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Wahid M, Saqib F, Abbas G, Shah S, Alshammari A, Albekairi TH, Ali A, Khurm M, Mubarak MS. Cardioprotective and hypotensive mechanistic insights of hydroethanolic extract of Cucumis melo L. kernels in isoprenaline-induced cardiotoxicity based on metabolomics and in silico electrophysiological models. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1277594. [PMID: 38348351 PMCID: PMC10859416 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1277594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) continue to threaten health worldwide, and account for a significant portion of deaths and illnesses. In both developing and industrialized nations, they challenge their health systems. There are several traditional uses of Cucurbitaceae seeds in Pakistan, India, Iran, and China, including treating cardiovascular, neurological, and urogenital diseases. Methods: In the present work, integrated techniques of metabolomics profiling and computational cardiomyocyte stimulation were used to investigate possible mechanisms of C. melo in isoprenaline (ISO)-induced myocardial infarction. In vitro, vasoconstrictions, paired atria, and in vivo invasive blood pressure measurement models were performed to explore the mechanism of action of C. melo hydroethanolic seed extract (Cm-EtOH). Results: Results showed that Cm-EtOH demonstrates NO-based endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) vasorelaxant response, negative chronotropic and inotropic response in the atrium, and hypotensive effects in normotensive rats. Results also revealed that Cm-EtOH decreases cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and reverts the altered gene expressions, biochemical, and metabolites in ISO-induced myocardial infarction (MI) rats. The extract additionally reversed ISO-induced MI-induced oxidative stress, energy consumption, and amino acid metabolism. Moreover, C. melo seeds increased EDRF function, energy production, and antioxidant capacity to treat myocardial and vascular disorders. In computational cardiomyocyte simulation, gallic acid reduced action potential duration, upstroke velocity (dV/dtmax), and effective refractory period. Conclusion: This study highlights the therapeutic potential of C. melo seeds to treat cardiovascular diseases and provides mechanistic insight into its antihypertensive and cardioprotective activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muqeet Wahid
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Saqib
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Abbas
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Shah
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdulrahman Alshammari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamer H. Albekairi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anam Ali
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Khurm
- School of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
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Daimi H, Lozano-Velasco E, Aranega A, Franco D. Genomic and Non-Genomic Regulatory Mechanisms of the Cardiac Sodium Channel in Cardiac Arrhythmias. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1381. [PMID: 35163304 PMCID: PMC8835759 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nav1.5 is the predominant cardiac sodium channel subtype, encoded by the SCN5A gene, which is involved in the initiation and conduction of action potentials throughout the heart. Along its biosynthesis process, Nav1.5 undergoes strict genomic and non-genomic regulatory and quality control steps that allow only newly synthesized channels to reach their final membrane destination and carry out their electrophysiological role. These regulatory pathways are ensured by distinct interacting proteins that accompany the nascent Nav1.5 protein along with different subcellular organelles. Defects on a large number of these pathways have a tremendous impact on Nav1.5 functionality and are thus intimately linked to cardiac arrhythmias. In the present review, we provide current state-of-the-art information on the molecular events that regulate SCN5A/Nav1.5 and the cardiac channelopathies associated with defects in these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houria Daimi
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
| | - Estefanía Lozano-Velasco
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (E.L.-V.); (A.A.); (D.F.)
- Medina Foundation, Technology Park of Health Sciences, Av. del Conocimiento, 34, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Amelia Aranega
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (E.L.-V.); (A.A.); (D.F.)
- Medina Foundation, Technology Park of Health Sciences, Av. del Conocimiento, 34, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Diego Franco
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (E.L.-V.); (A.A.); (D.F.)
- Medina Foundation, Technology Park of Health Sciences, Av. del Conocimiento, 34, 18016 Granada, Spain
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Benzoni P, Nava L, Giannetti F, Guerini G, Gualdoni A, Bazzini C, Milanesi R, Bucchi A, Baruscotti M, Barbuti A. Dual role of miR-1 in the development and function of sinoatrial cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2021; 157:104-12. [PMID: 33964276 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
miR-1, the most abundant miRNA in the heart, modulates expression of several transcription factors and ion channels. Conditions affecting the heart rate, such as endurance training and cardiac diseases, show a concomitant miR-1 up- or down-regulation. Here, we investigated the role of miR-1 overexpression in the development and function of sinoatrial (SAN) cells using murine embryonic stem cells (mESC). We generated mESCs either overexpressing miR-1 and EGFP (miR1OE) or EGFP only (EM). SAN-like cells were selected from differentiating mESC using the CD166 marker. Gene expression and electrophysiological analysis were carried out on both early mES-derived cardiac progenitors and SAN-like cells and on beating neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes (NRVC) over-expressing miR-1. miR1OE cells increased significantly the proportion of CD166+ SAN precursors compared to EM cells (23% vs 12%) and the levels of the transcription factors TBX5 and TBX18, both involved in SAN development. miR1OE SAN-like cells were bradycardic (1,3 vs 2 Hz) compared to EM cells. In agreement with data on native SAN cells, EM SAN-like cardiomyocytes show two populations of cells expressing either slow- or fast-activating If currents; miR1OE SAN-like cells instead have only fast-activating If with a significantly reduced conductance. Western Blot and immunofluorescence analysis showed a reduced HCN4 signal in miR-1OE vs EM CD166+ precursors. Together these data point out to a specific down-regulation of the slow-activating HCN4 subunit by miR-1. Importantly, the rate and If alterations were independent of the developmental effects of miR-1, being similar in NRVC transiently overexpressing miR-1. In conclusion, we demonstrated a dual role of miR-1, during development it controls the proper development of sinoatrial-precursor, while in mature SAN-like cells it modulates the HCN4 pacemaker channel translation and thus the beating rate.
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Ke J, Zhu C, Zhang Y, Zhang W. Anti-Arrhythmic Effects of Linalool via Cx43 Expression in a Rat Model of Myocardial Infarction. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:926. [PMID: 32670059 PMCID: PMC7329979 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lavender is a traditional therapy for different heart symptoms including palpitation, which comprises an important symptom of cardiac arrhythmias. This experiment was designed to evaluate the antiarrhythmic effects of linalool using an experimental model of arrhythmia following myocardial infarction in rats. The underlying electrophysiological mechanism through cardiac connexin 43 (Cx43) expression was also investigated. METHODS Fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five equal groups. The first group was considered as the normal control group; MI was induced by ligation of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) in the second group. The other three groups received metoprolol (100 mg/kg/day) or linalool (50 or 100 mg/kg/day) for seven days before LAD ligation. The arrhythmia score, isolated myocyte resting potential, histological changes, and cardiac Cx43 expression levels were evaluated. RESULTS In the MI group, there was a significant increase in the arrhythmia score but a marked decrease in resting membrane potential relative to the control; these changes were prevented by the administration of metoprolol or linalool. The histological changes were also minimized in the groups treated with these substances compared to the untreated MI group. The western blot and real-time PCR results showed that the protein expression of Cx43 in the infarct zone of the rat hearts was significantly higher in the MI groups receiving metoprolol or linalool compared with the untreated MI group. CONCLUSION Linalool was shown to be able to dose-dependently decrease the incidence of arrhythmias in a rat model of myocardial infarction. We propose that the key mechanism behind this antiarrhythmic effect is probably the prevention of decreased Cx43 expression following MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Ke
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Canzhan Zhu
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | | | - Wenlong Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
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Wang H, Chen Y, Tao T, Zhao X, Wang Y, Luo J, Guo Y. Identification of microRNA biomarkers in serum of patients at different stages of atrial fibrillation. Heart Lung 2020; 49:902-8. [PMID: 32482362 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2020.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a type of cardiac arrhythmia which is caused by irregular electrical activities in the atria. OBJECTIVE To identify serum microRNA (miRNA) biomarkers at three durations (duration since diagnosis of AF) of AF. METHODS This study included 14 patients with AF and 8 healthy subjects. The blood sample was collected from each patient at baseline (time of diagnosis) and 12-month and 24-month follow-up periods. The serum was used for miRNA sequencing. The differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) between the 3 AF and control groups were independently compared. The predicted target genes of DEMs were subjected to functional enrichment and protein-protein interaction network analyses. Additionally, the miRNA-target gene networks were constructed for the 3 AF groups and miRNA time series analysis was performed. The expression of several key miRNAs was verified by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS In total, 28, 22, and 24 DEMs were identified in the baseline, 12-month, and 24-month groups, respectively. miR-483-5p was the common DEM in the 3 AF groups. In the baseline and 12-month groups, the miR-200b-3p and miR-125b-5p target genes were significantly enriched in the Wnt signaling and several cancer-related pathways, respectively. In the 12-month group, the miR-34a-5p target genes were enriched in the cancer-related pathways. In the miRNA-target gene network, miR-34a-5p regulated the highest number of target genes. The time series analysis revealed that 7 miRNAs, which were downregulated in the control group, were upregulated in the AF groups. The qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the 24-month group exhibited a significant upregulation of miR-483-5p (p < 0.05), whereas the baseline group exhibited significant a downregulation of miR-125b-5p (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION In patients with AF, miR-125b-5p and miR-483-5p can be potential biomarkers of the baseline and 24-month periods, respectively.
