions to metabolic homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pal
- Division of Diabetes and Metabolism, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark A Febbraio
- Division of Diabetes and Metabolism, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia.,Cellular & Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Graeme I Lancaster
- Cellular & Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Song Y, Wan X, Gao L, Pan Y, Xie W, Wang H, Guo J. Activated PKR inhibits pancreatic β-cell proliferation through sumoylation-dependent stabilization of P53. Mol Immunol 2015; 68:341-9. [PMID: 26446704 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) is intimately involved in type 2 diabetes due to its role in insulin resistance in peripheral tissues and anti-proliferative effect on pancreatic β-cells. Activated PKR was found to inhibit β-cell proliferation, partially through accumulation of P53. However the molecular mechanisms underlying PKR-dependent upregulation of P53 remain unknown. The results of the present study showed that PKR can be specifically activated in PKR overexpressing β-cells by a low dosage of the previously synthesized compound 1H-benzimidazole1-ethanol,2,3-dihydro-2-imino-a-(phenoxymethyl)-3-(phenylmethyl)-,monohydrochloride (BEPP), and this led to upregulation of P53 through sumoylation-dependent stability. Activated PKR was found to interact with sumo-conjugating enzyme Ubc9, and P53 sumoylation relies on a PKR-Ubc9 protein-protein interaction. Additionally, a ceramide signal was needed for PKR activation to be triggered by glucolipotoxicity and TNFα stimulation, and stabilization of P53 required endogenous ceramide accumulation. Glucolipotoxicity and pro-inflammatory cytokines therefore promote the sumoylation-dependent stability of P53 via the ceramide/PKR/Ubc9 signalling pathway that is involved in pancreatic β-cell proliferation inhibition in the development of type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Song
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, PR China
| | - XiaoMeng Wan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, PR China
| | - LiLi Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, PR China
| | - Yi Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, PR China
| | - WeiPing Xie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, PR China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, PR China.
| | - Jun Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Bahal
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Prit Lakhani
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Audesh Bhat
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Lavanya Kondiparthi
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Indu Dhar
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Kaushik Desai
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Arti Dhar
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Youssef OA, Safran SA, Nakamura T, Nix DA, Hotamisligil GS, Bass BL. Potential role for snoRNAs in PKR activation during metabolic stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:5023-8. [PMID: 25848059 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1424044112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase RNA-activated (PKR) has long been known to be activated by viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) as part of the mammalian immune response. However, in mice PKR is also activated by metabolic stress in the absence of viral infection, and this requires a functional kinase domain, as well as a functional dsRNA-binding domain. The endogenous cellular RNA that potentially leads to PKR activation during metabolic stress is unknown. We investigated this question using mouse embryonic fibroblast cells expressing wild-type PKR (PKRWT) or PKR with a point mutation in each dsRNA-binding motif (PKRRM). Using this system, we identified endogenous RNA that interacts with PKR after induction of metabolic stress by palmitic acid (PA) treatment. Specifically, RIP-Seq analyses showed that the majority of enriched RNAs that interacted with WT PKR (≥twofold, false discovery rate ≤ 5%) were small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs). Immunoprecipitation of PKR in extracts of UV-cross-linked cells, followed by RT-qPCR, confirmed that snoRNAs were enriched in PKRWT samples after PA treatment, but not in the PKRRM samples. We also demonstrated that a subset of identified snoRNAs bind and activate PKR in vitro; the presence of a 5'-triphosphate enhanced PKR activity compared with the activity with a 5'-monophosphate, for some, but not all, snoRNAs. Finally, we demonstrated PKR activation in cells upon snoRNA transfection, supporting our hypothesis that endogenous snoRNAs can activate PKR. Our results suggest an unprecedented and unexpected model whereby snoRNAs play a role in the activation of PKR under metabolic stress.
