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Mohammadi Zonouz A, Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar M, Hosseinzadeh H. The molecular mechanisms of ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) activity in signaling pathways: A comprehensive review. Phytomedicine 2024; 126:155352. [PMID: 38342017 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most unique plants that have ever grown on the planet is Ginkgo biloba L., a member of the Ginkgoaceae family with no close living relatives. The existence of several differently structured components of G. biloba has increased the chemical variety of herbal therapy. Numerous studies that investigated the biochemical characteristics of G. biloba suggest this plant as a potential treatment for many illnesses. PURPOSE Review the molecular mechanisms involved in the signaling pathways of G. biloba activity in varied circumstances and its potential as a novel treatment for various illnesses. METHODS Studies focusing on the molecular processes and signaling pathways of compounds and extracts of G. biloba were found and summarized using the proper keywords and operators from Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus without time restrictions. RESULTS G. biloba exerts its effects through its anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-cancer, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, antiviral, antibacterial, pulmoprotective, renoprotective, anti-osteoporosis, anti-melanogenic, retinoprotective, otoprotective, adipogenic, and anti-adipogenic properties. The most important mechanisms involved in these actions are altering the elevation of ROS formation, inhibiting NADPH oxidases activation, altering the expression of antioxidant enzymes, downregulating MAPKs (p38 MAPK and ERK, and JNK) and AP-1, increasing cAMP, inactivating Stat5, activating the AMPK signaling pathway, affecting Stat3/JAK2, NF-κB, Nrf-2, mTOR, HGF/c-Met, Wnt/β-catenin and BMP signaling pathways, and changing the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, the release of Cyc from mitochondria to cytosol, the protein cleavage of caspases 3, 7, 8, 9, and 12, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, and MMPs levels. CONCLUSIONS G. biloba and its components have gained attention in recent years for their therapeutic benefits, such as their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and apoptotic effects. By understanding their molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways, potential novel medicines might be developed in response to the rising public desire for new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Zhang L, Li G, Tao S, Xia P, Chaudhry N, Kaura S, Stone SS, Liu M, Zhang F. Ginkgo Biloba Extract Reduces Cardiac and Brain Inflammation in Rats Fed a HFD and Exposed to Chronic Mental Stress through NF-κB Inhibition. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:1-15. [PMID: 35677735 PMCID: PMC9168192 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2408598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiac and brain inflammation can lead to a host of deleterious health effects. Our formal experimental research showed that Ginkgo Biloba Extract (GBE) contributed to the reduction of inflammation in mice with myocardial infarction along with depression. This study is aimed at expanding on these findings via analysis of the cardiac and brain inflammation, which was prevented by GBE in rats suffering with a high-fat diet (HFD) combined with unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS). Methods Fifty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups treated with normal diet, UCMS, HFD, HFD+UCMS, or HFD+UCMS+GBE respectively. Rats treated with HFD were fed a high-fat diet for 10 or 13 weeks. Rats treated with UCMS were exposed to 8 types of chronic physical and psychological stressors for 10 or 13 weeks. The HFD+UCMS+GBE group was given GBE via intragastric gavage for 8 consecutive weeks. Sucrose preference was established for the assessment of depressive behaviors. The heart function was evaluated by echocardiography. The rats were terminated at the end of the 10th or 13th week. The blood was used for detecting low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and total cholesterol (TCHO) by the kit instructions; Helper T Lymphocytes (TH cells, CD3+CD4+) by flow cytometry; and Interleukin- (IL-) 1β, IL-37, IL-38, NT-proBNP, hs-cTNI, and Ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The cardiac tissues were used for detecting IL-1β, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), inhibitor molecule protein (IκB), and IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) by ELISA and P65, P-P65, IκB, and phosphorylated inhibitor molecule protein α (P-IκBα) for western blotting. Cortex tissues were used for detecting 8-iso-prostaglandinF2α (8-iso-PGF2α) by ELISA. Oil Red staining was carried out to evaluate the lipid deposits in the rats' aortic arteries. Sirius Red staining was performed to display collagen fibers in the arteries. Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) staining was applied to reveal pathological changes to arteries and cardiac tissue. Immunohistochemical staining was employed to assess the distribution of inflammatory cytokine IL-1β in arteries and cardiac tissues. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) was performed to observe the ultrastructure of hippocampal cornu ammonis (CA)1 (CA1) neurons. Results In the rats with HFD+UCMS+GBE, over 13 weeks, GBE exerted a protective role of both the heart and brain, by attenuating cardiac inflammation and brain oxidative stress. Levels of Helper T lymphocytes and serum anti-inflammatory cytokines involving IL-37 and IL-38 were all elevated, and the depressive behaviors of HFD+UCMS rats were attenuated by GBE. This protective role was accomplished via inhibition of the canonical NF-κB signaling pathway, through downregulation of the expressions of P-P65 and P-IκB-α in the heart, hippocampus, cortex, and hypothalamus. Conclusions This study suggests that GBE poses a protective role from the various pathologies associated with high-fat diets, unpredictable chronic mild stress, and depression, possibly via improving peripheral immunity and reducing cardiac and brain inflammation.
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Bahramsoltani R, Farzaei MH, Ram M, Nikfar S, Rahimi R. Bioactive Foods and Medicinal Plants for Cardiovascular Complications of Type II Diabetes: Current Clinical Evidence and Future Perspectives. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2021; 2021:6681540. [PMID: 34567218 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6681540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the main cause of mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); however, not all patients are fully satisfied with the current available treatments. Medicinal plants have been globally investigated regarding their effect in CVD, yet the field is far from getting exhausted. The current paper aims to provide an evidence-based review on the clinically evaluated medicinal plants and their main therapeutic targets for the management of CVD in T2DM. Electronic databases including PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched from 2000 until November 2019, and related clinical studies were included. Lipid metabolism, glycemic status, systemic inflammation, blood pressure, endothelial function, oxidative stress, and anthropometric parameters are the key points regulated by medicinal plants in T2DM. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties are the two most important mechanisms since inflammation and oxidative stress are the first steps triggering a domino of molecular pathological pathways leading to T2DM and, subsequently, CVD. Polyphenols with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, essential oil-derived compounds with vasorelaxant properties, and fibers with demonstrated effects on obesity are the main categories of phytochemicals beneficial for CVD of T2DM. Some medicinal plants such as garlic (Allium sativum) and milk thistle (Silybum marianum) have strong evidences regarding their beneficial effects; however, others have low level of evidence which reveals the need for further clinical studies with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up periods to confirm the safety and efficacy of medicinal plants for the management of CVD in T2DM.
