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Wu R, Chen X, Wu H, Hu Y, Wang G, Wang H, Yang B, Fu J, Gao Y, Pi J, Xu Y. Nrf2 activation contributes to hepatic tumor-augmenting effects of developmental arsenic exposure. Sci Total Environ 2022; 837:155685. [PMID: 35523338 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Developmental arsenic exposure increases cancer risk in later life with the mechanism elusive. Oxidative stress is a dominant determinant in arsenic toxicity. However, the role of Nrf2, a key regulator in antioxidative response, in tumor-augmenting effects by developmental arsenic exposure is unclear. In the present study, wild-type C57BL/6J and Nrf2-konckout (Nrf2-KO) were developmentally exposed to inorganic arsenic via drinking water. For hepatic tumorigenesis analysis, mice were intraperitoneally injected with diethylnitrosamine (DEN) at two weeks of age. Developmental arsenic exposure aggravated tumor multiplicity and burden, and expression of PCNA and AFP in hepatic tumors induced by DEN. Nrf2 activation as indicated by over-expression of Nrf2 and its downstream genes, including Gss, Gsr, p62, Gclc and Gclm, was found in liver tumors, as well as in the livers in developmentally arsenic-exposed pups at weaning. Notably, Nrf2 deficiency attenuated tumor-augmenting effects and over-expression of Nrf2 downstream genes due to developmental arsenic exposure. Furthermore, the levels of urinary DEN metabolite (acetaldehyde) and hepatic DNA damage markers (O6-ethyl-2-deoxyguanosine adducts and γ-histone H2AX) after DEN treatment were elevated by Nrf2 agonist, 2-Cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-imidazolide. Collectively, our data suggest that augmentation of DEN-induced hepatic tumorigenesis by developmental arsenic exposure is dependent on Nrf2 activation, which may be related to the role of Nrf2 in DEN metabolic activation. Our findings reveal, at least in part, the mechanism underlying increased susceptibility to developing cancer due to developmental arsenic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Wu
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Hengchao Wu
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuxin Hu
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Huihui Wang
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Bei Yang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jingqi Fu
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yanhui Gao
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jingbo Pi
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; The Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province on Toxic and Biological Effects of Arsenic, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; The Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province on Toxic and Biological Effects of Arsenic, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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Al-khedhairy AA, Wahab R. Size-Dependent Cytotoxic and Molecular Study of the Use of Gold Nanoparticles against Liver Cancer Cells. Applied Sciences 2022; 12:901. [DOI: 10.3390/app12020901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The size of nanomaterials influences physicochemical parameters, and variations in the size of nanomaterials can have a significant effect on their biological activities in cells. Due to the potential applicability of nanoparticles (NPs), the current work was designed to carry out a size-dependent study of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) in different dimensions, synthesized via a colloidal solution process. Three dissimilar-sized GNPs, GNPs-1 (10–15 nm), GNPs-2 (20–30 nm), and GNPs-3 (45 nm), were prepared and characterized via transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM (HR-TEM), hydrodynamic size, zeta potential, and UV-visible spectroscopy, and applied against liver cancer (HepG2) cells. Various concentrations of GNPs (1, 2, 5, 10, 50, and 100 µg/mL) were applied against the HepG2 cancer cells to assess the percentage of cell viability via MTT and NRU assays; reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was also used. ROS generation was increased by 194%, 164%, and 153% for GNPs-1, GNPs-2, and GNPs-3, respectively, in the HepG2 cells. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) data for the HepG2 cells showed up-regulation in gene expression of apoptotic genes (Bax, p53, and caspase-3) when exposed to the different-sized GNPs, and defined their respective roles. Based on the results, it was concluded that GNPs of different sizes have the potential to induce cancer cell death.
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Le Magueresse-Battistoni B. Endocrine disrupting chemicals and metabolic disorders in the liver: What if we also looked at the female side? Chemosphere 2021; 268:129212. [PMID: 33359838 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are linked to the worldwide epidemic incidence of metabolic disorders and fatty liver diseases, which affects quality of life and represents a high economic cost to society. Energy homeostasis exhibits strong sexual dimorphic traits, and metabolic organs respond to EDCs depending on sex, such as the liver, which orchestrates both drug elimination and glucose and lipid metabolism. In addition, fatty liver diseases show a strong sexual bias, which in part could also originate from sex differences observed in gut microbiota. The aim of this review is to highlight significant differences in endocrine and metabolic aspects of the liver, between males and females throughout development and into adulthood. It is also to illustrate how the male and female liver differently cope with exposure to various EDCs such as bisphenols, phthalates and persistent organic chemicals in order to draw attention to the need to include both sexes in experimental studies. Interesting data come from analyses of the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota in males exposed to the mentioned EDCs showing significant correlations with hepatic lipid accumulation and metabolic disorders but information on females is lacking or incomplete. As industrialization increases, the list of anthropogenic chemicals to which humans will be exposed will also likely increase. In addition to strengthening existing regulations, encouraging populations to protect themselves and promoting the substitution of harmful chemicals with safe products, innovative strategies based on sex differences in the gut microbiota and in the gut-liver axis could be optimistic outlook.