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He S, Moutaoufik MT, Islam S, Persad A, Wu A, Aly KA, Fonge H, Babu M, Cayabyab FS. HERG channel and cancer: A mechanistic review of carcinogenic processes and therapeutic potential. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1873:188355. [PMID: 32135169 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The human ether-à-go-go related gene (HERG) encodes the alpha subunit of Kv11.1, which is a voltage-gated K+ channel protein mainly expressed in heart and brain tissue. HERG plays critical role in cardiac repolarization, and mutations in HERG can cause long QT syndrome. More recently, evidence has emerged that HERG channels are aberrantly expressed in many kinds of cancer cells and play important roles in cancer progression. HERG could therefore be a potential biomarker for cancer and a possible molecular target for anticancer drug design. HERG affects a number of cellular processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis and migration, any of which could be affected by dysregulation of HERG. This review provides an overview of available information on HERG channel as it relates to cancer, with focus on the mechanism by which HERG influences cancer progression. Molecular docking attempts suggest two possible protein-protein interactions of HERG with the ß1-integrin receptor and the transcription factor STAT-1 as novel HERG-directed therapeutic targeting which avoids possible cardiotoxicity. The role of epigenetics in regulating HERG channel expression and activity in cancer will also be discussed. Finally, given its inherent extracellular accessibility as an ion channel, we discuss regulatory roles of this molecule in cancer physiology and therapeutic potential. Future research should be directed to explore the possibilities of therapeutic interventions targeting HERG channels while minding possible complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi He
- Department of Surgery, Neuroscience Research Group, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | | | - Saadul Islam
- Department of Surgery, Neuroscience Research Group, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Amit Persad
- Department of Surgery, Neuroscience Research Group, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Adam Wu
- Department of Surgery, Neuroscience Research Group, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Khaled A Aly
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Humphrey Fonge
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W8, Canada; Department of Medical Imaging, Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W8, Canada
| | - Mohan Babu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Francisco S Cayabyab
- Department of Surgery, Neuroscience Research Group, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada.
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Mirzadeh Azad F, Arabian M, Maleki M, Malakootian M. Small Molecules with Big Impacts on Cardiovascular Diseases. Biochem Genet 2020; 58:359-383. [PMID: 31997044 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-020-09948-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although in recent years there has been a significant progress in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of CVD, but due to their complex pathobiology, developing novel biomarkers and therapeutic interventions are still in need. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a fraction of non-coding RNAs that act as micro-regulators of gene expression. Mounting evidences over the last decade confirmed that microRNAs were deregulated in several CVDs and manipulating their expression could affect homeostasis, differentiation, and function of cardiovascular system. Here, we review the current knowledge concerning the roles of miRNAs in cardiovascular diseases with more details on cardiac remodeling, arrhythmias, and atherosclerosis. In addition, we discuss the latest findings on the potential therapeutic applications of miRNAs in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mirzadeh Azad
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maedeh Arabian
- Cardiogenetic Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Maleki
- Cardiogenetic Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Malakootian
- Cardiogenetic Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Zhang Y, Du W, Yang B. Long non-coding RNAs as new regulators of cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmias: Molecular mechanisms, therapeutic implications and challenges. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 203:107389. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Silverman MG, Yeri A, Moorthy MV, Camacho Garcia F, Chatterjee NA, Glinge CSA, Tfelt-Hansen J, Salvador AM, Pico AR, Shah R, Albert CM, Das S. Circulating miRNAs and Risk of Sudden Death in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2019; 6:70-79. [PMID: 31971908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacep.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study evaluated whether plasma miRNAs were specifically associated with sudden cardiac and/or arrhythmic death (SCD) in a cohort of patients with coronary heart disease (CHD), most of whom were without primary prevention implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. BACKGROUND Novel biomarkers for sudden death risk stratification are needed in patients with CHD to more precisely target preventive therapies, such as implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. miRNAs have been implicated in regulating inflammation and cardiac fibrosis in cells, and plasma miRNAs have been shown to predict cardiovascular death in patients with CHD. METHODS We performed a nested case control study within a multicenter cohort of 5,956 patients with CHD followed prospectively for SCD. Plasma levels of 18 candidate miRNAs previously associated with cardiac remodeling were measured in 129 SCD cases and 258 control subjects matched on age, sex, race, and left ventricular ejection fraction. RESULTS miR-150-5p, miR-29a-3p, and miR-30a-5p were associated with increased SCD risk (odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals: 2.03 [1.12 to 3.67]; p = 0.02; 1.93 [1.07 to 3.50]; p = 0.02; 0.55 [0.31 to 0.97]; p = 0.04, respectively, for third vs. first tertile miRNA level). Unfavorable levels of all 3 miRNAs was associated with a 4.8-fold increased SCD risk (1.59 to 14.51; p = 0.006). A bioinformatics-based approach predicted miR-150-5p, miR-29a-3p, and miR-30a-5p to be involved in apoptosis, fibrosis, and inflammation. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that plasma miRNAs may regulate pathways important for remodeling and may be useful in identifying patients with CHD at increased risk of SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Silverman
- Cardiology Division and Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ashish Yeri
- Cardiology Division and Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - M Vinayaga Moorthy
- Center for Arrhythmia Prevention, Divisions of Preventive and Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fernando Camacho Garcia
- Cardiology Division and Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Neal A Chatterjee
- Cardiology Division and Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Cardiology Division, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Charlotte S A Glinge
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob Tfelt-Hansen
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ane M Salvador
- Cardiology Division and Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander R Pico
- Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ravi Shah
- Cardiology Division and Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christine M Albert
- Center for Arrhythmia Prevention, Divisions of Preventive and Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Saumya Das
- Cardiology Division and Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. The infarcted heart displays typical cell death cascades characterized by a loss of cells and fibrotic scarring in the myocardium. Cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis largely contribute to ventricular wall thickening and stiffening, altogether defining an adverse cardiac remodeling that ultimately leads to impaired cardiac function and subsequent heart failure. Finding a strategy to promote therapeutic, instead of detrimental, cardiac remodeling may pose as a potent MI treatment. Accumulating evidence shows that microRNAs (miRNAs) may play an essential role in cardiovascular diseases. In particular, microRNA-133a (miR-133a) is one of the most abundant miRNAs in the heart. Multiple studies have demonstrated that miR-133a participates in the early pathology of MI, as well as in subsequent cardiac remodeling. In this review, we summarize recent research progress highlighting the regulatory effects of miR-133a in ischemic myocardial diseases, such as inhibiting angiogenesis, apoptosis, fibrosis, hypertrophy, and inflammation, while promoting therapeutic cardiac remodeling. The goal is to elicit a critical discussion on the translational direction of miRNA-mediated treatments towards a safe and effective MI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Jiling Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Julian P. Tuazon
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Cesar V. Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
- Cesar V. Borlongan, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC-78, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Guolong Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
- Guolong Yu, Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.87 Xiangya Rd, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China.
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Samidurai A, Kukreja RC, Das A. Emerging Role of mTOR Signaling-Related miRNAs in Cardiovascular Diseases. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2018; 2018:6141902. [PMID: 30305865 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6141902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), an atypical serine/threonine kinase of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase- (PI3K-) related kinase family, elicits a vital role in diverse cellular processes, including cellular growth, proliferation, survival, protein synthesis, autophagy, and metabolism. In the cardiovascular system, the mTOR signaling pathway integrates both intracellular and extracellular signals and serves as a central regulator of both physiological and pathological processes. MicroRNAs (miRs), a class of short noncoding RNA, are an emerging intricate posttranscriptional modulator of critical gene expression for the development and maintenance of homeostasis across a wide array of tissues, including the cardiovascular system. Over the last decade, numerous studies have revealed an interplay between miRNAs and the mTOR signaling circuit in the different cardiovascular pathophysiology, like myocardial infarction, hypertrophy, fibrosis, heart failure, arrhythmia, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. In this review, we provide a comprehensive state of the current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of interactions between the mTOR signaling pathway and miRs. We have also highlighted the latest advances on mTOR-targeted therapy in clinical trials and the new perspective therapeutic strategies with mTOR-targeting miRs in cardiovascular diseases.
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Boštjančič E, Brandner T, Zidar N, Glavač D, Štajer D. Down-regulation of miR-133a/b in patients with myocardial infarction correlates with the presence of ventricular fibrillation. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 99:65-71. [PMID: 29324314 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of physiologic and pathologic conditions of the heart. Animal models of heart diseases have shown that miRNAs may contribute to the development of arrhythmias. However, little is known about the expression of muscle- and cardiac-specific miRNAs in patients with myocardial infarction (MI) who have developed ventricular fibrillation (VF). Our study included 47 patients who had died from myocardial infarction (MI), 23 with clinically proven VF and 24 without VF. Autopsy samples of infarcted tissue and remote myocardium were available (n = 94). Heart tissue from 8 healthy trauma victims was included as control. Expression of miR-1, miR-133a/b and miR-208 was analyzed using real-time PCR (qPCR). In patients with MI with VF, we observed down-regulation of miR-133a/b, and this down-regulation was even stronger 2-7 days after MI. miR-208 was up-regulated in remote myocardium irrespective of the presence of VF. Deregulation of miR-1 and miR-208 was not related to the presence of VF. Our results suggest that down-regulation of miR-133a/b might contribute to the development of VF in patients with MI. However, up-regulation of miR-1 and miR-208 in remote myocardium might play a role in cardiac remodeling after MI, at least to certain degree.
