1
|
Cui C, Wei Y, Wang Y, Ma W, Zheng X, Wang J, Ma Z, Wu C, Chu L, Zhang S, Guan W, Chen F. Dietary supplementation of benzoic acid and essential oils combination enhances intestinal resilience against LPS stimulation in weaned piglets. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2024; 15:4. [PMID: 38238856 PMCID: PMC10797991 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00958-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The benefits of combining benzoic acid and essential oils (BAO) to mitigate intestinal impairment during the weaning process have been well established, while the detailed underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Previous research has primarily focused on the reparative effects of BAO on intestinal injury, while neglecting its potential in enhancing intestinal stress resistance. METHODS In this study, we investigated the pre-protective effect of BAO against LPS-induced stress using a modified experimental procedure. Piglets were pre-supplemented with BAO for 14 d, followed by a challenge with LPS or saline to collect blood and intestinal samples. RESULTS Our findings demonstrated that BAO supplementation led to significant improvements in piglets' final weight, average daily gain, and feed intake/body gain ratio. Additionally, BAO supplementation positively influenced the composition of intestinal microbiota, increasing beneficial Actinobacteriota and Alloprevotella while reducing harmful Desulfobacterota, Prevotella and Oscillospira. Furthermore, BAO supplementation effectively mitigated oxidative disturbances and inflammatory responses induced by acute LPS challenge. This was evidenced by elevated levels of T-AOC, SOD, and GSH, as well as decreased levels of MDA, TNF-α, and IL-6 in the plasma. Moreover, piglets subjected to LPS challenge and pre-supplemented with BAO exhibited significant improvements in intestinal morphological structure and enhanced integrity, as indicated by restored expression levels of Occludin and Claudin-1 compared to the non-supplemented counterparts. Further analysis revealed that BAO supplementation enhanced the jejunal antioxidative capacity by increasing GSH-Px levels and decreasing MDA levels under the LPS challenge and stimulated the activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Additionally, the reduction of TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways activation and proinflammatory factor were also observed in the jejunal of those piglets fed with BAO. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our study demonstrates that pre-supplementation of BAO enhances the anti-stress capacity of weaned piglets by improving intestinal microbiota composition, reinforcing the intestinal barrier, and enhancing antioxidative and anti-inflammatory capabilities. These effects are closely associated with the activation of Nrf2 and TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Cui
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yulong Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yibo Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wen Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ziwei Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Caichi Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Licui Chu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shihai Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wutai Guan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ghosh S. Human adaptation to cold and warm climatic conditions: A comparison between two geographically diverse Indigenous populations. Am J Hum Biol 2023; 35:e23932. [PMID: 37269149 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study aims to compare body adiposity and blood pressure (BP) in two climatically and ethnically diverse populations, examining whether thermoregulatory adaptive mechanism may protect Indigenous populations from exhibiting adverse consequences of increased adiposity. METHODS A cross sectional sample of 404 subjects, of which 200 were Monpa and 204 were Santhal, from two ethnically and geographically distinct populations of India were studied. Body mass index (BMI; kg/m2 ), fat mass (FM; kg), fat free mass (kg), and percent body fat (%BF) were calculated for evaluation of body adiposity. Multivariate multiple regression analysis was adopted to examine the influence of age and sex of populations under study, on body adiposity and BP variables. RESULTS BMI, %BF, and FM were found to be significantly higher (p ˂ .001) among the Monpa males and females compared with their Santhal counterparts. In contrast, the prevalence of