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Katz TA, Grimm SL, Kaushal A, Dong J, Treviño LS, Jangid RK, Gaitán AV, Bertocchio JP, Guan Y, Robertson MJ, Cabrera RM, Finegold MJ, Foulds CE, Coarfa C, Walker CL. Hepatic Tumor Formation in Adult Mice Developmentally Exposed to Organotin. Environ Health Perspect 2020; 128:17010. [PMID: 31939706 PMCID: PMC7015627 DOI: 10.1289/ehp5414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tributyltin (TBT) is a persistent and bioaccumulative environmental toxicant. Developmental exposure to TBT has been shown to cause fatty liver disease (steatosis), as well as increased adiposity in many species, leading to its characterization as an obesogen. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine the long-term effects of developmental TBT exposure on the liver. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were exposed to a dose of TBT (0.5mg/kg body weight per day; 3.07μM) below the current developmental no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) via drinking water, or drinking water alone, provided to the dam from preconception through lactation. Sires were exposed during breeding and lactation. Pups from two parity cycles were included in this study. Animals were followed longitudinally, and livers of offspring were analyzed by pathological evaluation, immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, and RNA sequencing. RESULTS Developmental exposure to TBT led to increased adiposity and hepatic steatosis at 14 and 20 weeks of age and increased liver adenomas at 45 weeks of age in male offspring. Female offspring displayed increased adiposity as compared with males, but TBT did not lead to an increase in fatty liver or tumor development in female offspring. Liver tumors in male mice were enriched in pathways and gene signatures associated with human and rodent nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This includes down-regulation of growth hormone receptor (GHR) and of STAT5 signaling, which occurred in response to TBT exposure and preceded liver tumor development. CONCLUSIONS These data reveal a previously unappreciated ability of TBT to increase risk for liver tumorigenesis in mice in a sex-specific manner. Taken together, these findings provide new insights into how early life environmental exposures contribute to liver disease in adulthood. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5414.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany A. Katz
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sandra L. Grimm
- Advanced Technology Cores, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Akhilesh Kaushal
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jianrong Dong
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lindsey S. Treviño
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Division of Health Equities, Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Rahul K. Jangid
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Adriana V. Gaitán
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Bertocchio
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Youchen Guan
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Robert M. Cabrera
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Milton J. Finegold
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Charles E. Foulds
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Advanced Technology Cores, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cheryl Lyn Walker
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Sugihara T, Tanaka S, Braga-Tanaka I, Murano H, Nakamura-Murano M, Komura JI. Screening of biomarkers for liver adenoma in low-dose-rate γ-ray-irradiated mice. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 94:315-326. [PMID: 29424599 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1439193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chronic low-dose-rate (20 mGy/day) γ-irradiation increases the incidence of hepatocellular adenomas (HCA) in female B6C3F1 mice. The purpose of this study is to identify potential serum biomarkers for these HCAs by a new approach. MATERIAL AND METHODS Microarray analysis were performed to compare the gene expression profiles of HCAs from mice exposed to low-dose-rate γ-rays with those of normal livers from non-irradiated mice. From the differentially expressed genes, those for possibly secretory proteins were selected. Then, the levels of the proteins in sera were analysed by ELISA. RESULTS Microarray analysis identified 4181 genes differentially expressed in HCAs (>2.0-fold). From these genes, those for α-fetoprotein (Afp), α-1B-glycoprotein (A1bg) and serine peptidase inhibitor Kazal type-3 (Spink3) were selected as the genes for candidate proteins. ELISA revealed that the levels of Afp and A1bg proteins in sera significantly increased and decreased, respectively, in low-dose-rate irradiated mice with HCAs and also same tendency was observed in human patients with hepatocellular carcinomas. CONCLUSION These results indicate that A1bg could be a new serum biomarker for liver tumor. This new approach of using microarray to select genes for secretory proteins is useful for prediction of novel tumor markers in sera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sugihara
- a Department of Radiobiology , Institute for Environmental Sciences , Rokkasho Kamikita , Aomori , Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- a Department of Radiobiology , Institute for Environmental Sciences , Rokkasho Kamikita , Aomori , Japan
| | - Ignacia Braga-Tanaka
- a Department of Radiobiology , Institute for Environmental Sciences , Rokkasho Kamikita , Aomori , Japan
| | - Hayato Murano
- b Tohoku Environmental Sciences Services Corporation , Rokkasho Kamikita , Aomori , Japan