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Schulte C, Karakas M, Zeller T. microRNAs in cardiovascular disease - clinical application. Clin Chem Lab Med 2017; 55:687-704. [PMID: 27914211 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2016-0576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are well-known, powerful regulators of gene expression, and their potential to serve as circulating biomarkers is widely accepted. In cardiovascular disease (CVD), numerous studies have suggested miRNAs as strong circulating biomarkers with high diagnostic as well as prognostic power. In coronary artery disease (CAD) and heart failure (HF), miRNAs have been suggested as reliable biomarkers matching up to established protein-based such as cardiac troponins (cT) or natriuretic peptides. Also, in other CVD entities, miRNAs were identified as surprisingly specific biomarkers - with great potential for clinical applicability, especially in those entities that lack specific protein-based biomarkers such as atrial fibrillation (AF) and acute pulmonary embolism (APE). In this regard, miRNA signatures, comprising a set of miRNAs, yield high sensitivity and specificity. Attempts to utilize miRNAs as therapeutic agents have led to promising results. In this article, we review the clinical applicability of circulating miRNAs in CVD. We are giving an overview of miRNAs as biomarkers in numerous CVD entities to depict the variety of their potential clinical deployment. We illustrate the function of miRNAs by means of single miRNA examples in CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schulte
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg
| | - Mahir Karakas
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg
| | - Tanja Zeller
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg
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14
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Complete atrioventricular block (CAVB) causes arrhythmogenic remodeling and increases the risk of torsades de pointes arrhythmias. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression that contribute to cardiac remodeling. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess miRNA changes after CAVB and identify novel candidates potentially involved in arrhythmogenic cardiac remodeling. METHODS CAVB was induced in mice via His-bundle ablation. Expression of miRNAs was evaluated by pan-miRNA microarray with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) confirmation, on samples obtained 24 hours and 4 weeks post-CAVB. MiRNA target prediction algorithms were used to identify potential target genes. Targets confirmed by luciferase assays in HEK293 cells were followed up with overexpression studies in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes to evaluate regulation using real time- quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), western blots, cell shortening measurements, and fura-2 Ca2+ fluorescence imaging. RESULTS Of >400 miRNAs assayed, only miRNA-135a (miR-135a) was altered at 24 hours, down-regulated 78% (P <.001). Algorithms predicted miR-135a regulation of the sodium-calcium exchanger type 1 (NCX1). miR-135a transfection suppressed NCX1 3'UTR reporter activity by 42% (P <.001), mRNA expression by 34% (P <.001), and protein levels by 45% (P <.001) vs noncoding miRNA control. miR-135a overexpression reduced spontaneous beating frequency of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes by 63% (P <.001) while slowing decay (by 56%, P <.05) of caffeine-induced Ca2+ transients. miR-135a also suppressed the Ca2+ loading effects of ouabain and ouabain-induced spontaneous Ca2+ release events. CONCLUSION NCX1 is negatively regulated by miR-135a, a microRNA that is down-regulated in the heart after CAVB in mice. By controlling NCX1 expression, miR-135a modulates cardiomyocyte automaticity, Ca2+ extrusion, and arrhythmogenic Ca2+ loading/spontaneous Ca2+ release events. Therefore, miR-135a may contribute to proarrhythmic remodeling after CAVB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Duong
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jiening Xiao
- Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Xiao Yan Qi
- Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Stanley Nattel
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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15
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FENG WEI, RAO NINI, WAN YONGLI, LI SAN, ZHENG JI, ZENG WEI, WANG GUANGBIN, CHEN XU. COMPUTATIONAL EVIDENCE FROM TWO CORRELATED DATA SOURCES AT DIFFERENT MOLECULAR LEVELS FOR AF-VHD-SPECIFIC MICRORNA SIGNATURE. J BIOL SYST 2016. [DOI: 10.1142/s0218339016500157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The important roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the pathological process of the cardiovascular system have been recognized. However, identification of miRNAs related to valvular heart disease with atrial fibrillation (AF-VHD) has been difficult and very slow because of complex pathological mechanism of AF-VHD. Analysis of microarray expression profiles provides the possibility to rapid prediction of disease-regulating miRNAs and can lay a theoretical foundation for further experimental studies. A computational method is proposed to predict AF-VHD-specific miRNAs by combining miRNA and gene expression data, which are strongly correlated. Using the proposed method, a 45-miRNA AF-VHD-specific signature is predicted. Compared with other related results, 15 of 45 miRNAs are the same and the rest 30 miRNAs are different. Our analysis shows that 11 of 30 new miRNAs are associated with the diseases inducing AF-VHD and the remaining 19 miRNAs have good combinational discrimination power. Therefore, the AF-VHD signature we have predicted is confirmed to be reliable and specific. In a word, this study proposes an effective computational strategy in prediction of disease-regulating miRNAs and finds some AF-VHD-specific miRNAs, which provides new insight into the further experimental study and molecular mechanism leading to the development of AF-VHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- WEI FENG
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, Center for Information in BioMedicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, P. R. China
| | - NINI RAO
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, Center for Information in BioMedicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, P. R. China
| | - YONGLI WAN
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, Center for Information in BioMedicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, P. R. China
| | - SAN LI
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, Center for Information in BioMedicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, P. R. China
| | - JI ZHENG
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, Center for Information in BioMedicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, P. R. China
| | - WEI ZENG
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, Center for Information in BioMedicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, P. R. China
| | - GUANGBIN WANG
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, Center for Information in BioMedicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, P. R. China
| | - XU CHEN
- Cardiovascular Department, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provinical People’s Hospital, Chengdu 610000, P. R. China
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16
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Abstract
The cardiac Na(+) channel (Nav1.5) conducts a depolarizing inward Na(+) current that is responsible for the generation of the upstroke Phase 0 of the action potential. In heart tissue, changes in Na(+) currents can affect conduction velocity and impulse propagation. The cardiac Nav1.5 is also involved in determination of the action potential duration, since some channels may reopen during the plateau phase, generating a persistent or late inward current. Mutations of cardiac Nav1.5 can induce gain or loss of channel function because of an increased late current or a decrease of peak current, respectively. Gain-of-function mutations cause Long QT syndrome type 3 and possibly atrial fibrillation, while loss-of-function channel mutations are associated with a wider variety of phenotypes, such as Brugada syndrome, cardiac conduction disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, and sick sinus node syndrome. The penetrance and phenotypes resulting from Nav1.5 mutations also vary with age, gender, body temperature, circadian rhythm, and between regions of the heart. This phenotypic variability makes it difficult to correlate genotype-phenotype. We propose that mutations are only one contributor to the phenotype and additional modifications on Nav1.5 lead to the phenotypic variability. Possible modifiers include other genetic variations and alterations in the life cycle of Nav1.5 such as gene transcription, RNA processing, translation, posttranslational modifications, trafficking, complex assembly, and degradation. In this chapter, we summarize potential modifiers of cardiac Nav1.5 that could help explain the clinically observed phenotypic variability. Consideration of these modifiers could help improve genotype-phenotype correlations and lead to new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Liu
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - K-C Yang
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - S C Dudley
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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17
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Ali SS, Kala C, Abid M, Ahmad N, Sharma US, Khan NA. Pathological microRNAs in acute cardiovascular diseases and microRNA therapeutics. Journal of Acute Disease 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joad.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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18
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Lee S, Lim S, Ham O, Lee SY, Lee CY, Park JH, Lee J, Seo HH, Yun I, Han SM, Cha MJ, Choi E, Hwang KC. ROS-mediated bidirectional regulation of miRNA results in distinct pathologic heart conditions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 465:349-55. [PMID: 26253469 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.07.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Under distinct pathological heart conditions, the expression of a single miRNA can display completely opposite patterns. However, the mechanism underlying the bidirectional regulation of a single miRNA and the clinical implications of this regulation remain largely unknown. To address this issue, we examined the regulation of miR-1, one of the most abundant miRNAs in the heart, during cardiac hypertrophy and ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Our data indicated that different magnitudes and chronicities of ROS levels in cardiomyocytes resulted in differential expression of miR-1, subsequently altering the expression of myocardin. In animal models, the administration of a miR-1 mimic attenuated cardiac hypertrophy by suppressing the transverse aortic constriction-induced increase in myocardin expression, whereas the administration of anti-miR-1 ameliorated I/R-induced cardiac apoptosis and deterioration of heart function. Our findings indicated that a pathologic stimulus such as ROS can bidirectionally alter the expression of miRNA to contribute to the development of pathological conditions exhibiting distinct phenotypes and that the meticulous adjustment of the pathological miRNA levels is required to improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seahyoung Lee
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, South Korea; Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Soyeon Lim
- Severance Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral and Cardiovascular Disease, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Onju Ham
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Se-Yeon Lee
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chang Yeon Lee
- Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jun-Hee Park
- Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jiyun Lee
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyang-Hee Seo
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ina Yun
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun M Han
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min-Ji Cha
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, South Korea
| | - Eunhyun Choi
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, South Korea; Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Ki-Chul Hwang
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, South Korea; Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, South Korea.