hypertension among Monpa and Santhal is comparable (3.5%Monpa vs. 3.9%Santhal for systolic BP; 8.5%Monpa vs. 8.3%Santhal for diastolic BP). Adiposity, as quantitated by the fat mass index and %BF was significantly (p ˂ .001) correlated to age and sex of study population, explaining ~75.3% and ~75.4% of total variations of these variables, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Overall the present study suggests that modern human populations follow thermoregulatory mechanism for adaptation to different climatic conditions. Consequently, greater adiposity was evident among the Monpa who adapt to the cold climate, in comparison to their Santhal counterparts who dwell in warm climate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Ghosh
- Department of Anthropology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tsuji T, Tseng YH. Adipose tissue-derived lipokines in metabolism. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2023; 81:102089. [PMID: 37473635 PMCID: PMC10528474 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2023.102089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a crucial regulator of metabolism with functions that include energy storage and dissipation as well as the secretion of bioactive molecules. As the largest endocrine organ in the body, the adipose tissue produces diverse bioactive molecules, including peptides, metabolites, and extracellular vesicles, which communicate with and modulate the function of other organs. In recent years, lipid metabolites, also known as lipokines, have emerged as key signaling molecules that actively participate in multiple metabolic processes. This review highlights the latest advances in adipose tissue-derived lipokines and their underlying cellular and molecular functions. Furthermore, we offer our perspective on the future directions for adipose-derived bioactive lipids and potential therapeutic implications for obesity and its associated complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tadataka Tsuji
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kersten S. The impact of fasting on adipose tissue metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2023; 1868:159262. [PMID: 36521736 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fasting and starvation were common occurrences during human evolution and accordingly have been an important environmental factor shaping human energy metabolism. Humans can tolerate fasting reasonably well through adaptative and well-orchestrated time-dependent changes in energy metabolism. Key features of the adaptive response to fasting are the breakdown of liver glycogen and muscle protein to produce glucose for the brain, as well as the gradual depletion of the fat stores, resulting in the release of glycerol and fatty acids into the bloodstream and the production of ketone bodies in the liver. In this paper, an overview is presented of our current understanding of the effects of fasting on adipose tissue metabolism. Fasting leads to reduced uptake of circulating triacylglycerols by adipocytes through inhibition of the activity of the rate-limiting enzyme lipoprotein lipase. In addition, fasting stimulates the degradation of stored triacylglycerols by activating the key enzyme adipose triglyceride lipase. The mechanisms underlying these events are discussed, with a special interest in insights gained from studies on humans. Furthermore, an overview is presented of the effects of fasting on other metabolic pathways in the adipose tissue, including fatty acid synthesis, glucose uptake, glyceroneogenesis, autophagy, and the endocrine function of adipose tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Obesity is a complex, multifactorial, and relapsing disease whose prevalence has tripled during the last decades and whose incidence is expected to further increase. For these reasons, obesity is considered as a real pandemic, deeply burdening the global health-care systems. From a pathophysiological standpoint obesity is the result of a chronic-positive energy balance which in turn leads to an excessive accumulation of lipids, not only within the adipose organ, but also in different cytotypes, a phenomenon leading to lipotoxicity that deeply compromises several cellular and organs functions. Obesity is therefore associated with over 200 medical complications, including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and represents the fifth leading cause of death worldwide. In this review, we describe the main pathophysiological mechanisms linking obesity-induced adipose organ dysfunction to insulin resistance and T2DM.
