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Xiang C, Sun Y, Luo Y, Xie C, Huang W, Sun Z, Jones KL, Horowitz M, Rayner CK, Ma J, Wu T. Gastric emptying of a glucose drink is predictive of the glycaemic response to oral glucose and mixed meals, but unrelated to antecedent glycaemic control, in type 2 diabetes. Nutr Diabetes 2024; 14:13. [PMID: 38589353 PMCID: PMC11001856 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-024-00264-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric emptying (GE), with wide inter-individual but lesser intra-individual variations, is a major determinant of postprandial glycaemia in health and type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, it is uncertain whether GE of a carbohydrate-containing liquid meal is predictive of the glycaemic response to physiological meals, and whether antecedent hyperglycaemia influences GE in T2D. We evaluated the relationships of (i) the glycaemic response to both a glucose drink and mixed meals with GE of a 75 g glucose drink, and (ii) GE of a glucose drink with antecedent glycaemic control, in T2D. METHODS Fifty-five treatment-naive Chinese adults with newly diagnosed T2D consumed standardised meals at breakfast, lunch and dinner with continuous interstitial glucose monitoring. On the subsequent day, a 75 g glucose drink containing 150 mg 13C-acetate was ingested to assess GE (breath test) and plasma glucose response. Serum fructosamine and HbA1c were also measured. RESULTS Plasma glucose incremental area under the curve (iAUC) within 2 hours after oral glucose was related inversely to the gastric half-emptying time (T50) (r = -0.34, P = 0.012). The iAUCs for interstitial glucose within 2 hours after breakfast (r = -0.34, P = 0.012) and dinner (r = -0.28, P = 0.040) were also related inversely to the T50 of oral glucose. The latter, however, was unrelated to antecedent fasting plasma glucose, 24-hour mean interstitial glucose, serum fructosamine, or HbA1c. CONCLUSIONS In newly diagnosed, treatment-naive, Chinese with T2D, GE of a 75 g glucose drink predicts the glycaemic response to both a glucose drink and mixed meals, but is not influenced by spontaneous short-, medium- or longer-term elevation in glycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjie Xiang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Yixuan Sun
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Yong Luo
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Cong Xie
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Weikun Huang
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Zilin Sun
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Karen L Jones
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Christopher K Rayner
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Jianhua Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
| | - Tongzhi Wu
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5000, Australia.
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Xie C, Iroga P, Bound MJ, Grivell J, Huang W, Jones KL, Horowitz M, Rayner CK, Wu T. Impact of the timing of metformin administration on glycaemic and glucagon-like peptide-1 responses to intraduodenal glucose infusion in type 2 diabetes: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Diabetologia 2024:10.1007/s00125-024-06131-6. [PMID: 38561463 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-024-06131-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Metformin lowers postprandial glycaemic excursions in individuals with type 2 diabetes by modulating gastrointestinal function, including the stimulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). The impact of varying the timing of metformin administration on postprandial glucose metabolism is poorly defined. We evaluated the effects of metformin, administered at different intervals before an intraduodenal glucose infusion, on the subsequent glycaemic, insulinaemic and GLP-1 responses in metformin-treated type 2 diabetes. METHODS Sixteen participants with type 2 diabetes that was relatively well-controlled by metformin monotherapy were studied on four separate days in a crossover design. On each day, participants were randomised to receive a bolus infusion of metformin (1000 mg in 50 ml 0.9% saline) via a nasoduodenal catheter at t = -60, -30 or 0 min (and saline at the other timepoints) or saline at all timepoints (control), followed by an intraduodenal glucose infusion of 12.56 kJ/min (3 kcal/min) at t = 0-60 min. The treatments were blinded to both participants and investigators involved in the study procedures. Plasma glucose, insulin and total GLP-1 levels were measured every 30 min between t = -60 min and t = 120 min. RESULTS There was a treatment-by-time interaction for metformin in reducing plasma glucose levels and increasing plasma GLP-1 and insulin levels (p<0.05 for each). The reduction in plasma glucose levels was greater when metformin was administered at t = -60 or -30 min vs t = 0 min (p<0.05 for each), and the increases in plasma GLP-1 levels were evident only when metformin was administered at t = -60 or -30 min (p<0.05 for each). Although metformin did not influence insulin sensitivity, it enhanced glucose-induced insulin secretion (p<0.05), and the increases in plasma insulin levels were comparable on the 3 days when metformin was given. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION In well-controlled metformin-treated type 2 diabetes, glucose-lowering by metformin is greater when it is given before, rather than with, enteral glucose, and this is associated with a greater GLP-1 response. These observations suggest that administration of metformin before meals may optimise its effect in improving postprandial glycaemic control. TRIAL REGISTRATION www.anzctr.org.au ACTRN12621000878875 FUNDING: The study was not funded by a specific research grant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Xie
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Peter Iroga
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Michelle J Bound
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Grivell
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Weikun Huang
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Karen L Jones
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Christopher K Rayner
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Tongzhi Wu
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.