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Song L, Zhang J, Lai R, Li Q, Ju J, Xu H. Chinese Herbal Medicines and Active Metabolites: Potential Antioxidant Treatments for Atherosclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:675999. [PMID: 34054550 PMCID: PMC8155674 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.675999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a complex chronic disease that occurs in the arterial wall. Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the occurrence and progression of atherosclerotic plaques. The dominance of oxidative stress over antioxidative capacity generates excess reactive oxygen species, leading to dysfunctions of the endothelium and accelerating atherosclerotic plaque progression. Studies showed that Chinese herbal medicines and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) might regulate oxidative stress; they have already been used to treat diseases related to atherosclerosis, including stroke and myocardial infarction. This review will summarize the mechanisms of oxidative stress in atherosclerosis and discuss studies of Chinese herbal medicines and TCM preparations treating atherosclerosis, aiming to increase understanding of TCM and stimulate research for new drugs to treat diseases associated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luxia Song
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Runmin Lai
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuyi Li
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianqing Ju
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Guo Y, Li W, Qian M, Jiang T, Guo P, Du Q, Lin N, Xie X, Wu Z, Lin D, Liu D. D-4F Ameliorates Contrast Media-Induced Oxidative Injuries in Endothelial Cells via the AMPK/PKC Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:556074. [PMID: 33658920 PMCID: PMC7917283 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.556074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is involved in the pathophysiological processes of contrast media (CM)–induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) after vascular angiography or intervention. Previous study found that apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) mimetic peptide, D-4F, alleviates endothelial impairments via upregulating heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression and scavenging excessively generated reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, whether D-4F could ameliorate oxidative injuries in endothelial cells through suppressing ROS production remains unclear. In this study, a representative nonionic iodinated CM, iodixanol, was chosen for the in vitro and in vivo studies. Endothelial cell viability was assayed using micrographs, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, and cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8). Apoptosis was detected using flow cytometry analysis and caspase-3 activation. Endothelial inflammation was tested using monocyte adhesion assay and adhesion molecule expression. ROS production was detected by measuring the formation of lipid peroxidation malondialdehyde (MDA) through the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) assay. Peroxynitrite (ONOO⁻) formation was tested using the 3-nitrotyrosine ELISA kit. Iodixanol impaired cell viability, promoted vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression, and induced cell apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). However, D-4F mitigated these injuries. Furthermore, iodixanol induced the phosphorylation of protein kinase C (PKC) beta II, p47, Rac1, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) at Thr495, which elicited ROS release and ONOO⁻ generation. D-4F inhibited NADPH oxidase (NOX) activation, ROS production, and ONOO⁻ formation via the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/PKC pathway. Additionally, after an intravascular injection of iodixanol in Sprague Dawley rats, iodixanol induced a remarkable inflammatory response in arterial endothelial cells, although significant apoptosis and morphological changes were not observed. D-4F alleviated the vessel inflammation resulting from iodixanol in vivo. Collectively, besides scavenging ROS, D-4F could also suppress ROS production and ONOO⁻ formation through the AMPK/PKC pathway, which ameliorated oxidative injuries in endothelial cells. Hence, D-4F might serve as a potential agent in preventing CI-AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansong Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fujian Cardiovascular Institute, Fujian Provincial Center for Geriatrics, Provincial Clinical Medicine College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Mingming Qian
- Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ting Jiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, High-field NMR Research Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ping Guo
- Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qian Du
- Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Na Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fujian Cardiovascular Institute, Fujian Provincial Center for Geriatrics, Provincial Clinical Medicine College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xianwei Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fujian Cardiovascular Institute, Fujian Provincial Center for Geriatrics, Provincial Clinical Medicine College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fujian Cardiovascular Institute, Fujian Provincial Center for Geriatrics, Provincial Clinical Medicine College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Donghai Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, High-field NMR Research Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Donghui Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fujian Cardiovascular Institute, Fujian Provincial Center for Geriatrics, Provincial Clinical Medicine College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Wu S, Zou MH. AMPK, Mitochondrial Function, and Cardiovascular Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4987. [PMID: 32679729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is in charge of numerous catabolic and anabolic signaling pathways to sustain appropriate intracellular adenosine triphosphate levels in response to energetic and/or cellular stress. In addition to its conventional roles as an intracellular energy switch or fuel gauge, emerging research has shown that AMPK is also a redox sensor and modulator, playing pivotal roles in maintaining cardiovascular processes and inhibiting disease progression. Pharmacological reagents, including statins, metformin, berberine, polyphenol, and resveratrol, all of which are widely used therapeutics for cardiovascular disorders, appear to deliver their protective/therapeutic effects partially via AMPK signaling modulation. The functions of AMPK during health and disease are far from clear. Accumulating studies have demonstrated crosstalk between AMPK and mitochondria, such as AMPK regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis and mitochondrial dysfunction causing abnormal AMPK activity. In this review, we begin with the description of AMPK structure and regulation, and then focus on the recent advances toward understanding how mitochondrial dysfunction controls AMPK and how AMPK, as a central mediator of the cellular response to energetic stress, maintains mitochondrial homeostasis. Finally, we systemically review how dysfunctional AMPK contributes to the initiation and progression of cardiovascular diseases via the impact on mitochondrial function.
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Malekmohammad K, Sewell RD, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Mechanisms of Medicinal Plant Activity on Nitric Oxide (NO) Bioavailability as Prospective Treatments for Atherosclerosis. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2591-2601. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200318152049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background and objective:
Atherosclerosis is one of the leading causes of human morbidity globally
and reduced bioavailability of vascular nitric oxide (NO) has a critical role in the progression and development of
the atherosclerotic disease. Loss of NO bioavailability, for example via a deficiency of the substrate (L-arginine)
or cofactors for endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), invariably leads to detrimental vascular effects such as
impaired endothelial function and increased smooth muscle cell proliferation, deficiency of the substrate (Larginine)
or cofactors for eNOS. Various medicinal plants and their bioactive compounds or secondary metabolites
with fewer side effects are potentially implicated in preventing cardiovascular disease by increasing NO
bioavailability, thereby ameliorating endothelial dysfunction. In this review, we describe the most notable medicinal
plants and their bioactive compounds that may be appropriate for enhancing NO bioavailability, and
treatment of atherosclerosis.
