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Yang H, Su M, Liu M, Sheng Y, Zhu L, Yang L, Mu R, Zou J, Liu X, Liu L. Hepatic retinaldehyde deficiency is involved in diabetes deterioration by enhancing PCK1- and G6PC-mediated gluconeogenesis. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:3728-3743. [PMID: 37719384 PMCID: PMC10501888 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is often accompanied with an induction of retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (RALDH1 or ALDH1A1) expression and a consequent decrease in hepatic retinaldehyde (Rald) levels. However, the role of hepatic Rald deficiency in T2D progression remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that reversing T2D-mediated hepatic Rald deficiency by Rald or citral treatments, or liver-specific Raldh1 silencing substantially lowered fasting glycemia levels, inhibited hepatic glucogenesis, and downregulated phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (PCK1) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC) expression in diabetic db/db mice. Fasting glycemia and Pck1/G6pc mRNA expression levels were strongly negatively correlated with hepatic Rald levels, indicating the involvement of hepatic Rald depletion in T2D deterioration. A similar result that liver-specific Raldh1 silencing improved glucose metabolism was also observed in high-fat diet-fed mice. In primary human hepatocytes and oleic acid-treated HepG2 cells, Rald or Rald + RALDH1 silencing resulted in decreased glucose production and downregulated PCK1/G6PC mRNA and protein expression. Mechanistically, Rald downregulated direct repeat 1-mediated PCK1 and G6PC expression by antagonizing retinoid X receptor α, as confirmed by luciferase reporter assays and molecular docking. These results highlight the link between hepatic Rald deficiency, glucose dyshomeostasis, and the progression of T2D, whilst also suggesting RALDH1 as a potential therapeutic target for T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Mengxiang Su
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yun Sheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ruijing Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jianjun Zou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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Abstract
Vitamin A is a micronutrient important for vision, cell growth, reproduction and immunity. Both deficiency and excess consuming of vitamin A cause severe health consequences. Although discovered as the first lipophilic vitamin already more than a century ago and the definition of precise biological roles of vitamin A in the setting of health and disease, there are still many unresolved issues related to that vitamin. Prototypically, the liver that plays a key role in the storage, metabolism and homeostasis of vitamin A critically responds to the vitamin A status. Acute and chronic excess vitamin A is associated with liver damage and fibrosis, while also hypovitaminosis A is associated with alterations in liver morphology and function. Hepatic stellate cells are the main storage site of vitamin A. These cells have multiple physiological roles from balancing retinol content of the body to mediating inflammatory responses in the liver. Strikingly, different animal disease models also respond to vitamin A statuses differently or even opposing. In this review, we discuss some of these controversial issues in understanding vitamin A biology. More studies of the interactions of vitamin A with animal genomes and epigenetic settings are anticipated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxun Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sabine Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Zolfaghari R, Bonzo JA, Gonzalez FJ, Ross AC. Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4α (HNF4α) Plays a Controlling Role in Expression of the Retinoic Acid Receptor β ( RARβ) Gene in Hepatocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:8608. [PMID: 37239961 PMCID: PMC10218549 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
HNF4α, a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, regulates the genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism. The expression of the RARβ gene in the liver of HNF4α knock-out mice was higher versus wildtype controls, whereas oppositely, RARβ promoter activity was 50% reduced by the overexpression of HNF4α in HepG2 cells, and treatment with retinoic acid (RA), a major metabolite of vitamin A, increased RARβ promoter activity 15-fold. The human RARβ2 promoter contains two DR5 and one DR8 binding motifs, as RA response elements (RARE) proximal to the transcription start site. While DR5 RARE1 was previously reported to be responsive to RARs but not to other nuclear receptors, we show here that mutation in DR5 RARE2 suppresses the promoter response to HNF4α and RARα/RXRα. Mutational analysis of ligand-binding pocket amino acids shown to be critical for fatty acid (FA) binding indicated that RA may interfere with interactions of FA carboxylic acid headgroups with side chains of S190 and R235, and the aliphatic group with I355. These results could explain the partial suppression of HNF4α transcriptional activation toward gene promoters that lack RARE, including APOC3 and CYP2C9, while conversely, HNF4α may bind to RARE sequences in the promoter of the genes such as CYP26A1 and RARβ, activating these genes in the presence of RA. Thus, RA could act as either an antagonist towards HNF4α in genes lacking RAREs, or as an agonist for RARE-containing genes. Overall, RA may interfere with the function of HNF4α and deregulate HNF4α targets genes, including the genes important for lipid and glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Zolfaghari
