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Hung FY, Feng YR, Hsin KT, Shih YH, Chang CH, Zhong W, Lai YC, Xu Y, Yang S, Sugimoto K, Cheng YS, Wu K. Arabidopsis histone H3 lysine 9 methyltransferases KYP/SUVH5/6 are involved in leaf development by interacting with AS1-AS2 to repress KNAT1 and KNAT2. Commun Biol 2023; 6:219. [PMID: 36828846 PMCID: PMC9958104 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04607-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The Arabidopsis H3K9 methyltransferases KRYPTONITE/SUPPRESSOR OF VARIEGATION 3-9 HOMOLOG 4 (KYP/SUVH4), SUVH5 and SUVH6 are redundantly involved in silencing of transposable elements (TEs). Our recent study indicated that KYP/SUVH5/6 can directly interact with the histone deacetylase HDA6 to synergistically regulate TE expression. However, the function of KYP/SUVH5/6 in plant development is still unclear. The transcriptional factors ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1 (AS1) and AS2 form a transcription complex, which is involved in leaf development by repressing the homeobox genes KNOTTED-LIKE FROM ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA 1 (KNAT1) and KNAT2. In this study, we found that KYP and SUVH5/6 directly interact with AS1-AS2 to repress KNAT1 and KNAT2 by altering histone H3 acetylation and H3K9 dimethylation levels. In addition, KYP can directly target the promoters of KNAT1 and KNAT2, and the binding of KYP depends on AS1. Furthermore, the genome-wide occupancy profile of KYP indicated that KYP is enriched in the promoter regions of coding genes, and the binding of KYP is positively correlated with that of AS1 and HDA6. Together, these results indicate that Arabidopsis H3K9 methyltransferases KYP/SUVH5/6 are involved in leaf development by interacting with AS1-AS2 to alter histone H3 acetylation and H3K9 dimethylation from KNAT1 and KNAT2 loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Yu Hung
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- RIKEN, Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yun-Ru Feng
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ting Hsin
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Hsin Shih
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Han Chang
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wenjian Zhong
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - You-Cheng Lai
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yingchao Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Songguang Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Keiko Sugimoto
- RIKEN, Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yi-Sheng Cheng
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Keqiang Wu
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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Vinson DA, Stephens KE, O’Meally RN, Bhat S, Dancy BCR, Cole RN, Yegnasubramanian S, Taverna SD. De novo methylation of histone H3K23 by the methyltransferases EHMT1/GLP and EHMT2/G9a. Epigenetics Chromatin 2022; 15:36. [PMID: 36411491 PMCID: PMC9677696 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-022-00468-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications to histone proteins serve an important role in regulating permissive and repressive chromatin states, but despite the identification of many histone PTMs and their perceived role, the epigenetic writers responsible for generating these chromatin signatures are not fully characterized. Here, we report that the canonical histone H3K9 methyltransferases EHMT1/GLP and EHMT2/G9a are capable of catalyzing methylation of histone H3 lysine 23 (H3K23). Our data show that while both enzymes can mono- and di-methylate H3K23, only EHMT1/GLP can tri-methylate H3K23. We also show that pharmacologic inhibition or genetic ablation of EHMT1/GLP and/or EHMT2/G9a leads to decreased H3K23 methylation in mammalian cells. Taken together, this work identifies H3K23 as a new direct methylation target of EHMT1/GLP and EHMT2/G9a, and highlights the differential activity of these enzymes on H3K23 as a substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Vinson
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA ,grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Kimberly E. Stephens
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA ,grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA ,grid.241054.60000 0004 4687 1637Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
| | - Robert N. O’Meally
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Shri Bhat
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Blair C. R. Dancy
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA ,grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA ,grid.507680.c0000 0001 2230 3166Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910-7500 USA
| | - Robert N. Cole
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Sean D. Taverna
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA ,grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
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Povilus RA, Friedman WE. Transcriptomes across fertilization and seed development in the water lily Nymphaea thermarum (Nymphaeales): evidence for epigenetic patterning during reproduction. Plant Reprod 2022; 35:161-178. [PMID: 35184212 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-022-00438-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The first record of gene expression during seed development within the Nymphaeales provides evidence for a variety of biological processes, including dynamic epigenetic patterning during sexual reproduction in the water lily Nymphaea thermarum. Studies of gene expression during seed development have been performed for a growing collection of species from a phylogenetically broad sampling of flowering plants (angiosperms). However, angiosperm lineages whose origins predate the divergence of monocots and eudicots have been largely overlooked. In order to provide a new resource for understanding the early evolution of seed development in flowering plants, we sequenced transcriptomes of whole ovules and seeds from three key stages of reproductive development in the waterlily Nymphaea thermarum, an experimentally tractable member of the Nymphaeales. We first explore patterns of gene expression, beginning with mature ovules and continuing through fertilization into early- and mid-stages of seed development. We find patterns of gene expression that corroborate histological/morphological observations of seed development in this species, such as expression of genes involved in starch synthesis and transcription factors that have been associated with embryo and endosperm development in other species. We also find evidence for processes that were previously not known to be occurring during seed development in this species, such as epigenetic modification. We then examine the expression of genes associated with patterning DNA and histone methylation-processes that are essential for seed development in distantly related and structurally diverse monocots and eudicots. Around 89% of transcripts putatively homologous to DNA and histone methylation modifiers are expressed during seed development in N. thermarum, including homologs of genes known to pattern imprinting-related epigenetic modifications. Our results suggest that dynamic epigenetic patterning is a deeply conserved aspect of angiosperm seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Povilus
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - William E Friedman
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, 1300 Centre Street, Boston, MA, 02131, USA.