Methods:
The material in this article was obtained from noteworthy scientific databases, including Web of Science,
PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and Google Scholar.
Results:
Medicinal plants and their bioactive compounds influence NO production through diverse mechanisms
including the activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway, activating protein kinase C
(PKC)-α, stimulating protein tyrosine kinase (PTK), reducing the conversion of nitrite to NO via nitrate-nitrite
reduction pathways, induction of eNOS, activating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/serine threonine
protein kinase B (AKT) (PI3K/AKT/eNOS/NO) pathway and decreasing oxidative stress.
Conclusion:
Medicinal plants and/or their constituent bioactive compounds may be considered as safe therapeutic
options for enhancing NO bioavailability and prospective preventative therapy for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert D.E. Sewell
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3NB. Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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Piazza S, Pacchetti B, Fumagalli M, Bonacina F, Dell'Agli M, Sangiovanni E. Comparison of Two Ginkgo biloba L. Extracts on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Markers in Human Endothelial Cells. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:6173893. [PMID: 31341420 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6173893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is characterized by interaction between immune and vascular endothelial cells which is mediated by adhesion molecules occurring on the surface of the vascular endothelium leading to massive release of proinflammatory mediators. Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae) standardized extracts showing beneficial effects are commonly prepared by solvent extraction, and acetone is used according to the European Pharmacopoeia recommendations; the well-known Ginkgo biloba acetone extract EGb761® is the most clinically investigated. However, in some countries, the allowed amount of solvent is limited to ethanol, thus implying that the usage of a standardized Ginkgo biloba ethanol extract may be preferred in all those cases, such as for food supplements. The present paper investigates if ethanol and acetone extracts, with comparable standardization, may be considered comparable in terms of biological activity, focusing on the radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory activities. Both the extracts showed high inhibition of TNFα-induced VCAM-1 release (41.1-43.9 μg/mL), which was partly due to the NF-κB pathway impairment. Besides ROS decrease, cAMP increase following treatment with ginkgo extracts was addressed and proposed as further molecular mechanism responsible for the inhibition of endothelial E-selectin. No statistical difference was observed between the extracts. The present study demonstrates for the first time that ethanol and acetone extracts show comparable biological activities in human endothelial cell, thus providing new insights into the usage of ethanol extracts in those countries where restrictions in amount of acetone are present.
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Sundararajan S, Jayachandran I, Balasubramanyam M, Mohan V, Venkatesan B, Manickam N. Sestrin2 regulates monocyte activation through AMPK-mTOR nexus under high-glucose and dyslipidemic conditions. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:8201-8213. [PMID: 30450765 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The vicious cycle between hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance results in the progression of atherosclerosis in the vessel wall. The complex interaction between hyperglycemia and lipoprotein abnormalities promotes the development of atherogenesis. In the early phase of atherosclerosis, macrophage-derived foam cells play an important role in vascular remodeling. Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway has been identified to play an essential role in the initiation, progression, and complication of atherosclerosis. Recently sestrin2, an antioxidant, was shown to modulate TOR activity and thereby regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. But the role of sestrin2 in monocyte activation is still not clearly understood. Hence, this study is focussed on investigating the role of sestrin2 in monocyte activation under hyperglycemic and dyslipidemic conditions. High-glucose and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) treatments mediated proinflammatory cytokine production (M1) with a concomitant decrease in the anti-inflammatory cytokine (M2) levels in human monocytic THP1 cells. Both glucose and oxidized LDL (OxLDL) in a dose and time-dependent manner increased the mTOR activation with a marked reduction in the levels of pAMPK and sestrin2 expression. Both high-glucose and OxLDL treatment increased foam cell formation and adhesion of THP1 cells to endothelial cells. Experiments employing activator or inhibitor of adenosine monophosphate kinase (AMPK) as well as overexpression or silencing of sestrin2 indicated that high-glucose mediated monocyte polarization and adhesion of monocytes to the endothelial cells were appeared to be programmed via sestrin2-AMPK-mTOR nexus. Our results evidently suggest that sestrin2 plays a major role in regulating monocyte activation via the AMPK-mTOR-pathway under diabetic and dyslipidemic conditions and also AMPK regulates sestrin2 in a feedback mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanakumar Sundararajan
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention and Control & ICMR Centre for Advanced Research on Diabetes, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Isaivani Jayachandran
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention and Control & ICMR Centre for Advanced Research on Diabetes, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Muthuswamy Balasubramanyam
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention and Control & ICMR Centre for Advanced Research on Diabetes, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Viswanathan Mohan
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention and Control & ICMR Centre for Advanced Research on Diabetes, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Balachandar Venkatesan
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention and Control & ICMR Centre for Advanced Research on Diabetes, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Nagaraj Manickam
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention and Control & ICMR Centre for Advanced Research on Diabetes, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
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Ou HC, Chou WC, Chu PM, Hsieh PL, Hung CH, Tsai KL. Fucoxanthin Protects against oxLDL-Induced Endothelial Damage via Activating the AMPK-Akt-CREB-PGC1α Pathway. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1801353. [PMID: 30892786 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201801353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the most prevalent cause of mortality and morbidity. Fucoxanthin (FX) possesses anti-hypertensive and anti-obesity properties. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effects of FX on oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-induced oxidative injuries in human endothelial cells are still largely unknown. This study aims to test the hypothesis that FX protects against oxLDL-induced oxidative stress by upregulating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and to explore the roles of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α). METHODS AND RESULTS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells are treated with oxLDL in the presence or absence of FX. FX significantly increases AMPK phosphorylation. In addition, FX diminishes oxLDL-mediated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activation by inhibiting protein kinase C and subsequently inducing reactive oxygen species generation and impairing the activity of the endogenous antioxidant enzyme superoxidase dismutase. Furthermore, FX restores oxLDL-mediated dephosphorylation of phosphoinositide-3-kinase/Akt and decreases CREB and PGC-1α expression to nearly normal levels. Moreover, FX ameliorates the oxLDL-mediated suppression of mitochondrial function and apoptosis. CONCLUSION These findings provide new insights into the possible molecular mechanisms by which FX mitigates oxLDL-induced endothelial oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Chung Ou
