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Milner JJ, Chen Z, Grayson J, Shiao SPK. Obesity-Associated Differentially Methylated Regions in Colon Cancer. J Pers Med 2022; 12:660. [PMID: 35629083 PMCID: PMC9142939 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12050660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity with adiposity is a common disorder in modern days, influenced by environmental factors such as eating and lifestyle habits and affecting the epigenetics of adipose-based gene regulations and metabolic pathways in colorectal cancer (CRC). We compared epigenetic changes of differentially methylated regions (DMR) of genes in colon tissues of 225 colon cancer cases (154 non-obese and 71 obese) and 15 healthy non-obese controls by accessing The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data. We applied machine-learning-based analytics including generalized regression (GR) as a confirmatory validation model to identify the factors that could contribute to DMRs impacting colon cancer to enhance prediction accuracy. We found that age was a significant predictor in obese cancer patients, both alone (p = 0.003) and interacting with hypomethylated DMRs of ZBTB46, a tumor suppressor gene (p = 0.008). DMRs of three additional genes: HIST1H3I (p = 0.001), an oncogene with a hypomethylated DMR in the promoter region; SRGAP2C (p = 0.006), a tumor suppressor gene with a hypermethylated DMR in the promoter region; and NFATC4 (p = 0.006), an adipocyte differentiating oncogene with a hypermethylated DMR in an intron region, are also significant predictors of cancer in obese patients, independent of age. The genes affected by these DMR could be potential novel biomarkers of colon cancer in obese patients for cancer prevention and progression.
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Li C, Pan B, Wang X, Liu X, Qin J, Gao T, Sun H, Pan Y, Wang S. Upregulated LINC01088 facilitates malignant phenotypes and immune escape of colorectal cancer by regulating microRNAs/G3BP1/PD-L1 axis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022; 148:1965-1982. [PMID: 35357586 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-03981-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Long intergenic non-coding RNA LINC01088 is a newly discovered long non-coding RNA (lncRNA). Its biological function in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains unknown. METHODS Here, 36 paired CRC and para-cancerous tissues were collected. In vitro, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay, qPCR, western blotting analysis and cellular functional experiments, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay and dual-luciferase reporter system analysis were performed. In vivo, xenograft tumor mouse models were generated. Besides, patient-derived intestinal organoid (PDO) was generated ex vivo. RESULTS We found that LINC01088 was significantly upregulated in colorectal cancer tissues and CRC cell lines compared to adjacent normal tissues and colonic epithelial cells. High LINC01088 levels were correlated with adverse outcomes in patients with CRC. LINC01088 was mainly located in the cytoplasm. LINC01088 knockdown suppressed the proliferation, migration, invasion, and immune escape of colorectal cancer cells. Mechanistically, LINC01088 bound directly to miR-548b-5p and miR-548c-5p that were significantly upregulated Ras GTPase-activating protein-binding proteins 1 (G3BP1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, altering CRC cell phenotypes. In mouse xenograft models, LINC01088 knockdown restrained CRC tumor growth and lung metastasis. Furthermore, G3BP1 overexpression reversed LINC01088-knockdown-mediated inhibitory effects on tumor growth. Notably, LINC01088 knockdown downregulated PD-L1 expression, while G3BP1 overexpression restored PD-L1 expression in xenograft tumors. Besides, LINC01088 knockdown repressed CRC organoid growth ex vivo. CONCLUSION Overall, these findings suggested that LINC01088 directly targeted miR-548b-5p and miR-548c-5p, promoting G3BP1 and PD-L1 expression, which facilitated colorectal cancer progression and immune escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenmeng Li
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.,General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 68, Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bei Pan
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.,General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 68, Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuhong Wang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.,General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 68, Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangxiang Liu
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.,General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 68, Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Qin
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.,General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 68, Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tianyi Gao
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 68, Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center on Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huiling Sun
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 68, Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center on Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuqin Pan
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 68, Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center on Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211100, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Shukui Wang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China. .,General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 68, Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center on Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211100, Jiangsu, China.