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Liu Q, Liu P, Ji T, Zheng L, Shen C, Ran S, Liu J, Zhao Y, Niu Y, Wang T, Dong J. The histone methyltransferase SUVR2 promotes DSB repair via chromatin remodeling and liquid-liquid phase separation. Mol Plant 2022; 15:1157-1175. [PMID: 35610973 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining genomic integrity and stability is particularly important for stem cells, which are at the top of the cell lineage origin. Here, we discovered that the plant-specific histone methyltransferase SUVR2 maintains the genome integrity of the root tip stem cells through chromatin remodeling and liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) when facing DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). The histone methyltransferase SUVR2 (MtSUVR2) has histone methyltransferase activity and catalyzes the conversion of histone H3 lysine 9 monomethylation (H3K9me1) to H3K9me2/3 in vitro and in Medicago truncatula. Under DNA damage, the proportion of heterochromatin decreased and the level of DSB damage marker γ-H2AX increased in suvr2 mutants, indicating that MtSUVR2 promotes the compaction of the chromatin structure through H3K9 methylation modification to protect DNA from damage. Interestingly, MtSUVR2 was induced by DSBs to phase separate and form droplets to localize at the damage sites, and this was confirmed by immunofluorescence and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments. The IDR1 and low-complexity domain regions of MtSUVR2 determined its phase separation in the nucleus, whereas the IDR2 region determined the interaction with the homologous recombinase MtRAD51. Furthermore, we found that MtSUVR2 drove the phase separation of MtRAD51 to form "DNA repair bodies," which could enhance the stability of MtRAD51 proteins to facilitate error-free homologous recombination repair of stem cells. Taken together, our study reveals that chromatin remodeling-associated proteins participate in DNA repair through LLPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tuo Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lihua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shasha Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jinling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yafei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yiding Niu
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jiangli Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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5
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Hu H, Du J. Structure and mechanism of histone methylation dynamics in Arabidopsis. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2022; 67:102211. [PMID: 35452951 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Histone methylation plays a central role in regulating chromatin state and gene expression in Arabidopsis and is involved in a variety of physiological and developmental processes. Dynamic regulation of histone methylation relies on both histone methyltransferase "writer" and histone demethylases "eraser" proteins. In this review, we focus on the four major histone methylation modifications in Arabidopsis H3, H3K4, H3K9, H3K27, and H3K36, and summarize current knowledge of the dynamic regulation of these modifications, with an emphasis on the biochemical and structural perspectives of histone methyltransferases and demethylases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmiao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jiamu Du
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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Sanchez-Vera V, Landberg K, Lopez-Obando M, Thelander M, Lagercrantz U, Muñoz-Viana R, Schmidt A, Grossniklaus U, Sundberg E. The Physcomitrium patens egg cell expresses several distinct epigenetic components and utilizes homologues of BONOBO genes for cell specification. New Phytol 2022; 233:2614-2628. [PMID: 34942024 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although land plant germ cells have received much attention, knowledge about their specification is still limited. We thus identified transcripts enriched in egg cells of the bryophyte model species Physcomitrium patens, compared the results with angiosperm egg cells, and selected important candidate genes for functional analysis. We used laser-assisted microdissection to perform a cell-type-specific transcriptome analysis on egg cells for comparison with available expression profiles of vegetative tissues and male reproductive organs. We made reporter lines and knockout mutants of the two BONOBO (PbBNB) genes and studied their role in reproduction. We observed an overlap in gene activity between bryophyte and angiosperm egg cells, but also clear differences. Strikingly, several processes that are male-germline specific in Arabidopsis are active in the P. patens egg cell. Among those were the moss PbBNB genes, which control proliferation and identity of both female and male germlines. Pathways shared between male and female germlines were most likely present in the common ancestors of land plants, besides sex-specifying factors. A set of genes may also be involved in the switches between the diploid and haploid moss generations. Nonangiosperm gene networks also contribute to the specification of the P. patens egg cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Sanchez-Vera
- Department of Plant Biology, The Linnean Centre of Plant Biology in Uppsala, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7080, Uppsala, SE-75007, Sweden
| | - Katarina Landberg
- Department of Plant Biology, The Linnean Centre of Plant Biology in Uppsala, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7080, Uppsala, SE-75007, Sweden
| | - Mauricio Lopez-Obando
- Department of Plant Biology, The Linnean Centre of Plant Biology in Uppsala, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7080, Uppsala, SE-75007, Sweden
| | - Mattias Thelander
- Department of Plant Biology, The Linnean Centre of Plant Biology in Uppsala, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7080, Uppsala, SE-75007, Sweden
| | - Ulf Lagercrantz
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18 D, Uppsala, SE-752 36, Sweden
| | - Rafael Muñoz-Viana
- Department of Plant Biology, The Linnean Centre of Plant Biology in Uppsala, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7080, Uppsala, SE-75007, Sweden
| | - Anja Schmidt
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich, CH-8008, Switzerland
| | - Ueli Grossniklaus
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich, CH-8008, Switzerland
| | - Eva Sundberg
- Department of Plant Biology, The Linnean Centre of Plant Biology in Uppsala, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7080, Uppsala, SE-75007, Sweden
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Zhang S, Hao H, Liu X, Li Y, Ma X, Liu W, Zheng R, Liang S, Luan W. SDG712, a Putative H3K9-Specific Methyltransferase Encoding Gene, Delays Flowering through Repressing the Expression of Florigen Genes in Rice. Rice (N Y) 2021; 14:73. [PMID: 34357443 PMCID: PMC8346621 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-021-00513-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
SET domain group (SDG) proteins have been identified to be involved in histone modification and participate in diverse biological processes. Rice contains 41 SDG genes, however, most of which have not been functionally characterized. Here, we report the identification and functional investigation of rice SDG712 gene. Phylogenic analysis revealed that SDG712 belongs to the H3K9-specific SDG subclade. SDG712 is highly expressed in leaves during reproductive growth stage with obvious circadian rhythmic pattern. Mutation of SDG712 promotes rice flowering, while overexpression of SDG712 delays rice flowering. Gene expression analysis suggested that SDG712 acts downstream of Hd1, while acts upstream of Ehd1, Hd3a and RFT1. Subcellular localization assay demonstrated that SDG712 is localized in the nucleus. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay showed that the H3K9me2 levels at Hd3a and RFT1 loci were increased in SDG712 overexpression transgenic plants, indicating that SDG712 may mediate the H3K9 di-methylation on these loci to repress rice flowering. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that SDG712 is a negative flowering regulatory gene in rice, and it delays flowering through repressing key flowering regulator gene Ehd1 and the florigen genes Hd3a and RFT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siju Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387 China
| | - Hongjiao Hao
- College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387 China
| | - Xiaonan Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387 China
| | - Yingying Li
- College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387 China
| | - Xuan Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387 China
| | - Weiyin Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387 China
| | - Rui Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387 China
| | - Shanshan Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387 China
| | - Weijiang Luan
- College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387 China
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Wang J, Yu C, Zhang S, Ye J, Dai H, Wang H, Huang J, Cao X, Ma J, Ma H, Wang Y. Cell-type-dependent histone demethylase specificity promotes meiotic chromosome condensation in Arabidopsis. Nat Plants 2020; 6:823-837. [PMID: 32572214 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-0697-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Histone demethylation is crucial for proper chromatin structure and to ensure normal development, and requires the large family of Jumonji C (JmjC)-containing demethylases; however, the molecular mechanisms that regulate the substrate specificity of these JmjC-containing demethylases remain largely unknown. Here, we show that the substrate specificity of the Arabidopsis histone demethylase JMJ16 is broadened from Lys 4 of histone H3 (H3K4) alone in somatic cells to both H3K4 and H3K9 when it binds to the meiocyte-specific histone reader MMD1. Consistent with this, the JMJ16 catalytic domain exhibits both H3K4 and H3K9 demethylation activities. Moreover, the JMJ16 C-terminal FYR domain interacts with the JMJ16 catalytic domain and probably restricts its substrate specificity. By contrast, MMD1 can compete with the N-terminal catalytic domain of JMJ16 for binding to the FYR-C domain, thereby expanding the substrate specificity of JMJ16 by preventing the FYR domain from binding to the catalytic domain. We propose that MMD1 and JMJ16 together in male meiocytes promote gene expression in an H3K9me3-dependent manner and thereby contribute to meiotic chromosome condensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering and Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, Institute of Plants Biology, Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Biology, Eberly College of Science, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Chaoyi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering and Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, Institute of Plants Biology, Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuaibin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juanying Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering and Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, Institute of Plants Biology, Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hang Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering and Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, Institute of Plants Biology, Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hongkuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering and Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, Institute of Plants Biology, Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiyue Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering and Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, Institute of Plants Biology, Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofeng Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinbiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering and Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, Institute of Plants Biology, Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hong Ma