Collapse
|
6
|
Ou MY, Zhang H, Tan PC, Zhou SB, Li QF. Adipose tissue aging: mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:300. [PMID: 35379822 PMCID: PMC8980023 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04752-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue, which is the crucial energy reservoir and endocrine organ for the maintenance of systemic glucose, lipid, and energy homeostasis, undergoes significant changes during aging. These changes cause physiological declines and age-related disease in the elderly population. Here, we review the age-related changes in adipose tissue at multiple levels and highlight the underlying mechanisms regulating the aging process. We also discuss the pathogenic pathways of age-related fat dysfunctions and their systemic negative consequences, such as dyslipidemia, chronic general inflammation, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Age-related changes in adipose tissue involve redistribution of deposits and composition, in parallel with the functional decline of adipocyte progenitors and accumulation of senescent cells. Multiple pathogenic pathways induce defective adipogenesis, inflammation, aberrant adipocytokine production, and insulin resistance, leading to adipose tissue dysfunction. Changes in gene expression and extracellular signaling molecules regulate the aging process of adipose tissue through various pathways. In addition, adipose tissue aging impacts other organs that are infiltrated by lipids, which leads to systemic inflammation, metabolic system disruption, and aging process acceleration. Moreover, studies have indicated that adipose aging is an early onset event in aging and a potential target to extend lifespan. Together, we suggest that adipose tissue plays a key role in the aging process and is a therapeutic target for the treatment of age-related disease, which deserves further study to advance relevant knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Yi Ou
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200011, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200011, Shanghai, China
| | - Poh-Ching Tan
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200011, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuang-Bai Zhou
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200011, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qing-Feng Li
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200011, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Cinti
- Scientific Director Center of Obesity, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto 10a, 60126, Ancona, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bruno A, Di Sano C, Simon HU, Chanez P, Patti AM, Di Vincenzo S, Dino P, D'Esposito V, Formisano P, Beguinot F, Pace E. Leptin and TGF-β1 Downregulate PREP1 Expression in Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Mature Adipocytes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:700481. [PMID: 34327205 PMCID: PMC8315375 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.700481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is widely recognized as an extremely active endocrine organ producing adipokines as leptin that bridge metabolism and the immune system. Pre-B-cell leukemia homeobox (Pbx)-regulating protein-1 (PREP1) is a ubiquitous homeodomain transcription factor involved in the adipogenic differentiation and insulin-sensitivity processes. Leptin, as pleiotropic adipokine, and TGF-β, known to be expressed by primary pre-adipocytes [adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs)] and mature differentiated adipocytes, modulate inflammatory responses. We aimed to assess for the first time if leptin and TGF-β interfere with PREP1 expression in both ASCs and mature differentiated adipocytes. Human ASCs were isolated from subcutaneous adipose liposuction and, after expansion, fully differentiated to mature adipocytes. In both ASCs and adipocytes, leptin and TGF-β1 significantly decreased the expression of PREP1, alone and following concurrent Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation. Moreover, in adipocytes, but not in ASCs, leptin increased TLR4 and IL-33 expression, whereas TGF-β1 enhanced TLR4 and IL-6 expression. Taken together, we provide evidence for a direct regulation of PREP1 by leptin and TGF-β1 in ASCs and mature adipocytes. The effects of leptin and TGF-β1 on immune receptors and cytokines, however, are limited to mature adipocytes, suggesting that modulating immune responses depends on the differentiation of ASCs. Further studies are needed to fully understand the regulation of PREP1 expression and its potential for the development of new therapeutic approaches in obesity-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreina Bruno
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | - Caterina Di Sano
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School Brandenburg, Neuruppin, Germany.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Pascal Chanez
- Department of Respiratory Diseases CIC Nord INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Angelo Maria Patti
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences Maternal and Infantile Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Serena Di Vincenzo
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | - Paola Dino
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vittoria D'Esposito
- URT Genomics of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy.,Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Formisano
- URT Genomics of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy.,Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Beguinot
- URT Genomics of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy.,Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Pace
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