| | - Masako Nakamura-Murano
- b Tohoku Environmental Sciences Services Corporation , Rokkasho Kamikita , Aomori , Japan
| | - Jun-Ichiro Komura
- a Department of Radiobiology , Institute for Environmental Sciences , Rokkasho Kamikita , Aomori , Japan
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Abstract
In light of ever apparent limitation of the current dominant cancer mutation theory, a quantitative hypothesis for cancer genesis and progression, endogenous molecular-cellular network hypothesis has been proposed from the systems biology perspective, now for more than 10 years. It was intended to include both the genetic and epigenetic causes to understand cancer. Its development enters the stage of meaningful interaction with experimental and clinical data and the limitation of the traditional cancer mutation theory becomes more evident. Under this endogenous network hypothesis, we established a core working network of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) according to the hypothesis and quantified the working network by a nonlinear dynamical system. We showed that the two stable states of the working network reproduce the main known features of normal liver and HCC at both the modular and molecular levels. Using endogenous network hypothesis and validated working network, we explored genetic mutation pattern in cancer and potential strategies to cure or relieve HCC from a totally new perspective. Patterns of genetic mutations have been traditionally analyzed by posteriori statistical association approaches in light of traditional cancer mutation theory. One may wonder the possibility of a priori determination of any mutation regularity. Here, we found that based on the endogenous network theory the features of genetic mutations in cancers may be predicted without any prior knowledge of mutation propensities. Normal hepatocyte and cancerous hepatocyte stable states, specified by distinct patterns of expressions or activities of proteins in the network, provide means to directly identify a set of most probable genetic mutations and their effects in HCC. As the key proteins and main interactions in the network are conserved through cell types in an organism, similar mutational features may also be found in other cancers. This analysis yielded straightforward and testable predictions on an accumulated and preferred mutation spectrum in normal tissue. The validation of predicted cancer state mutation patterns demonstrates the usefulness and potential of a causal dynamical framework to understand and predict genetic mutations in cancer. We also obtained the following implication related to HCC therapy, (1) specific positive feedback loops are responsible for the maintenance of normal liver and HCC; (2) inhibiting proliferation and inflammation-related positive feedback loops, and simultaneously inducing liver-specific positive feedback loop is predicated as the potential strategy to cure or relieve HCC; (3) the genesis and regression of HCC is asymmetric. In light of the characteristic property of the nonlinear dynamical system, we demonstrate that positive feedback loops must be existed as a simple and general molecular basis for the maintenance of phenotypes such as normal liver and HCC, and regulating the positive feedback loops directly or indirectly provides potential strategies to cure or relieve HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaowei Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0864, USA
| | - Ruoshi Yuan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaomei Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Center for Quantitative Life Sciences and Physics Department, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Ao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Center for Quantitative Life Sciences and Physics Department, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Dweep H, Morikawa Y, Gong B, Yan J, Liu Z, Chen T, Bisgin H, Zou W, Hong H, Shi T, Gong P, Castro C, Uehara T, Wang Y, Tong W. Mechanistic roles of microRNAs in hepatocarcinogenesis: A study of thioacetamide with multiple doses and time-points of rats. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3054. [PMID: 28596526 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02798-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental chemicals exposure is one of the primary factors for liver toxicity and hepatocarcinoma. Thioacetamide (TAA) is a well-known hepatotoxicant and could be a liver carcinogen in humans. The discovery of early and sensitive microRNA (miRNA) biomarkers in liver injury and tumor progression could improve cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and management. To study this, we performed next generation sequencing of the livers of Sprague-Dawley rats treated with TAA at three doses (4.5, 15 and 45 mg/kg) and four time points (3-, 7-, 14- and 28-days). Overall, 330 unique differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) were identified in the entire TAA-treatment course. Of these, 129 DEMs were found significantly enriched for the “liver cancer” annotation. These results were further complemented by pathway analysis (Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer, p53-, TGF-β-, MAPK- and Wnt-signaling). Two miRNAs (rno-miR-34a-5p and rno-miR-455-3p) out of 48 overlapping DEMs were identified to be early and sensitive biomarkers for TAA-induced hepatocarcinogenicity. We have shown significant regulatory associations between DEMs and TAA-induced liver carcinogenesis at an earlier stage than histopathological features. Most importantly, miR-34a-5p is the most suitable early and sensitive biomarker for TAA-induced hepatocarcinogenesis due to its consistent elevation during the entire treatment course.