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19
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Chen C, Wang Y, Yang S, Li H, Zhao G, Wang F, Yang L, Wang DW. MiR-320a contributes to atherogenesis by augmenting multiple risk factors and down-regulating SRF. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:970-85. [PMID: 25728840 PMCID: PMC4420600 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis progress is regulated by a variety of factors. Here, we show that miR-320a, an intergenic miRNA, is markedly elevated in the peripheral blood of coronary heart disease patients and high-risk patients. Microarray analysis and qRT-PCR assays showed that circulating miRNA-320a was highly expressed in coronary artery disease patients. In vivo study showed that overexpression of miR-320a resulted in significant increase in levels of plasma lipid (total cholesterol, Triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein) and serum inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, MCP-1, sICAM, pSelectin, TNF-α and fibrinogen). In ApoE(-/-) mice, miR-320a expression attenuates endothelium cell function and promotes atherogenesis. Bioinformatics analysis identified serum response factor as a potential target for miR-320a, which was validated by luciferase reporter activity assay and western-blot in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, miR-320a expression inhibits human-derived endothelium cell proliferation and induces apoptosis. We also found that SP1 transcriptionally up-regulates hsa-miR-320a expression. Our observations indicate that miR-320a is a key regulator contributing to multiple aspects of atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gene Therapy Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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20
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Daimi H, Lozano-Velasco E, Haj Khelil A, Chibani JBE, Barana A, Amorós I, González de la Fuente M, Caballero R, Aranega A, Franco D. Regulation of SCN5A by microRNAs: miR-219 modulates SCN5A transcript expression and the effects of flecainide intoxication in mice. Heart Rhythm 2015; 12:1333-42. [PMID: 25701775 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human cardiac action potential in atrial and ventricular cells is initiated by a fast-activating, fast-inactivating sodium current generated by the SCN5A/Nav1.5 channel in association with its β1/SCN1B subunit. The role of Nav1.5 in the etiology of many cardiac diseases strongly suggests that proper regulation of cell biology and function of the channel is critical for normal cardiac function. Hence, numerous recent studies have focused on the regulatory mechanisms of Nav1.5 biosynthetic and degradation processes as well as its subcellular localization. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of microRNAs in the Scn5a/Nav1.5 posttranscriptional regulation. METHODS Quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemical and electrophysiological measurements of distinct microRNA gain-of-function experiments in cardiomyocytes for the assessment of Scn5a expression. RESULTS Functional studies of HL-1 cardiomyocytes and luciferase assays in fibroblasts demonstrate that Scn5a is directly (miR-98, miR-106, miR-200, and miR-219) and indirectly (miR-125 and miR-153) regulated by multiple microRNAs displaying distinct time-dependent profiles. Cotransfection experiments demonstrated that miR-219 and miR-200 have independent opposite effects on Scn5a expression modulation. Of all the microRNAs studied, only miR-219 increases Scn5a expression levels, leading to altered contraction rhythm of HL-1 cardiomyocytes. Electrophysiological analyses in HL-1 cells revealed that miR-219 increases the sodium current. In vivo administration of miR-219 does not alter normal cardiac rhythm, but abolishes some of the effects of flecainide intoxication in mice, particularly QRS prolongation. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the involvement of multiple microRNAs in the regulation of Scn5a. Particularly, miR-219 increases Scn5a/Nav1.5 transcript and protein expression. Our data suggest that microRNAs, such as miR-219, constitute a promising therapeutical tool to treat sodium cardiac arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houria Daimi
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, Jáen, Spain; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | | | - Amel Haj Khelil
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Jemni B E Chibani
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Adriana Barana
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Amorós
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ricardo Caballero
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amelia Aranega
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, Jáen, Spain
| | - Diego Franco
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, Jáen, Spain.
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21
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Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are one of the most common causes of death in humans and are responsible for billions of dollars in health care expenditures. As the molecular basis of cardiac diseases continues to be explored, there remains the hope for identification of more effective therapeutics. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are recognized as important regulators of numerous biological pathways and stress responses, including those found in cardiovascular diseases. MicroRNA signatures of cardiovascular diseases can provide targets for miRNA adjustment and offer the possibility of changing gene and protein expression to treat certain pathologies. These adjustments can be conferred using advances in oligonucleotide delivery methods, which can target single miRNAs, families of miRNAs, and certain tissue types. In this review, we will discuss the use of miRNAs in vivo and recent advances in their use for cardiovascular disease in mammalian models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Calway
- Institute for Cardiovascular Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gene H Kim
- Institute for Cardiovascular Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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22
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Abstract
Mutations of the cardiac sodium channel (Nav1.5) can induce gain or loss of channel function. Gain-of-function mutations can cause long QT syndrome type 3 and possibly atrial fibrillation, whereas loss-of-function mutations are associated with a variety of phenotypes, such as Brugada syndrome, cardiac conduction disease, sick sinus syndrome, and possibly dilated cardiomyopathy. The phenotypes produced by Nav1.5 mutations vary according to the direct effect of the mutation on channel biophysics, but also with age, sex, body temperature, and between regions of the heart. This phenotypic variability makes genotype-phenotype correlations difficult. In this Perspectives article, we propose that phenotypic variability not ascribed to mutation-dependent changes in channel function might be the result of additional modifiers of channel behaviour, such as other genetic variation and alterations in transcription, RNA processing, translation, post-translational modifications, and protein degradation. Consideration of these modifiers might help to improve genotype-phenotype correlations and lead to new therapeutic strategies.
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23
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) lower serum cholesterol concentrations and are beneficial in the primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. The positive clinical effects have only partially been reproduced with other lipid-lowering interventions suggesting potential statin effects in addition to cholesterol lowering. In experimental models, direct beneficial cardiovascular effects that are mediated by the inhibition of isoprenoids have been documented, which serve as lipid attachments for intracellular signaling molecules such as small Rho guanosine triphosphate-binding proteins, whose membrane localization and function are dependent on isoprenylation. RECENT ADVANCES Rac1 GTPase is an established master regulator of cell motility through the cortical actin reorganization and of reactive oxygen species generation through the regulation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity. CRITICAL ISSUES Observations in cells, animals, and humans have implicated the activation of Rac1 GTPase as a key component of cardiovascular pathologies, including the endothelial dysfunction, cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, atrial fibrillation, stroke, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease. However, the underlying signal transduction remains incompletely understood. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Based on the recent advance made in Rac1 research in the cardiovascular system by using mouse models with transgenic overexpression of activated Rac1 or conditional knockout, as well as Rac1-specific small molecule inhibitor NSC 23766, the improved understanding of the Rac1-mediated effects statins may help to identify novel therapeutic targets and strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Adam
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes , Homburg, Germany
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24
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are emerging as key control molecules in the regulation of gene expression, and their role in heart disease is becoming increasingly evident. Given the critical role of Ca
2+
handling and signaling proteins in the maintenance of cardiac function, the targeting of such proteins by miRNAs would be expected to have important consequences. miRNAs have indeed been shown to control the expression of genes encoding important Ca
2+
handling and signaling proteins, and are themselves regulated by Ca
2+
-dependent processes. Ca
2+
-related miRNAs have been found to be significant pathophysiological contributors in conditions like myocardial ischemic injury, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, ventricular arrhythmogenesis, and atrial fibrillation. This review is a comprehensive analysis of the present knowledge concerning miRNA regulation of Ca
2+
handling processes, the participation of Ca
2+
-regulating miRNAs in the evolution of heart disease, the mutual relationship between Ca
2+
signaling and miRNAs in the control of cardiac function, and the potential value of miRNA-control of Ca
2+
handling as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahide Harada
- From the Department of Medicine and Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (M.H., X.L., S.N.); Department of Cardiology, Hamamatsu Medical Center, Hamamatsu, Japan (M.H.); Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China (X.L.; B.Y.); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (T.M.); and Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty
| | - Xiaobin Luo
- From the Department of Medicine and Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (M.H., X.L., S.N.); Department of Cardiology, Hamamatsu Medical Center, Hamamatsu, Japan (M.H.); Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China (X.L.; B.Y.); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (T.M.); and Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- From the Department of Medicine and Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (M.H., X.L., S.N.); Department of Cardiology, Hamamatsu Medical Center, Hamamatsu, Japan (M.H.); Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China (X.L.; B.Y.); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (T.M.); and Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty