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Jessica A. Bonzo
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - A. Catharine Ross
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
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Zhang Y, Tian K, Chen G. Replenishment of vitamin A for 7 days partially restored hepatic gene expressions altered by its deficiency in rats. Front Nutr 2022; 9:999323. [PMID: 36276822 PMCID: PMC9583942 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.999323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of vitamin A (VA) status on metabolism of Zucker rats with different genders and genotypes, and of short-term refeeding of a VA sufficient (VAS) diet on VA deficient (VAD) animals. First, male and female Zucker lean (ZL) and fatty (ZF) rats at weaning were fed a VAD or VAS diet for 8 weeks. Second, male VAD ZL rats were fed a VAS diet for 3 (VAD-VAS3d) or 7 (VAD-VAS7d) days. The body weight (BW), blood parameters, and hepatic expressions of genes for metabolism were determined. VA deficiency reduced BW gain in ZL and ZF rats of either gender. VAD ZL rats had lower plasma glucose, insulin, and leptin levels than VAS ZL rats. VAD-VAS3d and VAD-VAS7d rats had higher plasma glucose, insulin, and leptin levels than that in the VAD rats. The hepatic mRNA levels of Gck, Cyp26a1, Srebp-1c, Igf1, Rarb, Rxra, Rxrg, Pparg, and Ppard were lowered by VA deficiency. Refeeding of the VAS diet for 3 days restored the Gck and Cyp26a1 expressions, and for 7 days restored the Gck, Cyp26a1, Igf1, and Rxrb expressions significantly. The 7-day VA replenishment partially restored the hepatic gene expressions and metabolic changes in VAD ZL rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Puren Hospital of Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Kui Tian
- Department of Radiology, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guoxun Chen
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
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5
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Yang HY, Liu M, Sheng Y, Zhu L, Jin MM, Jiang TX, Yang L, Liu PH, Liu XD, Liu L. All-trans retinoic acid impairs glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by activating the RXR/SREBP-1c/UCP2 pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:1441-1452. [PMID: 34417575 PMCID: PMC9160277 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00740-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is often associated with vitamin A disorders. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is the main active constituent of vitamin A. We aimed to investigate whether ATRA influences diabetic progression and its mechanisms using both Goto-Kazizazi (GK) rats and INS-1 cells. Rat experiments demonstrated that ATRA treatment worsened diabetes symptoms, as evidenced by an increase in fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels and impairment of glucose homeostasis. Importantly, ATRA impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and increased the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) and uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) in the rat pancreas. Data from INS-1 cells also showed that ATRA upregulated SREBP-1c and UCP2 expression and impaired GSIS at 23 mM glucose. Srebp-1c or Ucp2 silencing attenuated GSIS impairment by reversing the ATRA-induced increase in UCP2 expression and decrease in ATP content. ATRA and the retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonists 9-cis RA and LG100268 induced the gene expression of Srebp-1c, which was almost completely abolished by the RXR antagonist HX531. RXRα-LBD luciferase reporter plasmid experiments also demonstrated that ATRA concentration-dependently activated RXRα, the EC50 of which was 1.37 μM, which was lower than the ATRA concentration in the pancreas of GK rats treated with a high dose of ATRA (approximately 3 μM), inferring that ATRA can upregulate Srebp-1c expression in the pancreas by activating RXR. In conclusion, ATRA impaired GSIS partly by activating the RXR/SREBP-1c/UCP2 pathway, thus worsening diabetic symptoms. The results highlight the roles of ATRA in diabetic progression and establish new strategies for diabetes treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-yu Yang
- grid.254147.10000 0000 9776 7793Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009 China
| | - Ming Liu
- grid.254147.10000 0000 9776 7793Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009 China
| | - Yun Sheng
- grid.254147.10000 0000 9776 7793Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009 China
| | - Liang Zhu
- grid.254147.10000 0000 9776 7793Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009 China
| | - Meng-meng Jin
- grid.254147.10000 0000 9776 7793Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009 China
| | - Tian-xin Jiang
- grid.254147.10000 0000 9776 7793Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009 China
| | - Lu Yang
- grid.254147.10000 0000 9776 7793Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009 China
| | - Pei-hua Liu
- grid.254147.10000 0000 9776 7793Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009 China
| | - Xiao-dong Liu
- grid.254147.10000 0000 9776 7793Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009 China
| | - Li Liu
- grid.254147.10000 0000 9776 7793Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009 China