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Bucher JR, Birnbaum LS. Commemorating Toxicology at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences on the Occasion of Its 50th Anniversary. Environ Health Perspect 2016; 124:A192-A195. [PMID: 27801649 PMCID: PMC5089890 DOI: 10.1289/ehp463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In 1978, the National Toxicology Program (NTP) was established and headquartered at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. On the occasion of the 50th Anniversary of the NIEHS, this article documents some of the historical and current NTP programs and scientific advances that have been made possible through this long-standing relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Bucher
- Division of the National Toxicology Program (NTP), and
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina USA
| | - Linda S. Birnbaum
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina USA
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Grandhi A, Guo W, Peddada SD. A multiple testing procedure for multi-dimensional pairwise comparisons with application to gene expression studies. BMC Bioinformatics 2016; 17:104. [PMID: 26917217 PMCID: PMC4768411 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-016-0937-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Often researchers are interested in comparing multiple experimental groups (e.g. tumor size) with a reference group (e.g. normal tissue) on the basis of thousands of features (e.g. genes) and determine if a differentially expressed feature is up or down regulated in a pairwise comparison. There are two sources of false discoveries, one due to multiple testing involving several pairwise comparisons and the second due to falsely declaring a feature to be up (or down) regulated when it is not (known as directional error). Together, the total error rate is called the mixed directional false discovery rate (mdFDR). Results We develop a general powerful mdFDR controlling testing procedure and illustrate the methodology by analyzing uterine fibroid gene expression data (PLoS ONE 8:63909, 2013). We identify several differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and pathways that are specifically enriched according to the size of a uterine fibroid. Conclusions The proposed general procedure strongly controls mdFDR. Several specific methodologies can be derived from this general methodology by using appropriate testing procedures at different steps of the general procedure. Thus we are providing a general framework for making multiple pairwise comparisons. Our analysis of the uterine fibroid growth gene expression data suggests that molecular characteristics of a fibroid changes with size. Our powerful methodology allowed us to draw several interesting conclusions regarding the molecular characteristics of uterine fibroids. For example, IL-1 signaling pathway (Sci STKE 2003:3, 2003), associated with inflammation and known to activate prostaglandins that are implicated in the progression of fibroids, is significantly enriched only in small tumors (volume < 5.7 cm3). It appears that the molecular apparatus necessary for fibroid growth and development is established during tumor development. A complete list of all DEGs and the corresponding enriched pathways according to tumor size is provided for researchers to mine these data. Identification of these DEGs and the pathways may potentially have clinical implications. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12859-016-0937-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjana Grandhi
- BARDS, Merck Research Laboratories, RY34-A3086h, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, 07065, NJ, USA.
| | - Wenge Guo
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, 07102, NJ, USA.
| | - Shyamal D Peddada
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, T.W.Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, 27709, NC, USA.
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Chappell G, Silva GO, Uehara T, Pogribny IP, Rusyn I. Characterization of copy number alterations in a mouse model of fibrosis-associated hepatocellular carcinoma reveals concordance with human disease. Cancer Med 2016; 5:574-85. [PMID: 26778414 PMCID: PMC4799957 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a prevalent human cancer with rising incidence worldwide. Human HCC is frequently associated with chronic liver inflammation and cirrhosis, pathophysiological processes that are a consequence of chronic viral infection, disturbances in metabolism, or exposure to chemical toxicants. To better characterize the pathogenesis of HCC, we used a human disease‐relevant mouse model of fibrosis‐associated hepatocarcinogenesis. In this model, marked liver tumor response caused by the promutagenic chemical N‐nitrosodiethylamine in the presence of liver fibrosis was associated with epigenetic events indicative of genomic instability. Therefore, we hypothesized that DNA copy number alterations (CNAs), a feature of genomic instability and a common characteristic of cancer, are concordant between human HCC and mouse models of fibrosis‐associated hepatocarcinogenesis. We evaluated DNA CNAs and changes in gene expression in the mouse liver (normal, tumor, and nontumor fibrotic tissues). Additionally, we compared our findings to DNA CNAs in human HCC cases (tumor and nontumor cirrhotic/fibrotic tissues) using publicly available data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We observed that while fibrotic liver tissue is largely devoid of DNA CNAs, highly frequently occurring DNA CNAs are found in mouse tumors, which is indicative of a profound increase in chromosomal instability in HCC. The cross‐species gene‐level comparison of CNAs identified shared regions of CNAs between human fibrosis‐ and cirrhosis‐associated liver tumors and mouse fibrosis‐associated HCC. Our results suggest that CNAs most commonly arise in neoplastic tissue rather than in fibrotic or cirrhotic liver, and demonstrate the utility of this mouse model in replicating the molecular features of human HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Chappell
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843.,Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599
| | - Grace O Silva
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599.,Curriculum in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599
| | - Takeki Uehara
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599
| | - Igor P Pogribny
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, 72079
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843
