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Uriarte I, Santamaria E, López-Pascual A, Monte MJ, Argemí J, Latasa MU, Adán-Villaescusa E, Irigaray A, Herranz JM, Arechederra M, Basualdo J, Lucena F, Corrales FJ, Rotellar F, Pardo F, Merlen G, Rainteau D, Sangro B, Tordjmann T, Berasain C, Marín JJG, Fernández-Barrena MG, Herrero I, Avila MA. New insights into the regulation of bile acids synthesis during the early stages of liver regeneration: A human and experimental study. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167166. [PMID: 38642480 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Liver regeneration is essential for the preservation of homeostasis and survival. Bile acids (BAs)-mediated signaling is necessary for liver regeneration, but BAs levels need to be carefully controlled to avoid hepatotoxicity. We studied the early response of the BAs-fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) axis in healthy individuals undergoing hepatectomy for living donor liver transplant. We also evaluated BAs synthesis in mice upon partial hepatectomy (PH) and acute inflammation, focusing on the regulation of cytochrome-7A1 (CYP7A1), a key enzyme in BAs synthesis from cholesterol. METHODS Serum was obtained from twelve human liver donors. Mice underwent 2/3-PH or sham-operation. Acute inflammation was induced with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice fed control or antoxidant-supplemented diets. BAs and 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (C4) levels were measured by HPLC-MS/MS; serum FGF19 by ELISA. Gene expression and protein levels were analyzed by RT-qPCR and western-blot. RESULTS Serum BAs levels increased after PH. In patients with more pronounced hypercholanemia, FGF19 concentrations transiently rose, while C4 levels (a readout of CYP7A1 activity) dropped 2 h post-resection in all cases. Serum BAs and C4 followed the same pattern in mice 1 h after PH, but C4 levels also dropped in sham-operated and LPS-treated animals, without marked changes in CYP7A1 protein levels. LPS-induced serum C4 decline was attenuated in mice fed an antioxidant-supplemented diet. CONCLUSIONS In human liver regeneration FGF19 upregulation may constitute a protective response from BAs excess during liver regeneration. Our findings suggest the existence of post-translational mechanisms regulating CYP7A1 activity, and therefore BAs synthesis, independent from CYP7A1/Cyp7a1 gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iker Uriarte
- Hepatology Laboratory, Solid Tumors Program, CIMA, CCUN, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Santamaria
- Hepatology Laboratory, Solid Tumors Program, CIMA, CCUN, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amaya López-Pascual
- Hepatology Laboratory, Solid Tumors Program, CIMA, CCUN, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María J Monte
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm U1193, Orsay, France
| | - Josepmaria Argemí
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain; Hepatology Unit, CCUN, Navarra University Clinic, Pamplona, Spain
| | - M Ujue Latasa
- Hepatology Laboratory, Solid Tumors Program, CIMA, CCUN, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elena Adán-Villaescusa
- Hepatology Laboratory, Solid Tumors Program, CIMA, CCUN, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ainara Irigaray
- Hepatology Laboratory, Solid Tumors Program, CIMA, CCUN, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose M Herranz
- Hepatology Laboratory, Solid Tumors Program, CIMA, CCUN, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Arechederra
- Hepatology Laboratory, Solid Tumors Program, CIMA, CCUN, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jorge Basualdo
- Hepatology Unit, CCUN, Navarra University Clinic, Pamplona, Spain; Internal Medicine Department, ICOT Hospital Ciudad de Telde, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Felipe Lucena
- Internal Medicine Department, Navarra University Clinic, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fernando J Corrales
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Rotellar
- General Surgery Department, Navarra University Clinic, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fernando Pardo
- General Surgery Department, Navarra University Clinic, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Dominique Rainteau
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm U938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Sangro
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain; Hepatology Unit, CCUN, Navarra University Clinic, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Berasain
- Hepatology Laboratory, Solid Tumors Program, CIMA, CCUN, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose J G Marín
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Maite G Fernández-Barrena
- Hepatology Laboratory, Solid Tumors Program, CIMA, CCUN, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Herrero
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain; Hepatology Unit, CCUN, Navarra University Clinic, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Matias A Avila
- Hepatology Laboratory, Solid Tumors Program, CIMA, CCUN, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain.