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ching Chou
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, 701
| | - Pei-Ming Chu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ling Hsieh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsia Hung
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, 701.,Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Ling Tsai
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, 701
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Xin R, An D, Li Y, Fu J, Huang F, Zhu Q. Fenofibrate improves vascular endothelial function in diabetic mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 112:108722. [PMID: 30970521 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microvascular and macrovascular complications are major causes of disability and death in diabetic patients. High levels of blood glucose sabotage the integrity of blood vessels and induce endothelial dysfunction. Fenofibrate is an agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α and can reduce the incidence of cardiovascular events in diabetic patients. This study tested the hypothesis that fenofibrate could ameliorate endothelium-dependent vasodilation in diabetic mice and relieve high glucose-induced endothelial dysfunction via activating endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation. A streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic model was established by intraperitoneal injection of STZ (dissolved in sodium citrate buffer) at a dose of 60 mg/kg for 5 consecutive days. Mice were administered fenofibrate (100 mg/kg/d, i.g.) for 14 days. The endothelial function of extracted mouse aortae was examined by evaluating acetylcholine induced endothelium-dependent relaxation combined with phenylephrine-induced vasoconstriction and sodium nitroprusside-induced endothelium-independent relaxation. Superoxide onion (O2-) was determined using dihydroethidium staining of aortae. Functions of mouse aortic endothelial cells (MAECs) were assessed, and expression levels of eNOS and AMPK were determined by Western blotting. Fenofibrate ameliorated the impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation in diabetic mice and decreased the level of intracellular O2- in diabetic mouse aortae. In-vitro, fenofibrate treatment improved the impaired function of MAECs, increased nitric oxide production, and decreased the O2- level, as well as activated eNOS and AMPK phosphorylation in cultured MAECs by high glucose. Fenofibrate could ameliorate endothelium-dependent vasodilation in diabetic mice and relieve high glucose-induced endothelial dysfunction, which was possibly related to the activation of eNOS and AMPK phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujuan Xin
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Duopeng An
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Jin Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, Ninghai First Hospital, Zhejiang, 315600, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China.
| | - Quangang Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, 200443, China.
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12
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Huang XF, Zhang SZ, You YY, Zhang N, Lu H, Daugherty A, Xie XJ. Ginkgo biloba extracts prevent aortic rupture in angiotensin II-infused hypercholesterolemic mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2019; 40:192-198. [PMID: 29777203 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are a chronic vascular disease characterized by pathological luminal dilation. Aortic rupture is the fatal consequence of AAAs. Ginkgo biloba extracts (GBEs), a natural herb extract widely used as food supplements, drugs, and cosmetics, has been reported to suppress development of calcium chloride-induced AAAs in mice. Calcium chloride-induced AAAs do not rupture, while angiotensin II (AngII)-induced AAAs in mice have high rate of aortic rupture, implicating potentially different mechanisms from calcium chloride-induced AAAs. This study aimed to determine whether GBE would improve aortic dilation and rupture rate of AngII-induced AAAs. Male apolipoprotein E (apoE) -/- mice were infused with AngII and administered either GBE or its major active ingredients, flavonoids and ginkgolides, individually or in combination. To determine the effects of GBE in mice with established AAAs, male apoE-/- mice were firstly infused with AngII for 28 days to develop AAAs, and then administered either GBE or vehicle in mice with established AAAs, which were continuously infused with AngII for another 56 days. GBE, but not the two major active components separately or synergistically, prevented aortic rupture, but not aortic dilation. The protection of GBE from aortic rupture was independent of systolic blood pressure, lipid, and inflammation. GBE also did not attenuate either aortic rupture or progressive aortic dilation in mice with established AAAs. GBE did not reduce the atherosclerotic lesion areas, either. In conclusion, GBE prevents aortic rupture in AngII-infused hypercholesterolemic mice, but only in the early phase of the disease development.
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13
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Chen Q, Xiang J, Gong R, Fang HY, Xu CC, Zhang HZ, Wu YQ. Atorvastatin downregulates HSP22 expression in an atherosclerotic model in vitro and in vivo. Int J Mol Med 2018; 43:821-829. [PMID: 30535427 PMCID: PMC6317682 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.4015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the pathological functions of heat shock protein 22 (HSP22) is the association with inflammatory diseases and atherosclerosis. However, the effects of a high-fat diet (HFD) or oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) combined with atorvastatin (ATV) on HSP22 expression are entirely unknown. The present study investigated the effects of ATV on HSP22 expression in HFD-induced atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE−/−) mice and in ox-LDL-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Furthermore, the influence of HSP22-knockdown on the HFD- or ox-LDL-induced atherosclerotic model was also examined. It was found that HFD or ox-LDL treatment significantly increased HSP22 expression in the serum and aorta, accompanied by decreased phosphorylated (p)-endothelial nitric oxide synthase (p-eNOS) activity and activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). However, these effects were suppressed by treatment with ATV. Furthermore, HSP22-knockdown showed reduced ox-LDL-induced lesions, evidenced by increased p-eNOS activity and inactivated p38 MAPK, while suppression of cell proliferation inhibition and cell cycle arrest were also observed. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that HFD or ox-LDL increased the expression of HSP22 and p-p38 MAPK, and decreased the p-eNOS activity in vitro and in vivo, and ATV could reduce the effects by downregulating HSP22 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Jian Xiang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Ren Gong
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Yang Fang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Cong-Cong Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Zhou Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Qing Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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14
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Yang H, Zhu L, Chao Y, Gu Y, Kong X, Chen M, Ye P, Luo J, Chen S. Hyaluronidase2 (Hyal2) modulates low shear stress-induced glycocalyx impairment via the LKB1/AMPK/NADPH oxidase-dependent pathway. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:9701-9715. [PMID: 30078213 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The endothelium glycocalyx layer (ECL), presents on the apical surface of endothelial cells, creates a barrier between circulating blood and the vessel wall. Low shear stress (LSS) may accelerate the degradation of the glycocalyx via hyaluronidase2 (Hyal2) and then alter the cell polarity. Yet the liver kinase B1 (LKB1) signaling pathway plays an important role in regulating cell polarity. However, the relationship between LKB1 and glycocalyx during LSS is not clear. In the current study, we demonstrate that LSS attenuates LKB1 and AMP-activated protein kinase activation as well as activated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (p47phox ) and Hyal2 in the human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC). Pretreatment with 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide1-β-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR), or diphenyleneiodonium (DPI chloride) and transfection with LKB1 overexpression vector and p47phox small interfering RNA downregulated LSS-induced Hyal2 activation. By coimmunoprecipitation, we discovered the existence of p47phox /Hyal2 complex. LSS induced the dissociation of p47phox /Hyal2 complex, which was inhibited by LKB1 overexpression and AICAR. Furthermore, knockdown of Hyal2 performed a positive feedback on LKB1 activity. In addition, we also show that LSS enhanced LKB1 translocation from the cytosol to the nucleus. Taken together, these data indicate that Hyal2 regulates LSS-induced injury of the glycocalyx via LKB1/AMPK/NADPH oxidase signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfeng Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Linlin Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuelin Chao
