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Li X, He K, Qian W, Li C, Hu S, Zhang M, Wang T, Yan W, Qi M. Transcriptome profiling of Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells uncover differences in the susceptibility of cattle to Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum. Vet Parasitol 2023; 324:110072. [PMID: 37944350 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum are two major apicomplexan protozoan parasites with heteroxenous life cycles and worldwide distributions. The transplacental transmission of N. caninum causes bovine abortion, which resulting in serious economic losses to the dairy industry. Although T. gondii was also reported to cause abortions in pregnant woman and small ruminants, scarce cases about the symptom to the host cattle and the causality remains unknown. In this study, transcriptome analysis of Madin Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells infected with T. gondii and N. caninum was performed to uncover the differences in susceptibility of cattle to the two parasites. The results showed that 256 and 2225 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in cells infected with N. caninum and T. gondii, respectively. Moreover, significant biological differences were revealed by the functional analysis including GO and KEGG enrichment. One serpin peptidase inhibitor (SEPRINA14), which is associated with immunosuppression during pregnancy, was found to significantly decrease in cells infected with N. caninum and increase in cells infected with T. gondii-infected cells. Pattern recognition receptors TLR3 and NOD2 were also significantly upregulated in N. caninum-infected MDBK cells, but not in T. gondii. They could induce an increased inflammatory response leading to severe tissue damage. In addition, the interleukin 12 receptor subunit beta 2 (IL12β2), which plays an essential role in Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation and inflammatory bowel disease, was also markedly upregulated in the N. caninum infected cells, which led to an imbalance in the Th1 and Th2 cells by promoting the Th1 cellular response. Altogether, our findings recognized a new understanding on the differences between T. gondii and N. caninum infection of MDBK cells, where SEPRINA14, TLR3, NOD2, and IL12β2 may be the key genes that affect the difference in susceptibility of cattle to T. gondii and N. caninum, especially in pregnant animals. This study provides more clues as to why N. caninum is more likely to cause abortions in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojin Li
- Parasitology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kai He
- Parasitology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Weifeng Qian
- Parasitology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China.
| | - Chen Li
- Parasitology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Suhui Hu
- Parasitology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Parasitology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Tianqi Wang
- Parasitology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Wenchao Yan
- Parasitology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China.
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Sun Z, Li X, Zhang X, Wang Y, Gong P, Zhang N, Zhang X, Wang X, Li J. Unfolded protein response is involved in resistance to Neospora caninum infection via IRE1α-XBP1s-NOD2 Axis. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:2023-2036. [PMID: 37349656 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07902-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Neospora caninum, an intracellular protozoan parasite, causes neosporosis resulting in major losses in the livestock industry worldwide. However, no effective drugs or vaccines have been developed to control neosporosis. An in-depth study on the immune response against N. caninum could help to search for effective approaches to prevent and treat neosporosis. The host unfolded protein response (UPR) functions as a double-edged sword in several protozoan parasite infections, either to initiate immune responses or to help parasite survival. In this study, the roles of the UPR in N. caninum infection in vitro and in vivo were explored, and the mechanism of the UPR in resistance to N. caninum infection was analyzed. The results revealed that N. caninum triggered the UPR in mouse macrophages, such as the activation of the IRE1 and PERK branches, but not the ATF6 branch. Inhibition of the IRE1α-XBP1s branch increased the N. caninum number both in vitro and in vivo, while inhibition of the PERK branch did not affect the parasite number. Furthermore, inhibition of the IRE1α-XBP1s branch reduced the production of cytokines by inhibiting NOD2 signalling and its downstream NF-κB and MAPK pathways. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that the UPR is involved in the resistance of N. caninum infection via the IRE1α-XBP1s branch by regulating NOD2 and its downstream NF-κB and MAPK pathways to induce the production of inflammatory cytokines, which provides a new perspective for the research and development of anti-N. caninum drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yuru Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Pengtao Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xichen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xiaocen Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Jianhua Li
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
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Zhang X, Li X, Yu Y, Zhang X, Wang X, Zhang N, Chen M, Gong P, Li J. Giardia lamblia
regulates the production of proinflammatory cytokines through activating the NOD2–Rip2–ROS signaling pathway in mouse macrophages. Immunol Cell Biol 2022; 100:440-452. [DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research Ministry of Education College of Veterinary Medicine Jilin University 5333 Xian Road Changchun Jilin 130062 China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research Ministry of Education College of Veterinary Medicine Jilin University 5333 Xian Road Changchun Jilin 130062 China
| | - Yanhui Yu
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University Changchun Jilin 130021 China
| | - Xichen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research Ministry of Education College of Veterinary Medicine Jilin University 5333 Xian Road Changchun Jilin 130062 China
| | - Xiaocen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research Ministry of Education College of Veterinary Medicine Jilin University 5333 Xian Road Changchun Jilin 130062 China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research Ministry of Education College of Veterinary Medicine Jilin University 5333 Xian Road Changchun Jilin 130062 China
| | - Mengge Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research Ministry of Education College of Veterinary Medicine Jilin University 5333 Xian Road Changchun Jilin 130062 China
| | - Pengtao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research Ministry of Education College of Veterinary Medicine Jilin University 5333 Xian Road Changchun Jilin 130062 China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research Ministry of Education College of Veterinary Medicine Jilin University 5333 Xian Road Changchun Jilin 130062 China
