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Li Y, Feng Y, Yang Z, Zhou Z, Jiang D, Luo J. Untargeted metabolomics of saliva in pregnant women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus and healthy non-pregnant women. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1206462. [PMID: 37538307 PMCID: PMC10394705 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1206462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to compare the differences in salivary metabolites between pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), healthy pregnant women (HPW), and healthy non-pregnant women (HNPW), and analyze the possible associations between the identified metabolites and gingivitis. Method The study included women with GDM (n = 9, mean age 28.9 ± 3.6 years, mean gestational age 30.1 ± 3.2 weeks), HPW (n = 9, mean age 27.9 ± 3.0 years, mean gestational age 28.6 ± 4.7 weeks), and HNPW (n = 9, mean age 27.7 ± 2.1 years). Saliva samples were collected from all participants and were analyzed with LC-MS/MS-based untargeted metabolomic analysis. Metabolite extraction, qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis, and bioinformatics analysis were performed to identify the differential metabolites and metabolic pathways between groups. The identified differential metabolites were further analyzed in an attempt to explore their possible associations with periodontal health and provide evidence for the prevention and treatment of periodontal inflammation during pregnancy. Results In positive ion mode, a total of 2,529 molecular features were detected in all samples, 166 differential metabolites were identified between the GDM and HPW groups (89 upregulated and 77 downregulated), 823 differential metabolites were identified between the GDM and HNPW groups (402 upregulated and 421 downregulated), and 647 differential metabolites were identified between the HPW and HNPW groups (351 upregulated and 296 downregulated). In negative ion mode, 983 metabolites were detected in all samples, 49 differential metabolites were identified between the GDM and HPW groups (29 upregulated and 20 downregulated), 341 differential metabolites were identified between the GDM and HNPW groups (167 upregulated and 174 downregulated), and 245 differential metabolites were identified between the HPW and HNPW groups (112 upregulated and 133 downregulated). A total of nine differential metabolites with high confidence levels were identified in both the positive and negative ion modes, namely, L-isoleucine, D-glucose 6-phosphate, docosahexaenoic acid, arachidonic acid, adenosine, adenosine-monophosphate, adenosine 5'-monophosphate, xanthine, and hypoxanthine. Among all pathways enriched by the upregulated differential metabolites, the largest number of pathways were enriched by four differential metabolites, adenosine, adenosine 5'-monophosphate, D-glucose 6-phosphate, and adenosine-monophosphate, and among all pathways enriched by the downregulated differential metabolites, the largest number of pathways were enriched by three differential metabolites, L-isoleucine, xanthine, and arachidonic acid. Conclusion Untargeted metabolomic analysis of saliva samples from pregnant women with GDM, HPW, and HNPW identified nine differential metabolites with high confidence. The results are similar to findings from previous metabolomics studies of serum and urine samples, which offer the possibility of using saliva for regular noninvasive testing in the population of pregnant women with and without GDM. Meanwhile, the associations between these identified differential metabolites and gingivitis need to be further validated by subsequent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueheng Li
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Feng
- Chongqing Changshou Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengyan Yang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan Jiang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
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Elovaris RA, Bitarafan V, Agah S, Ullrich SS, Lange K, Horowitz M, Feinle-Bisset C. Comparative Effects of the Branched-Chain Amino Acids, Leucine, Isoleucine and Valine, on Gastric Emptying, Plasma Glucose, C-Peptide and Glucagon in Healthy Men. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051613. [PMID: 34064996 PMCID: PMC8150294 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Whey protein lowers postprandial blood glucose in health and type 2 diabetes, by stimulating insulin and incretin hormone secretion and slowing gastric emptying. The branched-chain amino acids, leucine, isoleucine and valine, abundant in whey, may mediate the glucoregulatory effects of whey. We investigated the comparative effects of intragastric administration of leucine, isoleucine and valine on the plasma glucose, C-peptide and glucagon responses to and gastric emptying of a mixed-nutrient drink in healthy men. (2) Methods: 15 healthy men (27 ± 3 y) received, on four separate occasions, in double-blind, randomised fashion, either 10 g of leucine, 10 g of isoleucine, 10 g of valine or control, intragastrically, 30 min before a mixed-nutrient drink. Plasma glucose, C-peptide and glucagon concentrations were measured before, and for 2 h following, the drink. Gastric emptying of the drink was quantified using 13C-acetate breath-testing. (3) Results: Amino acids alone did not affect plasma glucose or C-peptide, while isoleucine and valine, but not leucine, stimulated glucagon (p < 0.05), compared with control. After the drink, isoleucine and leucine reduced peak plasma glucose compared with both control and valine (all p < 0.05). Neither amino acid affected early (t = 0–30 min) postprandial C-peptide or glucagon. While there was no effect on overall gastric emptying, plasma glucose at t = 30 min correlated with early gastric emptying (p < 0.05). (4) Conclusion: In healthy individuals, leucine and isoleucine lower postprandial blood glucose, at least in part by slowing gastric emptying, while valine does not appear to have an effect, possibly due to glucagon stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Elovaris
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; (R.A.E.); (V.B.); (S.A.); (K.L.); (M.H.)
| | - Vida Bitarafan
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; (R.A.E.); (V.B.); (S.A.); (K.L.); (M.H.)
| | - Shahram Agah
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; (R.A.E.); (V.B.); (S.A.); (K.L.); (M.H.)
| | - Sina S. Ullrich
- Clinical Trials Unit, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Kylie Lange
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; (R.A.E.); (V.B.); (S.A.); (K.L.); (M.H.)
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; (R.A.E.); (V.B.); (S.A.); (K.L.); (M.H.)
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; (R.A.E.); (V.B.); (S.A.); (K.L.); (M.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-8313-6053
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