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Gu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangquan Kong
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingxing Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Peng Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shaoliang Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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15
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Liu H, Tan LP, Huang X, Liao YQ, Zhang WJ, Li PB, Wang YG, Peng W, Wu Z, Su WW, Yao HL. Chromatogram-Bioactivity Correlation-Based Discovery and Identification of Three Bioactive Compounds Affecting Endothelial Function in Ginkgo Biloba Extract. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23051071. [PMID: 29751521 PMCID: PMC6102599 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovery and identification of three bioactive compounds affecting endothelial function in Ginkgo biloba Extract (GBE) based on chromatogram-bioactivity correlation analysis. Three portions were separated from GBE via D101 macroporous resin and then re-combined to prepare nine GBE samples. 21 compounds in GBE samples were identified through UFLC-DAD-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Correlation analysis between compounds differences and endothelin-1 (ET-1) in vivo in nine GBE samples was conducted. The analysis results indicated that three bioactive compounds had close relevance to ET-1: Kaempferol-3-O-α-l-glucoside, 3-O-{2-O-{6-O-[P-OH-trans-cinnamoyl]-β-d-glucosyl}-α-rhamnosyl} Quercetin isomers, and 3-O-{2-O-{6-O-[P-OH-trans-cinnamoyl]-β-d-glucosyl}-α-rhamnosyl} Kaempferide. The discovery of bioactive compounds could provide references for the quality control and novel pharmaceuticals development of GRE. The present work proposes a feasible chromatogram-bioactivity correlation based approach to discover the compounds and define their bioactivities for the complex multi-component systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingangxi Road, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Li-Ping Tan
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingangxi Road, Guangzhou 510275, China.
- Medical College, Shaoguan University, 1 Xinhuanan Road, Shaoguan 512026, China.
| | - Xin Huang
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingangxi Road, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Yi-Qiu Liao
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingangxi Road, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Wei-Jian Zhang
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingangxi Road, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Pei-Bo Li
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingangxi Road, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Yong-Gang Wang
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingangxi Road, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Wei Peng
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingangxi Road, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Zhong Wu
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingangxi Road, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Wei-Wei Su
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingangxi Road, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Hong-Liang Yao
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingangxi Road, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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16
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Tsai KL, Kao CL, Hung CH, Cheng YH, Lin HC, Chu PM. Chicoric acid is a potent anti-atherosclerotic ingredient by anti-oxidant action and anti-inflammation capacity. Oncotarget 2018; 8:29600-29612. [PMID: 28410194 PMCID: PMC5444689 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is linked to both oxidative stress and endothelial cell dysfunction. Chicoric acid has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In the present investigation, we demonstrated that chicoric acid inhibits oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-facilitated dysfunction in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Oxidative injuries were tested by investigating the formation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and by examining the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the function of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). We also confirmed that chicoric acid mitigates apoptotic features caused by oxLDL, such as the subsequent break down of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and the activation of Bax, which promote DNA strand breaks and activate caspase-3. Moreover, our data revealed that chicoric acid attenuated the oxLDL activation of NF-κB, the attachment of THP-1 cells and the overexpression of adhesion molecules in human endothelial cells. The results of this study suggest a potential molecular mechanism through which chicoric acid inhibits oxLDL-induced human endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Ling Tsai
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Lan Kao
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsia Hung
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsin Cheng
- Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Chen Lin
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Physical Therapy, Shu-Zen Junior College Of Medicine And Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ming Chu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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17
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Chen T, Dai SH, Li X, Luo P, Zhu J, Wang YH, Fei Z, Jiang XF. Sirt1-Sirt3 axis regulates human blood-brain barrier permeability in response to ischemia. Redox Biol 2018; 14:229-36. [PMID: 28965081 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin1 (Sirt1) and Sirtuin3 (Sirt3) are two well-characterized members of the silent information regulator 2 (Sir2) family of proteins. Both Sirt1 and Sirt3 have been shown to play vital roles in resistance to cellular stress, but the interaction between these two sirtuins has not been fully determined. In this study, we investigated the role of Sirt1-Sirt3 axis in blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability after ischemia in vitro. Human brain microvascular endothelial cells and astrocytes were co-cultured to model the BBB in vitro and oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) was performed to mimic ischemia. The results of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) showed that suppression of Sirt1 via siRNA or salermide significantly decreased BBB permeability, whereas Sirt3 knockdown increased BBB permeability. In addition, Sirt1 was shown to regulate Sirt3 expression after OGD through inhibiting the AMPK-PGC1 pathway. Application of the AMPK inhibitor compound C partially prevented the effects of Sirt1-Sirt3 axis on BBB permeability after OGD. The results of flow cytometry and cytochrome c release demonstrated that Sirt1 and Sirt3 exert opposite effects on OGD-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, suppression of Sirt1 was shown to attenuate mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, which contribute to the Sirt1-Sirt3 axis-induced regulation of BBB permeability and cell damage. In summary, these findings demonstrate that the Sirt1-Sirt3 axis might act as an important modulator in BBB physiology, and could be a therapeutic target for ischemic stroke via regulating mitochondrial ROS generation.