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McNamara ME, Jain SS, Oza K, Muralidaran V, Kiliti AJ, McDeed AP, Patil D, Cui Y, Schmidt MO, Riegel AT, Kroemer AH, Wellstein A. Circulating, cell-free methylated DNA indicates cellular sources of allograft injury after liver transplant. bioRxiv 2024:2024.04.04.588176. [PMID: 38617373 PMCID: PMC11014558 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.04.588176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Post-transplant complications reduce allograft and recipient survival. Current approaches for detecting allograft injury non-invasively are limited and do not differentiate between cellular mechanisms. Here, we monitor cellular damages after liver transplants from cell-free DNA (cfDNA) fragments released from dying cells into the circulation. We analyzed 130 blood samples collected from 44 patients at different time points after transplant. Sequence-based methylation of cfDNA fragments were mapped to patterns established to identify cell types in different organs. For liver cell types DNA methylation patterns and multi-omic data integration show distinct enrichment in open chromatin and regulatory regions functionally important for the respective cell types. We find that multi-tissue cellular damages post-transplant recover in patients without allograft injury during the first post-operative week. However, sustained elevation of hepatocyte and biliary epithelial cfDNA beyond the first week indicates early-onset allograft injury. Further, cfDNA composition differentiates amongst causes of allograft injury indicating the potential for non-invasive monitoring and timely intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. McNamara
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sidharth S. Jain
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kesha Oza
- MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital and Center for Translational Transplant Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of General Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Vinona Muralidaran
- MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital and Center for Translational Transplant Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Amber J. Kiliti
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - A. Patrick McDeed
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Digvijay Patil
- MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital and Center for Translational Transplant Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yuki Cui
- MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital and Center for Translational Transplant Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Marcel O. Schmidt
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Anna T. Riegel
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alexander H.K. Kroemer
- MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital and Center for Translational Transplant Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Anton Wellstein
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
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3
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Mou Y, Liao W, Li Y, Wan L, Liu J, Luo X, Shen H, Sun Q, Wang J, Tang J, Wang Z. Glycyrrhizin and the Related Preparations: An Inspiring Resource for the Treatment of Liver Diseases. Am J Chin Med 2024; 52:315-354. [PMID: 38553799 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x24500149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Liver diseases and their related complications endanger the health of millions of people worldwide. The prevention and treatment of liver diseases are still serious challenges both in China and globally. With the improvement of living standards, the prevalence of metabolic liver diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and alcoholic liver disease, has increased at an alarming rate, resulting in more cases of end-stage liver disease. Therefore, the discovery of novel therapeutic drugs for the treatment of liver diseases is urgently needed. Glycyrrhizin (GL), a triterpene glycoside from the roots of licorice plants, possesses a wide range of pharmacological and biological activities. Currently, GL preparations (GLPs) have certain advantages in the treatment of liver diseases, with good clinical effects and fewer adverse reactions, and have shown broad application prospects through multitargeting therapeutic mechanisms, including antisteatotic, anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory, antifibrotic, anticancer, and drug interaction activities. This review summarizes the currently known biological activities of GLPs and their medical applications in the treatment of liver diseases, and highlights the potential of these preparations as promising therapeutic options and their alluring prospects for the treatment of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Mou
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China
| | - Wenhao Liao
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China
| | - Yuchen Li
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China
| | - Lina Wan
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China
| | - Jingwen Liu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China
| | - Xialing Luo
- Department of Respiratory, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China
| | - Hongping Shen
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base of the Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, P. R. China
| | - Qin Sun
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base of the Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bishan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 402760, P. R. China
| | - Jianyuan Tang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China
| | - Zhilei Wang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China
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4
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Hu L, Feng X, Lan Y, Zhang J, Nie P, Xu H. Co-exposure with cadmium elevates the toxicity of microplastics: Trojan horse effect from the perspective of intestinal barrier. J Hazard Mater 2024; 466:133587. [PMID: 38280329 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) have been shown to adsorb heavy metals and serve as vehicles for their environmental transport. To date, insufficient studies have focused on enterohepatic injury in mice co-exposed to both MPs and cadmium (Cd). Here, we report that Cd adsorption increased the surface roughness and decreased the monodispersity of PS-MPs. Furthermore, exposure to both PS-MPs and Cd resulted in a more severe toxic effect compared to single exposure, with decreased body weight gain, shortened colon length, and increased colonic and hepatic inflammatory response observed. This can be attributed to an elevated accumulation of Cd resulting from increased gut permeability, coupled with the superimposed effects of oxidative stress. In addition, using 16 S sequencing and fecal microbiota transplantation, it was demonstrated that gut microbiota dysbiosis plays an essential role in the synergistic toxicity induced by PS-MPs and Cd in mice. This study showed that combined exposure to MPs and Cd induced more severe intestinal and liver damage in mice compared to individual exposure, and provided a new perspective for a more systematic risk assessment process related to MPs exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liehai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China
| | - Yuzhi Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China
| | - Jingfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China
| | - Penghui Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China
| | - Hengyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China; International Institute of Food Innovation Co., Ltd., Nanchang University, Nanchang 330200, PR China.