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Del'Arco AE, Argolo DS, Guillemin G, Costa MDFD, Costa SL, Pinheiro AM. Neurological Infection, Kynurenine Pathway, and Parasitic Infection by Neospora caninum. Front Immunol 2022; 12:714248. [PMID: 35154065 PMCID: PMC8826404 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.714248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the most frequently studied topics of neurosciences as it is a common feature in almost all neurological disorders. Although the primary function of neuroinflammation is to protect the nervous system from an insult, the complex and sequential response of activated glial cells can lead to neurological damage. Depending on the type of insults and the time post-insult, the inflammatory response can be neuroprotective, neurotoxic, or, depending on the glial cell types, both. There are multiple pathways activated and many bioactive intermediates are released during neuroinflammation. One of the most common one is the kynurenine pathway, catabolizing tryptophan, which is involved in immune regulation, neuroprotection, and neurotoxicity. Different models have been used to study the kynurenine pathway metabolites to understand their involvements in the development and maintenance of the inflammatory processes triggered by infections. Among them, the parasitic infection Neospora caninum could be used as a relevant model to study the role of the kynurenine pathway in the neuroinflammatory response and the subset of cells involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Elisa Del'Arco
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Veterinary Immunology, Center of Agrarian, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Recôncavo of Bahia (UFRB), Cruz das Almas, Brazil
| | - Deivison Silva Argolo
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Bahia, Brazil
| | - Gilles Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Macquarie Medicine School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maria de Fátima Dias Costa
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Bahia, Brazil
| | - Silvia Lima Costa
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Bahia, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Moraes Pinheiro
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Veterinary Immunology, Center of Agrarian, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Recôncavo of Bahia (UFRB), Cruz das Almas, Brazil
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Ferreira França FB, Silva MV, Silva MF, Ramos ELP, Miranda VDS, Mota CM, Santiago FM, Mineo JR, Mineo TWP. TNF-TNFR1 Signaling Enhances the Protection Against Neospora caninum Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:789398. [PMID: 35071042 PMCID: PMC8776637 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.789398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neospora caninum is a protozoan associated with abortions in ruminants and neuromuscular disease in dogs. Classically, the immune response against apicomplexan parasites is characterized by the production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-12, IFN-γ and TNF. TNF is mainly produced during the acute phases of the infections and binds to TNF receptor 1 (CD120a, p55, TNFR1) activating a variety of cells, hence playing an important role in the induction of the inflammatory process against diverse pathogens. Thus, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the role of TNF in cellular and humoral immune responses during N. caninum infection. For this purpose, we used a mouse model of infection based on wildtype (WT) and genetically deficient C57BL/6 mice in TNFR1 (Tnfr1 -/-). We observed that Tnfr1 -/- mice presented higher mortality associated with inflammatory lesions and increased parasite burden in the brain after the infection with N. caninum tachyzoites. Moreover, Tnfr1 -/- mice showed a reduction in nitric oxide (NO) levels in vivo. We also observed that Tnfr1 -/- mice showed enhanced serum concentration of antigen-specific IgG2 subclass, while IgG1 production was significantly reduced compared to WT mice, suggesting that TNFR1 is required for regular IgG subclass production and antigen recognition. Based on our results, we conclude that the TNF-TNFR1 complex is crucial for mediating host resistance during the infection by N. caninum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Batista Ferreira França
- Laboratory of Imunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Murilo Vieira Silva
- Laboratory of Imunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Mariana Ferreira Silva
- Laboratory of Imunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Eliézer Lucas Pires Ramos
- Laboratory of Imunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Dos Santos Miranda
- Laboratory of Imunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Caroline Martins Mota
- Laboratory of Imunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Maria Santiago
- Laboratory of Imunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Mineo
- Laboratory of Imunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Tiago Wilson Patriarca Mineo
- Laboratory of Imunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
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Wang J, Wang X, Gong P, Ren F, Li X, Zhang N, Zhang X, Zhang X, Li J. The Protective Role of TLR2 Mediates Impaired Autophagic Flux by Activating the mTOR Pathway During Neospora caninum Infection in Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:788340. [PMID: 34900761 PMCID: PMC8662348 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.788340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy has been shown to play an essential role in defending against intracellular bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Mounting evidence suggests that autophagy plays different roles in the infection process of different pathogens. Until now, there has been no conclusive evidence regarding whether host autophagy is involved in Neospora caninum infection. In the current study, we first monitored the activation of autophagy by N. caninum, which occurred mainly in the early stages of infection, and examined the role of host autophagy in N. caninum infection. Here, we presented evidence that N. caninum induced an increase in autophagic vesicles with double-membrane structures in macrophages at the early stage of infection. LC3-II expression peaked and decreased as infection continued. However, the expression of P62/SQSTM1 showed significant accumulation within 12 h of infection, indicating that autophagic flux was blocked. A tandem fluorescence protein mCherry-GFP-LC3 construct was used to corroborate the impaired autophagic flux. Subsequently, we found that N. caninum infection induced the activation of the TLR2–AKT–mTOR pathways. Further investigation revealed that TLR2–mTOR, accompanied by the blockade of autophagic flux, was responsible for impaired autophagy but was not associated with AKT. In vitro and in vivo, N. caninum replication was strongly blocked by the kinase inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA, autophagy inhibitor). In contrast, rapamycin (Rapa, an autophagy inducer) was able to promote intracellular proliferation and reduce the survival rate of N. caninum-infected mice. On the other hand, the accumulation of autophagosomes facilitated the proliferation of N. caninum. Collectively, our findings suggest that activation of host autophagy facilitates N. caninum replication and may counteract the innate immune response of the host. In short, inhibition of the early stages of autophagy could potentially be a strategy for neosporosis control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jielin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Graduate College, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Xiaocen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pengtao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fu Ren