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Liu R, Yu X, Zeng X, Wang Z, Zhou D, Liu Z, Liu F, Zhuang C, Zhuang Y, Zhang J, Niu P, Yan B, Zhi R, Li J, Huang J, Qin H. Preliminary evaluation of a new initiative to centralize colorectal cancer care during the COVID-19 epidemic in Shanghai, China: a retrospective study. Ann Transl Med 2022; 10:94. [PMID: 35282090 PMCID: PMC8848422 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-7030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background A novel colorectal cancer center (CCC) was developed in the Shanghai Tenth People’s hospital of Tongji University during the COVID-19 epidemic. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the CCC model in terms of three aspects. Methods This retrospective study used data from the Shanghai Tenth People’s hospital patient databases. The research hypothesis was that the CCC reduces preoperative waiting time (PWT), length of hospital stay (LOS), and costs of hospitalization, without reducing the quality of surgery. Thus, we compared the time, cost, and quality between March 1 to December 31, 2019, and March 1 to December 31, 2020. Descriptive and inferential analyses of patient demographic characteristics, time, postoperative outcomes, and inpatient costs were conducted. Results A total of 965 hospitalizations for colorectal cancer (CRC) were identified—415 in 2019 and 550 in 2020. In the CCC, PWT declined by 26.2 hours (P<0.01). Patients in the CCC express group only needed to wait for 24.5 hours before undergoing surgery, with a shorter LOS than the normal group (P<0.01). None of the patients had any symptoms of COVID-19 or were high-risk COVID-19 contacts, and the incidence of immediate postoperative complications was low. The mean total inpatient cost (TIC) for all patients with CRC was 78,309.824 Chinese Yuan in 2020, which was slightly lower than that in 2019. Conclusions This study found that the centralized management model for CRC care could help patients save the PWT, LOS and costs of hospitalization during the COVID-19 epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuejing Yu
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueyun Zeng
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Medical Affairs, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Colorectal Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Danqing Zhou
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongchen Liu
- Colorectal Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Colorectal Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengle Zhuang
- Colorectal Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zhuang
- Colorectal Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Medical Service Section, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiqin Niu
- Medical Service Section, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ben Yan
- Department of Infrastructure, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Zhi
- Department of Infrastructure, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiyu Li
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Geriatric Oncology Center, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaoling Huang
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huanlong Qin
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Colorectal Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Berbecka M, Forma A, Baj J, Furtak-Niczyporuk M, Maciejewski R, Sitarz R. A Systematic Review of the Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) Expression in Rectal Cancer Patients Treated with Preoperative Radiotherapy or Radiochemotherapy. J Clin Med 2021; 10:4443. [PMID: 34640461 PMCID: PMC8509380 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10194443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this systematic review is to investigate the expression level of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in rectal cancer treated with either preoperative radiotherapy or radiochemotherapy. In addition, we have summarized the effects of preoperative treatment of rectal cancer with regards to the expression levels of COX-2. A systematic literature review was performed in The Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases on 1 January 2021 with the usage of the following search string-(cyclooxygenase-2) OR (COX-2) AND (rectal cancer) AND (preoperative radiochemotherapy) OR (preoperative radiotherapy). Among the 176 included in the analysis, only 13 studies were included for data extraction with a total number of 2095 patients. The results of the analysis are based on the articles concerning the expression of COX-2 in rectal cancer among patients treated with preoperative radiotherapy or radiochemotherapy. A COX-2 expression is an early event involved in rectal cancer development. In cases of negative COX-2 expression, radiotherapy and radiochemotherapy might contribute to the reduction of a local recurrence. Therefore, COX-2 may be considered as a biologic factor while selecting patients for more effective, less time-consuming and less expensive preoperative treatment. However, the utility of the administration of COX-2 inhibitors to patients with COX-2 overexpression, in an attempt to improve the patients' response rate to the neoadjuvant treatment, needs an assessment in further clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Berbecka
- Department of Normal Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (M.B.); (J.B.); (R.M.)
| | - Alicja Forma
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Jacek Baj
- Department of Normal Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (M.B.); (J.B.); (R.M.)
| | | | - Ryszard Maciejewski
- Department of Normal Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (M.B.); (J.B.); (R.M.)
| | - Robert Sitarz
- Department of Normal Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (M.B.); (J.B.); (R.M.)
- Department of Surgical Oncology, St. John’s Cancer Center, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
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Nie XF, Rong L, Yue SW, Redding SR, Ouyang YQ, Zhang Q. Efficacy of Community-based Pelvic Floor Muscle Training to Improve Pelvic Floor Dysfunction in Chinese Perimenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Community Health Nurs 2021; 38:48-58. [PMID: 33682549 DOI: 10.1080/07370016.2020.1869416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the effectiveness of pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) on perimenopausal women with pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD). A two-group longitudinal experimental design with multiple comparisons. The intervention group (n = 37) received a 3-month intervention combining Kegel and yoga exercise. The control group (n = 37) received Kegel exercise. The combined training alleviated PFD symptoms, improved life quality and increased pelvic floor muscle strength of perimenopausal women. Women with PDF symptoms can integrate PFMT and yoga exercise to promote rehabilitation and improved outcomes. Combined exercise should be taught and practiced under supervision by qualified health professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fei Nie
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liu Rong
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu-Wen Yue
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | | | | | - Qing Zhang
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Kočo L, Weekenstroo HHA, Lambregts DMJ, Sedelaar JPM, Prokop M, Fütterer JJ, Mann RM. The Effects of Multidisciplinary Team Meetings on Clinical Practice for Colorectal, Lung, Prostate and Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4159. [PMID: 34439312 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Multidisciplinary team meetings have increasingly been implemented in cancer care worldwide to ensure timely, accurate and evidence-based diagnosis, and treatment plans. Nowadays, multidisciplinary team meetings are generally considered indispensable. However, they are considered time-consuming and expensive, while the effects of multidisciplinary team meetings are not yet fully understood. The aim of this systematic review is to update and summarize the literature and create an overview of the existing knowledge. Cancer types such as colorectal, lung, prostate and breast cancer with rapidly increasing incidence rates will inevitably impact the workload of clinicians. Understanding the effects of the widely implemented multidisciplinary team meetings in oncology care is fundamental in order to optimize care pathways and allocate resources in the rapidly diversifying landscape of cancer therapies. Abstract Objective: The aim of our systematic review is to identify the effects of multidisciplinary team meetings (MDTM) for lung, breast, colorectal and prostate cancer. Methods: Our systematic review, performed following PRISMA guidelines, included studies examining the impact of MDTMs on treatment decisions, patient and process outcomes. Electronic databases PUBMED, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and Web of Science were searched for articles published between 2000 and 2020. Risk of bias and level of evidence were assessed using the ROBINS-I tool and GRADE scale. Results: 41 of 13,246 articles were selected, evaluating colorectal (21), lung (10), prostate (6) and breast (4) cancer. Results showed that management plans were changed in 1.6–58% of cases after MDTMs. Studies reported a significant impact of MDTMs on surgery type, and a reduction of overall performed surgery after MDTM. Results also suggest that CT and MRI imaging significantly increased after MDTM implementation. Survival rate increased significantly with MDTM discussions according to twelve studies, yet three studies did not show significant differences. Conclusions: Despite heterogeneous data, MDTMs showed a significant impact on management plans, process outcomes and patient outcomes. To further explore the impact of MDTMs on the quality of healthcare, high-quality research is needed.