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5
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D’Ambrosio A, Bressan D, Ferracci E, Carbone F, Mulè P, Rossi F, Barbieri C, Sorrenti E, Fiaccadori G, Detone T, Vezzoli E, Bianchi S, Sartori C, Corso S, Fukuda A, Bertalot G, Falqui A, Barbareschi M, Romanel A, Pasini D, Chiacchiera F. Increased genomic instability and reshaping of tissue microenvironment underlie oncogenic properties of Arid1a mutations. Sci Adv 2024; 10:eadh4435. [PMID: 38489371 PMCID: PMC10942108 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh4435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Oncogenic mutations accumulating in many chromatin-associated proteins have been identified in different tumor types. With a mutation rate from 10 to 57%, ARID1A has been widely considered a tumor suppressor gene. However, whether this role is mainly due to its transcriptional-related activities or its ability to preserve genome integrity is still a matter of intense debate. Here, we show that ARID1A is largely dispensable for preserving enhancer-dependent transcriptional regulation, being ARID1B sufficient and required to compensate for ARID1A loss. We provide in vivo evidence that ARID1A is mainly required to preserve genomic integrity in adult tissues. ARID1A loss primarily results in DNA damage accumulation, interferon type I response activation, and chronic inflammation leading to tumor formation. Our data suggest that in healthy tissues, the increased genomic instability that follows ARID1A mutations and the selective pressure imposed by the microenvironment might result in the emergence of aggressive, possibly immune-resistant, tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro D’Ambrosio
- Laboratory of stem cells and cancer genomics, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
- SEMM, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Bressan
- Laboratory of stem cells and cancer genomics, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Elisa Ferracci
- Laboratory of stem cells and cancer genomics, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Francesco Carbone
- Unità Operativa Multizonale di Anatomia Patologica, APSS, 38122 Trento, Italy
| | - Patrizia Mulè
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), IRCCS, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Rossi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), IRCCS, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Caterina Barbieri
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), IRCCS, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Sorrenti
- Laboratory of stem cells and cancer genomics, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Gaia Fiaccadori
- Laboratory of stem cells and cancer genomics, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Thomas Detone
- Unità Operativa Multizonale di Anatomia Patologica, APSS, 38122 Trento, Italy
| | - Elena Vezzoli
- Department of Biomedical sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Bianchi
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Sartori
- Unità Operativa Multizonale di Anatomia Patologica, APSS, 38122 Trento, Italy
| | - Simona Corso
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
| | - Akihisa Fukuda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Giovanni Bertalot
- Unità Operativa Multizonale di Anatomia Patologica, APSS, 38122 Trento, Italy
- Centre for Medical Sciences–CISMed, University of Trento, 38122 Trento, Italy
| | - Andrea Falqui
- Department of Physics, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Mattia Barbareschi
- Unità Operativa Multizonale di Anatomia Patologica, APSS, 38122 Trento, Italy
- Centre for Medical Sciences–CISMed, University of Trento, 38122 Trento, Italy
| | - Alessandro Romanel
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Computational Genomics, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Diego Pasini
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), IRCCS, 20139 Milan, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Fulvio Chiacchiera
- Laboratory of stem cells and cancer genomics, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
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Destro ALF, Gonçalves DC, Alves TDS, Gregório KP, da Silva VM, Santos VR, de Castro OW, Filho HB, Garbino GST, Gonçalves RV, Oliveira JMD, Freitas MB. Iron and aluminum ore mining pollution induce oxidative and tissue damage on fruit-eating bats from the Atlantic Forest. J Hazard Mater 2024; 465:133285. [PMID: 38154190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Mining, a vital industry for economic growth, poses significant environmental pollution challenges. Failures in tailings dam containment have caused environmental contamination and raised concerns about preserving the globally significant biodiversity in the Atlantic Forest, which is under severe threat. Fruit-eating bats are key for forest regeneration as essential seed dispersers and pollinators. This study focuses on two keystone species, Artibeus lituratus and Sturnira lilium, exploring the effects of iron ore mining area (FEOA) and aluminum ore mining area (ALOA) on these bats, respectively, and comparing to individuals from a preserved Atlantic Forest fragment (FFA). Bats from FEOA showed higher Aluminum (Al), Calcium (Ca), Iron (Fe) and Barium (Ba) liver accumulation, as well as Ca and Fe muscle accumulation. These animals also showed higher liver and kidney oxidative damage associated with liver fibrosis and kidney inflammation. Brain and muscle also showed oxidative stress. Bats from ALOA showed higher Ca and Ba liver accumulation and Ca, Zinc (Zn), and Ba muscle accumulation, along with higher brain oxidative stress, liver fibrosis, and kidney inflammation. Our findings indicate that iron and aluminum ore mining activities cause adverse effects on bat tissues, posing a potential threat to biodiversity maintenance in the Atlantic Forest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hernando Baggio Filho
- Department of Geography, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jerusa Maria de Oliveira
- Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
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Adesanya O, Das D, Kalsotra A. Emerging roles of RNA-binding proteins in fatty liver disease. Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA 2024; 15:e1840. [PMID: 38613185 PMCID: PMC11018357 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