- Department of Biology, Eberly College of Science, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Yingxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering and Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, Institute of Plants Biology, Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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9
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Zhou H, Liu Y, Liang Y, Zhou D, Li S, Lin S, Dong H, Huang L. The function of histone lysine methylation related SET domain group proteins in plants. Protein Sci 2020; 29:1120-1137. [PMID: 32134523 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Histone methylation, which is mediated by the histone lysine (K) methyltransferases (HKMTases), is a mechanism associated with many pathways in eukaryotes. Most HKMTases have a conserved SET (Su(var) 3-9,E(z),Trithorax) domain, while the HKMTases with SET domains are called the SET domain group (SDG) proteins. In plants, only SDG proteins can work as HKMTases. In this review, we introduced the classification of SDG family proteins in plants and the structural characteristics of each subfamily, surmise the functions of SDG family members in plant growth and development processes, including pollen and female gametophyte development, flowering, plant morphology and the responses to stresses. This review will help researchers better understand the SDG proteins and histone methylation in plants and lay a basic foundation for further studies on SDG proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyan Zhou
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuwei Liang
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dong Zhou
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuifeng Li
- Hangzhou Xiaoshan District Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sue Lin
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Heng Dong
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes (HIPI), Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Huang
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Chen DH, Qiu HL, Huang Y, Zhang L, Si JP. Genome-wide identification and expression profiling of SET DOMAIN GROUP family in Dendrobium catenatum. BMC Plant Biol 2020; 20:40. [PMID: 31992218 PMCID: PMC6986063 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-2244-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendrobium catenatum, as a precious Chinese herbal medicine, is an epiphytic orchid plant, which grows on the trunks and cliffs and often faces up to diverse environmental stresses. SET DOMAIN GROUP (SDG) proteins act as histone lysine methyltransferases, which are involved in pleiotropic developmental events and stress responses through modifying chromatin structure and regulating gene transcription, but their roles in D. catenatum are unknown. RESULTS In this study, we identified 44 SDG proteins from D. catenatum genome. Subsequently, comprehensive analyses related to gene structure, protein domain organization, and phylogenetic relationship were performed to evaluate these D. catenatum SDG (DcSDG) proteins, along with the well-investigated homologs from the model plants Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa as well as the newly characterized 42 SDG proteins from a closely related orchid plant Phalaenopsis equestris. We showed DcSDG proteins can be grouped into eight distinct classes (I~VII and M), mostly consistent with the previous description. Based on the catalytic substrates of the reported SDG members mainly in Arabidopsis, Class I (E(z)-Like) is predicted to account for the deposition of H3K27me2/3, Class II (Ash-like) for H3K36me, Class III (Trx/ATX-like) for H3K4me2/3, Class M (ATXR3/7) for H3K4me, Class IV (Su (var)-like) for H3K27me1, Class V (Suv-like) for H3K9me, as well as class VI (S-ET) and class VII (RBCMT) for methylation of both histone and non-histone proteins. RNA-seq derived expression profiling showed that DcSDG proteins usually displayed wide but distinguished expressions in different tissues and organs. Finally, environmental stresses examination showed the expressions of DcASHR3, DcSUVR3, DcATXR4, DcATXR5b, and DcSDG49 are closely associated with drought-recovery treatment, the expression of DcSUVH5a, DcATXR5a and DcSUVR14a are significantly influenced by low temperature, and even 61% DcSDG genes are in response to heat shock. CONCLUSIONS This study systematically identifies and classifies SDG genes in orchid plant D. catenatum, indicates their functional divergence during the evolution, and discovers their broad roles in the developmental programs and stress responses. These results provide constructive clues for further functional investigation and epigenetic mechanism dissection of SET-containing proteins in orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, SFGA Engineering Research Center for Dendrobium catenatum (D. officinale), Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Han-Lin Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, SFGA Engineering Research Center for Dendrobium catenatum (D. officinale), Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Education Department of Hunan Province on Plant Genetics and Molecular Biology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, SFGA Engineering Research Center for Dendrobium catenatum (D. officinale), Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jin-Ping Si
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, SFGA Engineering Research Center for Dendrobium catenatum (D. officinale), Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China.
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Abstract
In eukaryotes, histone H3 lysine 9 methylation (H3K9me) mediates the silencing of invasive and repetitive sequences by preventing the expression of aberrant gene products and the activation of transposition. In Arabidopsis, while it is well known that dimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 9 (H3K9me2) is maintained through a feedback loop between H3K9me2 and DNA methylation, the details of the H3K9me2-dependent silencing pathway have not been fully elucidated. Recently, the regulation and the function of H3K9 methylation have been extensively characterized. In this review, we summarize work from the recent studies regarding the regulation of H3K9me2, emphasizing the process of deposition and reading and the biological significance of H3K9me2 in Arabidopsis.
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Abstract
One of the distinct reproductive programs in orchid species is pollination-triggered ovule development and megasporogenesis. During sexual reproduction, fertilization occurs days to months after pollination. The molecular mechanisms evolved to carry out this strategic reproductive program remain unclear. In the August issue of Plant Physiology 1 , we report comprehensive studies of comparative genome-wide gene expression in various reproductive tissues and the molecular events associated with developmental transitions unique to sexual reproduction of Phalaenopsis aphrodite. Transcriptional factors and signaling components whose expression is specifically enriched in interior ovary tissues when fertilization occurs and embryos start to develop have been identified. Here, we report verification of additional fertilization-associated genes, DOMAINS REARRANGED METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 (PaDRM1), CHROMOMETHYLTRANSFERASE 1 (PaCMT1), SU(VAR)3-9 RELATED PROTEIN 1 (PaSUVR1), INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID inducible 30-like 1 (PaIAA30L1), and ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 3-like 1 (PaEIN3L1), and discuss their potential roles in gametophyte development, epigenetic reprogramming, and hormone regulation during fertilization and establishment of embryo development in Phalaenopsis orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhun-Chen Chen
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Miao-Ju Wei
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Su-Chiung Fang
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- CONTACT Su-Chiung Fang , Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, 741, Taiwan
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Baute J, Herman D, Coppens F, De Block J, Slabbinck B, Dell'Acqua M, Pè ME, Maere S, Nelissen H, Inzé D. Combined Large-Scale Phenotyping and Transcriptomics in Maize Reveals a Robust Growth Regulatory Network. Plant Physiol 2016; 170:1848-67. [PMID: 26754667 PMCID: PMC4775144 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Leaves are vital organs for biomass and seed production because of their role in the generation of metabolic energy and organic compounds. A better understanding of the molecular networks underlying leaf development is crucial to sustain global requirements for food and renewable energy. Here, we combined transcriptome profiling of proliferative leaf tissue with in-depth phenotyping of the fourth leaf at later stages of development in 197 recombinant inbred lines of two different maize (Zea mays) populations. Previously, correlation analysis in a classical biparental mapping population identified 1,740 genes correlated with at least one of 14 traits. Here, we extended these results with data from a multiparent advanced generation intercross population. As expected, the phenotypic variability was found to be larger in the latter population than in the biparental population, although general conclusions on the correlations among the traits are comparable. Data integration from the two diverse populations allowed us to identify a set of 226 genes that are robustly associated with diverse leaf traits. This set of genes is enriched for transcriptional regulators and genes involved in protein synthesis and cell wall metabolism. In order to investigate the molecular network context of the candidate gene set, we integrated our data with publicly available functional genomics data and identified a growth regulatory network of 185 genes. Our results illustrate the power of combining in-depth phenotyping with transcriptomics in mapping populations to dissect the genetic control of complex traits and present a set of candidate genes for use in biomass improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joke Baute
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., D.H., F.C., J.D.B., B.S., S.M., H.N., D.I.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., D.H., F.C., J.D.B., B.S., S.M., H.N., D.I.); andInstitute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy (M.D., M.E.P.)