Collapse
|
35
|
Nakamura T, Kunz RC, Zhang C, Kimura T, Yuan CL, Baccaro B, Namiki Y, Gygi SP, Hotamisligil GS. A critical role for PKR complexes with TRBP in Immunometabolic regulation and eIF2α phosphorylation in obesity. Cell Rep 2015; 11:295-307. [PMID: 25843719 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant stress and inflammatory responses are key factors in the pathogenesis of obesity and metabolic dysfunction, and the double-stranded RNA-dependent kinase (PKR) has been proposed to play an important role in integrating these pathways. Here, we report the formation of a complex between PKR and TAR RNA-binding protein (TRBP) during metabolic and obesity-induced stress, which is critical for the regulation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α) phosphorylation and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation. We show that TRBP phosphorylation is induced in the setting of metabolic stress, leading to PKR activation. Suppression of hepatic TRBP reduced inflammation, JNK activity, and eIF2α phosphorylation and improved systemic insulin resistance and glucose metabolism, while TRBP overexpression exacerbated the impairment in glucose homeostasis in obese mice. These data indicate that the association between PKR and TRBP integrates metabolism with translational control and inflammatory signaling and plays important roles in metabolic homeostasis and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahisa Nakamura
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
| | - Ryan C Kunz
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Cai Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Taishi Kimura
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Celvie L Yuan
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Brenna Baccaro
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yuka Namiki
- Biomedicinal Information Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo 135-0063, Japan
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gökhan S Hotamisligil
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard-MIT Broad Institute, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Bellini L, Campana M, Mahfouz R, Carlier A, Véret J, Magnan C, Hajduch E, Le Stunff H. Targeting sphingolipid metabolism in the treatment of obesity/type 2 diabetes. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:1037-50. [PMID: 25814122 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1028359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity is a major factor that is linked to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Excess circulating fatty acids (FAs), which characterize obesity, induce insulin resistance, steatosis, β cells dysfunction and apoptosis. These deleterious effects have been defined as lipotoxicity. AREAS COVERED FAs are metabolized to different lipid species, including ceramides which play a crucial role in lipotoxicity. The action of ceramides on tissues, such as muscle, liver, adipose tissue and pancreatic β cells, during the development of T2D will also be reviewed. In addition, the potential antagonist action of other sphingolipids, namely sphingoid base phosphates, on lipotoxicity in skeletal muscle and β cells will be addressed. EXPERT OPINION Ceramide is a critical mediator to the development of T2D linked to obesity. Targeting proteins involved in ceramide's deleterious action has not been possible due to their involvement in many other intracellular signaling pathways. A possible means of counteracting ceramide action would be to prevent the accumulation of the specific ceramide species involved in both insulin resistance and β-cell apoptosis/dysfunction. Another possibility would be to adjust the dynamic balance between ceramide and sphingoid base phosphate, both known to display opposing properties on the development of T2D-linked obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Bellini
- Université PARIS-DIDEROT (7), Unité Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative - UMR CNRS 8251, Équipe Régulation de la glycémie par le système nerveux central (REGLYS) , 4, rue Marie-Andrée Lagroua Weill-Halle, 75205 PARIS Cedex 13 , France +01 57 27 77 97 ; +01 57 27 77 96 ;
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Gao L, Tang W, Ding Z, Wang D, Qi X, Wu H, Guo J. Protein-Binding Function of RNA-Dependent Protein Kinase Promotes Proliferation through TRAF2/RIP1/NF-κB/c-Myc Pathway in Pancreatic β cells. Mol Med 2015; 21:154-66. [PMID: 25715336 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2014.