A rampant and urgent global health issue of the 21st century is the emergence and progression of fatty liver disease (FLD), including alcoholic fatty liver disease and the more heterogenous metabolism-associated (or non-alcoholic) fatty liver disease (MAFLD/NAFLD) phenotypes. These conditions manifest as disease spectra, progressing from benign hepatic steatosis to symptomatic steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and, ultimately, hepatocellular carcinoma. With numerous intricately regulated molecular pathways implicated in its pathophysiology, recent data have emphasized the critical roles of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) in the onset and development of FLD. They regulate gene transcription and post-transcriptional processes, including pre-mRNA splicing, capping, and polyadenylation, as well as mature mRNA transport, stability, and translation. RBP dysfunction at every point along the mRNA life cycle has been associated with altered lipid metabolism and cellular stress response, resulting in hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Here, we discuss the current understanding of the role of RBPs in the post-transcriptional processes associated with FLD and highlight the possible and emerging therapeutic strategies leveraging RBP function for FLD treatment. This article is categorized under: RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diptatanu Das
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Auinash Kalsotra
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Cancer Center @ Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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8
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Marakovits C, Francis H. Unraveling the complexities of fibrosis and ductular reaction in liver disease: pathogenesis, mechanisms, and therapeutic insights. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C698-C706. [PMID: 38105754 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00486.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Ductular reaction and fibrosis are hallmarks of many liver diseases including primary sclerosing cholangitis, primary biliary cholangitis, biliary atresia, alcoholic liver disease, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease/metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis. Liver fibrosis is the accumulation of extracellular matrix often caused by excess collagen deposition by myofibroblasts. Ductular reaction is the proliferation of bile ducts (which are composed of cholangiocytes) during liver injury. Many other cells including hepatic stellate cells, hepatocytes, hepatic progenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and immune cells contribute to ductular reaction and fibrosis by either directly or indirectly interacting with myofibroblasts and cholangiocytes. This review summarizes the recent findings in cellular links between ductular reaction and fibrosis in numerous liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinn Marakovits
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Heather Francis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
- Department of Research, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
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9
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Chowdhury RR, Rose S, Ezan F, Sovadinová I, Babica P, Langouët S. Hepatotoxicity of cyanotoxin microcystin-LR in human: Insights into mechanisms of action in the 3D culture model Hepoid-HepaRG. Environ Pollut 2024; 342:123047. [PMID: 38036087 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a potent hepatotoxin produced by harmful cyanobacterial blooms (CyanoHABs). MC-LR targets highly differentiated hepatocytes expressing organic anion transporting polypeptides OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 that are responsible for hepatocellular uptake of the toxin. The present study utilized an advanced 3D in vitro human liver model Hepoid-HepaRG based on the cultivation of collagen-matrix embedded multicellular spheroids composed of highly differentiated and polarized hepatocyte-like cells. 14-d-old Hepoid-HepaRG cultures showed increased expression of OATP1B1/1B3 and sensitivity to MC-LR cytotoxicity at concentrations >10 nM (48 h exposure, EC20 = 26 nM). MC-LR induced neither caspase 3/7 activity nor expression of the endoplasmic reticulum stress marker gene BiP/GRP78, but increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8, indicating a necrotic type of cell death. Subcytotoxic (10 nM) and cytotoxic (≥100 nM) MC-LR concentrations disrupted hepatocyte functions, such as xenobiotic metabolism phase-I enzyme activities (cytochrome P450 1A/1B) and albumin secretion, along with reduced expression of CYP1A2 and ALB genes. MC-LR also decreased expression of HNF4A gene, a critical regulator of hepatocyte differentiation and function. Genes encoding hepatobiliary membrane transporters (OATP1B1, BSEP, NTCP), hepatocyte gap junctional gene connexin 32 and the epithelial cell marker E-cadherin were also downregulated. Simultaneous upregulation of connexin 43 gene, primarily expressed by liver progenitor and non-parenchymal cells, indicated a disruption of tissue homeostasis. This was associated with a shift in the expression ratio of E-cadherin to N-cadherin towards the mesenchymal cell marker, a process linked to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and hepatocarcinogenesis. The effects observed in the human liver cell in vitro model revealed mechanisms that can potentially contribute to the MC-LR-induced promotion and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepoid-HepaRG cultures provide a robust, accessible and versatile in vitro model, capable of sensitively detecting hepatotoxic effects at toxicologically relevant concentrations, allowing for assessing hepatotoxicity mechanisms, human health hazards and impacts of environmental hepatotoxins, such as MC-LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riju R Chowdhury
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kotlářská 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sophie Rose
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en santé, environnement et travail), UMR_S 1085, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Frédéric Ezan
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en santé, environnement et travail), UMR_S 1085, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Iva Sovadinová
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kotlářská 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Babica
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kotlářská 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sophie Langouët
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en santé, environnement et travail), UMR_S 1085, 35000, Rennes, France.