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Morettini M, Palumbo MC, Bottiglione A, Danieli A, Del Giudice S, Burattini L, Tura A. Glucagon-like peptide-1 and interleukin-6 interaction in response to physical exercise: An in-silico model in the framework of immunometabolism. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 2024; 245:108018. [PMID: 38262127 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2024.108018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is classically identified as an incretin hormone, secreted in response to nutrient ingestion and able to enhance glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. However, other stimuli, such as physical exercise, may enhance GLP-1 plasma levels, and this exercise-induced GLP-1 secretion is mediated by interleukin-6 (IL-6), a cytokine secreted by contracting skeletal muscle. The aim of the study is to propose a mathematical model of IL-6-induced GLP-1 secretion and kinetics in response to physical exercise of moderate intensity. METHODS The model includes the GLP-1 subsystem (with two pools: gut and plasma) and the IL-6 subsystem (again with two pools: skeletal muscle and plasma); it provides a parameter of possible clinical relevance representing the sensitivity of GLP-1 to IL-6 (k0). The model was validated on mean IL-6 and GLP-1 data derived from the scientific literature and on a total of 100 virtual subjects. RESULTS Model validation provided mean residuals between 0.0051 and 0.5493 pg⋅mL-1 for IL-6 (in view of concentration values ranging from 0.8405 to 3.9718 pg⋅mL-1) and between 0.0133 and 4.1540 pmol⋅L-1 for GLP-1 (in view of concentration values ranging from 0.9387 to 17.9714 pmol⋅L-1); a positive significant linear correlation (r = 0.85, p<0.001) was found between k0 and the ratio between areas under GLP-1 and IL-6 curve, over the virtual subjects. CONCLUSIONS The model accurately captures IL-6-induced GLP-1 kinetics in response to physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Morettini
- Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche 12, Ancona, 60131, Italy.
| | - Maria Concetta Palumbo
- Institute for Applied Computing (IAC) "Mauro Picone", National Research Council of Italy, via dei Taurini 19, Rome, 00185, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Bottiglione
- Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche 12, Ancona, 60131, Italy.
| | - Andrea Danieli
- Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche 12, Ancona, 60131, Italy.
| | - Simone Del Giudice
- Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche 12, Ancona, 60131, Italy.
| | - Laura Burattini
- Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche 12, Ancona, 60131, Italy.
| | - Andrea Tura
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Corso Stati Uniti 4, Padova, 35127, Italy.