| | - Dorota Herman
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., D.H., F.C., J.D.B., B.S., S.M., H.N., D.I.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., D.H., F.C., J.D.B., B.S., S.M., H.N., D.I.); andInstitute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy (M.D., M.E.P.)
| | - Frederik Coppens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., D.H., F.C., J.D.B., B.S., S.M., H.N., D.I.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., D.H., F.C., J.D.B., B.S., S.M., H.N., D.I.); andInstitute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy (M.D., M.E.P.)
| | - Jolien De Block
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., D.H., F.C., J.D.B., B.S., S.M., H.N., D.I.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., D.H., F.C., J.D.B., B.S., S.M., H.N., D.I.); andInstitute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy (M.D., M.E.P.)
| | - Bram Slabbinck
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., D.H., F.C., J.D.B., B.S., S.M., H.N., D.I.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., D.H., F.C., J.D.B., B.S., S.M., H.N., D.I.); andInstitute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy (M.D., M.E.P.)
| | - Matteo Dell'Acqua
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., D.H., F.C., J.D.B., B.S., S.M., H.N., D.I.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., D.H., F.C., J.D.B., B.S., S.M., H.N., D.I.); andInstitute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy (M.D., M.E.P.)
| | - Mario Enrico Pè
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., D.H., F.C., J.D.B., B.S., S.M., H.N., D.I.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., D.H., F.C., J.D.B., B.S., S.M., H.N., D.I.); andInstitute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy (M.D., M.E.P.)
| | - Steven Maere
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., D.H., F.C., J.D.B., B.S., S.M., H.N., D.I.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., D.H., F.C., J.D.B., B.S., S.M., H.N., D.I.); andInstitute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy (M.D., M.E.P.)
| | - Hilde Nelissen
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., D.H., F.C., J.D.B., B.S., S.M., H.N., D.I.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., D.H., F.C., J.D.B., B.S., S.M., H.N., D.I.); andInstitute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy (M.D., M.E.P.)
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., D.H., F.C., J.D.B., B.S., S.M., H.N., D.I.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., D.H., F.C., J.D.B., B.S., S.M., H.N., D.I.); andInstitute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy (M.D., M.E.P.)
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Dong H, Liu D, Han T, Zhao Y, Sun J, Lin S, Cao J, Chen ZH, Huang L. Diversification and evolution of the SDG gene family in Brassica rapa after the whole genome triplication. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16851. [PMID: 26596461 PMCID: PMC4657036 DOI: 10.1038/srep16851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone lysine methylation, controlled by the SET Domain Group (SDG) gene family, is part of the histone code that regulates chromatin function and epigenetic control of gene expression. Analyzing the SDG gene family in Brassica rapa for their gene structure, domain architecture, subcellular localization, rate of molecular evolution and gene expression pattern revealed common occurrences of subfunctionalization and neofunctionalization in BrSDGs. In comparison with Arabidopsis thaliana, the BrSDG gene family was found to be more divergent than AtSDGs, which might partly explain the rich variety of morphotypes in B. rapa. In addition, a new evolutionary pattern of the four main groups of SDGs was presented, in which the Trx group and the SUVR subgroup evolved faster than the E(z), Ash groups and the SUVH subgroup. These differences in evolutionary rate among the four main groups of SDGs are perhaps due to the complexity and variability of the regions that bind with biomacromolecules, which guide SDGs to their target loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Dong
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Tianyu Han
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuxue Zhao
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ji Sun
- Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou, 325006, China
| | - Sue Lin
- Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou, 325006, China
| | - Jiashu Cao
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Li Huang
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology Hangzhou, 310058, China
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15
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Deng S, Chua NH. Inverted-Repeat RNAs Targeting FT Intronic Regions Promote FT Expression in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Physiol 2015; 56:1667-78. [PMID: 26076969 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) is often associated with promoter methylation in both animals and plants. However, the function of DNA methylation in the intragenic region remains unclear. Here, we confirmed that promoter methylation of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) led to gene silencing; in contrast, we found that intragenic methylation triggered by RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) promoted FT expression. DNA methylation of the FT gene body blocked FLC repressor binding to the CArG boxes. However, when the boxes were not directly targeted by inverted-repeat RNAs (IRs), FLC binding blocked spreading of DNA methylation to theses sequences. Notwithstanding the FLC binding, FT was still activated under this condition. The DNA methylation was accompanied by elevated H3K9 methylation levels on the FT gene body. More importantly, the FT diurnal and organ-specific expression pattern was preserved in the activated plants. Our data demonstrate that the same type of epigenetic modification can lead to an opposite genetic outcome depending on the location of the modification on the gene locus. Moreover, we highlight a novel strategy to activate gene expression without changing its spatio-temporal regulatory patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulin Deng
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, 1230, York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nam-Hai Chua
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, 1230, York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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16
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Terrasson E, Darrasse A, Righetti K, Buitink J, Lalanne D, Ly Vu B, Pelletier S, Bolingue W, Jacques MA, Leprince O. Identification of a molecular dialogue between developing seeds of Medicago truncatula and seedborne xanthomonads. J Exp Bot 2015; 66:3737-52. [PMID: 25922487 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogenic bacteria disseminate and survive mainly in association with seeds. This study addresses whether seeds are passive carriers or engage a molecular dialogue with pathogens during their development. We developed two pathosystems using Medicago truncatula with Xanthomonas alfalfae subsp. alfalfae (Xaa), the natural Medicago sp. pathogen and Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), a Brassicaceae pathogen. Three days after flower inoculation, the transcriptome of Xcc-infected pods showed activation of an innate immune response that was strongly limited in Xcc mutated in the type three secretion system, demonstrating an incompatible interaction of Xcc with the reproductive structures. In contrast, the presence of Xaa did not result in an activation of defence genes. Transcriptome profiling during development of infected seeds exhibited time-dependent and differential responses to Xcc and Xaa. Gene network analysis revealed that the transcriptome of Xcc-infected seeds was mainly affected during seed filling whereas that of Xaa-infected seeds responded during late maturation. The Xcc-infected seed transcriptome exhibited an activation of defence response and a repression of targeted seed maturation pathways. Fifty-one percent of putative ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3 targets were deregulated by Xcc, including oleosin, cupin, legumin and chlorophyll degradation genes. At maturity, these seeds displayed decreased weight and increased chlorophyll content. In contrast, these traits were not affected by Xaa infection. These findings demonstrate the existence of a complex molecular dialogue between xanthomonads and developing seeds and provides insights into a previously unexplored trade-off between seed development and pathogen defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Terrasson
- Université d'Angers, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, UMR 1345, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 16 Boulevard Lavoisier, F-49045 Angers, France
| | - Armelle Darrasse
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, UMR 1345, 42 rue Georges Morel, F-49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Karima Righetti
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, UMR 1345, 16 Boulevard Lavoisier, F-49045 Angers
| | - Julia Buitink
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, UMR 1345, 16 Boulevard Lavoisier, F-49045 Angers
| | - David Lalanne
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, UMR 1345, 16 Boulevard Lavoisier, F-49045 Angers
| | - Benoit Ly Vu
- Agrocampus Ouest, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, UMR 1345, 49045 Angers, France
| | - Sandra Pelletier
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, UMR 1345, 16 Boulevard Lavoisier, F-49045 Angers
| | - William Bolingue
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, UMR 1345, 16 Boulevard Lavoisier, F-49045 Angers
| | - Marie-Agnès Jacques