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10
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Chen G, Xu W, Long Z, Chong Y, Lin B, Jie Y. Single-cell Technologies Provide Novel Insights into Liver Physiology and Pathology. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2024; 12:79-90. [PMID: 38250462 PMCID: PMC10794276 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2023.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The liver is the largest glandular organ in the body and has a unique distribution of cells and biomolecules. However, the treatment outcome of end-stage liver disease is extremely poor. Single-cell sequencing is a new advanced and powerful technique for identifying rare cell populations and biomolecules by analyzing the characteristics of gene expression between individual cells. These cells and biomolecules might be used as potential targets for immunotherapy of liver diseases and contribute to the development of precise individualized treatment. Compared to whole-tissue RNA sequencing, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) or other single-cell histological techniques have solved the problem of cell population heterogeneity and characterize molecular changes associated with liver diseases with higher accuracy and resolution. In this review, we comprehensively summarized single-cell approaches including transcriptomic, spatial transcriptomic, immunomic, proteomic, epigenomic, and multiomic technologies, and described their application in liver physiology and pathology. We also discussed advanced techniques and recent studies in the field of single-cell; our review might provide new insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of the liver to achieve precise and individualized treatment of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhicong Long
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yutian Chong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bingliang Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yusheng Jie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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11
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Feng R, Tong C, Lin T, Liu H, Shao C, Li Y, Sticht C, Kan K, Li X, Liu R, Wang S, Wang S, Munker S, Niess H, Meyer C, Liebe R, Ebert MP, Dooley S, Wang H, Ding H, Weng HL. Insulin Determines Transforming Growth Factor β Effects on Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4α Transcription in Hepatocytes. Am J Pathol 2024; 194:52-70. [PMID: 37820926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Loss of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) expression is frequently observed in end-stage liver disease and associated with loss of vital liver functions, thus increasing mortality. Loss of HNF4α expression is mediated by inflammatory cytokines, such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. However, details of how HNF4α is suppressed are largely unknown to date. Herein, TGF-β did not directly inhibit HNF4α but contributed to its transcriptional regulation by SMAD2/3 recruiting acetyltransferase CREB-binding protein/p300 to the HNF4α promoter. The recruitment of CREB-binding protein/p300 is indispensable for CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) binding, another essential requirement for constitutive HNF4α expression in hepatocytes. Consistent with the in vitro observation, 67 of 98 patients with hepatic HNF4α expressed both phospho-SMAD2 and C/EBPα, whereas 22 patients without HNF4α expression lacked either phospho-SMAD2 or C/EBPα. In contrast to the observed induction of HNF4α, SMAD2/3 inhibited C/EBPα transcription. Long-term TGF-β incubation resulted in C/EBPα depletion, which abrogated HNF4α expression. Intriguingly, SMAD2/3 inhibitory binding to the C/EBPα promoter was abolished by insulin. Two-thirds of patients without C/EBPα lacked membrane glucose transporter type 2 expression in hepatocytes, indicating insulin resistance. Taken together, these data indicate that hepatic insulin sensitivity is essential for hepatic HNF4α expression in the condition of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rilu Feng
- Section Molecular Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Chenhao Tong
- Section Molecular Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tao Lin
- Section Molecular Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Pathology, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Shao
- Department of Pathology, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujia Li
- Section Molecular Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carsten Sticht
- NGS Core Facility, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Kejia Kan
- Department of Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Sai Wang
- Section Molecular Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Stefan Munker
- Department of Medicine II, Liver Centre Munich, University Hospital, Campus Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany; Liver Centre Munich, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hanno Niess
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany; Biobank of the Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Meyer
- Section Molecular Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Roman Liebe
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Matthias P Ebert
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Healthy Metabolism, Center of Preventive Medicine and Digital Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Steven Dooley
- Section Molecular Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Huiguo Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Lei Weng
- Section Molecular Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
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12