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Meling S, Tjora E, Eichele H, Nedergaard RB, Knop FK, Ejskjaer N, Carlsen S, Njølstad PR, Brock C, Søfteland E. Rectal sensitivity correlated with gastrointestinal-mediated glucose disposal, but not the incretin effect. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2024; 7:e463. [PMID: 38059537 PMCID: PMC10782140 DOI: 10.1002/edm2.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The mechanisms behind the diminished incretin effect in type 2 diabetes are uncertain, but impaired vagal transmission has been suggested. We aimed to investigate the association between the incretin effect and autonomic neuropathy, and the degree of dysglycaemia and duration of diabetes. DESIGN AND METHODS For a cross-sectional study, we included participants with either longstanding type 2 diabetes, recent onset, untreated diabetes and controls without diabetes matched for age, sex and body mass index. Autonomic nerve function was assessed with cardiovascular reflex tests, heart rate variability and sudomotor function. Visceral afferent nerves in the gut were tested performing rapid rectal balloon distention. An oral glucose tolerance test and an intravenous isoglycaemic glucose infusion were performed to calculate the incretin effect and gastrointestinal-mediated glucose disposal (GIGD). RESULTS Sixty-five participants were recruited. Participants with diabetes had rectal hyposensitivity for earliest sensation (3.7 ± 1.1 kPa in longstanding, 4.0 ± 1.3 in early), compared to controls (3.0 ± 0.9 kPa), p = .005. Rectal hyposensitivity for earliest sensation was not associated with the incretin effect (rho = -0.204, p = .106), but an association was found with GIGD (rho -0.341, p = .005). Incretin effect and GIGD were correlated with all glucose values, HbA1c and duration of diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Rectal hyposensitivity was uncovered in both longstanding and early type 2 diabetes, and was not associated with the incretin effect, but with GIGD, implying a potential link between visceral neuropathy and gastrointestinal handling of glucose. Both the incretin effect and GIGD were associated with the degree of dysglycaemia and the duration of diabetes. PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED Some of the data have previously been published and presented as a poster on the American Diabetes Association 83rd Scientific Sessions: Meling et al; 1658-P: Rectal Hyposensitivity, a Potential Marker of Enteric Autonomic Nerve Dysfunction, Is Significantly Associated with Gastrointestinally Mediated Glucose Disposal in Persons with Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes 20 June 2023; 72 (Supplement_1): 1658-P. https://doi.org/10.2337/db23-1658-P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sondre Meling
- Department of MedicineStavanger University HospitalStavangerNorway
- Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Erling Tjora
- Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Children and Youth ClinicHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
| | - Heike Eichele
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, Faculty of PsychologyUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Regional resource Centre for Autism, ADHD and Tourette Syndrome Western Norway, Division of PsychiatryHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
| | - Rasmus B. Nedergaard
- Mech‐Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyAalborg University HospitalAalborgDenmark
| | - Filip K. Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic ResearchCopenhagen University Hospital—Herlev and GentofteCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Steno Diabetes Center CopenhagenGentofteDenmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Niels Ejskjaer
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of MedicineAalborg University HospitalAalborgDenmark
- Steno Diabetes Center North DenmarkAalborg University HospitalAalborgDenmark
- Department of EndocrinologyAalborg University HospitalAalborgDenmark
| | - Siri Carlsen
- Department of MedicineStavanger University HospitalStavangerNorway
| | - Pål R. Njølstad
- Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Children and Youth ClinicHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
- Mohn Center for Diabetes Precision Medicine, Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Christina Brock
- Mech‐Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyAalborg University HospitalAalborgDenmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of MedicineAalborg University HospitalAalborgDenmark
- Steno Diabetes Center North DenmarkAalborg University HospitalAalborgDenmark
| | - Eirik Søfteland
- Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Department of MedicineHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
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Lim JJ, Sequeira-Bisson IR, Yip WCY, Lu LW, Miles-Chan JL, Poppitt SD. Intra-pancreatic fat is associated with high circulating glucagon and GLP-1 concentrations following whey protein ingestion in overweight women with impaired fasting glucose: A randomised controlled trial. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2024; 207:111084. [PMID: 38154534 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2023.111084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM Intra-pancreatic fat deposition (IPFD) while hypothesised to impair beta-cell function, its impact on alpha-cells remains unclear. We evaluated the association between IPFD and markers of pancreatic cells function using whey protein. METHODS Twenty overweight women with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and low or high IPFD (<4.66% vs ≥4.66%) consumed 3 beverage treatments: 0 g (water control), 12.5 g (low-dose) and 50.0 g (high-dose) whey protein, after an overnight fast, in randomised order. Blood glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, gastric-inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and amylin were analysed postprandially over 4 h. Incremental area-under-the-curve (iAUC), incremental maximum concentration (iCmax), and time to maximum concentration (Tmax) for these were compared between IPFD groups using repeated measures linear mixed models, also controlled for age (pcov). RESULTS iAUC and iCmax glucose and insulin while similar between the two IPFD groups, high IPFD and ageing contributed to higher postprandial glucagon (iAUC: p = 0.012; pcov = 0.004; iCmax: p = 0.069; pcov = 0.021) and GLP-1 (iAUC: p = 0.006; pcov = 0.064; iCmax: p = 0.011; pcov = 0.122) concentrations. CONCLUSION In our cohort, there was no evidence that IPFD impaired protein-induced insulin secretion. Conversely, IPFD may be associated with increased protein-induced glucagon secretion, a novel observation which warrants further investigation into its relevance in the pathogenesis of dysglycaemia and type-2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Jiet Lim
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand; High Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Ivana R Sequeira-Bisson
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand; High Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Wilson C Y Yip
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; High Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Louise W Lu
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; High Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer L Miles-Chan
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand; High Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sally D Poppitt
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand; High Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Jalleh RJ, Marathe CS, Trahair LG, Jones KL, Horowitz M. A Biphasic Glucose Response during an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test Is Associated with Greater Plasma Insulin and GLP-1 Responses and a Reduction in 1-Hour Glucose but Does Not Relate to the Rate of Gastric Emptying in Healthy, Older Adults. Nutrients 2023; 15:3889. [PMID: 37764673 PMCID: PMC10534830 DOI: 10.3390/nu15183889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pattern of the plasma glucose response curve during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is of prognostic significance with "biphasic" when compared with "monophasic" patterns being associated with greater insulin sensitivity/secretion and a reduced risk of progression to diabetes. The relationships of the glucose response curves with gastric emptying and incretin hormone secretion are not known. METHODS Thirty-six adults (age > 65 years) without known diabetes consumed a 300 mL drink containing 75 g glucose and 150 mg C13-acetate at baseline and follow-up after 5.8 ± 0.1 years. Plasma glucose, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose independent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and insulin were measured, and participants classified according to the pattern of their glucose response. Gastric emptying was measured on breath samples (stable isotope breath test). RESULTS At baseline, 22 participants had a "monophasic" and 14 a "biphasic" glucose response. The 1 h plasma glucose response curve was greater and the GLP-1 AUC0-120 min and insulin secretion lower in the monophasic group. There were no differences in gastric emptying, GIP or insulin sensitivity. At the follow-up, the 1 h glucose response curve was greater again, while GLP-1 AUC0-120 min was lower in the monophasic group. CONCLUSIONS A biphasic curve is associated with a higher 60 min glucose response curve and increases in GLP-1, but no difference in either GIP or gastric emptying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Jalleh
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Endocrine and Diabetes Services, Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA 5112, Australia
| | - Chinmay S Marathe
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Laurence G Trahair
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Karen L Jones
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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Xie C, Huang W, Sun Y, Xiang C, Trahair L, Jones KL, Horowitz M, Rayner CK, Wu T. Disparities in the Glycemic and Incretin Responses to Intraduodenal Glucose Infusion Between Healthy Young Men and Women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:e712-e719. [PMID: 36987568 PMCID: PMC10438868 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Premenopausal women are at a lower risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) compared to men, but the underlying mechanism(s) remain elusive. The secretion of the incretin hormones, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), from the small intestine is a major determinant of glucose homeostasis and may be influenced by sex. OBJECTIVES This study compared blood glucose and plasma insulin and incretin responses to intraduodenal glucose infusions in healthy young males and females. DESIGN In Study 1, 9 women and 20 men received an intraduodenal glucose infusion at 2 kcal/min for 60 minutes. In Study 2, 10 women and 26 men received an intraduodenal glucose at 3 kcal/min for 60 minutes. Venous blood was sampled every 15 minutes for measurements of blood glucose and plasma insulin, GLP-1 and GIP. RESULTS In response to intraduodenal glucose at 2 kcal/min, the incremental area under the curve between t = 0-60 minutes (iAUC0-60min) for blood glucose and plasma GIP did not differ between the 2 groups. However, iAUC0-60min for plasma GLP-1 (P = 0.016) and insulin (P = 0.011) were ∼2-fold higher in women than men. In response to intraduodenal glucose at 3 kcal/min, iAUC0-60min for blood glucose, plasma GIP, and insulin did not differ between women and men, but GLP-1 iAUC0-60min was 2.5-fold higher in women (P = 0.012). CONCLUSION Healthy young women exhibit comparable GIP but a markedly greater GLP-1 response to intraduodenal glucose than men. This disparity warrants further investigations to delineate the underlying mechanisms and may be of relevance to the reduced risk of diabetes in premenopausal women when compared to men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Xie