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Jiang W, Zhang Y, Yan F, Liu H, Gao R. Effectiveness of a nurse-led multidisciplinary self-management program for patients with coronary heart disease in communities: A randomized controlled trial. Patient Educ Couns 2020; 103:854-863. [PMID: 31727391 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effectiveness of a nurse-led multidisciplinary self-management program (NMSP) on self-management behaviors, self-efficacy, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and unplanned health service utilization (HSU) among Chinese patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) in communities. METHODS A randomized controlled trial with repeated measurements was used. A convenience sample of 144 participants was recruited from a community health center in China. All participants were randomly assigned to an intervention group (n = 72) in the newly developed NMSP or a control group (n = 72) in routine care. Outcome measurement was performed at baseline, 3 months and 6 months using Coronary Artery Disease Self-Management Scale (CADSs), Self-efficacy for Chronic Disease 6-item Scale (SECD6), and Short Form-12 health survey questionnaire (SF-12). RESULTS Over the six months, the two groups reported significant differences in disease medical and emotional management of CADSs, confidence in symptom and disease management of SECD6, physical and mental component summary of SF-12, as well as emergency and outpatient visits of unplanned HSU. CONCLUSIONS The NMSP improves self-management behaviors, self-efficacy, HRQoL and reduces unplanned HSU among CHD patients in communities. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS This study provides an effective approach to empower CHD patients with emphasizing on collaboration support of health professionals in communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Jiang
- School of Nursing, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Yanan Zhang
- School of Nursing, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Fanghong Yan
- School of Nursing, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China; School of Nursing, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Huan Liu
- School of Nursing, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Rong Gao
- School of Nursing, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
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Zhao H, Su W, Sun Y, Wu Z. WBSCR22 Competes with Long Non-coding RNA Linc00346 for miR-509-5p Binding Site to Regulate Cancer Stem Cell Phenotypes of Colorectal Cancer. Biochem Genet 2020; 58:384-398. [PMID: 32008219 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-020-09949-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Various Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been demonstrated to be involved in colorectal cancer stem cells (CSCs). WBSCR22 is a key gene we previously found that functions in colorectal cancer (CRC). This paper aims to investigate the effects of WBSCR22 and its corresponding miRNA and lncRNA in CRC. The expression of WBSCR22 was detected by Western blot and qRT-PCR analysis. Tumor sphere formation assays, CCK-8 analysis, and Transwell assays were applied to examine the colorectal cancer stem cell properties. Luciferase assay and biotin RNA pulldown assay were used to detect the interaction between miR-509-5p and WBSCR22/Linc00346. WBSCR22 is highly expressed in CRC and correlates with poor prognosis. Knockdown of WBSCR22 decreased the sphere-forming capacities, cell proliferation, and invasion abilities. WBSCR22 was negatively regulated by miR-509-5p. Linc00346 promoted the expression of WBSCR22 by adsorbing miR-509-5p. The Linc00346/miR-509-5p/WBSCR22 signal axis regulated the characteristics of colon cancer stem cells. Linc00346 regulated the expression of WBSCR22 by binding to miR-509-5p, thereby monitoring the characteristics of colorectal cancer stem cells. Thus, WBSCR22, Linc00346, and miR-509-5p might be utilized as potential targets for clinical diagnosis and treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhao
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huimin District, North Street, Hohhot, 010050, Inner Mongolia, China.
| | - Wuyun Su
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huimin District, North Street, Hohhot, 010050, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yushu Sun
- Department of Oncology, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Cancer Hospital, Hottot, 010020, China
| | - Zhongjun Wu
- Hepatobiliay Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 646000, Sichuan, China
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