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Bhusari S, Pandiri AR, Nagai H, Wang Y, Foley J, Hong HHL, Ton TV, DeVito M, Shockley KR, Peddada SD, Gerrish KE, Malarkey DE, Hooth MJ, Sills RC, Hoenerhoff MJ. Genomic Profiling Reveals Unique Molecular Alterations in Hepatoblastomas and Adjacent Hepatocellular Carcinomas in B6C3F1 Mice. Toxicol Pathol 2015; 43:1114-26. [PMID: 26289556 DOI: 10.1177/0192623315599853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The cell of origin of hepatoblastoma (HB) in humans and mice is unknown; it is hypothesized to be a transformed hepatocyte, oval cell, or hepatic progenitor cell. In mice, current dogma is that HBs arise from preexisting hepatocellular neoplasms as a result of further neoplastic transformation. However, there is little evidence supporting this direct relationship. To better understand the relationship between hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and HB and determine molecular similarities between mouse and human HB, global gene expression analysis and targeted mutation analysis were performed using HB, HCC, and adjacent liver from the same animals in a recent National Toxicology Program bioassay. There were significant differences in Hras and Ctnnb1 mutation spectra, and by microarray, HBs showed dysregulation of embryonic development, stem cell pluripotency, and genomic imprinting compared to HCC. Meta-analysis showed similarities between HB, early mouse embryonic liver, and hepatocyte-derived stem/progenitor cells compared to HCC. Our data show that there are striking differences between HB and HCC and suggest that HB is a significantly different entity that may arise from a hepatic precursor cell. Furthermore, mouse HB is similar to the human disease at the pathway level and therefore is likely a relevant model for evaluating human cancer hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Bhusari
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Arun R Pandiri
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hiroaki Nagai
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Julie Foley
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hue-Hua L Hong
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thai-Vu Ton
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael DeVito
- Toxicology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Keith R Shockley
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shyamal D Peddada
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kevin E Gerrish
- Molecular Genomics Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - David E Malarkey
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michelle J Hooth
- Program Operations Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert C Sills
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mark J Hoenerhoff
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Auger C, Alhasawi A, Contavadoo M, Appanna VD. Dysfunctional mitochondrial bioenergetics and the pathogenesis of hepatic disorders. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015; 3:40. [PMID: 26161384 PMCID: PMC4479819 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is involved in a variety of critical biological functions including the homeostasis of glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, and the synthesis of proteins that are secreted in the blood. It is also at the forefront in the detoxification of noxious metabolites that would otherwise upset the functioning of the body. As such, this vital component of the mammalian system is exposed to a notable quantity of toxicants on a regular basis. It therefore comes as no surprise that there are over a hundred disparate hepatic disorders, encompassing such afflictions as fatty liver disease, hepatitis, and liver cancer. Most if not all of liver functions are dependent on energy, an ingredient that is primarily generated by the mitochondrion, the power house of all cells. This organelle is indispensable in providing adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a key effector of most biological processes. Dysfunctional mitochondria lead to a shortage in ATP, the leakage of deleterious reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the excessive storage of fats. Here we examine how incapacitated mitochondrial bioenergetics triggers the pathogenesis of various hepatic diseases. Exposure of liver cells to detrimental environmental hazards such as oxidative stress, metal toxicity, and various xenobiotics results in the inactivation of crucial mitochondrial enzymes and decreased ATP levels. The contribution of the latter to hepatic disorders and potential therapeutic cues to remedy these conditions are elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Auger
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Laurentian University Greater Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Azhar Alhasawi
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Laurentian University Greater Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Manuraj Contavadoo
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Laurentian University Greater Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Vasu D Appanna
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Laurentian University Greater Sudbury, ON, Canada
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13
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Zhao H, Peddada SD, Cui X. Mixed directional false discovery rate control in multiple pairwise comparisons using weightedp-values. Biom J 2014; 57:144-58. [DOI: 10.1002/bimj.201300242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haibing Zhao
- School of Statistics and Management; Shanghai University of Finance and Economics; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Shyamal D. Peddada
- Biostatistics Branch National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; Research Triangle Park; NC 27709 USA
| | - Xinping Cui
- Department of Statistics; Center for Plant Cell Biology and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California; Riverside CA 92521 USA
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14
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Weinhouse C, Anderson OS, Bergin IL, Vandenbergh DJ, Gyekis JP, Dingman MA, Yang J, Dolinoy DC. Dose-dependent incidence of hepatic tumors in adult mice following perinatal exposure to bisphenol A. Environ Health Perspect 2014; 122:485-91. [PMID: 24487385 PMCID: PMC4014767 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1307449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol A (BPA) is a high production volume chemical with hormone-like properties that has been implicated as a potential carcinogen. Early-life exposure has been linked to increased risk for precancerous lesions in mammary and prostate glands and the uterus, but no prior study has shown a significant association between BPA exposure and cancer development. OBJECTIVE We explored the effects of BPA exposure during gestation and lactation on adult incidence of hepatic tumors in mice. METHODS Isogenic mice were perinatally exposed to BPA through maternal diets containing one of four environmentally relevant doses of BPA (0, 50 ng, 50 μg, or 50 mg per kilogram of diet), and we followed approximately one male and one female per litter until they were 10 months of age. Animals were tested for known risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma, including bacterial and viral infections. RESULTS We found dose-dependent incidence of hepatic tumors in 10-month-old BPA-exposed mice. Of the offspring examined, 23% presented with hepatic tumors or preneoplastic lesions. We observed a statistically significant dose-response relationship, with an odds ratio for neoplastic and preneoplastic lesions of 7.23 (95% CI: 3.23, 16.17) for mice exposed to 50 mg BPA/kg diet compared with unexposed controls. Observed early disease onset, absence of bacterial or viral infection, and lack of characteristic sexual dimorphism in tumor incidence support a nonclassical etiology. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first report of a statistically significant association between BPA exposure and frank tumors in any organ. Our results link early-life exposure to BPA with the development of hepatic tumors in rodents, and have potential implications for human health and disease.