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, UMR 1345, 42 rue Georges Morel, F-49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Olivier Leprince
- Agrocampus Ouest, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, UMR 1345, 49045 Angers, France
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Sidler C, Li D, Kovalchuk O, Kovalchuk I. Development-Dependent Expression of DNA Repair Genes and Epigenetic Regulators in Arabidopsis Plants Exposed to Ionizing Radiation. Radiat Res 2015; 183:219-32. [DOI: 10.1667/rr13840.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Sidler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Dongping Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Olga Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Igor Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1K 3M4, Canada
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18
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Gent JI, Madzima TF, Bader R, Kent MR, Zhang X, Stam M, McGinnis KM, Dawe RK. Accessible DNA and relative depletion of H3K9me2 at maize loci undergoing RNA-directed DNA methylation. Plant Cell 2014; 26:4903-17. [PMID: 25465407 PMCID: PMC4311197 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.130427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) in plants is a well-characterized example of RNA interference-related transcriptional gene silencing. To determine the relationships between RdDM and heterochromatin in the repeat-rich maize (Zea mays) genome, we performed whole-genome analyses of several heterochromatic features: dimethylation of lysine 9 and lysine 27 (H3K9me2 and H3K27me2), chromatin accessibility, DNA methylation, and small RNAs; we also analyzed two mutants that affect these processes, mediator of paramutation1 and zea methyltransferase2. The data revealed that the majority of the genome exists in a heterochromatic state defined by inaccessible chromatin that is marked by H3K9me2 and H3K27me2 but that lacks RdDM. The minority of the genome marked by RdDM was predominantly near genes, and its overall chromatin structure appeared more similar to euchromatin than to heterochromatin. These and other data indicate that the densely staining chromatin defined as heterochromatin differs fundamentally from RdDM-targeted chromatin. We propose that small interfering RNAs perform a specialized role in repressing transposons in accessible chromatin environments and that the bulk of heterochromatin is incompatible with small RNA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan I. Gent
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Thelma F. Madzima
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Rechien Bader
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Universiteit van Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew R. Kent
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Maike Stam
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Universiteit van Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karen M. McGinnis
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - R. Kelly Dawe
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
- Address correspondence to
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Han YF, Dou K, Ma ZY, Zhang SW, Huang HW, Li L, Cai T, Chen S, Zhu JK, He XJ. SUVR2 is involved in transcriptional gene silencing by associating with SNF2-related chromatin-remodeling proteins in Arabidopsis. Cell Res 2014; 24:1445-65. [PMID: 25420628 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2014.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The SU(VAR)3-9-like histone methyltransferases usually catalyze repressive histone H3K9 methylation and are involved in transcriptional gene silencing in eukaryotic organisms. We identified a putative SU(VAR)3-9-like histone methyltransferase SUVR2 by a forward genetic screen and demonstrated that it is involved in transcriptional gene silencing at genomic loci targeted by RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM). We found that SUVR2 has no histone methyltransferase activity and the conserved catalytic sites of SUVR2 are dispensable for the function of SUVR2 in transcriptional silencing. SUVR2 forms a complex with its close homolog SUVR1 and associate with three previously uncharacterized SNF2-related chromatin-remodeling proteins CHR19, CHR27, and CHR28. SUVR2 was previously thought to be a component in the RdDM pathway. We demonstrated that SUVR2 contributes to transcriptional gene silencing not only at a subset of RdDM target loci but also at many RdDM-independent target loci. Our study suggests that the involvement of SUVR2 in transcriptional gene silencing is related to nucleosome positioning mediated by its associated chromatin-remodeling proteins.
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Bočkor VV, Barišić D, Horvat T, Maglica Ž, Vojta A, Zoldoš V. Inhibition of DNA methylation alters chromatin organization, nuclear positioning and activity of 45S rDNA loci in cycling cells of Q. robur. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103954. [PMID: 25093501 PMCID: PMC4122370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Around 2200 copies of genes encoding ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in pedunculate oak, Quercus robur, are organized into two rDNA loci, the major (NOR-1) and the minor (NOR-2) locus. We present the first cytogenetic evidence indicating that the NOR-1 represents the active nucleolar organizer responsible for rRNA synthesis, while the NOR-2 probably stays transcriptionally silent and does not participate in the formation of the nucleolus in Q. robur, which is a situation resembling the well-known phenomenon of nucleolar dominance. rDNA chromatin topology analyses in cycling root tip cells by light and electron microscopy revealed the minor locus to be highly condensed and located away from the nucleolus, while the major locus was consistently associated with the nucleolus and often exhibited different levels of condensation. In addition, silver precipitation was confined exclusively to the NOR-1 locus. Also, NOR-2 was highly methylated at cytosines and rDNA chromatin was marked with histone modifications characteristic for repressive state. After treatment of the root cells with the methylation inhibitor 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, we observed an increase in the total level of rRNA transcripts and a decrease in DNA methylation level at the NOR-2 locus. Also, NOR-2 sites relocalized with respect to the nuclear periphery/nucleolus, however, the relocation did not affect the contribution of this locus to nucleolar formation, nor did it affect rDNA chromatin decondensation, strongly suggesting that NOR-2 has lost the function of rRNA synthesis and nucleolar organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedrana Vičić Bočkor
- Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Department of Molecular Biology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Darko Barišić
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tomislav Horvat
- Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Department of Molecular Biology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Željka Maglica
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédéral de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandar Vojta
- Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Department of Molecular Biology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vlatka Zoldoš
- Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Department of Molecular Biology, Zagreb, Croatia
- * E-mail:
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Kumpf R, Thorstensen T, Rahman MA, Heyman J, Nenseth HZ, Lammens T, Herrmann U, Swarup R, Veiseth SV, Emberland G, Bennett MJ, De Veylder L, Aalen RB. The ASH1-RELATED3 SET-domain protein controls cell division competence of the meristem and the quiescent center of the Arabidopsis primary root. Plant Physiol 2014; 166:632-43. [PMID: 25034019 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.244798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The stem cell niche of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) primary root apical meristem is composed of the quiescent (or organizing) center surrounded by stem (initial) cells for the different tissues. Initial cells generate a population of transit-amplifying cells that undergo a limited number of cell divisions before elongating and differentiating. It is unclear whether these divisions occur stochastically or in an orderly manner. Using the thymidine analog 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine to monitor DNA replication of cells of Arabidopsis root meristems, we identified a pattern of two, four, and eight neighboring cells with synchronized replication along the cortical, epidermal, and endodermal cell files, suggested to be daughters, granddaughters, and great-granddaughters of the direct progeny of each stem cell. Markers of mitosis and cytokinesis were not present in the region closest to the transition zone where the cells start to elongate, suggesting that great-granddaughter cells switch synchronously from the mitotic cell cycle to endoreduplication. Mutations in the stem cell niche-expressed ASH1-RELATED3 (ASHR3) gene, encoding a SET-domain protein conferring histone H3 lysine-36 methylation, disrupted this pattern of coordinated DNA replication and cell division and increased the cell division rate in the quiescent center. E2Fa/E2Fb transcription factors controlling the G1-to-S-phase transition regulate ASHR3 expression and bind to the ASHR3 promoter, substantiating a role for ASHR3 in cell division control. The reduced length of the root apical meristem and primary root of the mutant ashr3-1 indicate that synchronization of replication and cell divisions is required for normal root growth and development.