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Xia S, Qin X, Wang J, Ren H. Advancements in the pathogenesis of hepatic osteodystrophy and the potential therapeutic of mesenchymal stromal cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:359. [PMID: 38087318 PMCID: PMC10717286 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03605-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic osteodystrophy (HOD) is a metabolically associated bone disease mainly manifested as osteoporosis with the characteristic of bone loss induced by chronic liver disease (CLD). Due to its high incidence in CLD patients and increased risk of fracture, the research on HOD has received considerable interest. The specific pathogenesis of HOD has not been fully revealed. While it is widely believed that disturbance of hormone level, abnormal secretion of cytokines and damage of intestinal barrier caused by CLD might jointly affect the bone metabolic balance of bone formation and bone absorption. At present, the treatment of HOD is mainly to alleviate the bone loss by drug treatment, but the efficacy and safety are not satisfactory. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are cells with multidirectional differentiation potential, cell transplantation therapy based on MSCs is an emerging therapeutic approach. This review mainly summarized the pathogenesis and treatment of HOD, reviewed the research progress of MSCs therapy and the combination of MSCs and scaffolds in the application of osteoporotic bone defects, and discussed the potential and limitations of MSCs therapy, providing theoretical basis for subsequent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senzhe Xia
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Xueqian Qin
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Transplantation Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jinglin Wang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Transplantation Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Transplantation Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Haozhen Ren
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Transplantation Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Transplantation Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
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13
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He W, Xu C, Mao D, Zheng Y, Wang N, Wang M, Mao N, Wang T, Li Y. Recent advances in pyroptosis, liver disease, and traditional Chinese medicine: A review. Phytother Res 2023; 37:5473-5494. [PMID: 37622684 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the incidence of liver disease has increased, becoming a major cause of death. Various liver diseases are intricately linked to pyroptosis, which is one of the most common forms of programmed cell death. As a powerful weapon in the fight against liver diseases, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) can affect pyroptosis via a number of routes, including the classical, nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptors protein 3/caspase-1/gasdermin D (GSDMD) pathway, the nonclassical lipopolysaccharide/caspase-11/GSDMD pathway, the ROS/caspase-3/gasdermin E pathway, the caspase-9/caspase-3/GSDMD pathway, and the Apaf-1/caspase-11/caspase-3 pathway. In this review, we provide an overview of pyroptosis, the interplay between pyroptosis and liver diseases, and the mechanisms through which TCM regulates pyroptosis in liver diseases. The information used in the text was collected and compiled from the databases of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, CNKI, and Wanfang Data up to June 2023. The search was not limited with regard to the language and country of the articles. Research and review articles were included, and papers with duplicate results or unrelated content were excluded. We examined the current understanding of the relationship between pyroptosis and liver diseases as well as the advances in TCM interventions to provide a resource for the identification of potential targets for TCM in the treatment of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxing He
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine Science, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Canli Xu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine Science, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Dewen Mao
- Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine Science, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Minggang Wang
- Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Nan Mao
- Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Jiangbin Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Ting Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yanjie Li
- Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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14
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Ma X, Manley S, Qian H, Li Y, Zhang C, Li K, Ding B, Guo F, Chen A, Zhang X, Liu M, Hao M, Kugler B, Morris EM, Thyfault J, Yang L, Sesaki H, Ni HM, McBride H, Ding WX. Mitochondria-lysosome-related organelles mediate mitochondrial clearance during cellular dedifferentiation. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113291. [PMID: 37862166 PMCID: PMC10842364 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctional mitochondria are removed via multiple pathways, such as mitophagy, a selective autophagy process. Here, we identify an intracellular hybrid mitochondria-lysosome organelle (termed the mitochondria-lysosome-related organelle [MLRO]), which regulates mitochondrial homeostasis independent of canonical mitophagy during hepatocyte dedifferentiation. The MLRO is an electron-dense organelle that has either a single or double membrane with both mitochondria and lysosome markers. Mechanistically, the MLRO is likely formed from the fusion of mitochondria-derived vesicles (MDVs) with lysosomes through a PARKIN-, ATG5-, and DRP1-independent process, which is negatively regulated by transcription factor EB (TFEB) and associated with mitochondrial protein degradation and hepatocyte dedifferentiation. The MLRO, which is galectin-3 positive, is reminiscent of damaged lysosome and could be cleared by overexpression of TFEB, resulting in attenuation of hepatocyte dedifferentiation. Together, results from this study suggest that the MLRO may act as an alternative mechanism for mitochondrial quality control independent of canonical autophagy/mitophagy involved in cell dedifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Sharon Manley
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Hui Qian
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Kevin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Benjamin Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Fengli Guo
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Allen Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Meilian Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Meihua Hao
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Benjamin Kugler
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - E Matthew Morris