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15
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Thoolen B, Ten Kate FJW, Castigliego D, van Diest PJ, Malarkey DE, Elmore SA, Maronpot RR. Comparative immunohistochemical investigation of rat and human hepatocellular carcinomas. J Histotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/2046023613y.0000000026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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16
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Hoenerhoff MJ, Pandiri AR, Snyder SA, Hong HHL, Ton TV, Peddada S, Shockley K, Witt K, Chan P, Rider C, Kooistra L, Nyska A, Sills RC. Hepatocellular carcinomas in B6C3F1 mice treated with Ginkgo biloba extract for two years differ from spontaneous liver tumors in cancer gene mutations and genomic pathways. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 41:826-41. [PMID: 23262642 PMCID: PMC4799723 DOI: 10.1177/0192623312467520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (GBE) has been used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine and today is used as an herbal supplement touted for improving neural function and for its antioxidant and anticancer effects. Herbal supplements have the potential for consumption over extended periods of time, with a general lack of sufficient data on long-term carcinogenicity risk. Exposure of B6C3F1 mice to GBE in the 2-year National Toxicology Program carcinogenicity bioassay resulted in a dose-dependent increase in hepatocellular tumors, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We show that the mechanism of hepatocarcinogenesis in GBE exposed animals is complex, involving alterations in H-ras and Ctnnb1 mutation spectra, WNT pathway dysregulation, and significantly altered gene expression associated with oncogenesis, HCC development, and chronic xenobiotic and oxidative stress compared to spontaneous HCC. This study provides a molecular context for the genetic changes associated with hepatocarcinogenesis in GBE exposed mice and illustrates the marked differences between these tumors and those arising spontaneously in the B6C3F1 mouse. The molecular changes observed in HCC from GBE-treated animals may be of relevance to those seen in human HCC and other types of cancer, and provide important data on potential mechanisms of GBE hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Hoenerhoff
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, NC 27519, USA.
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17
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Thomas R, Thomas RS, Auerbach SS, Portier CJ. Biological networks for predicting chemical hepatocarcinogenicity using gene expression data from treated mice and relevance across human and rat species. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63308. [PMID: 23737943 PMCID: PMC3667849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several groups have employed genomic data from subchronic chemical toxicity studies in rodents (90 days) to derive gene-centric predictors of chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity. Genes are annotated to belong to biological processes or molecular pathways that are mechanistically well understood and are described in public databases. OBJECTIVES To develop a molecular pathway-based prediction model of long term hepatocarcinogenicity using 90-day gene expression data and to evaluate the performance of this model with respect to both intra-species, dose-dependent and cross-species predictions. METHODS Genome-wide hepatic mRNA expression was retrospectively measured in B6C3F1 mice following subchronic exposure to twenty-six (26) chemicals (10 were positive, 2 equivocal and 14 negative for liver tumors) previously studied by the US National Toxicology Program. Using these data, a pathway-based predictor model for long-term liver cancer risk was derived using random forests. The prediction model was independently validated on test sets associated with liver cancer risk obtained from mice, rats and humans. RESULTS Using 5-fold cross validation, the developed prediction model had reasonable predictive performance with the area under receiver-operator curve (AUC) equal to 0.66. The developed prediction model was then used to extrapolate the results to data associated with rat and human liver cancer. The extrapolated model worked well for both extrapolated species (AUC value of 0.74 for rats and 0.91 for humans). The prediction models implied a balanced interplay between all pathway responses leading to carcinogenicity predictions. CONCLUSIONS Pathway-based prediction models estimated from sub-chronic data hold promise for predicting long-term carcinogenicity and also for its ability to extrapolate results across multiple species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuben Thomas
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Russell S. Thomas
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Scott S. Auerbach
- Biomolecular Screening Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Portier