- Department of Anatomy, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xichen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Babamale AO, Chen ST. Nod-like Receptors: Critical Intracellular Sensors for Host Protection and Cell Death in Microbial and Parasitic Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11398. [PMID: 34768828 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death is an essential immunological apparatus of host defense, but dysregulation of mutually inclusive cell deaths poses severe threats during microbial and parasitic infections leading to deleterious consequences in the pathological progression of infectious diseases. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-Leucine-rich repeats (LRR)-containing receptors (NLRs), also called nucleotide-binding oligomerization (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs), are major cytosolic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), their involvement in the orchestration of innate immunity and host defense against bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites, often results in the cleavage of gasdermin and the release of IL-1β and IL-18, should be tightly regulated. NLRs are functionally diverse and tissue-specific PRRs expressed by both immune and non-immune cells. Beyond the inflammasome activation, NLRs are also involved in NF-κB and MAPK activation signaling, the regulation of type I IFN (IFN-I) production and the inflammatory cell death during microbial infections. Recent advancements of NLRs biology revealed its possible interplay with pyroptotic cell death and inflammatory mediators, such as caspase 1, caspase 11, IFN-I and GSDMD. This review provides the most updated information that caspase 8 skews the NLRP3 inflammasome activation in PANoptosis during pathogen infection. We also update multidimensional roles of NLRP12 in regulating innate immunity in a content-dependent manner: novel interference of NLRP12 on TLRs and NOD derived-signaling cascade, and the recently unveiled regulatory property of NLRP12 in production of type I IFN. Future prospects of exploring NLRs in controlling cell death during parasitic and microbial infection were highlighted.
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Li S, Zhang N, Liu S, Li J, Liu L, Wang X, Li X, Gong P, Zhang X. Protective Immunity Against Neospora caninum Infection Induced by 14-3-3 Protein in Mice. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:638173. [PMID: 33748214 PMCID: PMC7965954 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.638173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite that infects many mammals and remains a threatening disease worldwide because of the lack of effective drugs and vaccines. Our previous studies demonstrated that N. caninum 14-3-3 protein (Nc14-3-3), which is included in N. caninum extracellular vesicles (NEVs), can induce effective immune responses and stimulate cytokine expression in mouse peritoneal macrophages. However, whether Nc14-3-3 has a protective effect and its mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we evaluated the immune responses and protective effects of Nc14-3-3 against exposure to 2 × 107 Nc-1 tachyzoites. Antibody (IgG, IgGl, and IgG2a) levels and Th1-type (IFN-γ and IL-12) and Th2-type (IL-4 and IL-10) cytokines in mouse serum, survival rates, survival times, and parasite burdens were detected. In the present study, the immunostimulatory effect of Nc14-3-3 was confirmed, as it triggered Th1-type cytokine (IFN-γ and IL-12) production in mouse serum 2 weeks after the final immunization. Moreover, the immunization of C57BL/6 mice with Nc14-3-3 induced high IgG antibody levels and significant increases in CD8+ T lymphocytes in the spleens of mice, indicating that the cellular immune response was significantly stimulated. Mouse survival rates and times were significantly prolonged after immunization; the survival rates were 40% for Nc14-3-3 immunization and 60% for NEV immunization, while mice that received GST, PBS, or blank control all died at 13, 9, or 8 days, respectively, after intraperitoneal N. caninum challenge. In addition, qPCR analysis indicated that there was a reduced parasite burden and diminished pathological changes in the mice immunized with Nc14-3-3. Our data demonstrate that vaccination of mice with Nc14-3-3 elicits both cellular and humoral immune responses and provides partial protection against acute neosporosis. Thus, Nc14-3-3 could be an effective antigen candidate for vaccine development for neosporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Social Medicine and Public Health, School of Basic Medicine, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shaoxiong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Liu
- College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaocen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pengtao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xichen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Wang X, Li X, Gong P, Zhang N, Li L, Ouyang H, Jia L, Li J, Zhang X. Pyroptosis executioner gasdermin D contributes to host defense and promotes Th 1 immune response during Neospora caninum infection. Vet Parasitol 2020; 286:109254. [PMID: 33032075 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Neospora caninum (N. caninum) is an intracellular parasite and is the causative agent of neosporosis, which leads to reproductive failure in cattle. Pyroptosis is a recently discovered form of programmed cell death executed by gasdermin D (GSDMD). This cell death mechanism is an important host defense against intracellular pathogens. However, pyroptosis induced by N. caninum is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to explore the roles of GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis during N. caninum infection in vivo. N. caninum-infected wild type mice and GSDMD-deficient mice were used to evaluate host resistance and its ability to affect immune response against this parasite. The results showed that GSDMD deficiency significantly reduced survival and impaired the host's abilities to clear parasite loads in tissues, monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils. Additionally, GSDMD was essential for circulating IL-18 and IFN-γ production induced by N. caninum infection, indicating that GSDMD can mediate the Th 1 immune response against N. caninum infection. Additional data revealed that treatment with exogenous recombinant IL-18 in N. caninum-infected Gsdmd-/- mice rescues the reduction of circulating IFN-γ production to help eliminate the parasite. Taken together, our data indicate that GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis plays a vital role in maintaining host resistance to N. caninum and is essential for clearing the parasite. This form of programmed cell death promotes the Th 1 immune response by controlling IL-18 release and is considered a host defense against N. caninum. This study expands our understanding of interactions between host immune response/defense and N. caninum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research by Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China.