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18
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Zhang B, Lakshmanan J, Du Y, Smith JW, Harbrecht BG. Cell-specific regulation of iNOS by AMP-activated protein kinase in primary rat hepatocytes. J Surg Res 2017; 221:104-112. [PMID: 29229115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2017.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) regulates several metabolic pathways in hepatocytes that are critical to the hepatic response to sepsis and shock. Induction of nitric oxide synthesis is an important response to sepsis, inflammation and shock and many of the stimuli that upregulate inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) also activate AMPK. AMPK inhibits nitric oxide (NO) production in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells, but the role of AMPK in regulating iNOS expression in hepatocytes has not been determined. MATERIALS AND METHODS Primary cultured rat hepatocytes were preincubated with an AMPK inhibitor, AMPK activators, or transfected with AMPK siRNA before being treated with the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interferon-γ (IFNγ). The hepatocyte cell lysate and culture supernatants were collected for Western blot analysis and Griess assay. RESULTS IL-1β and IFNγ markedly upregulated iNOS expression and AMPK phosphorylation. IL-1β + IFNγ-induced NO production and iNOS expression were significantly decreased in hepatocytes treated with the AMPK inhibitor compound C and AMPK knockdown by AMPK siRNA. Cytokine-induced iNOS expression was increased by AMPK activators 1-oxo-2-(2H-pyrrolium-1-yl)-1H-inden-3-olate, AMPK signaling activator III and AICA-riboside. Compound C upregulated Akt and c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation but decreased IκBα phosphorylation. AICA-riboside exerted opposite effects on these signaling pathways in hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to other cell types, AMPK increased IL-1β + IFNγ-induced NO production and iNOS expression through the Akt, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and NF-κΒ signaling pathways in primary hepatocytes. These data suggest that AMPK-altering medications used clinically may have subsequent effects on iNOS expression and proinflammatory signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baochun Zhang
- Department of Surgery and Price Institute of Surgical Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.
| | - Jaganathan Lakshmanan
- Department of Surgery and Price Institute of Surgical Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Yibo Du
- Department of Surgery and Price Institute of Surgical Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Jason W Smith
- Department of Surgery and Price Institute of Surgical Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Brian G Harbrecht
- Department of Surgery and Price Institute of Surgical Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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Liu X, Cao G, Zhou J, Yao X, Fang B. The effects of Bacillus coagulans-fermented and non-fermented Ginkgo biloba on abdominal fat deposition and meat quality of Peking duck. Poult Sci 2017; 96:2264-2273. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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20
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Wang X, Xue GX, Liu WC, Shu H, Wang M, Sun Y, Liu X, Sun YE, Liu CF, Liu J, Liu W, Jin X. Melatonin alleviates lipopolysaccharide-compromised integrity of blood-brain barrier through activating AMP-activated protein kinase in old mice. Aging Cell 2017; 16:414-421. [PMID: 28156052 PMCID: PMC5334533 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction is considered to be an early event in the pathogenesis of a variety of neurological diseases in old patients, and this could occur in old people even when facing common stress. However, the mechanism remains to be defined. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that decreased melatonin levels may account for the BBB disruption in old mice challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which mimicked the common stress of sepsis. Mice (24–28 months of age) received melatonin (10 mg kg−1 day−1, intraperitoneally, i.p.) or saline for one week before exposing to LPS (1 mg kg−1, i.p.). Evan's blue dye (EB) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) leakage were used to assess BBB permeability. Immunostaining and Western blot were used to detect protein expression and distribution. Our results showed that LPS significantly increased BBB permeability in old mice accompanied by the degradation of tight junction proteins occludin and claudin‐5, suppressed AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, and elevated gp91phox protein expression. Interestingly, administration of melatonin for one week significantly decreased LPS‐induced BBB disruption, AMPK suppression, and gp91phox upregualtion. Moreover, activation of AMPK with metformin significantly inhibited LPS‐induced gp91phox upregualtion in endothelial cells. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that melatonin alleviates LPS‐induced BBB disruption through activating AMPK and inhibiting gp91phox upregulation in old mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou 215004 China
| | - Gai-Xiu Xue
- Suzhou Municipal Hospital; Suzhou 215002 China
| | - Wen-Cao Liu
- Department of Emergency; Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital; Taiyuan 030001 China
| | - Hui Shu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou 215004 China
| | - Mengwei Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou 215004 China
| | - Yanyun Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou 215004 China
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Translational Center for Stem Cell Research; Tongji Hospital; Stem Cell Research Center; Tongji University School of Medicine; Shanghai 200065 China
| | - Yi Eve Sun
- Translational Center for Stem Cell Research; Tongji Hospital; Stem Cell Research Center; Tongji University School of Medicine; Shanghai 200065 China
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences; David Geffen School of Medicine; University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou 215004 China
- Department of Neurology; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Soochow University; Suzhou 215004 China
| | - Jie Liu
- Translational Center for Stem Cell Research; Tongji Hospital; Stem Cell Research Center; Tongji University School of Medicine; Shanghai 200065 China
| | - Wenlan Liu
- The Central Laboratory; Shenzhen Second People's Hospital; the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University; Shenzhen 518035 China
| | - Xinchun Jin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou 215004 China
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Saleh Al-Shehabi T, Iratni R, Eid AH. Anti-atherosclerotic plants which modulate the phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells. Phytomedicine 2016; 23:1068-1081. [PMID: 26776961 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of global death, with atherosclerosis being a major contributor to this mortality. Several mechanisms are implicated in the pathogenesis of this disease. A key element in the development and progression of atherosclerotic lesions is the phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells. Under pathophysiologic conditions such as injury, these cells switch from a contractile to a synthetic phenotype that often possesses high proliferative and migratory capacities. PURPOSE Despite major advances made in the management and treatment of atherosclerosis, mortality associated with this disease remains high. This mandates that other approaches be sought. Herbal medicine, especially for the treatment of CVD, has been gaining more attention in recent years. This is in no small part due to the evidence-based values associated with the consumption of many plants as well as the relatively cheaper prices, easier access and conventional folk medicine "inherited" over generations. Sections: In this review, we provide a brief introduction about the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis then we highlight the role of vascular smooth muscle cells in this disease, especially when a phenotypic switch of these cells arises. We then thoroughly discuss the various plants that show potentially beneficial effects as anti-atherosclerotic, with prime attention given to herbs and plants that inhibit the phenotypic switch of vascular smooth muscle cells. CONCLUSION Accumulating evidence provides the justification for the use of botanicals in the treatment or prevention of atherosclerosis. However, further studies, especially clinical ones, are warranted to better define several pharmacological parameters of these herbs, such as toxicity, tolerability, and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuqa Saleh Al-Shehabi