| | - Baofeng Yang
- From the Department of Medicine and Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (M.H., X.L., S.N.); Department of Cardiology, Hamamatsu Medical Center, Hamamatsu, Japan (M.H.); Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China (X.L.; B.Y.); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (T.M.); and Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty
| | - Dobromir Dobrev
- From the Department of Medicine and Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (M.H., X.L., S.N.); Department of Cardiology, Hamamatsu Medical Center, Hamamatsu, Japan (M.H.); Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China (X.L.; B.Y.); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (T.M.); and Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty
| | - Stanley Nattel
- From the Department of Medicine and Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (M.H., X.L., S.N.); Department of Cardiology, Hamamatsu Medical Center, Hamamatsu, Japan (M.H.); Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China (X.L.; B.Y.); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (T.M.); and Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty
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Jia X, Zheng S, Xie X, Zhang Y, Wang W, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Wang J, Gao M, Hou Y. MicroRNA-1 accelerates the shortening of atrial effective refractory period by regulating KCNE1 and KCNB2 expression: an atrial tachypacing rabbit model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e85639. [PMID: 24386485 PMCID: PMC3875574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The potential mechanisms of microRNA-1 (miR-1) in the electrical remodeling of atrial fibrillation remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of miR-1 on the atrial effective refractory period (AERP) in a right atrial tachypacing model and to elucidate the potential mechanisms. Methods and Results QRT-PCR and western blot were used to detect the expression of the miR-1, KCNE1, and KCNB2 genes after 1-week of right atrial tachypacing in New Zealand white rabbits. The AERP was measured using a programmable multichannel stimulator, and atrial fibrillation was induced by burst stimulation invivo. The slowly activating delayed rectifier potassium current (IKs) and AERP in atrial cells were measured by whole cell patch clamp invitro. Right atrial tachypacing upregulated miR-1 expression and downregulated KCNE1 and KCNB2 in this study, while the AERP was decreased and the atrial IKs increased. The downregulation of KCNE1 and KCNB2 levels was greater when miR-1 was further upregulated through invivo lentiviral infection. Electrophysiological tests indicated a shorter AERP, a great increase in the IKs and a higher atrial fibrillation inducibility. In addition, similar results were found when the levels of KCNE1 and KCNB2 were downregulated by smallinterferingRNA while keeping miR-1 level unaltered. Conversely, knockdown of miR-1 by anti-miR-1 inhibitor oligonucleotides alleviated the downregulation of KCNE1 and KCNB2, the shortening of AERP, and the increase in the IKs. KCNE1 and KCNB2 as the target genes for miR-1 were confirmed by luciferase activity assay. Conclusions These results indicate that miR-1 accelerates right atrial tachypacing-induced AERP shortening by targeting potassium channel genes, which further suggests that miR-1 plays an important role in the electrical remodeling of atrial fibrillation and exhibits significant clinical relevance as a potential therapeutic target for atrial fibrillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Jia
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shaohua Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xinxing Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yujiao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Weizong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhongsu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jiangrong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mei Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yinglong Hou
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- * E-mail:
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Sun G, Zhou Y, Li H, Guo Y, Shan J, Xia M, Li Y, Li S, Long D, Feng L. Over-expression of microRNA-494 up-regulates hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha expression via PI3K/Akt pathway and protects against hypoxia-induced apoptosis. J Biomed Sci 2013; 20:100. [PMID: 24364919 PMCID: PMC3881011 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-20-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) is one of the key regulators of hypoxia/ischemia. MicroRNA-494 (miR-494) had cardioprotective effects against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced injury, but its functional relationship with HIF-1α was unknown. This study was undertaken to determine if miR-494 was involved in the induction of HIF-1α. RESULTS Quantitative RT-PCR showed that miR-494 was up-regulated to peak after 4 hours of hypoxia in human liver cell line L02. To investigate the role of miR-494, cells were transfected with miR-494 mimic or miR-negative control, followed by incubation under normoxia or hypoxia. Our results indicated that overexpression of miR-494 significantly induced the expression of p-Akt, HIF-1α and HO-1 determined by qRT-PCR and western blot under normoxia and hypoxia, compared to negative control (p < 0.05). While LY294002 treatment markedly abolished miR-494-inducing Akt activation, HIF-1α and HO-1 increase under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions (p < 0.05). Moreover, apoptosis detection using Annexin V indicated that overexpression of miR-494 significantly decreased hypoxia-induced apoptosis in L02 cells, compared to control (p < 0.05). MiR-494 overexpression also decreased caspase-3/7 activity by 1.27-fold under hypoxia in L02 cells. CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of miR-494 upregulated HIF-1α expression through activating PI3K/Akt pathway under both normoxia and hypoxia, and had protective effects against hypoxia-induced apoptosis in L02 cells. Thus, these findings suggested that miR-494 might be a target of therapy for hepatic hypoxia/ischemia injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Li Feng
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology of Health Ministry of China, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, Province, PR China.
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Abstract
Ion channels and transporters are expressed in every living cell, where they participate in controlling a plethora of biological processes and physiological functions, such as excitation of cells in response to stimulation, electrical activities of cells, excitation-contraction coupling, cellular osmolarity, and even cell growth and death. Alterations of ion channels/transporters can have profound impacts on the cellular physiology associated with these proteins. Expression of ion channels/transporters is tightly regulated and expression deregulation can trigger abnormal processes, leading to pathogenesis, the channelopathies. While transcription factors play a critical role in controlling the transcriptome of ion channels/transporters at the transcriptional level by acting on the 5'-flanking region of the genes, microribonucleic acids (miRNAs), a newly discovered class of regulators in the gene network, are also crucial for expression regulation at the posttranscriptional level through binding to the 3'untranslated region of the genes. These small noncoding RNAs fine tune expression of genes involved in a wide variety of cellular processes. Recent studies revealed the role of miRNAs in regulating expression of ion channels/transporters and the associated physiological functions. miRNAs can target ion channel genes to alter cardiac excitability (conduction, repolarization, and automaticity) and affect arrhythmogenic potential of heart. They can modulate circadian rhythm, pain threshold, neuroadaptation to alcohol, brain edema, etc., through targeting ion channel genes in the neuronal systems. miRNAs can also control cell growth and tumorigenesis by acting on the relevant ion channel genes. Future studies are expected to rapidly increase to unravel a new repertoire of ion channels/transporters for miRNA regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Wang
- Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China.
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Kornej J, Husser D, Bollmann A, Lip GYH. Rhythm outcomes after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. Clinical implication of biomarkers. Hamostaseologie 2013; 34:9-19. [PMID: 24166596 DOI: 10.5482/hamo-13-09-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) occurs as the result of numerous complex physiological processes in the atria leading to AF promotion and maintenance. Improved diagnostic techniques have identified various biomarkers which may play an important role in the prediction of AF related outcomes (cardio- and cerebrovascular events, as well as mortality and rhythm outcomes). Biomarkers refer to 'biological markers' and biomarkers in blood, urine as well as imaging marker (eg, dimensions (left atrial diameter and volume), anatomical features (left appendage and pulmonary vein anatomy), and physiological pattern (LAA flow velocity)) may play important role(s) as clinically important indices in relation to outcomes after different therapeutic strategies. However, the main domain in the biomarker field has focused on blood-based biomarkers, which are widely used to predict therapeutic success regarding underlying pathophysiological mechanism, such as inflammation, fibrosis, endothelial damage. This review provides an update of the role of clinically relevant biomarkers in AF, with particular focus on AF rhythm outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - G Y H Lip
- Prof. Gregory Y. H. Lip, Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham City Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom, E-mail:
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Abstract
Efficient and functional mitochondrial networks are essential for myocardial contraction and cardiomyocyte survival. Mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) refers to selective sequestration of mitochondria by autophagosomes, which subsequently deliver them to lysosomes for destruction. This process is essential for myocardial homeostasis and adaptation to stress. Elimination of damaged mitochondria protects against cell death, as well as stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis. Mitophagy is a tightly controlled and highly selective process. It is modulated by mitochondrial fission and fusion proteins, BCL-2 family proteins, and the PINK1/Parkin pathway. Recent studies have provided evidence that miRNAs can regulate mitophagy by controlling the expression of essential proteins involved in the process. Disruption of autophagy leads to rapid accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria, and diseases associated with impaired autophagy produce severe cardiomyopathies. Thus, autophagy and mitophagy pathways hold promise as new therapeutic targets for clinical cardiac care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Thomas
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego