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Wang T, Tang X, Hu X, Wang J, Chen G. Reduction in the Dietary VA Status Prevents Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040528. [PMID: 35454117 PMCID: PMC9032907 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that the vitamin A (VA) status regulates type 2 diabetes (T2D) development in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. Zucker Lean and ZDF rats at weaning were fed a VA deficient with basal fat (VAD-BF, no VA and 22.1% fat energy), VA marginal with BF (VAM-BF, 0.35 mg retinyl palmitate (RP)/kg), VA sufficient with BF (VAS-BF, 4.0 mg RP/kg), VAD with high fat (VAD-HF, 60% fat energy), VAM-HF or VAS-HF diet for 8 weeks, including an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at week 7.5. The hepatic mRNA and proteins levels were determined using real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively. The VAD-BF/HF and VAM-BF/HF diets prevented peripheral hyperglycemia and attenuated obesity in ZDF rats, which occurred in the presence of the VAS-BF/HF diets. This lowered VA status reduced venous blood hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and hyperlipidemia, and improved OGTT and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance results in ZDF rats. The expression levels of key hepatic genes for glucose and fat metabolism were regulated by VA status and dietary fat contents. An interaction between VA and HF condition was also observed. We conclude that the reduction in the dietary VA status in both BF and HF conditions prevents T2D and obesity in ZDF rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiannan Wang
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (T.W.); (X.H.)
| | - Xia Tang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agriculture University, Baoding 071001, China;
| | - Xinge Hu
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (T.W.); (X.H.)
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China;
| | - Guoxun Chen
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (T.W.); (X.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+1-865-974-6257
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Chen G. The Interactions of Insulin and Vitamin A Signaling Systems for the Regulation of Hepatic Glucose and Lipid Metabolism. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082160. [PMID: 34440929 PMCID: PMC8393264 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemics of obesity and type 2 diabetes have become a concern of public health. Nutrition plays a key role in these concerns. Insulin as an anabolic hormonal was discovered exactly 100 years ago due to its activity in controlling blood glucose level. Vitamin A (VA), a lipophilic micronutrient, has been shown to regulate glucose and fat metabolism. VA's physiological roles are mainly mediated by its metabolite, retinoic acid (RA), which activates retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs), which are two transcription factors. The VA status and activations of RARs and RXRs by RA and synthetic agonists have shown to affect the glucose and lipid metabolism in animal models. Both insulin and RA signaling systems regulate the expression levels of genes involved in the regulation of hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism. Interactions of insulin and RA signaling systems have been observed. This review is aimed at summarizing the history of diabetes, insulin and VA signaling systems; the effects of VA status and activation of RARs and RXRs on metabolism and RAR and RXR phosphorylation; and possible interactions of insulin and RA in the regulation of hepatic genes for glucose and lipid metabolism. In addition, some future research perspectives for understanding of nutrient and hormone interactions are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxun Chen
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Han Y, Yang Y, Kim M, Jee SH, Yoo HJ, Lee JH. Serum Retinal and Retinoic Acid Predict the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Korean Subjects with Impaired Fasting Glucose from the KCPS-II Cohort. Metabolites 2021; 11:510. [PMID: 34436451 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate whether retinal and retinoic acid (RA), which are newly discovered biomarkers from our previous research, reliably predict type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) development in subjects with impaired fasting glucose (IFG). Among the Korean Cancer Prevention Study (KCPS)-II cohort, subjects were selected and matched by age and sex (IFG-IFG group, n = 100 vs. IFG-DM group, n = 100) for study 1. For real-world validation of two biomarkers (study 2), other participants in the KCPS-II cohort who had IFG at baseline (n = 500) were selected. Targeted LC/MS was used to analyze the baseline serum samples; retinal and RA levels were quantified. In study 1, we revealed that both biomarkers were significantly decreased in the IFG-DM group (retinal, p = 0.017; RA, p < 0.001). The obese subjects in the IFG-DM group showed markedly lower retinal (p = 0.030) and RA (p = 0.003) levels than those in the IFG-IFG group. In study 2, the results for the two metabolites tended to be similar to those of study 1, but no significant difference was observed. Notably, the predictive ability for T2DM was enhanced when the metabolites were added to conventional risk factors for T2DM in both studies (study 1, AUC 0.682 → 0.775; study 2, AUC 0.734 → 0.786). The results suggest that retinal- and RA-related metabolic pathways are altered before the onset of T2DM.