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - John Thyfault
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Hiromi Sesaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hong-Min Ni
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Heidi McBride
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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15
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Sherman DJ, Liu L, Mamrosh JL, Xie J, Ferbas J, Lomenick B, Ladinsky MS, Verma R, Rulifson IC, Deshaies RJ. The fatty liver disease-causing protein PNPLA3-I148M alters lipid droplet-Golgi dynamics. bioRxiv 2023:2023.10.13.562302. [PMID: 37873239 PMCID: PMC10592801 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.13.562302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), recently renamed metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), is a progressive metabolic disorder that begins with aberrant triglyceride accumulation in the liver and can lead to cirrhosis and cancer. A common variant in the gene PNPLA3, encoding the protein PNPLA3-I148M, is the strongest known genetic risk factor for MASLD to date. Despite its discovery twenty years ago, the function of PNPLA3, and now the role of PNPLA3-I148M, remain unclear. In this study, we sought to dissect the biogenesis of PNPLA3 and PNPLA3-I148M and characterize changes induced by endogenous expression of the disease-causing variant. Contrary to bioinformatic predictions and prior studies with overexpressed proteins, we demonstrate here that PNPLA3 and PNPLA3-I148M are not endoplasmic reticulum-resident transmembrane proteins. To identify their intracellular associations, we generated a paired set of isogenic human hepatoma cells expressing PNPLA3 and PNPLA3-I148M at endogenous levels. Both proteins were enriched in lipid droplet, Golgi, and endosomal fractions. Purified PNPLA3 and PNPLA3-I148M proteins associated with phosphoinositides commonly found in these compartments. Despite a similar fractionation pattern as the wild-type variant, PNPLA3-I148M induced morphological changes in the Golgi apparatus, including increased lipid droplet-Golgi contact sites, which were also observed in I148M-expressing primary human patient hepatocytes. In addition to lipid droplet accumulation, PNPLA3-I148M expression caused significant proteomic and transcriptomic changes that resembled all stages of liver disease. Cumulatively, we validate an endogenous human cellular system for investigating PNPLA3-I148M biology and identify the Golgi apparatus as a central hub of PNPLA3-I148M-driven cellular change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lei Liu
- Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | - John Ferbas
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Brett Lomenick
- Proteome Exploration Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Mark S. Ladinsky
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Rati Verma
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
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Chen L, Zhang N, Huang Y, Zhang Q, Fang Y, Fu J, Yuan Y, Chen L, Chen X, Xu Z, Li Y, Izawa H, Xiang C. Multiple Dimensions of using Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Treating Liver Diseases: From Bench to Beside. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023; 19:2192-2224. [PMID: 37498509 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10583-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Liver diseases impose a huge burden worldwide. Although hepatocyte transplantation has long been considered as a potential strategy for treating liver diseases, its clinical implementation has created some obvious limitations. As an alternative strategy, cell therapy, particularly mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation, is widely used in treating different liver diseases, including acute liver disease, acute-on-chronic liver failure, hepatitis B/C virus, autoimmune hepatitis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, liver fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Here, we summarize the status of MSC transplantation in treating liver diseases, focusing on the therapeutic mechanisms, including differentiation into hepatocyte-like cells, immunomodulating function with a variety of immune cells, paracrine effects via the secretion of various cytokines and extracellular vesicles, and facilitation of homing and engraftment. Some improved perspectives and current challenges are also addressed. In summary, MSCs have great potential in the treatment of liver diseases based on their multi-faceted characteristics, and more accurate mechanisms and novel therapeutic strategies stemming from MSCs will facilitate clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, People's Republic of China
- Research Units of Infectious Disease and Microecology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, People's Republic of China
- Research Units of Infectious Disease and Microecology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, People's Republic of China
- Research Units of Infectious Disease and Microecology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, People's Republic of China
- Research Units of Infectious Disease and Microecology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangxin Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, People's Republic of China
- Research Units of Infectious Disease and Microecology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiamin Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, People's Republic of China
- Research Units of Infectious Disease and Microecology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, People's Republic of China
- Research Units of Infectious Disease and Microecology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Chen
- Innovative Precision Medicine (IPM) Group, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311215, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu Xu
- Innovative Precision Medicine (IPM) Group, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311215, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, People's Republic of China
- Research Units of Infectious Disease and Microecology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Hiromi Izawa
- Jingugaien Woman Life Clinic, Jingu-Gaien 3-39-5 2F, Shibuya-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Charlie Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, People's Republic of China.