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Rabah Iratni
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, PO Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon ; Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
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Simeoni L, Thurm C, Kritikos A, Linkermann A. Redox homeostasis, T cells and kidney diseases: three faces in the dark. Clin Kidney J 2015; 9:1-10. [PMID: 26798455 PMCID: PMC4720211 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfv135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The redox equilibrium is crucial for the maintenance of immune homeostasis. Here, we summarize recent data showing that oxidation regulates T-cell functions and that alterations of the redox equilibrium may play an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory conditions affecting the kidneys. We further discuss potential links between oxidation, T cells and renal diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, renal ischaemia/reperfusion injury, end-stage renal disease and hypertension. The basic understanding of oxidation as a means by which diseases are directly affected results in unexpected pathophysiological similarities. Finally, we describe potential therapeutic options targeting redox systems for the treatment of nephropathies affecting humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Simeoni
- Otto-von-Guericke University, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Christoph Thurm
- Otto-von-Guericke University, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Andreas Kritikos
- Otto-von-Guericke University, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Andreas Linkermann
- Clinic for Nephrology and Hypertension , Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel , Germany
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23
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Banskota S, Regmi SC, Kim JA. NOX1 to NOX2 switch deactivates AMPK and induces invasive phenotype in colon cancer cells through overexpression of MMP-7. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:123. [PMID: 26116564 PMCID: PMC4482031 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0379-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-7 expression is correlated with increased metastatic potential in human colon cancer cells, the underlying molecular mechanism of invasive phenotype remains unknown. In the current study, we investigated the regulatory effects of membrane NADPH oxidase (NOX) and AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) on MMP-7 expression and invasive phenotype change in colon cancer cells. Methods Production of superoxide anion was measured by lucigenin chemiluminescence assay using whole cells and protein extracts (NADPH oxidase activity), and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) by fluorescence microscopy using 2’,7’-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting were used to measure mRNA and protein levels, respectively. siRNA transfection was used to assess involvement of genes in cancer invasion, which were identified by Matrigel transwell invasion assay. Luciferase reporter assay was performed to identify transcription factors linked to gene expression. Results Under basal conditions, less invasive human colon cancer cells (HT29 and Caco-2) showed low MMP-7 expression but high NOX1 expression and AMPK phosphorylation. Treatment of HT29 and Caco-2 cells with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) induced an invasive phenotype response along with corresponding increases in ROS production and NOX2 and MMP-7 expression as well as reduced AMPK phosphorylation, which resemble basal conditions of highly invasive human colon cancer cells (SW620 and HCT116). In addition, inverse regulation between AMPK phosphorylation and NOX2 and MMP-7 expression was observed in HT29 cells treated with different concentrations of exogenous hydrogen peroxide. TPA-induced invasive phenotype in HT29 cells was abolished by treatment with Vit. E, DPI, apocynin, and NOX2 siRNA but not NOX1 siRNA, indicating NOX2-derived ROS production induced an invasive phenotype. TPA-induced induction of MMP-7 expression was suppressed by AP-1, NF-κB, and MAPK (ERK, p38, and JNK) inhibitors, whereas TPA-induced expression of NOX2 and its regulators, p47phox and p67phox, was blocked by p38 and NF-κB inhibitors. Conclusions Molecular switch from NOX1 to NOX2 in colon cancer cells induces ROS production and subsequently enhances MMP-7 expression by deactivating AMPK, which otherwise inhibits stimulus-induced autoregulation of ROS and NOX2 gene expression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-015-0379-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhrid Banskota
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, South Korea.
| | - Sushil C Regmi
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, South Korea.
| | - Jung-Ae Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, South Korea.
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Tang H, Pan CS, Mao XW, Liu YY, Yan L, Zhou CM, Fan JY, Zhang SY, Han JY. Role of NADPH oxidase in total salvianolic acid injection attenuating ischemia-reperfusion impaired cerebral microcirculation and neurons: implication of AMPK/Akt/PKC. Microcirculation 2015; 21:615-27. [PMID: 24702968 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE TSI is a new drug derived from Chinese medicine for treatment of ischemic stroke in China. The aim of this study was to verify the therapeutic effect of TSI in a rat model of MCAO, and further explore the mechanism for its effect. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to right MCAO for 60 minutes followed by reperfusion. TSI (1.67 mg/kg) was administrated before reperfusion via femoral vein injection. Twenty-four hours after reperfusion, the fluorescence intensity of DHR 123 in, leukocyte adhesion to and albumin leakage from the cerebral venules were observed. Neurological scores, TTC staining, brain water content, Nissl staining, TUNEL staining, and MDA content were assessed. Bcl-2/Bax, cleaved caspase-3, NADPH oxidase subunits p47(phox)/p67(phox)/gp91(phox), and AMPK/Akt/PKC were analyzed by Western blot. RESULTS TSI attenuated I/R-induced microcirculatory disturbance and neuron damage, activated AMPK, inhibited NADPH oxidase subunits membrane translocation, suppressed Akt phosphorylation, and PKC translocation. CONCLUSIONS TSI attenuates I/R-induced brain injury in rats, supporting its clinic use for treatment of acute ischemic stroke. The role of TSI may benefit from its antioxidant activity, which is most likely implemented via inactivation of NADPH oxidase through a signaling pathway implicating AMPK/Akt/PKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tang
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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25