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research by Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China.
| | - Pengtao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research by Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China.
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research by Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China.
| | - Lu Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research by Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China.
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China.
| | - Lijun Jia
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin, China.
| | - Jianhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research by Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China.
| | - Xichen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research by Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China.
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10
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Li L, Wang XC, Gong PT, Zhang N, Zhang X, Li S, Li X, Liu SX, Zhang XX, Li W, Li JH, Zhang XC. ROS-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation participates in the response against Neospora caninum infection. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:449. [PMID: 32891167 PMCID: PMC7487665 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neospora caninum is an obligate intracellular protozoan that causes neosporosis, N. caninum infection is a major cause of abortion in cattle worldwide. Currently, specific treatment for neosporosis is not available. The NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a cytoplasmic protein complex that plays an important role in host defense against N. caninum infection, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Methods The reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitor and the ROS inducer, wild-type (WT) and NLRP3-deficient peritoneal macrophages or mice were used to investigate the role of ROS in NLRP3 inflammasome activation and controlling parasite burdens. ROS production, cell death and cell viability, production of inflammasome-mediated IL-1β or IL-18, cleavage of caspase-1 and NLRP3 expression, as well as parasite burdens were detected. Results In vitro, N. caninum induced ROS generation in a dose-dependent manner in peritoneal macrophages. The pretreatment of ROS inhibitor N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) significantly attenuated N. caninum-induced ROS production, LDH release, IL-1β secretion and NLRP3 expression, whereas N. caninum proliferation was notably increased. In contrary, the ROS inducer pyrogallol (PG) significantly enhanced ROS production and NLRP3 inflammasome activity and decreased the parasite burden in N. caninum-infected peritoneal macrophages. NADPH-dependent ROS-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation induced by N. caninum can also be confirmed by using the NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI). However, the NAC or DPI pre-treatment or PG treatment did not significantly alter N. caninum-induced inflammasome activities and parasite proliferation in Nlrp3−/− peritoneal macrophages. In vivo, IL-18 releases in serum and parasite burdens in peritoneal exudate cells were significantly increased in PG-treated WT mice after infection with N. caninum; however, IL-18 productions and parasite burdens were not changed in PG-treated Nlrp3−/− mice. Furthermore, PG treatment in WT mice infected with N. caninum significantly decreased the mortality, weight loss and parasite burdens in tissues and histopathological lesions. Conclusions Neospora caninum-induced NADPH-dependent ROS generation plays an important role in NLRP3 inflammasome activation and controlling parasites. The ROS inducer PG can control N. caninum infection mainly by promoting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. ROS-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome axis can be a potential therapeutic target for neosporosis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, PR China
| | - Xiao-Cen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, PR China
| | - Peng-Tao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, PR China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, PR China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, PR China
| | - Shan Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, PR China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, PR China
| | - Shao-Xiong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, PR China
| | - Xiao-Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Jian-Hua Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, PR China.
| | - Xi-Chen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, PR China.