The mammary gland (MG) is an exocrine gland present in female mammals responsible for the production and secretion of milk during the process of lactation. It is mainly composed by epithelial cells and adipocytes. Among the features that make the MG unique there are 1) its highly plastic properties displayed during pregnancy, lactation and involution (all steps belonging to the lactation cycle) and 2) its requirement to grow in close association with adipocytes which are absolutely necessary to ensure MG's proper development at puberty and remodeling during the lactation cycle. Although MG adipocytes play such a critical role for the gland development, most of the studies have focused on its epithelial component only, leaving the role of the neighboring adipocytes largely unexplored. In this review we aim to describe evidences regarding MG's adipocytes role and properties in physiologic conditions (gland development and lactation cycle), obesity and breast cancer, emphasizing the existing gaps in the literature which deserve further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Colleluori
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Obesity, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto, 10A 60020, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Jessica Perugini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Obesity, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto, 10A 60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giorgio Barbatelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Obesity, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto, 10A 60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Obesity, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto, 10A 60020, Ancona, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Efremova A, Colleluori G, Thomsky M, Perugini J, Protasoni M, Reguzzoni M, Faragalli A, Carle F, Giordano A, Cinti S. Biomarkers of Browning in Cold Exposed Siberian Adults. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2162. [PMID: 32707748 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold-exposure promotes energy expenditure by inducing brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis, which over time, is also sustained by browning, the appearance, or increase, of brown-like cells into white fat depots. Identification of circulating markers reflecting BAT activity and browning is crucial to study this phenomenon and its triggers, also holding possible implications for the therapy of obesity and metabolic diseases. Using RT-qPCR, we evaluated the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) expression profile of regulators of BAT activity (CIDEA, PRDM16), white adipocytes browning (HOXC9 and SLC27A1), and fatty acid β-oxidation (CPT1A) in 150 Siberian healthy miners living at extremely cold temperatures compared to 29 healthy subjects living in thermoneutral conditions. Anthropometric parameters, glucose, and lipid profiles were also assessed. The cold-exposed group showed significantly lower weight, BMI, hip circumference, and PBMC expression of CIDEA, but higher expression of HOXC9 and higher circulating glucose compared to controls. Within the cold-exposed group, BMI, total cholesterol, and the atherogenic coefficient were lower in individuals exposed to low temperatures for a longer time. In conclusion, human PBMC expresses the brown adipocytes marker CIDEA and the browning marker HOXC9, which, varying according to cold-exposure, possibly reflect changes in BAT activation and white fat browning.
Collapse
|
11
|
Dagpo TD, Nolan CJ, Delghingaro-Augusto V. Exploring Therapeutic Targets to Reverse or Prevent the Transition from Metabolically Healthy to Unhealthy Obesity. Cells 2020; 9:E1596. [PMID: 32630256 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity and obesity-related metabolic comorbidities are rapidly increasing worldwide, placing a huge economic burden on health systems. Excessive nutrient supply combined with reduced physical exercise results in positive energy balance that promotes adipose tissue expansion. However, the metabolic response and pattern of fat accumulation is variable, depending on the individual’s genetic and acquired susceptibility factors. Some develop metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) and are resistant to obesity-associated metabolic diseases for some time, whereas others readily develop metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO). An unhealthy response to excess fat accumulation could be due to susceptibility intrinsic factors (e.g., increased likelihood of dedifferentiation and/or inflammation), or by pathogenic drivers extrinsic to the adipose tissue (e.g., hyperinsulinemia), or a combination of both. This review outlines the major transcriptional factors and genes associated with adipogenesis and regulation of adipose tissue homeostasis and describes which of these are disrupted in MUO compared to MHO individuals. It also examines the potential role of pathogenic insulin hypersecretion as an extrinsic factor capable of driving the changes in adipose tissue which cause transition from MHO to MUO. On this basis, therapeutic approaches currently available and emerging to prevent and reverse the transition from MHO to MUO transition are reviewed.
Collapse
|
12
|
Rodríguez A, Becerril S, Hernández-Pardos AW, Frühbeck G. Adipose tissue depot differences in adipokines and effects on skeletal and cardiac muscle. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2020; 52:1-8. [PMID: 32387807 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
White (WAT) and brown (BAT) adipose tissue communicate with skeletal muscle and heart through the secretion of adipokines (adiponectin, leptin, omentin, osteopontin or cardiotrophin-1) and batokines (BMP8b, FGF-21, endothelin-1 or IL-6), respectively. Furthermore, several bioactive lipids termed lipokines [palmitoleate (C16:1n7) or 12,13-diHOME] and microRNAs capsuled in exosomes (miR-27a, miR122, miR-130b, miR-155, miR-200a or miR-320d) secreted from white and brown adipocytes also influence the skeletal and cardiac muscle function. The review focuses on the depot-related differences in adipose tissue-derived signals (adipokines, batokines, lipokines and exosomal miRNAs) and their impact on skeletal muscle under physiological conditions as well as in obesity. The relevance of regular physical activity and exercise on fat depot-specific adaptations to improve metabolic health will also be addressed.