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Rosiles-Abonce A, Rubio C, Taddei E, Rosiles D, Rubio-Osornio M. Antiepileptogenic Effect of Retinoic Acid. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 19:383-391. [PMID: 32351181 PMCID: PMC8033965 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200429232104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid, a metabolite of vitamin A, acts through either genomic or nongenomic actions. The genomic action of retinoids exerts effects on gene transcription through interaction with retinoid receptors such as retinoic acid receptors (RARα, β, and γ) and retinoid X receptors (RXRα, β, and γ) that are primarily concentrated in the amygdala, pre-frontal cortex, and hippocampal areas in the brain. In response to retinoid binding, RAR/RXR heterodimers undergo major conformational changes and orchestrate the transcription of specific gene networks. Previous experimental studies have reported that retinoic acid exerts an antiepileptogenic effect through diverse mechanisms, including the modulation of gap junctions, neurotransmitters, long-term potentiation, calcium channels and some genes. To our knowledge, there are no previous or current clinical trials evaluating the use of retinoic acid for seizure control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Moisés Rubio-Osornio
- Address correspondence to this author at the Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de Mexico; E-mail:
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Abstract
The skeletal muscle regulates glucose homeostasis. Here, the effects of vitamin A metabolites including retinoic acid (RA) alone, and in combination with insulin, on glucose utilization were investigated in rat L6 muscle cells during the differentiation process. L6 cells were treated with differentiation medium containing retinol, retinal, RA, and (or) insulin. The glucose levels and pH values in the medium were measured every 2 days. The expression levels of insulin signaling and glycogen synthesis proteins, as well as glycogen content were determined. Retinal and RA reduced the glucose content and pH levels in the medium of the L6 cells. RA acted synergistically with insulin to reduce glucose and pH levels in the medium. The RA- and insulin-mediated reduction of glucose in the medium only occurred when glucose levels were at or above 15 mmol/L. Insulin-induced phosphorylation of Akt Thr308 was further enhanced by RA treatment through the activation of retinoic acid receptor. RA acted synergistically with insulin to phosphorylate glycogen synthase kinase 3β, and dephosphorylate glycogen synthase (GS), which was associated with increases in the protein and mRNA levels of GS. Increases in glycogen content were induced by insulin, and was further enhanced in the presence of RA. We conclude that activation of the RA signaling pathway enhanced insulin-induced glucose utilization in differentiating L6 cells through increases in glycogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Goff
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Guoxun Chen
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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Abstract
The nuclear receptors (NRs) belong to a vast family of evolutionary conserved proteins acting as ligand-activated transcription factors. Functionally, NRs are essential in embryogenesis and organogenesis and in adulthood they are involved in almost every physiological and pathological process. Our knowledge of NRs action has greatly improved in recent years, demonstrating that both their expression and activity are tightly regulated by a network of signaling pathways, miRNA and reciprocal interactions. The Chicken Ovalbumin Upstream Promoter Transcription Factor II (COUP-TFII, NR2F2) is a NR classified as an orphan due to the lack of a known natural ligand. Although its expression peaks during development, and then decreases considerably, in adult tissues, COUP-TFII is an important regulator of differentiation and it is variably implicated in tissues homeostasis. As such, alterations of its expression or its transcriptional activity have been studied and linked to a spectrum of diseases in organs and tissues of different origins. Indeed, an altered COUP-TFII expression and activity may cause infertility, abnormality in the vascular system and metabolic diseases like diabetes. Moreover, COUP-TFII is actively investigated in cancer research but its role in tumor progression is yet to be fully understood. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of COUP-TFII in healthy and pathological conditions, proposing an updated and critical view of the many functions of this NR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Polvani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, Gastroenterology Unit, University of Florence, viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy; (S.P.); (S.M.)