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Rahman MA, Kristiansen PE, Veiseth SV, Andersen JT, Yap KL, Zhou MM, Sandlie I, Thorstensen T, Aalen RB. The arabidopsis histone methyltransferase SUVR4 binds ubiquitin via a domain with a four-helix bundle structure. Biochemistry 2014; 53:2091-100. [PMID: 24625295 DOI: 10.1021/bi401436h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, different chromatin states facilitate or repress gene expression and restrict the activity of transposable elements. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of amino acid residues on the N-terminal tails of histones are suggested to define such states. The histone lysine methyltransferase (HKMTase) SU(VAR)3-9 RELATED4 (SUVR4) of Arabidopsis thaliana functions as a repressor of transposon activity. Binding of ubiquitin by the WIYLD domain facilitates the addition of two methyl groups to monomethylated lysine 9 of histone H3. By using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, we identified SUVR4 WIYLD (S4WIYLD) as a domain with a four-helix bundle structure, in contrast to three-helix bundles of other ubiquitin binding domains. NMR titration analyses showed that residues of helix α1 (Q38, L39, and D40) and helix α4 (N68, T70, A71, V73, D74, I76, S78, and E82) of S4WIYLD and residues between the first and second β-strands (T9 and G10) and on β-strands 3 (R42, G47, K48, and Q49) and 4 (H68, R72, and L73) undergo significant chemical shift changes when the two proteins interact. A model of the complex, generated using HADDOCK, suggests that the N-terminal and C-terminal parts of S4WIYLD constitute a surface that interacts with charged residues close to the hydrophobic patch of ubiquitin. The WIYLD domains of the closely related SUVR1 and SUVR2 Arabidopsis proteins also bind ubiquitin, indicating that this is a general feature of this domain. The question of whether SUVR proteins act as both readers of monoubiquitinated H2B and writers of histone PTMs is discussed.
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Krassovsky K, Henikoff S. Distinct chromatin features characterize different classes of repeat sequences in Drosophila melanogaster. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:105. [PMID: 24498936 PMCID: PMC3922421 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Repeat sequences are abundant in eukaryotic genomes but many are excluded from genome assemblies. In Drosophila melanogaster classical studies of repeat content suggested variability between individuals, but they lacked the precision of modern high throughput sequencing technologies. Genome-wide profiling of chromatin features such as histone tail modifications and DNA-binding proteins relies on alignment to the reference genome and hence excludes highly repetitive sequences. Results By analyzing repeat libraries, sequence complexity and k-mer counts we determined the abundances of different D. melanogaster repeat classes in flies in two public datasets, DGRP and modENCODE. We found that larval DNA was depleted of all repeat classes relative to adult and embryonic DNA, as expected from the known depletion of repeat-rich pericentromeric regions during polytenization of larval tissues. By applying a method that is independent of alignment to the genome assembly, we found that satellite repeats associate with distinct H3 tail modifications, such as H3K9me2 and H3K9me3 for short repeats and H3K9me1 for 359 bp repeats. Short AT-rich repeats however are depleted of nucleosomes and hence all histone modifications and associated chromatin proteins. Conclusions The total repeat content and association of repeat sequences with chromatin modifications can be determined despite repeats being excluded from genome assemblies, revealing unexpected distinctions in chromatin features based on sequence composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven Henikoff
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.
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Nic-Can G, Hernández-Castellano S, Kú-González A, Loyola-Vargas VM, De-la-Peña C. An efficient immunodetection method for histone modifications in plants. Plant Methods 2013; 9:47. [PMID: 24341414 PMCID: PMC3868413 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-9-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetic mechanisms can be highly dynamic, but the cross-talk among them and with the genome is still poorly understood. Many of these mechanisms work at different places in the cell and at different times of organism development. Covalent histone modifications are one of the most complex and studied epigenetic mechanisms involved in cellular reprogramming and development in plants. Therefore, the knowledge of the spatial distribution of histone methylation in different tissues is important to understand their behavior on specific cells. RESULTS Based on the importance of epigenetic marks for biology, we present a simplified, inexpensive and efficient protocol for in situ immunolocalization on different tissues such as flowers, buds, callus, somatic embryo and meristematic tissue from several plants of agronomical and biological importance. Here, we fully describe all the steps to perform the localization of histone modifications. Using this method, we were able to visualize the distribution of H3K4me3 and H3K9me2 without loss of histological integrity of tissues from several plants, including Agave tequilana, Capsicum chinense, Coffea canephora and Cedrela odorata, as well as Arabidopsis thaliana. CONCLUSIONS There are many protocols to study chromatin modifications; however, most of them are expensive, difficult and require sophisticated equipment. Here, we provide an efficient protocol for in situ localization of histone methylation that dispenses with the use of expensive and sensitive enzymes. The present method can be used to investigate the cellular distribution and localization of a wide array of proteins, which could help to clarify the biological role that they play at specific times and places in different tissues of various plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geovanny Nic-Can
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida CP 97200, Yucatán, México
| | - Sara Hernández-Castellano
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida CP 97200, Yucatán, México
| | - Angela Kú-González
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida CP 97200, Yucatán, México
| | - Víctor M Loyola-Vargas
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida CP 97200, Yucatán, México
| | - Clelia De-la-Peña
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida CP 97200, Yucatán, México
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Liew LC, Singh MB, Bhalla PL. An RNA-seq transcriptome analysis of histone modifiers and RNA silencing genes in soybean during floral initiation process. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77502. [PMID: 24147010 PMCID: PMC3797736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics has been recognised to play vital roles in many plant developmental processes, including floral initiation through the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. The histone modifying proteins that mediate these modifications involve the SET domain-containing histone methyltransferases, JmjC domain-containing demethylase, acetylases and deacetylases. In addition, RNA interference (RNAi)-associated genes are also involved in epigenetic regulation via RNA-directed DNA methylation and post-transcriptional gene silencing. Soybean, a major crop legume, requires a short day to induce flowering. How histone modifications regulate the plant response to external cues that initiate flowering is still largely unknown. Here, we used RNA-seq to address the dynamics of transcripts that are potentially involved in the epigenetic programming and RNAi mediated gene silencing during the floral initiation of soybean. Soybean is a paleopolyploid that has been subjected to at least two rounds of whole genome duplication events. We report that the expanded genomic repertoire of histone modifiers and RNA silencing genes in soybean includes 14 histone acetyltransferases, 24 histone deacetylases, 47 histone methyltransferases, 15 protein arginine methyltransferases, 24 JmjC domain-containing demethylases and 47 RNAi-associated genes. To investigate the role of these histone modifiers and RNA silencing genes during floral initiation, we compared the transcriptional dynamics of the leaf and shoot apical meristem at different time points after a short-day treatment. Our data reveal that the extensive activation of genes that are usually involved in the epigenetic programming and RNAi gene silencing in the soybean shoot apical meristem are reprogrammed for floral development following an exposure to inductive conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lim Chee Liew
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, Melbourne School of Land and Environment, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mohan B. Singh
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, Melbourne School of Land and Environment, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Prem L. Bhalla
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, Melbourne School of Land and Environment, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
Remodeling a chromatin structure enables the genetic elements stored in a genome to function in a condition-specific manner and predisposes the interactions between cis-regulatory elements and trans-acting factors. A chromatin signature can be an indicator of the activity of the underlying genetic elements. This paper reviews recent studies showing that the combination and arrangements of chromatin remodeling marks play roles as chromatin code affecting the activity of genetic elements. This paper also reviews recent studies inferring the primary DNA sequence contexts associated with chromatin remodeling that suggest interactions between genetic and epigenetic factors. We conclude that chromatin remodeling, which provides accurate models of gene expression and morphological variations, may help to find the biological marks that cannot be detected by genome-wide association study or genetic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misook Ha
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Corporation, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, South Korea.