Collapse
|
13
|
Efremova A, Senzacqua M, Venema W, Isakov E, Di Vincenzo A, Zingaretti MC, Protasoni M, Thomski M, Giordano A, Cinti S. A large proportion of mediastinal and perirenal visceral fat of Siberian adult people is formed by UCP1 immunoreactive multilocular and paucilocular adipocytes. J Physiol Biochem 2019; 76:185-192. [PMID: 31853729 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-019-00721-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Many deleterious consequences for health of excessive fat accumulation are due to visceral fat. Browning of visceral fat is mainly cold dependent and has been proposed as a possible tool for future therapies of obesity and related disorders. In this paper, we studied the composition of mediastinal and perirenal visceral fat, collected at necropsy, of human adults that lived in Siberia, one of the coldest regions of the earth. Data showed that a consistent part of the mediastinal and perirenal fat (up to about 40%) had the morphology typical of brown adipocytes and that a relevant percentage of them (up to about 30%) also expressed the functional marker uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Patients living mainly outdoor had higher percentage of brown-like adipocytes with more intensely UCP1 immunoreactive cells. The presence of numerous UCP1 immunoreactive paucilocular cells, a transitional stage of transdifferentiating adipocytes, supports the idea that visceral fat can be converted to brown adipose tissue in adult humans in physiological conditions. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive noradrenergic parenchymal nerve fibers were positively correlated to the number of multilocular adipocytes in mediastinal fat, and a similar trend was also observed in the perirenal fat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agrafena Efremova
- Yakut Scientific Center of Complex Medical Problems, Yakutsk, Russia
| | - Martina Senzacqua
- Department Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Obesity, School of Medicine, University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche), Via Tronto 10a, 60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - Wiebe Venema
- Department Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Obesity, School of Medicine, University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche), Via Tronto 10a, 60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - Evgeny Isakov
- Yakut Scientific Center of Complex Medical Problems, Yakutsk, Russia
| | - Angelica Di Vincenzo
- Department Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Obesity, School of Medicine, University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche), Via Tronto 10a, 60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Zingaretti
- Department Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Obesity, School of Medicine, University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche), Via Tronto 10a, 60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marina Protasoni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Mikhail Thomski
- Yakut Scientific Center of Complex Medical Problems, Yakutsk, Russia
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Department Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Obesity, School of Medicine, University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche), Via Tronto 10a, 60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Department Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Obesity, School of Medicine, University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche), Via Tronto 10a, 60020, Ancona, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Adipose tissues often exhibit subtle, quantitative differences between individuals, leading to a graded series of adiposity phenotypes at the population level. Robust, quantitative analyses are vital for studying these differences. In this Commentary we highlight two articles from our lab that employ sensitive new methods in zebrafish capable of delineating complex and quantitative adiposity phenotypes. In the first article, we utilized in vivo imaging to systematically quantify zebrafish adipose tissues. We identified 34 regionally distinct zebrafish adipose tissues and developed statistical models to predict the size and variance of each adipose tissue over the course of zebrafish growth. We then employed these models to identify effects of strain and diet on adipose tissue growth. In the second article, we employed deep phenotyping to study complex disease-related adiposity traits. Using this methodology, we identified that adipose tissues have unique capacities to re-deposit lipid following food restriction and re-feeding. These distinct re-deposition potentials led to widespread fat distribution changes following re-feeding. We discuss how these novel findings may provide relevance to health conditions such as anorexia nervosa. Together, the strategies described in these two articles can be used as unbiased and quantitative methods to uncover new relationships between genotype, diet and adiposity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loes M.H. Elemans
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | | | - Susanna E. Riley
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Rebecca Wafer
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Rosalyn Fong
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Panna Tandon
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - James E.N. Minchin
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|