- National Center for Environmental Health and Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Uehara T, Ainslie GR, Kutanzi K, Pogribny IP, Muskhelishvili L, Izawa T, Yamate J, Kosyk O, Shymonyak S, Bradford BU, Boorman GA, Bataller R, Rusyn I. Molecular mechanisms of fibrosis-associated promotion of liver carcinogenesis. Toxicol Sci 2013; 132:53-63. [PMID: 23288052 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) mostly develops in patients with advanced fibrosis; however, the mechanisms of interaction between a genotoxic insult and fibrogenesis are not well understood. This study tested a hypothesis that fibrosis promotes HCC via a mechanism that involves activation of liver stem cells. First, B6C3F1 mice were administered diethylnitrosamine (DEN; single ip injection of 1mg/kg at 14 days of age). Second, carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4); 0.2ml/kg, 2/week ip starting at 8 weeks of age) was administered for 9 or 14 weeks to develop advanced liver fibrosis. In animals treated with DEN as neonates, presence of liver fibrosis led to more than doubling (to 100%) of the liver tumor incidence as early as 5 months of age. This effect was associated with activation of cells with progenitor features in noncancerous liver tissue, including markers of replicative senescence (p16), oncofetal transformation (Afp, H19, and Bex1), and increased "stemness" (Prom1 and Epcam). In contrast, the dose of DEN used did not modify the extent of liver inflammation, fibrogenesis, oxidative stress, proliferation, or apoptosis induced by subchronic CCl(4) administration. This study demonstrates the potential role of liver stem-like cells in the mechanisms of chemical-induced, fibrosis-promoted HCC. We posit that the combination of genotoxic and fibrogenic insults is a sensible approach to model liver carcinogenesis in experimental animals. These results may contribute to identification of cirrhotic patients predisposed to HCC by analyzing the expression of hepatic progenitor cell markers in the noncancerous liver tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeki Uehara
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Abstract
Toxicity studies were conducted by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) to provide information on the potential for toxicity from long-term use of commonly used herbal medicines. Here, we review the findings from these NTP toxicology/carcinogenesis 2-year rodent studies of 7 commonly used herbs. In these studies, the individual herb or herbal product was administered to F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice by oral administration for up to 2 years. The spectrum of carcinogenic responses ranged from no or equivocal evidence for carcinogenic activity (ginseng, milk thistle, and turmeric oleoresin) to a liver tumor response (ginkgo, goldenseal, kava), thyroid tumor response (ginkgo), or an intestinal tumor response (Aloe vera whole leaf nondecolorized extract). Different mechanisms may be involved in the occurrence of liver (ginkgo, goldenseal, and kava kava) and gastrointestinal toxicity (turmeric oleoresin and Aloe vera whole leaf nondecolorized extract), while the toxic lesion is the same. The results from these hazard identification toxicity/carcinogenesis studies along with those from ongoing National Institute of Health clinical trials of herbal medicines provide more complete information on the risks and benefits from herbal medicine use in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- June K Dunnick
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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20
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Van Wettere AJ, Law JM, Hinton DE, Kullman SW. Anchoring hepatic gene expression with development of fibrosis and neoplasia in a toxicant-induced fish model of liver injury. Toxicol Pathol 2012. [PMID: 23197195 DOI: 10.1177/0192623312464308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fish have been used as laboratory models to study hepatic development and carcinogenesis but not for pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis. In this study, a dimethylnitrosamine-induced fish model of hepatic injury was developed in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) and gene expression was anchored with the development of hepatic fibrosis and neoplasia. Exposed livers exhibited mild hepatocellular degenerative changes 2 weeks' postexposure. Within 6 weeks, hepatic fibrosis/cirrhosis was evident with development of neoplasia by 10 weeks. Stellate cell activation and development of fibrosis was associated with upregulation of transforming growth factor beta 1 (tgfb1), tgfb receptor 2, mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 (smad3a), smad3b, beta-catenin (ctnnb1), myc, matrix metalloproteinase (mmp2), mmp14a, mmp14b, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (timp) 2a, timp2b, timp3, collagen type I alpha 1a (col1a1a), and col1a1b and a less pronounced increase in mmp13 and col4a1 expression. Tgfb receptor I expression was unchanged. Immunohistochemistry suggested that biliary epithelial cells and stellate cells were the main producers of TGF-β1. This study identified a group of candidate genes likely to be involved in the development of hepatic fibrosis and demonstrated that the TGF-β pathway likely plays a major role in the pathogenesis. These results support the medaka as a viable fish model of hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud J Van Wettere
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA.