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Zhang Y, Sun L, Zhang Y, Liang H, Li X, Cai R, Wang L, Du W, Zhang R, Li J, Wang Z, Ma N, Wang X, Du Z, Yang B, Gao X, Shan H. Overexpression of microRNA-1 causes atrioventricular block in rodents. Int J Biol Sci 2013; 9:455-62. [PMID: 23678295 PMCID: PMC3654494 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.4630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate whether microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in atrioventricular block (AVB) in the setting of myocardial ischemia (MI). A cardiac-specific miR-1 transgenic (Tg) mouse model was successfully established for the first time in this study using microinjection. miR-1 level was measured by real-time qRT-PCR. Whole-cell patch clamp was employed to record L-type calcium current (ICa,L) and inward rectifier K+ current (IK1). Expression of connexin 43 (Cx43) protein was determined by western blot analysis. Alternations of [Ca2+]i was detected by laser scanning confocal microscopy in ventricular myocytes. The incidence of AVB was higher in miR-1 Tg mice than that in wild-type (WT) mice. The normalized peak current amplitude of ICa,L was lower in ventricular myocytes from miR-1 Tg mice as compared with WT mice. Similarly, the current density of IK1 was decreased in miR-1 Tg mice than that in WT mice. Compared with WT mice, miR-1 Tg mice exhibited a significant decrease of the systolic [Ca2+]i in ventricular myocytes but a prominent increase of the resting [Ca2+]i. Moreover, Cx43 protein was downregulated in miR-1 Tg mice compared to that in WT mice. Administration of LNA-modified antimiR-1 reversed all the above changes. miR-1 overexpression may contribute to the increased susceptibility of the heart to AVB, which provides us novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying ischemic cardiac arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine- Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P. R. China
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Wen Z, Zheng S, Zhou C, Yuan W, Wang J, Wang T. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells for post-myocardial infarction cardiac repair: microRNAs as novel regulators. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:657-71. [PMID: 22004043 PMCID: PMC3822837 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01471.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is safe and may improve cardiac function and structural remodelling in patients following myocardial infarction (MI). Cardiovascular cell differentiation and paracrine effects to promote endogenous cardiac regeneration, neovascularization, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, anti-remodelling and cardiac contractility, may contribute to MSC-based cardiac repair following MI. However, current evidence indicates that the efficacy of MSC transplantation was unsatisfactory, due to the poor viability and massive death of the engrafted MSCs in the infarcted myocardium. MicroRNAs are short endogenous, conserved, non-coding RNAs and important regulators involved in numerous facets of cardiac pathophysiologic processes. There is an obvious involvement of microRNAs in almost every facet of putative repair mechanisms of MSC-based therapy in MI, such as stem cell differentiation, neovascularization, apoptosis, cardiac remodelling, cardiac contractility and arrhythmias, and others. It is proposed that therapeutic modulation of individual cardiovascular microRNA of MSCs, either mimicking or antagonizing microRNA actions, will hopefully enhance MSC therapeutic efficacy. In addition, MSCs may be manipulated to enhance functional microRNA expression or to inhibit aberrant microRNA levels in a paracrine manner. We hypothesize that microRNAs may be used as novel regulators in MSC-based therapy in MI and MSC transplantation by microRNA regulation may represent promising therapeutic strategy for MI patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuzhi Wen
- The Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Orenes-Piñero E, Montoro-García S, Patel JV, Valdés M, Marín F, Lip GY. Role of microRNAs in cardiac remodelling: new insights and future perspectives. Int J Cardiol 2013; 167:1651-9. [PMID: 23063140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.09.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac remodelling is a key process in the progression of cardiovascular disease, implemented in myocardial infarction, valvular heart disease, myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, atrial fibrillation and heart failure. Fibroblasts, extracellular matrix proteins, coronary vasculature, cardiac myocytes and ionic channels are all involved in this remodelling process. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) represent a sizable sub-group of small non-coding RNAs, which degrade or inhibit the translation of their target mRNAs, thus regulating gene expression and play an important role in a wide range of biologic processes. Recent studies have reported that miRNAs are aberrantly expressed in the cardiovascular system under some pathological conditions. Indeed, in vitro and in vivo models have revealed that miRNAs are essential for cardiac development and remodelling. Clinically, there is increasing evidence of the potential diagnostic role of miRNAs as potential diagnostic biomarkers and they may represent a novel therapeutic target in several cardiovascular disorders. This paper provides an overview of the impact of several miRNAs in electrical and structural remodelling of the cardiac tissue, and the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of miRNA in cardiovascular disease.
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Chen T, Ding G, Jin Z, Wagner MB, Yuan Z. Insulin ameliorates miR-1-induced injury in H9c2 cells under oxidative stress via Akt activation. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 369:167-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1379-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Adam O, Löhfelm B, Thum T, Gupta SK, Puhl SL, Schäfers HJ, Böhm M, Laufs U. Role of miR-21 in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrosis. Basic Res Cardiol 2012; 107:278. [PMID: 22760500 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-012-0278-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Atrial fibrosis is important for the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation (AF) but the underlying signal transduction is incompletely understood. We therefore studied the role of microRNA-21 (miR-21) and its downstream target Sprouty 1 (Spry1) during atrial fibrillation. Left atria (LA) from patients with AF showed a 2.5-fold increased expression of miR-21 compared to matched LA of patients in sinus rhythm. Increased miR-21 expression correlated positively with atrial collagen content and was associated with a reduced protein expression of Spry1 and increased expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), lysyl oxidase and Rac1-GTPase. Neonatal cardiac fibroblasts treated with angiotensin II (AngII) or CTGF showed an increased miR-21 and decreased Spry1 expression. Pretreatment with an inhibitor of Rac1 GTPase, NSC23766, reduced the AngII-induced upregulation of miR-21. A small molecule inhibitor of lysyl oxidase, BAPN, prevented the AngII as well as the CTGF-induced miR-21 expression. Transgenic mice with cardiac overexpression of Rac1, which develop spontaneous AF and atrial fibrosis with increasing age, showed upregulation of miR-21 expression associated with reduced Spry1 expression. miR-21 expression and signalling in vivo were prevented by long-term treatment of the mice with statins. Direct inhibition of miR-21 by antagomir-21 prevented fibrosis of the atrial myocardium post-myocardial infarction. Left atria of patients with atrial fibrillation are characterized by upregulation of miR-21 und reduced expression of Spry1. Activation of Rac1 by angiotensin II leads to a CTGF- and lysyl oxidase-mediated increase of miR-21 expression contributing to structural remodelling of the atrial myocardium.
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Ai J, Zhang R, Gao X, Niu HF, Wang N, Xu Y, Li Y, Ma N, Sun LH, Pan ZW, Li WM, Yang BF. Overexpression of microRNA-1 impairs cardiac contractile function by damaging sarcomere assembly. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 95:385-93. [PMID: 22719074 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of overexpression of microRNA-1 (miR-1) on cardiac contractile function and the potential molecular mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS Transgenic (Tg) mice (C57BL/6) for cardiac-specific overexpression of miR-1 driven by the α-myosin heavy chain promoter were generated and identified by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction with left ventricular samples. We found an age-dependent decrease in the heart function in Tg mice by pressure-volume loop analysis. Histological analysis and electron microscopy displayed short sarcomeres with the loss of the clear zone and H-zone as well as myofibril fragmentation and deliquescence in Tg mice. Further studies demonstrated miR-1 post-transcriptionally down-regulated the expression of calmodulin (CaM) and cardiac myosin light chain kinase (cMLCK) proteins by targeting the 3'UTRs of MYLK3, CALM1, and CALM2 genes, leading to decreased phosphorylations of myosin light chain 2v (MLC2v) and cardiac myosin binding protein-C (cMyBP-C). Knockdown of miR-1 by locked nucleic acid-modified anti-miR-1 antisense (LNA-antimiR-1) mitigated the adverse changes of cardiac function associated with overexpression of miR-1. CONCLUSION miR-1 induces adverse structural remodelling to impair cardiac contractile function. Targeting cMLCK and CaM likely underlies the detrimental effects of miR-1 on structural components of muscles related to the contractile machinery. Our study provides the first evidence that miRNAs cause adverse structural remodelling of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ai
- Department of Pharmacology , Harbin Medical University, No. 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, China.
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Hou N, Wang J, Li ZH, Cao Y, Fan KJ, Yang X. [Cardiomycyte overexpression of miR-27b resulted in cardiac fibrosis and mitochondria injury in mice]. Yi Chuan 2012; 34:326-34. [PMID: 22425951 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2012.00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous microRNA (miRNA) array results have shown that the expression of miR-27b is upregulated in heart tissues from human cardiomyopathy and pressure-overloaded hypertrophic mouse model, implying that miR-27b might play an important role in heart diseases. To study the in vivo function of miR-27b, we generated a transgenic mouse line overexpressing miR-27b under the control of the 5.5 kb promoter of a-myosin heavy chain (a-MHC). Real-time PCR results demonstrated that miR-27b precursor and mature miR-27b were significantly increased in the heart tissues of miR-27b transgenic mice. miR-27b transgenic mice not only displayed cardiac hypertrophy, but also exhibited significant cardiac fibrosis. Further study showed that matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13), a key regulator involved in cardiac fibrosis, was the target of miR-27b. The expression of MMP13 was decreased and the expression of Col I and III was increased in miR-27b transgenic mice.. In addition, defects in ultrastructral architecture were also found in miR-27b trans-genic mice. The above results demonstrated that miR-27b might promote cardiac fibrosis through inhibiting MMP13.