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR), an intracellular pathogen recognition receptor, is involved both in insulin resistance in peripheral tissues and in downregulation of pancreatic β-cell function in a kinase-dependent manner, indicating PKR as a core component in the progression of type 2 diabetes. PKR also acts as an adaptor protein via its protein-binding domain. Here, the PKR protein-binding function promoted β-cell proliferation without its kinase activity, which is associated with enhanced physical interaction with tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) and TRAF6. In addition, the transcription of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell (NF-κB)-dependent survival gene c-Myc was upregulated significantly and is necessary for proliferation. Upregulation of the PKR protein-binding function induced the NF-κB pathway, as observed by dose-dependent degradation of IκBα, induced nuclear translocation of p65 and elevated NF-κB-dependent reporter gene expression. NF-κB-dependent reporter activity and β-cell proliferation both were suppressed by TRAF2-siRNA, but not by TRAF6-siRNA. TRAF2-siRNA blocked the ubiquitination of receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIP1) induced by PKR protein binding. Furthermore, RIP1-siRNA inhibited β-cell proliferation. Proinflammatory cytokines (TNFα) and glucolipitoxicity also promoted the physical interaction of PKR with TRAF2. Collectively, these data indicate a pivotal role for PKR's protein-binding function on the proliferation of pancreatic β cells through TRAF2/RIP1/NF-κB/c-Myc pathways. Therapeutic opportunities for type 2 diabetes may arise when its kinase catalytic function, but not its protein-binding function, is downregulated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Gao
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Southeast University Medical College, Jiangyin, People's Republic of China
| | - ZhengZheng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - DingYu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - XiaoQiang Qi
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - HuiWen Wu
- Laboratory Center for Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Marchal JA, Lopez GJ, Peran M, Comino A, Delgado JR, García-García JA, Conde V, Aranda FM, Rivas C, Esteban M, Garcia MA. The impact of PKR activation: from neurodegeneration to cancer. FASEB J 2014; 28:1965-74. [PMID: 24522206 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-248294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An inverse association between cancer and neurodegeneration is plausible because these biological processes share several genes and signaling pathways. Whereas uncontrolled cell proliferation and decreased apoptotic cell death governs cancer, excessive apoptosis contributes to neurodegeneration. Protein kinase R (PKR), an interferon-inducible double-stranded RNA protein kinase, is involved in both diseases. PKR activation blocks global protein synthesis through eIF2α phosphorylation, leading to cell death in response to a variety of cellular stresses. However, PKR also has the dual role of activating the nuclear factor κ-B pathway, promoting cell proliferation. Whereas PKR is recognized for its negative effects on neurodegenerative diseases, in part, inducing high level of apoptosis, the role of PKR activation in cancer remains controversial. In general, PKR is considered to have a tumor suppressor function, and some clinical data show a correlation between suppressed or inactivated PKR and a poor prognosis for several cancers. However, other studies show high PKR expression and activation levels in various cancers, suggesting that PKR might contribute to neoplastic progression. Understanding the cellular factors and signals involved in the regulation of PKR in these age-related diseases is relevant and may have important clinical implications. The present review highlights the current knowledge on the role of PKR in neurodegeneration and cancer, with special emphasis on its regulation and clinical implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Marchal
- 1University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Azpitarte sn., Granada E-18012, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Obesity and metabolic diseases appear as clusters, often featuring high risk for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, and constitute a major global health problem with limited treatment options. Previous studies have shown that double-stranded RNA-dependent kinase, PKR, plays an important role in the nutrient/pathogen-sensing interface, and acts as a key modulator of chronic metabolic inflammation, insulin sensitivity, and glucose homeostasis in obesity. Recently, pathological PKR activation was also demonstrated in obese humans, strengthening its prospects as a potential drug target. Here, we investigate the use of two structurally distinct small-molecule inhibitors of PKR in the treatment of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in cells and in a mouse model of severe obesity and insulin resistance. Inhibition of PKR reduced stress-induced Jun NH2-terminal kinase activation and insulin receptor substrate 1 serine phosphorylation in vitro and in vivo. In addition, treatment with both PKR inhibitors reduced adipose tissue inflammation, improved insulin sensitivity, and improved glucose intolerance in mice after the establishment of obesity and insulin resistance. Our findings suggest that pharmacologically targeting PKR may be an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
|