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She W, Grimanelli D, Rutowicz K, Whitehead MWJ, Puzio M, Kotlinski M, Jerzmanowski A, Baroux C. Chromatin reprogramming during the somatic-to-reproductive cell fate transition in plants. Development 2013; 140:4008-19. [PMID: 24004947 DOI: 10.1242/dev.095034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The life cycle of flowering plants is marked by several post-embryonic developmental transitions during which novel cell fates are established. Notably, the reproductive lineages are first formed during flower development. The differentiation of spore mother cells, which are destined for meiosis, marks the somatic-to-reproductive fate transition. Meiosis entails the formation of the haploid multicellular gametophytes, from which the gametes are derived, and during which epigenetic reprogramming takes place. Here we show that in the Arabidopsis female megaspore mother cell (MMC), cell fate transition is accompanied by large-scale chromatin reprogramming that is likely to establish an epigenetic and transcriptional status distinct from that of the surrounding somatic niche. Reprogramming is characterized by chromatin decondensation, reduction in heterochromatin, depletion of linker histones, changes in core histone variants and in histone modification landscapes. From the analysis of mutants in which the gametophyte fate is either expressed ectopically or compromised, we infer that chromatin reprogramming in the MMC is likely to contribute to establishing postmeiotic competence to the development of the pluripotent gametophyte. Thus, as in primordial germ cells of animals, the somatic-to-reproductive cell fate transition in plants entails large-scale epigenetic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing She
- Institute of Plant Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
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Zhou HR, Zhang FF, Ma ZY, Huang HW, Jiang L, Cai T, Zhu JK, Zhang C, He XJ. Folate polyglutamylation is involved in chromatin silencing by maintaining global DNA methylation and histone H3K9 dimethylation in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 2013; 25:2545-59. [PMID: 23881414 PMCID: PMC3753382 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.114678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation and repressive histone Histone3 Lysine9 (H3K9) dimethylation correlate with chromatin silencing in plants and mammals. To identify factors required for DNA methylation and H3K9 dimethylation, we screened for suppressors of the repressor of silencing1 (ros1) mutation, which causes silencing of the expression of the RD29A (RESPONSE TO DESSICATION 29A) promoter-driven luciferase transgene (RD29A-LUC) and the 35S promoter-driven NPTII (NEOMYCIN PHOSPHOTRANSFERASE II) transgene (35S-NPTII). We identified the folylpolyglutamate synthetase FPGS1 and the known factor DECREASED DNA METHYLATION1 (DDM1). The fpgs1 and ddm1 mutations release the silencing of both RD29A-LUC and 35S-NPTII. Genome-wide analysis indicated that the fpgs1 mutation reduces DNA methylation and releases chromatin silencing at a genome-wide scale. The effect of fpgs1 on chromatin silencing is correlated with reduced levels of DNA methylation and H3K9 dimethylation. Supplementation of fpgs1 mutants with 5-formyltetrahydrofolate, a stable form of folate, rescues the defects in DNA methylation, histone H3K9 dimethylation, and chromatin silencing. The competitive inhibitor of methyltransferases, S-adenosylhomocysteine, is markedly upregulated in fpgs1, by which fpgs1 reduces S-adenosylmethionine accessibility to methyltransferases and accordingly affects DNA and histone methylation. These results suggest that FPGS1-mediated folate polyglutamylation is required for DNA methylation and H3K9 dimethylation through its function in one-carbon metabolism. Our study makes an important contribution to understanding the complex interplay among metabolism, development, and epigenetic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ran Zhou
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Fang-Fang Zhang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ze-Yang Ma
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Huan-Wei Huang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tao Cai
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jian-Kang Zhu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Chuyi Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xin-Jian He
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
- Address correspondence to
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Lu Z, Huang X, Ouyang Y, Yao J. Genome-wide identification, phylogenetic and co-expression analysis of OsSET gene family in rice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65426. [PMID: 23762371 PMCID: PMC3676427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SET domain is responsible for the catalytic activity of histone lysine methyltransferases (HKMTs) during developmental process. Histone lysine methylation plays a crucial and diverse regulatory function in chromatin organization and genome function. Although several SET genes have been identified and characterized in plants, the understanding of OsSET gene family in rice is still very limited. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, a systematic analysis was performed and revealed the presence of at least 43 SET genes in rice genome. Phylogenetic and structural analysis grouped SET proteins into five classes, and supposed that the domains out of SET domain were significant for the specific of histone lysine methylation, as well as the recognition of methylated histone lysine. Based on the global microarray, gene expression profile revealed that the transcripts of OsSET genes were accumulated differentially during vegetative and reproductive developmental stages and preferentially up or down-regulated in different tissues. Cis-elements identification, co-expression analysis and GO analysis of expression correlation of 12 OsSET genes suggested that OsSET genes might be involved in cell cycle regulation and feedback. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study will facilitate further studies on OsSET family and provide useful clues for functional validation of OsSETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanhua Lu
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xiaolong Huang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yidan Ouyang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Jialing Yao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
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Mukhopadhyay P, Singla-pareek SL, Reddy MK, Sopory SK. Stress-Mediated Alterations in Chromatin Architecture Correlate with Down-Regulation of a Gene Encoding 60S rpL32 in Rice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 54:528-40. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Pontvianne F, Blevins T, Chandrasekhara C, Feng W, Stroud H, Jacobsen SE, Michaels SD, Pikaard CS. Histone methyltransferases regulating rRNA gene dose and dosage control in Arabidopsis. Genes Dev 2012; 26:945-57. [PMID: 22549957 DOI: 10.1101/gad.182865.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotes have hundreds of nearly identical 45S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, each encoding the 18S, 5.8S, and 25S catalytic rRNAs. Because cellular demands for ribosomes and protein synthesis vary during development, the number of active rRNA genes is subject to dosage control. In genetic hybrids, one manifestation of dosage control is nucleolar dominance, an epigenetic phenomenon in which the rRNA genes of one progenitor are repressed. For instance, in Arabidopsis suecica, the allotetraploid hybrid of Arabidopsis thaliana and Arabidopsis arenosa, the A. thaliana-derived rRNA genes are selectively silenced. An analogous phenomenon occurs in nonhybrid A. thaliana, in which specific classes of rRNA gene variants are inactivated. An RNA-mediated knockdown screen identified SUVR4 {SUPPRESSOR OF VARIEGATION 3-9 [SU(VAR)3-9]-RELATED 4} as a histone H3 Lys 9 (H3K9) methyltransferase required for nucleolar dominance in A. suecica. H3K9 methyltransferases are also required for variant-specific silencing in A. thaliana, but SUVH5 [SU(VAR)3-9 HOMOLOG 5] and SUVH6, rather than SUVR4, are the key activities in this genomic context. Mutations disrupting the H3K27 methyltransferases ATXR5 or ATXR6 affect which rRNA gene variants are expressed or silenced, and in atxr5 atxr6 double mutants, dominance relationships among variants are reversed relative to wild type. Interestingly, these changes in gene expression are accompanied by changes in the relative abundance of the rRNA gene variants at the DNA level, including overreplication of the normally silenced class and decreased abundance of the normally dominant class. Collectively, our results indicate that histone methylation can affect both the doses of different variants and their differential silencing through the choice mechanisms that achieve dosage control.