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Sharma D, Li G, Xu G, Liu Y, Xu Y. Atrial remodeling in atrial fibrillation and some related microRNAs. Cardiology 2011; 120:111-21. [PMID: 22179059 DOI: 10.1159/000334434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation is the most common sustained arrhythmia associated with substantial cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, with stroke being the most critical complication. The role of atrial remodeling has emerged as the new pathophysiological mechanism of atrial fibrillation. Electrical remodeling and structural remodeling will increase the probability of generating multiple atrial wavelets by enabling rapid atrial activation and dispersion of refractoriness. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs of 20-25 nucleotides in length that regulate expression of target genes through sequence-specific hybridization to the 3' untranslated region of messenger RNAs and either block translation or direct degradation of their target messenger RNA. They have also been implicated in a variety of pathological conditions, such as arrhythmogenesis and atrial fibrillation. Target genes of miRNAs have the potential to affect atrial fibrillation vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Sharma
- International College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Abstract
BACKGROUND 'Fine-tuning' of protein abundance makes microRNAs (miRNAs) pervasively implicated in human biology. Although targeting many mRNAs endows the power of single miRNA to regulate complex biological processes, its functional roles in a particular tissue will be inevitably restricted because only a subset of its target genes is expressed. METHODS Here, we analyze the characteristics of miRNA regulation upon target genes according to tissue-specific gene expression by constructing tissue-specific protein interaction networks for ten main types of tissues in the human body. RESULTS Commonly expressed proteins are under more intensive but lower-cost miRNAs control than proteins with the tissue-specific expression. MiRNAs that target more commonly expressed genes usually regulate more tissue-specific genes. This is consistent with the previous finding that tissue-specific proteins tend to be functionally connected with commonly expressed proteins. But to a particular miRNA such a balance is not invariable among different tissues implying diverse tissue regulation modes executed by miRNAs. CONCLUSION These results suggest miRNAs that interact with more commonly expressed genes can be expected to play important tissue-specific roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang Zhu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhimin Du
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- * E-mail:
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Zhu W, Yang L, Shan H, Zhang Y, Zhou R, Su Z, Du Z. MicroRNA expression analysis: clinical advantage of propranolol reveals key microRNAs in myocardial infarction. PLoS One 2011; 6:e14736. [PMID: 21386882 PMCID: PMC3046111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As playing important roles in gene regulation, microRNAs (miRNAs) are
believed as indispensable involvers in the pathogenesis of myocardial
infarction (MI) that causes significant morbidity and mortality. Working on
a hypothesis that modulation of only some key members in the miRNA
superfamily could benefit ischemic heart, we proposed a microarray based
network biology approach to identify them with the recognized clinical
effect of propranolol as a prompt. Methods A long-term MI model of rat was established in this study. The microarray
technology was applied to determine the global miRNA expression change
intervened by propranolol. Multiple network analyses were sequentially
applied to evaluate the regulatory capacity, efficiency and emphasis of the
miRNAs which dysexpression in MI were significantly reversed by
propranolol. Results Microarray data analysis indicated that long-term propranolol administration
caused 18 of the 31 dysregulated miRNAs in MI undergoing reversed
expression, implying that intentional modulation of miRNA expression might
show favorable effects for ischemic heart. Our network analysis identified
that, among these miRNAs, the prime players in MI were miR-1, miR-29b and
miR-98. Further finding revealed that miR-1 focused on regulation of myocyte
growth, yet miR-29b and miR-98 stressed on fibrosis and inflammation,
respectively. Conclusion Our study illustrates how a combination of microarray technology and
functional protein network analysis can be used to identify disease-related
key miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang Zhu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second
Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lei Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin
Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongli Shan
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical
University, Harbin, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical
University, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second
Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhe Su
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second
Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhimin Du
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second
Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent studies have revealed that microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the regulation of cardiac development, physiologic, and pathologic processes via post-transcriptional control of gene expression. The stable circulating miRNAs offer unique opportunities for the early diagnosis of several diseases. In this study, we examined the circulating miR-133 and miR-328 levels from patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty-eight control subjects and fifty-one consecutive AMI patients were enrolled. The plasma and whole blood samples from AMI patients were obtained within 24 hours (n=51) and 7 days (n=6) after the onset of AMI symptoms. The circulating miR-133 and miR-328 levels were analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS The miR-133 levels in plasma from AMI patients exhibited a 4.4-fold increase compared with control subjects (p=0.006). Moreover, the increased miR-133 levels in whole blood were comparable with those in plasma samples. In contrast, the miR-328 levels in plasma and whole blood of AMI patients were markedly increased by 10.9-fold and 16.1-fold, respectively, compared to those in control subjects (p=0.033 and p<0.001). The elevated circulating miR-133 and miR-328 levels were recovered to the control levels at 7 days after AMI. In addition, there was a correlation between circulating miR-133 or miR-328 levels and cardiac troponin I. Furthermore, circulating miR-133 or miR-328 showed no significant changes in AMI patients with tachyarrhythmia (n=24) or bradyarrhythmia (n=26) compared to those in patients without arrhythmias. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that the areas under the curve of miR-133 or miR-328 in plasma and whole blood were 0.890, 0.702 and 0.810, 0.872, respectively (all p<0.05). CONCLUSION The miR-133 and miR-328 levels in plasma and whole blood in AMI patients were increased compared to those in control subjects. These miRNAs may represent novel biomarkers of AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Wang
- Pathology and Physiology Research Center, and Center for Arrhythmia Diagnosis and Treatment, Cardiovascular Institute and Fu Wai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China
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Wang LH, Yu CH, Fu Y, Li Q, Sun YQ. Berberine elicits anti-arrhythmic effects via IK1/Kir2.1 in the rat type 2 diabetic myocardial infarction model. Phytother Res 2010; 25:33-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Lu Y, Zhang Y, Wang N, Pan Z, Gao X, Zhang F, Zhang Y, Shan H, Luo X, Bai Y, Sun L, Song W, Xu C, Wang Z, Yang B. MicroRNA-328 contributes to adverse electrical remodeling in atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2010; 122:2378-87. [PMID: 21098446 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.110.958967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A characteristic of both clinical and experimental atrial fibrillation (AF) is atrial electric remodeling associated with profound reduction of L-type Ca(2+) current and shortening of the action potential duration. The possibility that microRNAs (miRNAs) may be involved in this process has not been tested. Accordingly, we assessed the potential role of miRNAs in regulating experimental AF. METHODS AND RESULTS The miRNA transcriptome was analyzed by microarray and verified by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction with left atrial samples from dogs with AF established by right atrial tachypacing for 8 weeks and from human atrial samples from AF patients with rheumatic heart disease. miR-223, miR-328, and miR-664 were found to be upregulated by >2 fold, whereas miR-101, miR-320, and miR-499 were downregulated by at least 50%. In particular, miR-328 level was elevated by 3.9-fold in AF dogs and 3.5-fold in AF patients relative to non-AF subjects. Computational prediction identified CACNA1C and CACNB1, which encode cardiac L-type Ca(2+) channel α1c- and β1 subunits, respectively, as potential targets for miR-328. Forced expression of miR-328 through adenovirus infection in canine atrium and transgenic approach in mice recapitulated the phenotypes of AF, exemplified by enhanced AF vulnerability, diminished L-type Ca(2+) current, and shortened atrial action potential duration. Normalization of miR-328 level with antagomiR reversed the conditions, and genetic knockdown of endogenous miR-328 dampened AF vulnerability. CACNA1C and CACNB1 as the cognate target genes for miR-328 were confirmed by Western blot and luciferase activity assay showing the reciprocal relationship between the levels of miR-328 and L-type Ca(2+) channel protein subunits. CONCLUSIONS miR-328 contributes to the adverse atrial electric remodeling in AF through targeting L-type Ca(2+) channel genes. The study therefore uncovered a novel molecular mechanism for AF and indicated miR-328 as a potential therapeutic target for AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Lu
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
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Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most commonly encountered clinical arrhythmia associated with pronounced morbidity, mortality, and socio-economic burden. This pathological entity is associated with an altered expression profile of genes that are important for atrial function. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a new class of non-coding mRNAs of around 22 nucleotides in length, have rapidly emerged as one of the key players in the gene expression regulatory network. The potential roles of miRNAs in controlling AF have recently been investigated. The studies have provided some promising results for our better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of AF. In this review article, we provide a synopsis of the studies linking miRNAs to cardiac excitability and other processes pertinent to AF. To introduce the main topic, we discuss basic knowledge about miRNA biology and our current understanding of mechanisms for AF. The most up-to-date research data on the possible roles of miRNAs in AF initiation and maintenance are presented, and the available experimental results on miRNA and AF are discussed. Some speculations pertinent to the subject are made. Finally, perspectives on future directions of research on miRNAs in AF are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Wang
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Belanger East, Montreal, Canada PQ H1T 1C8.