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Weikun Huang
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Yixuan Sun
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Chunjie Xiang
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Laurence Trahair
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Karen L Jones
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Christopher K Rayner
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Tongzhi Wu
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide 5000, Australia
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Kida S, Aoyama N, Fujii T, Taniguchi K, Yata T, Iwane T, Yamamoto T, Tamaki K, Minabe M, Komaki M. Influence of Meal Sequence and Number of Teeth Present on Nutrient Intake Status: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112602. [PMID: 37299565 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Intake of fiber, as well as protein, and lipid preloading help to control postprandial glycemic elevation in people with type 2 diabetes and in healthy individuals. However, there are few studies on the awareness of meal sequence and nutrient intake status that consider oral conditions. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the effects of meal sequences on nutrient intake status and whether these relationships were related to the number of teeth present. The subjects were recruited from the Medical and Dental Collaboration Center of Kanagawa Dental University Hospital between 2018 and 2021. Medical and dental examinations were performed, and a questionnaire was used to determine whether the diet consisted of vegetables, meat or fish, and carbohydrates in that order. Nutrient intake status was assessed using the brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire. Data were collected from 238 participants. The group with awareness of meal sequence ingested increased nutrients such as n-3 fatty acids, total dietary fiber, calcium, and vitamin C. Saturated fatty acid intake increased in those with fewer teeth, while it was not significantly related to meal sequence. In conclusion, our results showed that meal sequence was associated with nutrient intake status. In addition, the intake of saturated fatty acids increased when many teeth were lost, regardless of meal sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayuri Kida
- Department of Periodontology, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka 238-8580, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Norio Aoyama
- Department of Periodontology, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka 238-8580, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshiya Fujii
- Department of Periodontology, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka 238-8580, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kentaro Taniguchi
- Department of Periodontology, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka 238-8580, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomomi Yata
- Department of Periodontology, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka 238-8580, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Taizo Iwane
- Center for Innovation Policy, Graduate School of Health Innovation, Kanagawa University of Human Services, 3-25-10 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi 210-0821, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Yamamoto
- Department of Dental Sociology, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka 238-8580, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Katsushi Tamaki
- Department of Functional Recovery of TMJ and Occlusion, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka 238-8580, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masato Minabe
- Bunkyou Dori Dental Clinic, 2-4-1 Anagawa, Chiba 263-0024, Chiba, Japan
| | - Motohiro Komaki
- Department of Periodontology, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka 238-8580, Kanagawa, Japan
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Jensterle M, Ferjan S, Ležaič L, Sočan A, Goričar K, Zaletel K, Janez A. Semaglutide delays 4-hour gastric emptying in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and obesity. Diabetes Obes Metab 2023; 25:975-984. [PMID: 36511825 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effect of once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide 1.0 mg on the late digestive period of gastric emptying (GE) after ingestion of a standardized solid test meal by using technetium scintigraphy, the reference method for this purpose. METHODS We conducted a single-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 20 obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS; mean [range] age 35 [32.3-40.8] years, body mass index 37 [30.7-39.8] kg/m2 ) randomized to subcutaneous semaglutide 1.0 mg once weekly or placebo for 12 weeks. GE was assessed after ingestion of [99mT c] colloid in a pancake labelled with radiopharmaceutical by scintigraphy using sequential static imaging and dynamic acquisition at baseline and at Week 13. Estimation of GE was obtained by repeated imaging of remaining [99mT c] activity at fixed time intervals over the course of 4 hours after ingestion. RESULTS From baseline to the study end, semaglutide increased the estimated retention of gastric contents by 3.5% at 1 hour, 25.5% at 2 hours, 38.0% at 3 hours and 30.0% at 4 hours after ingestion of the radioactively labelled solid meal. Four hours after ingestion, semaglutide retained 37% of solid meal in the stomach compared to no gastric retention in the placebo group (P = 0.002). Time taken for half the radiolabelled meal to empty from the stomach was significantly longer in the semaglutide group than the placebo group (171 vs. 118 min; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Semaglutide markedly delayed 4-hour GE in women with PCOS and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojca Jensterle