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11
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García-Sánchez M, Jiménez-Pelayo L, Horcajo P, Collantes-Fernández E, Ortega-Mora LM, Regidor-Cerrillo J. Neospora caninum infection induces an isolate virulence-dependent pro-inflammatory gene expression profile in bovine monocyte-derived macrophages. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:374. [PMID: 32711550 PMCID: PMC7382829 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04239-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neospora caninum is an obligate intracellular parasite, and its ability to survive inside host immune cells may be a key mechanism for the establishment of infection in cattle. In vitro studies carried out by our group have shown that N. caninum is able to replicate in bovine macrophages (MØs), alter their microbicidal mechanisms and exploit their motility. Furthermore, host-cell control seems to be isolate virulence-dependent. Methods To investigate the molecular basis underlying the innate responses in MØs against N. caninum and the mechanisms of parasite manipulation of the host cell environment, the transcriptome profile of bovine monocyte-derived MØs infected with high-virulence (Nc-Spain7) or low-virulence (Nc-Spain1H) N. caninum isolates was studied. Results Functional enrichment revealed upregulation of genes involved in chemokine signalling, inflammation, cell survival, and inhibition of genes related with metabolism and phagolysosome formation. MØs activation was characterized by the induction of a predominantly M1 phenotype with expression of TLR2, TLR3 and TLR9 and activation of the NF-ƙB signalling pathway. Heat-killed N. caninum tachyzoites failed to activate NF-ƙB, and to inhibit lysosomal activity and apoptosis, which indicates active modulation by the parasite. The FoxO signalling pathway, Th1-Th2 differentiation, glycosaminoglycan degradation and apoptosis were pathways enriched only for low virulent Nc-Spain1H infection. In addition, Nc-Spain1H infection upregulated the IL12A and IL8 pro-inflammatory cytokines, whereas IL23 was downregulated by high virulent Nc-Spain7. Conclusions This study revealed mechanisms implicated in the recognition of N. caninum by bovine MØs and in the development of the subsequent immune response. NF-ƙB seems to be the main signalling pathway implicated in the pro-inflammatory bovine MØs response against this pathogen. Apoptosis and phagolysosome maturation are processes repressed by N. caninum infection, which may guarantee its intracellular survival. The results also indicate that Nc-Spain7 may be able to partially circumvent the pro-inflammatory response whereas Nc-Spain1H induces a protective response to infection, which may explain the more efficient transmission of the high-virulence Nc-Spain7 isolate observed in vivo.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta García-Sánchez
- Saluvet, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Jiménez-Pelayo
- Saluvet, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Horcajo
- Saluvet, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Collantes-Fernández
- Saluvet, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Miguel Ortega-Mora
- Saluvet, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier Regidor-Cerrillo
- Saluvet, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain. .,Saluvet-Innova, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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12
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Mota CM, Lima-Junior DDS, Ferreira França FB, Aguillón Torres JD, Barros PDSC, Santiago FM, Silva JS, Mineo JR, Zamboni DS, Mineo TWP. Interplay Between Reactive Oxygen Species and the Inflammasome Are Crucial for Restriction of Neospora caninum Replication. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:243. [PMID: 32523898 PMCID: PMC7261871 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neospora caninum poses as a considerable threat to animal health and generates significant economic impact in livestock production worldwide. Here, we have investigated the mechanism that underlies the participation of the inflammasome complex and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in the regulation of immune responses during N. caninum infection. For that purpose, we used in vitro (bone marrow derived macrophages) and in vivo mouse models of infection. Our results show that NLRP3 and NLRC4 receptors, alongside with ASC and Caspase-1, are required for proper activation of the inflammasome during N. caninum infection. As expected, the engagement of these pathways is crucial for IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-18 production, as well as the induction of pyroptosis. Our results also show that N. caninum induces ROS production dependent of the inflammasome assembly, which in its turn also depends on MyD88/NF-κB-induced ROS to maintain its activation and, ultimately, lead to restriction of parasite replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Mota
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | | | - Flávia Batista Ferreira França
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Jhoan David Aguillón Torres
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Patrício da Silva Cardoso Barros
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Maria Santiago
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Joāo Santana Silva
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Mineo
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Dario S Zamboni
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tiago W P Mineo
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
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13
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Fereig RM, Nishikawa Y. From Signaling Pathways to Distinct Immune Responses: Key Factors for Establishing or Combating Neospora caninum Infection in Different Susceptible Hosts. Pathogens 2020; 9:E384. [PMID: 32429367 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
: Neospora caninum is an intracellular protozoan parasite affecting numerous animal species. It induces significant economic losses because of abortion and neonatal abnormalities in cattle. In case of infection, the parasite secretes numerous arsenals to establish a successful infection in the host cell. In the same context but for a different purpose, the host resorts to different strategies to eliminate the invading parasite. During this battle, numerous key factors from both parasite and host sides are produced and interact for the maintaining and vanishing of the infection, respectively. Although several reviews have highlighted the role of different compartments of the immune system against N. caninum infection, each one of them has mostly targeted specific points related to the immune component and animal host. Thus, in the current review, we will focus on effector molecules derived from the host cell or the parasite using a comprehensive survey method from previous reports. According to our knowledge, this is the first review that highlights and discusses immune response at the host cell-parasite molecular interface against N. caninum infection in different susceptible hosts.