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Wang X, Zhang X, Ren XP, Chen J, Liu H, Yang J, Medvedovic M, Hu Z, Fan GC. MicroRNA-494 targeting both proapoptotic and antiapoptotic proteins protects against ischemia/reperfusion-induced cardiac injury. Circulation 2010; 122:1308-18. [PMID: 20837890 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.110.964684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRs) participate in many cardiac pathophysiological processes, including ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced cardiac injury. Recently, we and others observed that miR-494 was downregulated in murine I/R-injured and human infarcted hearts. However, the functional consequence of miR-494 in response to I/R remains unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS We generated a mouse model with cardiac-specific overexpression of miR-494. Transgenic hearts and wild-type hearts from multiple lines were subjected to global no-flow I/R with the Langendorff system. Transgenic hearts exhibited improved recovery of contractile performance over the reperfusion period. This improvement was accompanied by remarkable decreases in both lactate dehydrogenase release and the extent of apoptosis in transgenic hearts compared with wild-type hearts. In addition, myocardial infarction size was significantly reduced in transgenic hearts on I/R in vivo compared with wild-type hearts. Similarly, short-term overexpression of miR-494 in cultured adult cardiomyocytes demonstrated an inhibition of caspase-3 activity and reduced cell death on simulated I/R. In vivo treatment with antisense oligonucleotide miR-494 increased I/R-triggered cardiac injury relative to the administration of mutant antisense oligonucleotide miR-494 and saline controls. We further identified that 3 proapoptotic proteins (PTEN, ROCK1, and CaMKIIδ) and 2 antiapoptotic proteins (FGFR2 and LIF) were authentic targets for miR-494. Importantly, the Akt-mitochondrial signaling pathway was activated in miR-494-overexpressing myocytes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that although miR-494 targets both proapoptotic and antiapoptotic proteins, the ultimate consequence is activation of the Akt pathway, leading to cardioprotective effects against I/R-induced injury. Thus, miR-494 may constitute a new therapeutic agent for the treatment of ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0575, USA
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that are endogenously transcribed and processed into approximately 21- to approximately 23-nucleotide products. They are believed to function predominantly as sequence-targeted modifiers of gene expression through inhibition of post-transcriptional processes, including messenger RNA degradation and translational repression. Rapid expansion of functional studies of miRNAs in recent years has established a new paradigm in which miRNAs 'fine-tune' gene expression in complex biologic networks. In this review, we summarize the role of miRNA in heart development and cardiac pathogenesis, and discuss the implication of miRNAs as innovative therapeutic approaches for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Young Seok
- Cardiovascular Research Division, Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Ebhardt HA, Fedynak A, Fahlman RP. Naturally occurring variations in sequence length creates microRNA isoforms that differ in argonaute effector complex specificity. Silence 2010; 1:12. [PMID: 20534119 PMCID: PMC2901367 DOI: 10.1186/1758-907x-1-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Micro(mi)RNAs are short RNA sequences, ranging from 16 to 35 nucleotides (miRBase; http://www.mirbase.org). The majority of the identified sequences are 21 or 22 nucleotides in length. Despite the range of sequence lengths for different miRNAs, individual miRNAs were thought to have a specific sequence of a particular length. A recent report describing a longer variant of a previously identified miRNA in Arabidopsis thaliana prompted this investigation for variations in the length of other miRNAs. RESULTS In this paper, we demonstrate that a fifth of annotated A. thaliana miRNAs recorded in miRBase V.14 have stable miRNA isoforms that are one or two nucleotides longer than their respective recorded miRNA. Further, we demonstrate that miRNA isoforms are co-expressed and often show differential argonaute complex association. We postulate that these extensions are caused by differential cleavage of the parent precursor miRNA. CONCLUSIONS Our systematic analysis of A. thaliana miRNAs reveals that miRNA length isoforms are relatively common. This finding not only has implications for miRBase and miRNA annotation, but also extends to miRNA validation experiments and miRNA localization studies. Further, we predict that miRNA isoforms are present in other plant species also.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Alexander Ebhardt
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Systems Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2H7, Canada.
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Zhou B, Rao L, Peng Y, Wang Y, Chen Y, Song Y, Zhang L. Common genetic polymorphisms in pre-microRNAs were associated with increased risk of dilated cardiomyopathy. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411:1287-90. [PMID: 20488170 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in pre-microRNAs may change their property through altering microRNAs (miRNAs) expression and/or maturation, resulting diverse functional consequences. We conducted a pilot study to test whether SNPs in pre-microRNAs were associated with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). METHODS Genotypes of 3 SNPs in pre-miRNAs (has-mir-196a2 rs11614913 C/T, hsa-mir-499 rs3746444 A/G, hsa-mir-146a rs2910164 C/G) in 221 DCM patients and 321 control subjects were determined with the use of PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay. RESULTS Significantly increased DCM risks were found to be associated with variant allele of has-mir-196a2 rs11614913 C/T (T allele) and hsa-mir-499 rs3746444 A/G (G allele) (P<0.0001, OR=1.730, 95% CI=1.345-2.227, and P<0.0001, OR=1.794, 95% CI=1.350-2.385, respectively). We found that increased DCM risk was statistically significantly associated with these 2 SNPs in a dominant model (P=0.0001 and P<0.0001 for rs11614913 and rs3746444, respectively). No association between DCM risk and hsa-mir-146a rs2910164 C/G was observed (P=0.451, OR=1.102, 95% CI=0.856-1.418). CONCLUSIONS Both the has-mir-196a2 rs11614913 C/T and hsa-mir-499 rs3746444 A/G, but not hsa-mir-146a rs2910164 C/G, are associated with a significantly increased risk of DCM, indicating that common genetic polymorphisms in pre-microRNAs are associated with DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhou
- Laboratory of Molecular Translational Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
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Abstract
Progressive cell loss due to apoptosis is a pathological hallmark implicated in a wide spectrum of degenerative diseases such as heart disease, atherosclerotic arteries and hypertensive vessels, Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Tremendous efforts have been made to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in apoptosistic cell death. Once ignored completely or overlooked as cellular detritus, microRNAs (miRNAs) that were discovered only a decade ago, have recently taken many by surprise. The importance of miRNAs has steadily gained appreciation and miRNA biology has exploded into a massive swell of interest with enormous range and potential in almost every biological discipline because of their widespread expression and diverse functions in both animals and humans. It has been established that miRNAs are critical regulators of apoptosis of various cell types. These small molecules act by repressing the expression of either the proapoptotic or antiapoptotic genes to produce antiapoptotic or proapoptotic effects. Appealing evidence has been accumulating for the involvement of miRNAs in human diseases associated with apoptotic cell death and the potential of miRNAs as novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of the diseases. This editorial aims to convey this message and to boost up the research interest by providing a timely, comprehensive overview on regulation of apoptosis by miRNAs and a synopsis on the pathophysiologic implications of this novel regulatory network based on the currently available data in the literature. It begins with a brief introduction to apoptosis and miRNAs, followed by the description of the fundamental aspects of miRNA biogenesis and action, and the role of miRNAs in regulating apoptosis of cancer cells and cardiovascular cells. Speculations on the development of miRNAs as potential therapeutic targets are also presented. Remarks are also provided to point out the unanswered questions and to outline the new directions for the future research of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Wang
- Zhiguo Wang, Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, PQ H1T 1C8, Canada
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Dong DL, Chen C, Huo R, Wang N, Li Z, Tu YJ, Hu JT, Chu X, Huang W, Yang BF. Reciprocal repression between microRNA-133 and calcineurin regulates cardiac hypertrophy: a novel mechanism for progressive cardiac hypertrophy. Hypertension 2010; 55:946-52. [PMID: 20177001 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.109.139519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy involves a remodeling process of the heart in response to diverse pathological stimuli. Both calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T cells pathway and microRNA-133 (miR-133) have been shown to play a critical role in cardiac hypertrophy. It has been recognized that the expression and activity of calcineurin increases and miR-133 expression decreases in the hypertrophic heart, and inhibition of calcineurin or increase of miR-133 expression protects against cardiac hypertrophy. Here we tested the interaction between miR-133 and calcineurin in cardiac hypertrophy. Cardiac hypertrophy in vivo and in vitro was induced by transverse aortic constriction and phenylephrine treatment. mRNA levels were measured by using real-time PCR methods. Luciferase assays showed that transfection of miR-133 in HEK293 cells downregulated calcineurin expression, which was reversed by cotransfection with the miR-133-specific 2'-O-methyl antisense inhibitory oligoribonucleotides. These results were confirmed in cultured primary cardiomyocytes. miR-133 expression was downregulated, and calcineurin activity was enhanced in both in vivo and in vitro cardiac hypertrophy models. Treatment of cells and animals with cyclosporin A, an inhibitor of calcineurin, prevented miR-133 downregulation. Moreover, the antisense oligodeoxynucleotides against the catalytic subunits of calcineurin Abeta and the decoy oligodeoxynucleotides targeting nuclear factor of activated T cells transcription factor, a calcineurin downstream effector, increased miR-133 expression in cultured primary cardiomyocytes. Our data show that reciprocal repression between miR-133 and calcineurin regulates cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Li Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Baojian Rd 157, Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China.
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