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, largo Brambilla 50, 50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Sara Pepe
- Istituto per la Ricerca, la Prevenzione e la rete Oncologica (ISPRO), viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy;
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, via M. Bracci 16, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Stefano Milani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, Gastroenterology Unit, University of Florence, viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy; (S.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Andrea Galli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, Gastroenterology Unit, University of Florence, viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy; (S.P.); (S.M.)
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Kuang H, Wei CH, Wang T, Eastep J, Li Y, Chen G. Vitamin A status affects weight gain and hepatic glucose metabolism in rats fed a high-fat diet. Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 97:545-553. [PMID: 30802138 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2018-0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether vitamin A (VA) has a role in the development of metabolic abnormalities associated with intake of a high-fat diet (HFD) is unclear. Sprague-Dawley rats after weaning were fed an isocaloric VA sufficient HFD (VAS-HFD) or a VA deficient HFD (VAD-HFD) for 8 weeks. Body mass, food intake, liver and adipose tissue mass, and the hepatic expression levels of key proteins for metabolism were determined. VAD-HFD rats had lower body, liver, and epididymal fat mass than VAS-HFD rats. VAD-HFD rats had lower hepatic protein expression levels of cytochrome P450 26A1, glucokinase, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase than VAS-HFD rats. VAD-HFD rats had higher protein levels of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3α and lower levels of GSK-3β, but not glycogen synthase, than VAS-HFD rats. VAD-HFD rats had higher hepatic levels of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), insulin receptor β-subunit, mitogen-activated protein kinase proteins, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1α mRNA, and lower level of IRS-2 protein than VAS-HFD rats. These results indicate that in a HFD setting, VA deficiency attenuated HFD-induced obesity, and VA status altered the expression levels of proteins required for glucose metabolism and insulin signaling. We conclude that VA status contributes to the regulation of hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism in a HFD setting, and may regulate hepatic carbohydrate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heqian Kuang
- Department of Nutrition, the University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Cheng-Hsin Wei
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Tiannan Wang
- Department of Nutrition, the University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jennifer Eastep
- Department of Nutrition, the University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Nutrition, the University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Guoxun Chen
- Department of Nutrition, the University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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Tamaki M, Tominaga T, Fujita Y, Koezuka Y, Ichien G, Murakami T, Kishi S, Yamamoto K, Abe H, Nagai K, Doi T. All-trans retinoic acid suppresses bone morphogenetic protein 4 in mouse diabetic nephropathy through a unique retinoic acid response element. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 316:E418-E431. [PMID: 30601699 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00218.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) causes mesangial matrix expansion, which results in glomerulosclerosis and renal failure. Collagen IV (COL4) is a major component of the mesangial matrix that is positively regulated by bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4)/suppressor of mothers against decapentaplegic (Smad1) signaling. Because previous studies showed that retinoids treatment had a beneficial effect on kidney disease, we investigated the therapeutic potential of retinoids in DN, focusing especially on the regulatory mechanism of BMP4. Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin in 12-wk-old male Crl:CD1(ICR) mice, and, 1 mo later, we initiated intraperitoneal injection of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) three times weekly. Glomerular matrix expansion, which was associated with increased BMP4, phosphorylated Smad1, and COL4 expression, worsened in diabetic mice at 24 wk of age. ATRA administration alleviated DN and downregulated BMP4, phosopho-Smad1, and COL4. In cultured mouse mesangial cells, treatment with ATRA or a retinoic acid receptor-α (RARα) agonist significantly decreased BMP4 and COL4 expression. Genomic analysis suggested two putative retinoic acid response elements (RAREs) for the mouse Bmp4 gene. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis and reporter assays indicated a putative RARE of the Bmp4 gene, located 11,488-11,501 bp upstream of exon 1A and bound to RARα and retinoid X receptor (RXR), which suppressed BMP4 expression after ATRA addition. ATRA suppressed BMP4 via binding of a RARα/RXR heterodimer to a unique RARE, alleviating glomerular matrix expansion in diabetic mice. These findings provide a novel regulatory mechanism for treatment of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Tamaki