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14
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Barros PDSC, Mota CM, Miranda VDS, Ferreira FB, Ramos ELP, Santana SS, Costa LF, Marques Pajuaba ACA, Roberto Mineo J, Mineo TWP. Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase is required for parasite restriction and inflammatory modulation during Neospora caninum infection. Vet Parasitol 2019; 276:108990. [PMID: 31775103 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.108990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Neospora caninum infection is an important cause of neuromuscular disease in dogs and abortion in cattle, leading to significant economic losses in beef and dairy industries. The protective immunity against apicomplexan parasites, specifically Toxoplasma gondii and N. caninum, is typically achieved by inducing an IL-12-driven Th1 immune response. IL-12 stimulates IFN-γ production, which activates Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) and promotes consequent Nitric Oxide (NO) synthesis, classically described as one of the main effector mechanisms for parasite elimination. Here, we aimed to evaluate the role played by iNOS during N. caninum infection. Our results show that N. caninum infection in C57BL/6 wild type (WT) mice induce NO production in vivo and in vitro. In agreement, iNOS deficient mice, as well as WT mice treated with iNOS inhibitor aminoguanidine, succumbed during acute infection with a dose lethal to 50 % of the WT mice, and presented significant increase in parasite load when submitted to sub-lethal infection protocols. Interestingly, the lack of control of parasite proliferation observed in iNOS-/- mice was associated with notable CNS inflammation and increased production of the main systemic proinflammatory cytokines (IL-12, IFN-γ, IL-6, TNF and IL-17A). Taken together, our findings show that iNOS plays an important role in restricting N. caninum replication, while also modulates the inflammatory process induced by the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrício da Silva Cardoso Barros
- Laboratório De Imunoparasitologia "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Departamento De Imunologia, Instituto De Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal De Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720 - Bloco 4C, Campus Umuarama - 38.400-902, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Caroline Martins Mota
- Laboratório De Imunoparasitologia "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Departamento De Imunologia, Instituto De Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal De Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720 - Bloco 4C, Campus Umuarama - 38.400-902, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Dos Santos Miranda
- Laboratório De Imunoparasitologia "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Departamento De Imunologia, Instituto De Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal De Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720 - Bloco 4C, Campus Umuarama - 38.400-902, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Flávia Batista Ferreira
- Laboratório De Imunoparasitologia "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Departamento De Imunologia, Instituto De Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal De Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720 - Bloco 4C, Campus Umuarama - 38.400-902, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Eliézer Lucas Pires Ramos
- Laboratório De Imunoparasitologia "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Departamento De Imunologia, Instituto De Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal De Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720 - Bloco 4C, Campus Umuarama - 38.400-902, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Silas Silva Santana
- Laboratório De Imunoparasitologia "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Departamento De Imunologia, Instituto De Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal De Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720 - Bloco 4C, Campus Umuarama - 38.400-902, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Lourenço Faria Costa
- Laboratório De Imunoparasitologia "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Departamento De Imunologia, Instituto De Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal De Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720 - Bloco 4C, Campus Umuarama - 38.400-902, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia Arantes Marques Pajuaba
- Laboratório De Imunoparasitologia "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Departamento De Imunologia, Instituto De Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal De Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720 - Bloco 4C, Campus Umuarama - 38.400-902, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Mineo
- Laboratório De Imunoparasitologia "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Departamento De Imunologia, Instituto De Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal De Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720 - Bloco 4C, Campus Umuarama - 38.400-902, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Tiago Wilson Patriarca Mineo
- Laboratório De Imunoparasitologia "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Departamento De Imunologia, Instituto De Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal De Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720 - Bloco 4C, Campus Umuarama - 38.400-902, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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15
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Pokharel SM, Shil NK, Gc JB, Colburn ZT, Tsai SY, Segovia JA, Chang TH, Bandyopadhyay S, Natesan S, Jones JCR, Bose S. Integrin activation by the lipid molecule 25-hydroxycholesterol induces a proinflammatory response. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1482. [PMID: 30931941 PMCID: PMC6443809 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09453-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrins are components of cell-matrix adhesions, and function as scaffolds for various signal transduction pathways. So far no lipid ligand for integrin has been reported. Here we show that a lipid, oxysterol 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), directly binds to α5β1 and αvβ3 integrins to activate integrin-focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling. Treatment of macrophages and epithelial cells with 25HC results in an increase in activated αvβ3 integrin in podosome and focal adhesion matrix adhesion sites. Moreover, activation of pattern recognition receptor on macrophages induces secretion of 25HC, triggering integrin signaling and the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF and IL-6. Thus, the lipid molecule 25HC is a physiologically relevant activator of integrins and is involved in positively regulating proinflammatory responses. Our data suggest that extracellular 25HC links innate immune inflammatory response with integrin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swechha M Pokharel
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99163, USA
| | - Niraj K Shil
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99163, USA
| | - Jeevan B Gc
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceuticals Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99210, USA
| | - Zachary T Colburn
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99163, USA
| | - Su-Yu Tsai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Jesus A Segovia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Te-Hung Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Smarajit Bandyopadhyay
- Molecular Biotechnology Core Laboratory, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Senthil Natesan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceuticals Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99210, USA
| | - Jonathan C R Jones
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99163, USA
| | - Santanu Bose
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99163, USA.