- Research Units of Infectious Disease and Microecology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Dubois‐Chevalier J, Gheeraert C, Berthier A, Boulet C, Dubois V, Guille L, Fourcot M, Marot G, Gauthier K, Dubuquoy L, Staels B, Lefebvre P, Eeckhoute J. An extended transcription factor regulatory network controls hepatocyte identity. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57020. [PMID: 37424431 PMCID: PMC10481658 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell identity is specified by a core transcriptional regulatory circuitry (CoRC), typically limited to a small set of interconnected cell-specific transcription factors (TFs). By mining global hepatic TF regulons, we reveal a more complex organization of the transcriptional regulatory network controlling hepatocyte identity. We show that tight functional interconnections controlling hepatocyte identity extend to non-cell-specific TFs beyond the CoRC, which we call hepatocyte identity (Hep-ID)CONNECT TFs. Besides controlling identity effector genes, Hep-IDCONNECT TFs also engage in reciprocal transcriptional regulation with TFs of the CoRC. In homeostatic basal conditions, this translates into Hep-IDCONNECT TFs being involved in fine tuning CoRC TF expression including their rhythmic expression patterns. Moreover, a role for Hep-IDCONNECT TFs in the control of hepatocyte identity is revealed in dedifferentiated hepatocytes where Hep-IDCONNECT TFs are able to reset CoRC TF expression. This is observed upon activation of NR1H3 or THRB in hepatocarcinoma or in hepatocytes subjected to inflammation-induced loss of identity. Our study establishes that hepatocyte identity is controlled by an extended array of TFs beyond the CoRC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Céline Gheeraert
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011‐EGIDLilleFrance
| | - Alexandre Berthier
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011‐EGIDLilleFrance
| | - Clémence Boulet
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011‐EGIDLilleFrance
| | - Vanessa Dubois
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011‐EGIDLilleFrance
- Basic and Translational Endocrinology (BaTE), Department of Basic and Applied Medical SciencesGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Loïc Guille
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011‐EGIDLilleFrance
| | - Marie Fourcot
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41 – UAR 2014 – PLBSLilleFrance
| | - Guillemette Marot
- Univ. Lille, Inria, CHU Lille, ULR 2694 – METRICS: Évaluation des technologies de santé et des pratiques médicalesLilleFrance
| | - Karine Gauthier
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (IGFL), CNRS UMR 5242, INRAE USC 1370, École Normale Supérieure de LyonLyonFrance
| | - Laurent Dubuquoy
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286 – INFINITE – Institute for Translational Research in InflammationLilleFrance
| | - Bart Staels
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011‐EGIDLilleFrance
| | - Philippe Lefebvre
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011‐EGIDLilleFrance
| | - Jérôme Eeckhoute
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011‐EGIDLilleFrance
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18
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Han J, Lee C, Hur J, Jung Y. Current Therapeutic Options and Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Alcoholic Liver Disease. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010022. [PMID: 36611816 PMCID: PMC9818513 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a globally prevalent chronic liver disease caused by chronic or binge consumption of alcohol. The therapeutic efficiency of current therapies for ALD is limited, and there is no FDA-approved therapy for ALD at present. Various strategies targeting pathogenic events in the progression of ALD are being investigated in preclinical and clinical trials. Recently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as a promising candidate for ALD treatment and have been tested in several clinical trials. MSC-released factors have captured attention, as they have the same therapeutic function as MSCs. Herein, we focus on current therapeutic options, recently proposed strategies, and their limitations in ALD treatment. Also, we review the therapeutic effects of MSCs and those of MSC-related secretory factors on ALD. Although accumulating evidence suggests the therapeutic potential of MSCs and related factors in ALD, the mechanisms underlying their actions in ALD have not been well studied. Further investigations of the detailed mechanisms underlying the therapeutic role of MSCs in ALD are required to expand MSC therapies to clinical applications. This review provides information on current or possible treatments for ALD and contributes to our understanding of the development of effective and safe treatments for ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsol Han
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanbin Lee
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Systems Biology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
- PNU GRAND Convergence Medical Science Education Research Center, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (Y.J.); Tel.: +82-51-510-8074 (J.H.); +82-51-510-2262 (Y.J.)
| | - Youngmi Jung
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (Y.J.); Tel.: +82-51-510-8074 (J.H.); +82-51-510-2262 (Y.J.)
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19
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Gárate-Rascón M, Recalde M, Rojo C, Fernández-Barrena MG, Ávila MA, Arechederra M, Berasain C. SLU7: A New Hub of Gene Expression Regulation—From Epigenetics to Protein Stability in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113411. [PMID: 36362191 PMCID: PMC9658179 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SLU7 (Splicing factor synergistic lethal with U5 snRNA 7) was first identified as a splicing factor necessary for the correct selection of 3′ splice sites, strongly impacting on the diversity of gene transcripts in a cell. More recent studies have uncovered new and non-redundant roles of SLU7 as an integrative hub of different levels of gene expression regulation, including epigenetic DNA remodeling, modulation of transcription and protein stability. Here we review those findings, the multiple factors and mechanisms implicated as well as the cellular functions affected. For instance, SLU7 is essential to secure liver differentiation, genome integrity acting at different levels and a correct cell cycle progression. Accordingly, the aberrant expression of SLU7 could be associated with human diseases including cancer, although strikingly, it is an essential survival factor for cancer cells. Finally, we discuss the implications of SLU7 in pathophysiology, with particular emphasis on the progression of liver disease and its possible role as a therapeutic target in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Gárate-Rascón
- Program of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Avda. Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miriam Recalde
- Program of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Avda. Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carla Rojo
- Program of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Avda. Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite G. Fernández-Barrena
- Program of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Avda. Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Carlos III Health Institute), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Matías A. Ávila
- Program of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Avda. Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Carlos III Health Institute), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Arechederra
- Program of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Avda. Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Carlos III Health Institute), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Berasain
- Program of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Avda. Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Carlos III Health Institute), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-948-194700; Fax: +34-948-194717
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