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Simona Ferjan
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Luka Ležaič
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aljaž Sočan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katja Goričar
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katja Zaletel
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Janez
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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10
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Watkins JD, Carter S, Atkinson G, Koumanov F, Betts JA, Holst JJ, Gonzalez JT. Glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion in people with versus without type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies. Metabolism 2023; 140:155375. [PMID: 36502882 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The aim of this systematic review was to synthesise the study findings on whether GLP-1 secretion in response to a meal tolerance test is affected by the presence of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The influence of putative moderators such as age, sex, meal type, meal form, and assay type were also explored. METHODS A literature search identified 32 relevant studies. The sample mean and SD for fasting GLP-1TOTAL and GLP-1TOTAL iAUC were extracted and used to calculate between-group standardised mean differences (SMD), which were meta-analysed using a random-effects model to derive pooled estimates of Hedges' g and 95 % prediction intervals (PI). RESULTS Pooled across 18 studies, the overall SMD in GLP-1TOTAL iAUC between individuals with T2D (n = 270, 1047 ± 930 pmol·L-1·min) and individuals without T2D (n = 402, 1204 ± 937 pmol·L-1·min) was very small, not statistically significant and heterogenous across studies (g = -0.15, p = 0.43, PI: -1.53, 1.23). Subgroup analyses demonstrated an effect of assay type whereby Hedges' g for GLP-1 iAUC was greater in individuals with, versus those without T2D when using ELISA or Mesoscale (g = 0.67 [moderate], p = 0.009), but not when using RIA (g = -0.30 [small], p = 0.10). Pooled across 30 studies, the SMD in fasting GLP-1TOTAL between individuals with T2D (n = 580, 16.2 ± 6.9 pmol·L-1) versus individuals without T2D (n = 1363, 12.4 ± 5.7 pmol·L-1) was small and heterogenous between studies (g = 0.24, p = 0.21, PI: -1.55, 2.02). CONCLUSIONS Differences in fasting GLP-1TOTAL and GLP-1TOTAL iAUC between individuals with, versus those without T2D were generally small and inconsistent between studies. Factors influencing study heterogeneity such as small sample sizes and poor matching of groups may help to explain the wide prediction intervals observed. Considerations to improve comparisons of GLP-1 secretion in T2D and potential mediating factors more important than T2D diagnosis per se are outlined. PROSPERO ID CRD42020195612.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Watkins
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, UK.
| | - S Carter
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, UK
| | - G Atkinson
- Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - F Koumanov
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, UK
| | - J A Betts
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, UK
| | - J J Holst
- Biomedical Sciences, Endocrinology Research Section, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J T Gonzalez
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, UK.
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11
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Xie Y, Zhou Q, He Q, Wang X, Wang J. Opportunities and challenges of incretin-based hypoglycemic agents treating type 2 diabetes mellitus from the perspective of physiological disposition. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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12
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Jalleh RJ, Wu T, Jones KL, Rayner CK, Horowitz M, Marathe CS. Relationships of Glucose, GLP-1, and Insulin Secretion With Gastric Emptying After a 75-g Glucose Load in Type 2 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e3850-e3856. [PMID: 35608823 PMCID: PMC9387705 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The relationships of gastric emptying (GE) with the glycemic response at 120 minutes, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and insulin secretion following a glucose load in type 2 diabetes (T2D) are uncertain. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the relationship of plasma glucose, GLP-1, and insulin secretion with GE of a 75-g oral glucose load in T2D. DESIGN Single-center, cross-sectional, post hoc analysis. SETTING Institutional research center. PARTICIPANTS 43 individuals with T2D age 65.6 ± 1.1 years, hemoglobin A1c 7.2 ± 1.0%, median duration of diabetes 5 years managed by diet and/or metformin. INTERVENTION Participants consumed the glucose drink radiolabeled with 99mTc-phytate colloid following an overnight fast. GE (scintigraphy), plasma glucose, GLP-1, insulin, and C-peptide were measured between 0 and 180 minutes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The relationships of the plasma glucose at 120 minutes, plasma GLP-1, and insulin secretion (calculated by Δinsulin0-30/ Δglucose0-30 and ΔC-peptide0-30/Δglucose0-30) with the rate of GE (scintigraphy) were evaluated. RESULTS There were positive relationships of plasma glucose at 30 minutes (r = 0.56, P < 0.001), 60 minutes (r = 0.57, P < 0.001), and 120 minutes (r = 0.51, P < 0.001) but not at 180 minutes (r = 0.13, P = 0.38), with GE. The 120-minute plasma glucose and GE correlated weakly in multiple regression models adjusting for age, GLP-1, and insulin secretion (P = 0.04 and P = 0.06, respectively). There was no relationship of plasma GLP-1 with GE. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that there was no significant effect of GE on insulin secretion. CONCLUSION In T2D, while insulin secretion is the dominant determinant of the 120-minute plasma glucose, GE also correlates. Given the relevance to interpreting the results of an oral glucose tolerance test, this relationship should be evaluated further. There appears to be no direct effect of GE on either GLP-1 or insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Jalleh
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Tongzhi Wu
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Karen L Jones
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Christopher K Rayner
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Chinmay S Marathe
- Correspondence: Chinmay S. Marathe, MBBS, PhD, FRACP, Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. ; Level 5, Adelaide Health and Medical Science building, North Terrace, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia
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13
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Baretić M. New frontiers in the hunger management involving GLP-1, taste and oestrogen. Diabet Med 2022; 39:e14846. [PMID: 35429193 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Baretić
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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14
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Wang X, Chen C, Xie C, Huang W, Young RL, Jones KL, Horowitz M, Rayner CK, Sun Z, Wu T. Serum bile acid response to oral glucose is attenuated in patients with early type 2 diabetes and correlates with 2-hour plasma glucose in individuals without diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2022; 24:1132-1142. [PMID: 35238131 PMCID: PMC9540586 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine the serum bile acid (BA) response to 75-g oral glucose in individuals without diabetes, and whether this is attenuated in patients with 'early' type 2 diabetes (T2D) and related to the glycaemic response at 2 hours in either group. METHODS Forty newly diagnosed, treatment-naïve Han Chinese T2D subjects and 40 age-, gender-, and body mass index-matched controls without T2D ingested a 75-g glucose drink after an overnight fast. Plasma glucose and serum concentrations of total and individual BAs, fibroblast growth factor-19 (FGF-19), total glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and insulin, were measured before and 2 hours after oral glucose. RESULTS Fasting total BA levels were higher in T2D than control subjects (P < .05). At 2 hours, the BA profile exhibited a shift from baseline in both groups, with increases in conjugated BAs and/or decreases in unconjugated BAs. There were increases in total BA and FGF-19 levels in control (both P < .05), but not T2D, subjects. Plasma glucose concentrations at 2 hours related inversely to serum total BA levels in control subjects (r = -0.42, P = .006). Total GLP-1 and the insulin/glucose ratio were increased at 2 hours in both groups, and the magnitude of the increase was greater in control subjects. CONCLUSIONS The serum BA response to a 75-g oral glucose load is attenuated in patients with 'early' T2D, as is the secretion of FGF-19 and GLP-1, while in individuals without T2D it correlates with 2-hour plasma glucose levels. These observations support a role for BAs in the regulation of postprandial glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyi Wang
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good HealthThe University of AdelaideAdelaide
- Department of Clinical NutritionSoutheast UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Chang Chen
- Institute of Life SciencesChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Cong Xie
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good HealthThe University of AdelaideAdelaide
| | - Weikun Huang
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good HealthThe University of AdelaideAdelaide
| | - Richard L. Young
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good HealthThe University of AdelaideAdelaide
- Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health ThemeSouth Australian Health & Medical Research InstituteAdelaideAustralia
| | - Karen L. Jones
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good HealthThe University of AdelaideAdelaide
- Endocrine and Metabolic UnitRoyal Adelaide HospitalAdelaide
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good HealthThe University of AdelaideAdelaide
- Endocrine and Metabolic UnitRoyal Adelaide HospitalAdelaide
| | - Christopher K. Rayner
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good HealthThe University of AdelaideAdelaide
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyRoyal Adelaide HospitalAdelaideAustralia
| | - Zilin Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, School of MedicineSoutheast UniversityNanjing
| | - Tongzhi Wu
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good HealthThe University of AdelaideAdelaide
- Endocrine and Metabolic UnitRoyal Adelaide HospitalAdelaide
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