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16
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Dias EHV, Pereira DFC, de Sousa BB, Matias MS, de Queiroz MR, Santiago FM, Silva ACA, Dantas NO, Santos-Filho NA, de Oliveira F. In vitro tracking of phospholipase A 2 from snake venom conjugated with magic-sized quantum dots. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 122:461-468. [PMID: 30385337 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipases A2 represent a family of enzymes with important application in medicine. However, direct tracking is difficult due to the absence of a stable, effective and specific marker for these enzymes. Magic-sized quantum dots (MSQDs) are inorganic semiconducting nanocrystals with unique physical properties. They have the ability to conjugate to proteins, making them excellent markers for biological systems. In this work, we labelled phospholipase A2 from Bothrops alternatus snake venom with Cadmium selenide (CdSe)/cadmium sulphate (CdS) MSQDs-a biocompatible and luminescent probe-. Bioconjugation was confirmed using infrared spectra and fluorescence microscopy, which demonstrated that the CdSe/CdS MSQDs interact with phospholipase A2 without interfering with its activity. This probe may be an important tool for the elucidation of many biological mechanisms, because it allows the pathway of phospholipase A2 to be tracked from its entry through the plasma membrane until its incorporation into the nucleus of myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edigar H V Dias
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Déborah F C Pereira
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Bruna B de Sousa
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana S Matias
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Mayara R de Queiroz
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica (N-Biofar), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M Santiago
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Anielle C A Silva
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Noelio O Dantas
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Fábio de Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica (N-Biofar), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Wang X, Gong P, Zhang X, Li S, Lu X, Zhao C, Yu Q, Wei Z, Yang Y, Liu Q, Yang Z, Li J, Zhang X. NLRP3 Inflammasome Participates in Host Response to Neospora caninum Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1791. [PMID: 30105037 PMCID: PMC6077289 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neospora caninum is an intracellular protozoan parasite closely related to Toxoplasma gondii that mainly infects canids as the definitive host and cattle as the intermediate host, resulting in abortion in cattle and leading to financial losses worldwide. Commercial vaccines or drugs are not available for the prevention and treatment of bovine neosporosis. Knowledge about the hallmarks of the immune response to this infection could form the basis of important prevention strategies. The innate immune system first responds to invading parasite and subsequently initiates the appropriate adaptive immune response against this parasite. Upon infection, activation of host pattern-recognition receptors expressed by immune cells triggers the innate immune response. Toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors, and C-type lectin receptors play key roles in recognizing protozoan parasite. Therefore, we aimed to explore the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome during the acute period of N. caninum infection. In vitro results showed that N. caninum infection of murine bone marrow-derived macrophages activated the NLRP3 inflammasome, accompanied by the release of IL-1β and IL-18, cleavage of caspase-1, and induction of cell death. K+ efflux induced by N. caninum infection participated in the activation of the inflammasome. Infection of mice deficient in NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1/11 resulted in decreased production of IL-18 and reduced IFN-γ in serum. Elevated numbers of monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils were found at the initial infection site, but they failed to limit N. caninum replication. These findings suggest that the NLRP3 inflammasome is involved in the host response to N. caninum infection at the acute stage and plays an important role in limiting parasite growth, and it may enhance Th1 response by inducing production of IFN-γ. These findings may help devise protocols for controlling neosporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocen Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Pengtao Gong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiangyun Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chunyan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Qile Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhengkai Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yongjun Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Qun Liu
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengtao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xichen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Li S, Gong P, Tai L, Li X, Wang X, Zhao C, Zhang X, Yang Z, Yang J, Li J, Zhang X. Extracellular Vesicles Secreted by Neospora caninum Are Recognized by Toll-Like Receptor 2 and Modulate Host Cell Innate Immunity Through the MAPK Signaling Pathway. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1633. [PMID: 30087675 PMCID: PMC6066505 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neospora caninum is an obligate intracellular parasite, which causes significant economic losses in the cattle industry. However, the immune mechanism of the parasite–host interaction is not yet fully understood. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a ubiquitous mechanism by which almost all cells, especially immune and tumor cells, participate in intercellular communications. Although studies have indicated that EVs secreted by Toxoplasma gondii or Trypanosoma brucei promote exchanges of biological molecules important for the host–parasite interplay, however, EVs and their biological activities in N. caninum is not clear. Here, we used multiple methods, including electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, RT-PCR, immunofluorescence, western blot, proteomics, and cytokine analyses, to examine the properties of N. caninum EVs. We found that N. caninum produced EVs that are similar to mammalian exosomes, which generally range from 30 to 150 nm in diameter. It was shown that N. caninum EVs could remarkably increase the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-12p40, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IFN-γ by wild-type (WT) mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) whereas the secretion of IL-12p40, TNF-α, and IFN-γ was very strongly downregulated in TLR2−/− mouse BMDMs. The levels of IL-6 were not affected, but the secretion of IL-10 was upregulated. We found that the phosphorylation levels of P38, ERK, and JNK were significantly reduced in the TLR2−/− cells compared with those in WT mouse BMDMs and that treatment with chemical inhibiters of P38, ERK, and JNK resulted in upregulation of IL-6, IL-12p40, and IL-10 production. Together, these results demonstrated that N. caninum EVs could be rapidly internalized to deliver proteins to the host cells and modulate the host cell immune responses through MAPK signaling pathway in a TLR2-dependent manner. Our study is the first to reveal potential roles for N. caninum EVs in host communication and immune response in parasite–host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pengtao Gong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lixin Tai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaocen Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunyan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhengtao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ju Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xichen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Aguado-Martínez A, Basto AP, Leitão A, Hemphill A. Neospora caninum in non-pregnant and pregnant mouse models: cross-talk between infection and immunity. Int J Parasitol 2017; 47:723-735. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Wang X, Gong P, Zhang X, Wang J, Tai L, Wang X, Wei Z, Yang Y, Yang Z, Li J, Zhang X. NLRP3 inflammasome activation in murine macrophages caused by Neospora caninum infection. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:266. [PMID: 28558839 PMCID: PMC5450200 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2197-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neospora caninum is an intracellular parasite that causes significant economic losses in cattle industry. Understanding the host resistance mechanisms in the innate immune response to neosporosis could facilitate the exploration of approaches for controlling N. caninum infection. The NLR inflammasome is a multiprotein platform in the cell cytoplasm and plays critical roles in the host response against microbes. Methods Neospora caninum-infected wild-type (WT) macrophages and Nlrp3−/− macrophages, and inhibitory approaches were used to investigate inflammasome activation and its role in N. caninum infection. Inflammasome RT Profiler PCR Arrays were used to identify the primary genes involved in N. caninum infection. The expression of the sensor protein NLRP3, processing of caspase-1, secretion of IL-1β and cell death were detected. Neospora caninum replication in macrophages was also assessed. Results Many NLR molecules participated in the recognition of N. caninum, especially the sensor protein NLRP3, and further study revealed that the NLRP3 distribution became punctate in the cell cytoplasm, which facilitated inflammasome activation. Inflammasome activation-mediated caspase-1 processing and IL-1β cleavage in response to N. caninum infection were observed and were correlated with the time of infection and number of infecting parasites. LDH-related cell death was also observed, and this death was regarded as beneficial for the clearance of N. caninum. Treatment of N. caninum-infected macrophages with caspase-1, pan-caspase and NLRP3 inhibitors led to the impaired release of active IL-1β and a failure to restrict parasite replication. And Neospora caninum infected peritoneal macrophages from Nlrp3-deficient mice displayed greatly decreased release of active IL-1β and the failure of caspase-1 cleavage. Conclusions The NLRP3 inflammasome can be activated in N. caninum-infected macrophages, and plays a protective role in the host response to control N. caninum. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2197-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocen Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Pengtao Gong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jielin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Lixin Tai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Zhengkai Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yongjun Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Zhengtao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Xichen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun, 130062, China.
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da Silva MV, Ferreira França FB, Mota CM, de Macedo Júnior AG, Ramos ELP, Santiago FM, Mineo JR, Mineo TWP. Dectin-1 Compromises Innate Responses and Host Resistance against Neospora caninum Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:245. [PMID: 28326085 PMCID: PMC5339258 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neospora caninum is an intracellular protozoan parasite that has drawn increasing interest due to its association with worldwide repetitive bovine abortions, which cause billionaire losses to the meat and dairy industries annually. Innate immunity plays an important role in infection control, and N. caninum activates the production of inflammatory mediators through toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Advances in the knowledge of initial host–parasite interactions are desirable for the design of control measures against the infection, obliterating its pathogenesis. In that sense, we here aimed to describe the role of the innate C-type lectin receptor Dectin-1 during the infection by N. caninum. With that intent, we observed that the absence of Dectin-1, observed in genetically depleted (Dectin-1−/−) mice or competitively inhibited by an inert agonist [laminarin (LAM)], rescued 50% of the mice infected with lethal doses of N. caninum. Dectin-1−/− and LAM-treated mice also presented a reduction in the parasite load during acute and chronic phases, associated with decreased inflammatory scores in the central nervous system. Among all the cell phenotypes that migrated to the initial site of infection, dendritic cells and macrophages gained subpopulations with high Dectin-1 surface expression. The impairment of the receptor in these cells led to a decreased parasite burden, as well as augmented production of IL-12p40. We also found that Dectin-1+ cells produced less reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the initial site of the infection, while mice deficient in NADPH oxidase isoform 2 (NOX2−/−) were not able to control parasite replication and produce IL-12p40, even upon LAM treatment. Interestingly, the absence of functional Dectin-1 did not alter the susceptibility of mice against closely related Toxoplasma gondii. In conclusion, the gathered data suggest that Dectin-1 is involved in the parasite-induced downmodulation of ROS, and other key molecules triggered for the control of N. caninum infection and are a promising target for future development of protocols intended for intervention against neosporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murilo Vieira da Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia , Uberlândia , Brazil
| | - Flávia Batista Ferreira França
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia , Uberlândia , Brazil
| | - Caroline Martins Mota
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia , Uberlândia , Brazil
| | - Arlindo Gomes de Macedo Júnior
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia , Uberlândia , Brazil
| | - Eliézer Lucas Pires Ramos
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia , Uberlândia , Brazil
| | - Fernanda Maria Santiago
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia , Uberlândia , Brazil
| | - José Roberto Mineo
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia , Uberlândia , Brazil
| | - Tiago Wilson Patriarca Mineo
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia , Uberlândia , Brazil
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