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tominaga
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Yui Fujita
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | | | | | - Taichi Murakami
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Seiji Kishi
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | | | - Hideharu Abe
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Kojiro Nagai
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Toshio Doi
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
- Research Institute for Production Development , Kyoto , Japan
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Matsuoka S, Bariuan JV, Nakagiri S, Abd Eldaim MA, Okamatsu-Ogura Y, Kimura K. Linking pathways and processes: Retinoic acid and glucose. Molecular Nutrition: Carbohydrates 2019:247-264. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-849886-6.00013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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15
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Li Y, Liu Y, Chen G. Vitamin A status affects the plasma parameters and regulation of hepatic genes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Biochimie 2017; 137:1-11. [PMID: 28238841 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin A (VA) status regulates metabolism in rats. Whether VA status and availability of retinoic acid (RA) contribute to the insulin-regulated hepatic gene expression remains to be determined. Zucker lean rats with VA sufficient (VAS) or VA deficient (VAD) status were treated with streptozotocin (STZ) to induce insulin-dependent diabetes. They were treated with saline (STZ-VAS-C or STZ-VAD-C), RA (STZ-VAS-RA or STZ-VAD-RA), insulin (STZ-VAS-INS or STZ-VAD-INS), or insulin + RA (STZ-VAS-INS + RA or STZ-VAD-INS + RA) for 3 h. Insulin and insulin + RA treatments reduced tail tip blood glucose, raised plasma insulin and suppressed plasma β-hydroxybutyrate levels in both STZ-VAD and STZ-VAS rats. STZ-VAD-INS and STZ-VAD-INS + RA rats had lower plasma glucose levels than STZ-VAD-C rats had. STZ-VAD-INS and STZ-VAD-INS + RA rats had higher plasma leptin level and lower glucagon level than STZ-VAD-C rats did. Insulin treatment induced Gck, Srebp-1c and Fas and suppressed Pck1 expression levels in the liver of STZ-VAS and STZ-VAD rats. Interestingly, insulin treatment inhibited Cyp26a1 expression in STZ-VAD, but not STZ-VAS rats, whereas RA treatment induced it in both. RA treatment induced Gck expression only in STZ-VAD rats. Insulin + RA treatment further induced the Cyp26a1 and Gck expressions in STZ-VAD rats. The Srebp-1c expression levels of STZ-VAD-INS and STZ-VAD-INS + RA rats were higher than that of STZ-VAS-INS and STZ-VAS-INS + RA rats. The changes of Gck mRNA and glucokinase protein were consistent. In STZ-induced diabetic rats, VA is not required for insulin-regulated Gck, Srebp-1c, Fas and Pck1 expression. However, VA status altered responses of certain genes (Cyp26a1 and Srebp-1c) to insulin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Life Science, Wuchang University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430223, China
| | - Guoxun Chen
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA.
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Zhang R, Wang Y, Li R, Chen G. Transcriptional Factors Mediating Retinoic Acid Signals in the Control of Energy Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:14210-44. [PMID: 26110391 PMCID: PMC4490549 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160614210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), an active metabolite of vitamin A (VA), is important for many physiological processes including energy metabolism. This is mainly achieved through RA-regulated gene expression in metabolically active cells. RA regulates gene expression mainly through the activation of two subfamilies in the nuclear receptor superfamily, retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs). RAR/RXR heterodimers or RXR/RXR homodimers bind to RA response element in the promoters of RA target genes and regulate their expressions upon ligand binding. The development of metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes is often associated with profound changes in the expressions of genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism in metabolically active cells. RA regulates some of these gene expressions. Recently, in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that status and metabolism of VA regulate macronutrient metabolism. Some studies have shown that, in addition to RARs and RXRs, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α, chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor II, and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor β/δ may function as transcriptional factors mediating RA response. Herein, we summarize current progresses regarding the VA metabolism and the role of nuclear receptors in mediating RA signals, with an emphasis on their implication in energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- State Food and Drug Administration Hubei Center for Medical Equipment Quality Supervision and Testing, 666 High-Tech Avenue, Wuhan 430000, China.