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Saze H, Tsugane K, Kanno T, Nishimura T. DNA methylation in plants: relationship to small RNAs and histone modifications, and functions in transposon inactivation. Plant Cell Physiol 2012; 53:766-84. [PMID: 22302712 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcs008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation is a type of epigenetic marking that strongly influences chromatin structure and gene expression in plants and mammals. Over the past decade, DNA methylation has been intensively investigated in order to elucidate its control mechanisms. These studies have shown that small RNAs are involved in the induction of DNA methylation, that there is a relationship between DNA methylation and histone methylation, and that the base excision repair pathway has an important role in DNA demethylation. Some aspects of DNA methylation have also been shown to be shared with mammals, suggesting that the regulatory pathways are, in part at least, evolutionarily conserved. Considerable progress has been made in elucidating the mechanisms that control DNA methylation; however, many aspects of the mechanisms that read the information encoded by DNA methylation and mediate this into downstream regulation remain uncertain, although some candidate proteins have been identified. DNA methylation has a vital role in the inactivation of transposons, suggesting that DNA methylation is a key factor in the evolution and adaptation of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Saze
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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Houba-Hérin N, Hennig L, Köhler C, Gaudin V. A fruitful chromatin harvest: meeting summary of the Second European Workshop on Plant Chromatin 2011 in Versailles, France. Epigenetics 2012; 7:307-11. [PMID: 22430807 DOI: 10.4161/epi.7.3.19104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In September 2011, the Second European Workshop on Plant Chromatin took place in Versailles, France. The workshop covered a range of topics related to plant chromatin biology, including regulation of gene expression by Polycomb group proteins, chromatin dynamics, reconfiguration of epigenetic marks in response to various cues and chromatin assembly. Here, we summarize some of the highlights discussed during the meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Houba-Hérin
- INRA, AgroParisTech, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Versailles, France
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Choi H, Han S, Shin D, Lee S. Polyubiquitin recognition by AtSAP5, an A20-type zinc finger containing protein from Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 419:436-40. [PMID: 22366090 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Stress associated proteins (SAPs) in plants contain A20-type zinc finger (A20_ZF) domains and are involved with abiotic stress response. A20-type zinc finger domains in animals reportedly recognize ubiquitin as a regulatory signal in cell. However, it remains unclear whether A20_ZF domains in plants perform similar roles. AtSAP5, a SAP from Arabidopsis thaliana, exhibits a unique sequence feature among 10 AtSAPs harboring A20_ZF domains. The highly conserved diaromatic patch is replaced by the dialipathic patch. Here we investigated whether AtSAP5 recognizes ubiquitin and the roles of the dialipathic patch in ubiquitin binding in vitro. GST pulldown assay reveals that AtSAP5 binds polyubiquitin rather than monoubiquitin. AtSAP5 shows preferences for linear and K63-linked polyubiquitin chains to K48-linked one. The A20_ZF domain of AtSAP5 is sufficient for linkage-specific polyubiquitin recognition. The dialipathic patch in AtSAP5 plays an important role in K48-linked polyubiquitin recognition. Taken together, our results suggest that AtSAP5 participates in polyubiquitin recognition in plants and that the dialipathic patch in AtSAP5 is critical in binding K48-linked polyubiquitn chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoon Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
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Huang Y, Liu C, Shen WH, Ruan Y. Phylogenetic analysis and classification of the Brassica rapa SET-domain protein family. BMC Plant Biol 2011; 11:175. [PMID: 22168908 PMCID: PMC3264562 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-11-175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The SET (Su(var)3-9, Enhancer-of-zeste, Trithorax) domain is an evolutionarily conserved sequence of approximately 130-150 amino acids, and constitutes the catalytic site of lysine methyltransferases (KMTs). KMTs perform many crucial biological functions via histone methylation of chromatin. Histone methylation marks are interpreted differently depending on the histone type (i.e. H3 or H4), the lysine position (e.g. H3K4, H3K9, H3K27, H3K36 or H4K20) and the number of added methyl groups (i.e. me1, me2 or me3). For example, H3K4me3 and H3K36me3 are associated with transcriptional activation, but H3K9me2 and H3K27me3 are associated with gene silencing. The substrate specificity and activity of KMTs are determined by sequences within the SET domain and other regions of the protein. RESULTS Here we identified 49 SET-domain proteins from the recently sequenced Brassica rapa genome. We performed sequence similarity and protein domain organization analysis of these proteins, along with the SET-domain proteins from the dicot Arabidopsis thaliana, the monocots Oryza sativa and Brachypodium distachyon, and the green alga Ostreococcus tauri. We showed that plant SET-domain proteins can be grouped into 6 distinct classes, namely KMT1, KMT2, KMT3, KMT6, KMT7 and S-ET. Apart from the S-ET class, which has an interrupted SET domain and may be involved in methylation of nonhistone proteins, the other classes have characteristics of histone methyltransferases exhibiting different substrate specificities: KMT1 for H3K9, KMT2 for H3K4, KMT3 for H3K36, KMT6 for H3K27 and KMT7 also for H3K4. We also propose a coherent and rational nomenclature for plant SET-domain proteins. Comparisons of sequence similarity and synteny of B. rapa and A. thaliana SET-domain proteins revealed recent gene duplication events for some KMTs. CONCLUSION This study provides the first characterization of the SET-domain KMT proteins of B. rapa. Phylogenetic analysis data allowed the development of a coherent and rational nomenclature of this important family of proteins in plants, as in animals. The results obtained in this study will provide a base for nomenclature of KMTs in other plant species and facilitate the functional characterization of these important epigenetic regulatory genes in Brassica crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Huang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Chunlin Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Wen-Hui Shen
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Ying Ruan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
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Grativol C, Hemerly AS, Ferreira PCG. Genetic and epigenetic regulation of stress responses in natural plant populations. Biochim Biophys Acta 2011; 1819:176-85. [PMID: 21914492 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2011.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Plants have developed intricate mechanisms involving gene regulatory systems to adjust to stresses. Phenotypic variation in plants under stress is classically attributed to DNA sequence variants. More recently, it was found that epigenetic modifications - DNA methylation-, chromatin- and small RNA-based mechanisms - can contribute separately or together to phenotypes by regulating gene expression in response to the stress effect. These epigenetic modifications constitute an additional layer of complexity to heritable phenotypic variation and the evolutionary potential of natural plant populations because they can affect fitness. Natural populations can show differences in performance when they are exposed to changes in environmental conditions, partly because of their genetic variation but also because of their epigenetic variation. The line between these two components is blurred because little is known about the contribution of genotypes and epigenotypes to stress tolerance in natural populations. Recent insights in this field have just begun to shed light on the behavior of genetic and epigenetic variation in natural plant populations under biotic and abiotic stresses. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Plant gene regulation in response to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clícia Grativol
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Thorstensen T, Grini PE, Aalen RB. SET domain proteins in plant development. Biochim Biophys Acta 2011; 1809:407-20. [PMID: 21664308 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 05/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational methylation of lysine residues on histone tails is an epigenetic modification crucial for regulation of chromatin structure and gene expression in eukaryotes. The majority of the histone lysine methyltransferases (HKMTases) conferring such modifications are proteins with a conserved SET domain responsible for the enzymatic activity. The SET domain proteins in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana can be assigned to evolutionarily conserved classes with different specificities allowing for different outcomes on chromatin structure. Here we review the present knowledge of the biochemical and biological functions of plant SET domain proteins in developmental processes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Epigenetic control of cellular and developmental processes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tage Thorstensen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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