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Tsai KL, Chang YL, Huang PH, Cheng YH, Liu DH, Chen HY, Kao CL. Ginkgo biloba extract inhibits oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-induced matrix metalloproteinase activation by the modulation of the lectin-like oxLDL receptor 1-regulated signaling pathway in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. J Vasc Surg 2014; 63:204-15.e1. [PMID: 25080882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2014.05.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The overexpression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) has been found in atherosclerotic lesions. Previous reports have identified that oxLDL, via the upregulation of lectin-like ox-LDL receptor 1 (LOX-1), modulates the expression of MMPs in endothelial cells. Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE), from Ginkgo biloba leaves, has often been considered as a therapeutic compound for cardiovascular and neurologic diseases. However, further investigation is needed to ascertain the probable molecular mechanisms underlying the antiatherogenic effects of GbE. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of GbE on oxLDL-activated MMPs of human endothelial cells and to test the involvement of LOX-1 and protein kinase C (PKC)-α, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ). METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were stimulated with oxLDL, with or without GbE treatment. LOX-1 signaling and MMPs expression were tested by Western blotting or activity assay. Further, protein expression levels of PKC-α, ERK, nuclear factor-κB, and PPAR-γ were investigated by Western blotting. RESULTS GbE inhibited the oxLDL-caused upregulation of MMP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-3. Pretreating with GbE reduced oxLDL-activated LOX-1 expression. Furthermore, pharmacologic inhibitors of free radicals, Ca(++), PKC, and GbE, inhibited the oxLDL-induced ERK and nuclear factor-κB activation. Lastly, GbE ameliorated the oxLDL-inhibited PPAR-γ function. CONCLUSIONS Data obtained in this study indicate that GbE actives its protective effects by regulating the LOX-1-mediated PKC-α/ERK/PPAR-γ/MMP pathway, resulting in the suppression of reactive oxygen species formation and, ultimately, the reduction of MMPs expression in endothelial cells treated with oxLDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Ling Tsai
- Institute and Department of Physical Therapy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Lih Chang
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsun Huang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsin Cheng
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ding-Hao Liu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Yun Chen
- Institute and Department of Physical Therapy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Lan Kao
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Physical Therapy & Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Zeng Y, Li C, Guan M, Zheng Z, Li J, Xu W, Wang L, He F, Xue Y. The DPP-4 inhibitor sitagliptin attenuates the progress of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein-E-knockout mice via AMPK- and MAPK-dependent mechanisms. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2014; 13:32. [PMID: 24490809 PMCID: PMC3916068 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-13-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin, a new anti-diabetic medicine, is effective in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus by increasing the activation and duration of action of glucagon-like peptide-1. Since atherosclerosis is the main pathological feature of diabetic cardiovascular complications, it is important to investigate the anti-atherosclerotic effect of sitagliptin and explore the relevant mechanisms. METHODS Male apolipoprotein-E-knockout mice were randomly divided into two groups and fed either high-fat diet (HFD) or HFD plus sitagliptin at a concentration of 0.3% for 16 weeks. Body weight, food intake, blood glucose, serum lipids and adhesion molecules were measured. The atherosclerotic plaque area and its histological composition were analyzed using Sudan staining and immunohistochemistry. The expression of inflammatory cytokines (monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and interleukin (IL)-6) and the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in the aortas were determined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot, respectively. RESULTS Mice treated with sitagliptin developed fewer atherosclerotic plaques than the control group (7.64 ± 1.98% vs 12.91 ± 1.15%, p < 0.001), particularly in the aortic arch and abdominal aorta, where plaques were decreased 1.92- and 2.74-fold, respectively (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01). Sitagliptin significantly reduced the content of collagen fiber in plaques 1.2-fold (p < 0.05). Moreover, sitagliptin significantly reduced the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interleukin-6 in the aorta (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05), as well as the serum levels of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and P-selectin (both p < 0.05). In addition, Sitagliptin induced phosphorylation of AMPK and Akt (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01), while suppressed phosphorylation of p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) 1/2 (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01) in aortas. CONCLUSIONS Our present study indicates that sitagliptin can reduce the area of the atherosclerotic lesion, possibly by regulating the AMPK and MAPK pathways and then reducing leukocyte -endothelial cell interaction and inflammation reactions. These actions are independent of weight loss and glucose-reducing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yaoming Xue
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China.
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Tsai KL, Huang PH, Kao CL, Leu HB, Cheng YH, Liao YW, Yang YP, Chien Y, Wang CY, Hsiao CY, Chiou SH, Chen JW, Lin SJ. Aspirin attenuates vinorelbine-induced endothelial inflammation via modulating SIRT1/AMPK axis. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 88:189-200. [PMID: 24345330 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vinorelbine (VNR), a semisynthetic vinca alkaloid acquired from vinblastine, is frequently used as the candidate for intervention of solid tumors. Nevertheless, VNR-caused endothelial injuries may lead a mitigative effect of clinical treatment efficiency. A growing body of evidence reveals that aspirin is a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammation drug. We investigated whether aspirin attenuate VNR-induced endothelial dysfunction. Human endothelial cells (EA.hy 926) were treated with VNR to cause endothelial inflammation. Western blotting, ROS assay, ELISA were used to confirm the anti-inflammatory effect of aspirin. We confirmed that VNR suppresses SIRT1 expression, reduced LKB1 and AMPK phosphorylation as well as enriched PKC activation in treated endothelial cells. Furthermore, the membrane translocation assay displayed that the levels of NADPH oxidase subunits p47phox and Rac-1 in membrane fractions of endothelial cells were higher in cells that had been treated with VNR for than in untreated cells. We corroborated that treatment of Aspirin significantly diminishes VNR-repressed SIRT1, LKB1 and AMPK phosphorylation and VNR-promoted NADPH oxidase activation, however, those findings were vanished by SIRT1 and AMPK siRNAs. Our data also shown that Aspirin represses VNR-activated TGF-beta-activated kinase-1 (TAK1) activation, inhibited the interaction of TAK1/TAK-binding protein1 (TAB1), suppressed NF-kappa B activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. We demonstrated a novel connection between VNR-caused oxidative damages and endothelial dysfunction, and provide further insight into the protective effects of aspirin in VNR-caused endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Ling Tsai
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsun Huang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Lan Kao
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Bang Leu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsin Cheng
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Liao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Yang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yueh Chien
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ying Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yuan Hsiao
- Department of Surgery, National Yang-Ming University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hwa Chiou
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Jaw-Wen Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Jong Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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