| | - Yueqiao Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Wuhan University, 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Wuhan University, 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Guoxun Chen
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, 1215 West Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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Abstract
A cluster of inter-related conditions such as central obesity, dyslipidemia, impaired glucose metabolism, and hypertension is referred to as Metabolic Syndrome, which is a risk factor for the development of type-2 diabetes. The micro- and macro-vascular complications of diabetes contribute to its morbidity and mortality. In addition to its calcitropic effect, vitamin D is a regulator of gene expression as well as cell proliferation and differentiation. Various cross-sectional and longitudinal cohort studies have indicated a beneficial effect from vitamin D supplementation on the development of type-2 diabetes. Binding of retinol-bound retinol-binding protein to a membrane-binding protein suppresses insulin signaling. All-trans retinoic acid, a derivative of vitamin A, reverses these effects, resulting in increased insulin sensitivity, suppression of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxy kinase (PEPCK) gene, and the induction of the glucokinase gene. Glucokinase and PEPCK are also regulated in opposite directions by the vitamin biotin, acting at the transcriptional level. Biotin also regulates the synthesis of insulin by the islet of Langerhans cells of the pancreas. The increase in advanced glycation end products (AGEs) is implicated in the initiation and progression of diabetes-associated microvascular diseases. Benfotiamine, a derivative of thiamine, and pyridoxamine, a vitamer of vitamin B6, both have anti-AGE properties, making them valuable therapeutic adjuvants in the treatment of diabetic complications. Thus, various vitamins and their derivatives have profound therapeutic potential in the prevention and treatment of type-2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnamurti Dakshinamurti
- St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 351 Tache Avenue Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 351 Tache Avenue Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
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Chen W, Goff MR, Kuang H, Chen G. Higher protein kinase C ζ in fatty rat liver and its effect on insulin actions in primary hepatocytes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121890. [PMID: 25822413 PMCID: PMC4379029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously showed the impairment of insulin-regulated gene expression in the primary hepatocytes from Zucker fatty (ZF) rats, and its association with alterations of hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism. However, the molecular mechanism is unknown. A preliminary experiment shows that the expression level of protein kinase C ζ (PKCζ), a member of atypical PKC family, is higher in the liver and hepatocytes of ZF rats than that of Zucker lean (ZL) rats. Herein, we intend to investigate the roles of atypical protein kinase C in the regulation of hepatic gene expression. The insulin-regulated hepatic gene expression was evaluated in ZL primary hepatocytes treated with atypical PKC recombinant adenoviruses. Recombinant adenovirus-mediated overexpression of PKCζ, or the other atypical PKC member PKCι/λ, alters the basal and impairs the insulin-regulated expressions of glucokinase, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c, the cytosolic form of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, the catalytic subunit of glucose 6-phosphatase, and insulin like growth factor-binding protein 1 in ZL primary hepatocytes. PKCζ or PKCι/λ overexpression also reduces the protein level of insulin receptor substrate 1, and the insulin-induced phosphorylation of AKT at Ser473 and Thr308. Additionally, PKCι/λ overexpression impairs the insulin-induced Prckz expression, indicating the crosstalk between PKCζ and PKCι/λ. We conclude that the PKCζ expression is elevated in hepatocytes of insulin resistant ZF rats. Overexpressions of aPKCs in primary hepatocytes impair insulin signal transduction, and in turn, the down-stream insulin-regulated gene expression. These data suggest that elevation of aPKC expression may contribute to the hepatic insulin resistance at gene expression level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Matthew Ray Goff
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Heqian Kuang
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Guoxun Chen
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
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