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21
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Thoolen B, ten Kate FJ, van Diest PJ, Malarkey DE, Elmore SA, Maronpot RR. Comparative histomorphological review of rat and human hepatocellular proliferative lesions. J Toxicol Pathol 2012; 25:189-99. [PMID: 22988337 PMCID: PMC3434334 DOI: 10.1293/tox.25.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this comparative review, histomorphological features of common nonneoplastic and neoplastic hepatocyte lesions of rats and humans are examined using H&E-stained slides. The morphological similarities and differences of both neoplastic (hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatocellular adenoma) and presumptive preneoplastic lesions (large and small cell change in humans and foci of cellular alteration in rats) are presented and discussed. There are major similarities in the diagnostic features, growth patterns and behavior of both rat and human hepatocellular proliferative lesions and in the process of hepatocarcinogenesis. Further study of presumptive preneoplastic lesions in humans and rats should help to further define their role in progression to hepatocellular neoplasia in both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob Thoolen
- Global Pathology Support, Benoordenhoutseweg 23, 2596 BA The
Hague, The Netherlands
- University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA
Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Fiebo J.W. ten Kate
- University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA
Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J. van Diest
- University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA
Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - David E. Malarkey
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of
Environmental Health Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch,111 T.W. Alexander
Drive, NC 27709, USA
| | - Susan A. Elmore
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of
Environmental Health Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch,111 T.W. Alexander
Drive, NC 27709, USA
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Yang W, Lu Y, Xu Y, Xu L, Zheng W, Wu Y, Li L, Shen P. Estrogen represses hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) growth via inhibiting alternative activation of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). J Biol Chem 2012; 287:40140-9. [PMID: 22908233 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.348763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocarcinoma cancer (HCC) occurs more often in men than in women, and little is known about its underlying molecular mechanisms. RESULTS We identify that 17β-estradiol (E2) could suppress tumor growth via regulating the polarization of macrophages. CONCLUSION Estrogen functions as a suppressor for macrophage alternative activation. SIGNIFICANCE These studies introduce a novel mechanism for suppressing male-predominant HCC. Hepatocarcinoma cancer (HCC), one of the most malignant cancers, occurs significantly more often in men than in women; however, little is known about its underlying molecular mechanisms. Here we identified that 17β-estradiol (E2) could suppress tumor growth via regulating the polarization of macrophages. We showed that E2 re-administration reduced tumor growth in orthotopic and ectopic mice HCC models. E2 functioned as a suppressor for macrophage alternative activation and tumor progression by keeping estrogen receptor β (ERβ) away from interacting with ATP5J (also known as ATPase-coupling factor 6), a part of ATPase, thus inhibiting the JAK1-STAT6 signaling pathway. These studies introduce a novel mechanism for suppressing male-predominant HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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Eastmond DA. Factors influencing mutagenic mode of action determinations of regulatory and advisory agencies. Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research 2012; 751:46-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Pandiri AR, Sills RC, Ziglioli V, Ton TVT, Hong HHL, Lahousse SA, Gerrish KE, Auerbach SS, Shockley KR, Bushel PR, Peddada SD, Hoenerhoff MJ. Differential transcriptomic analysis of spontaneous lung tumors in B6C3F1 mice: comparison to human non-small cell lung cancer. Toxicol Pathol 2012; 40:1141-59. [PMID: 22688403 DOI: 10.1177/0192623312447543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in people and is mainly due to environmental factors such as smoking and radon. The National Toxicology Program (NTP) tests various chemicals and mixtures for their carcinogenic hazard potential. In the NTP chronic bioassay using B6C3F1 mice, the incidence of lung tumors in treated and control animals is second only to the liver tumors. In order to study the molecular mechanisms of chemically induced lung tumors, an understanding of the genetic changes that occur in spontaneous lung (SL) tumors from untreated control animals is needed. The authors have evaluated the differential transcriptomic changes within SL tumors compared to normal lungs from untreated age-matched animals. Within SL tumors, several canonical pathways associated with cancer (eukaryotic initiation factor 2 signaling, RhoA signaling, PTEN signaling, and mammalian target of rapamycin signaling), metabolism (Inositol phosphate metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, and purine and pyramidine metabolism), and immune responses (FcγR-mediated phagocytosis, clathrin-mediated endocytosis, interleukin 8 signaling, and CXCR4 signaling) were altered. Meta-analysis of murine SL tumors and human non-small cell lung cancer transcriptomic data sets revealed a high concordance. These data provide important information on the differential transcriptomic changes in murine SL tumors that will be critical to our understanding of chemically induced lung tumors and will aid in hazard analysis in the NTP 2-year carcinogenicity bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun R Pandiri
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology Program-NTP, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences-NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
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26
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Pogribny IP, Rusyn I. Role of epigenetic aberrations in the development and progression of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2012; 342:223-30. [PMID: 22306342 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most lethal and prevalent cancers in humans. The molecular mechanisms leading to the development of HCC are extremely complicated and consist of prominent genetic, genomic, and epigenetic alterations. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the role of epigenetic aberrations, including changes in DNA methylation, histone modifications, and expression of microRNAs in the pathogenesis of HCC. It also emphasizes that identification of the underlying epigenetic alterations that drive cell transformation and promote development and progression of HCC is crucially important for understanding mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenesis, its detection, therapeutic intervention, and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor P Pogribny
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States.
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Wallace AD. Toxic Endpoints in the Study of Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals. Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science 2012; 112:89-115. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415813-9.00004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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