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Bielewicz J, Daniluk B, Kamieniak P. Altered serum cytokines in patients with symptomatic disk herniation and depressive symptoms. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1366559. [PMID: 38646609 PMCID: PMC11026593 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1366559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose An increasing number of studies have indicated the important role of cytokines in the development of depressive disturbances (DD). In medically ill patients, cytokines can provoked sickness behavior, the signs of which resemble DD. This results in alterations in behavior to limit energy expenditure and redirect it to cope with particular diseases. The aim of our study was to investigate the role of pro-inflammatory IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β and anti-inflammatory IL-10 and TGF-β in DD observed in patients suffering from pain caused by disk herniation (DH) qualified for surgery. Patients and methods The intensity of DD assessed by using Beck Depression Inventory, pain intensity, and functional impairment were evaluated in 70 patients with DH who were qualified for surgery. Pro-inflammatory serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, anti-inflammatory TGF-β, and IL-10 were measured. Results Elevated serum levels of TGF-β, IL-10, and IL-6 were found in the group with moderate and severe depressive symptoms (SD) compared with the groups with mild (MD) or no depressive symptoms (ND). TGF-β levels were negatively correlated with pain intensity, as assessed using the Present Pain Intensity scale in SD. Functional impairment measured using the Oswestry Disability Index was the most advanced in SD group. Conclusion Results of our study can suggest association between depressive disturbances and anti-inflammatory cytokines TGF-β and IL-10. Functional impairment of SD group is more severe but serum levels of TGF-β and IL-10, which are involved in the healing processes, are increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Bielewicz
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Beata Daniluk
- Institute of Psychology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Kamieniak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Sim J, O'Guin E, Monahan K, Sugimoto C, McLean SA, Albertorio-Sáez L, Zhao Y, Laumet S, Dagenais A, Bernard MP, Folger JK, Robison AJ, Linnstaedt SD, Laumet G. Interleukin-10-producing monocytes contribute to sex differences in pain resolution in mice and humans. bioRxiv 2023:2023.11.03.565129. [PMID: 37961295 PMCID: PMC10635095 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.03.565129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Pain is closely associated with the immune system, which exhibits sexual dimorphism. For these reasons, neuro-immune interactions are suggested to drive sex differences in pain pathophysiology. However, our understanding of peripheral neuro-immune interactions on sex differences in pain resolution remains limited. Here, we have shown, in both a mouse model of inflammatory pain and in humans following traumatic pain, that males had higher levels of interleukin (IL)-10 than females, which were correlated with faster pain resolution. Following injury, we identified monocytes (CD11b+ Ly6C+ Ly6G-F4/80 mid ) as the primary source of IL-10, with IL-10-producing monocytes being more abundant in males than females. In a mouse model, neutralizing IL-10 signaling through antibodies, genetically ablating IL-10R1 in sensory neurons, or depleting monocytes with clodronate all impaired the resolution of pain hypersensitivity in both sexes. Furthermore, manipulating androgen levels in mice reversed the sexual dimorphism of pain resolution and the levels of IL-10-producing monocytes. These results highlight a novel role for androgen-driven peripheral IL-10-producing monocytes in the sexual dimorphism of pain resolution. These findings add to the growing concept that immune cells play a critical role in resolving pain and preventing the transition into chronic pain. Graphical abstract
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Inyang KE, Sim J, Clark KB, Matan G, Monahan K, Evans C, Beng P, Ma JV, Heijnen CJ, Dantzer R, Scherrer G, Kavelaars A, Bernard M, Aldhamen Y, Folger JK, Laumet G. Tonic Meningeal Interleukin-10 Upregulates Delta Opioid Receptor to Prevent Relapse to Pain. bioRxiv 2023:2023.06.08.544200. [PMID: 37333074 PMCID: PMC10274865 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.08.544200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain often alternates between transient remission and relapse of severe pain. While most research on chronic pain has focused on mechanisms maintaining pain, there is a critical unmet need to understand what prevents pain from re-emerging in those who recover from acute pain. We found that interleukin (IL)-10, a pain resolving cytokine, is persistently produced by resident macrophages in the spinal meninges during remission from pain. IL-10 upregulated expression and analgesic activity of δ-opioid receptor (δOR) in the dorsal root ganglion. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of IL-10 signaling or δOR triggered relapse to pain in both sexes. These data challenge the widespread assumption that remission of pain is simply a return to the naïve state before pain was induced. Instead, our findings strongly suggest a novel concept that: remission is a state of lasting pain vulnerability that results from a long-lasting neuroimmune interactions in the nociceptive system.
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Xia Y, Wang H, Yang R, Hou Y, Li Y, Zhu J, Fu C. Biomaterials delivery strategies to repair degenerated intervertebral discs by regulating the inflammatory microenvironment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1051606. [PMID: 36756124 PMCID: PMC9900107 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1051606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is one of the leading causes of lower back pain. Although IVDD cannot directly cause death, it can cause pain, psychological burdens, and economic burdens to patients. Current conservative treatments for IVDD can relieve pain but cannot reverse the disease. Patients who cannot tolerate pain usually resort to a strategy of surgical resection of the degenerated disc. However, the surgical removal of IVDD can affect the stability of adjacent discs. Furthermore, the probability of the reherniation of the intervertebral disc (IVD) after surgery is as high as 21.2%. Strategies based on tissue engineering to deliver stem cells for the regeneration of nucleus purposes (NP) and annulus fibrosus (AF) have been extensively studied. The developed biomaterials not only locally withstand the pressure of the IVD but also lay the foundation for the survival of stem cells. However, the structure of IVDs does not provide sufficient nutrients for delivered stem cells. The role of immune mechanisms in IVDD has recently become clear. In IVDD, the IVD that was originally in immune privilege prevents the attack of immune cells (mainly effector T cells and macrophages) and aggravates the disease. Immune regulatory and inflammatory factors released by effector T cells, macrophages, and the IVD further aggravate IVDD. Reversing IVDD by regulating the inflammatory microenvironment is a potential approach for the treatment of the disease. However, the biological factors modulating the inflammatory microenvironment easily degrade in vivo. It makes it possible for different biomaterials to modulate the inflammatory microenvironment to repair IVDD. In this review, we have discussed the structures of IVDs and the immune mechanisms underlying IVDD. We have described the immune mechanisms elicited by different biological factors, including tumor necrosis factors, interleukins, transforming growth factors, hypoxia-inducible factors, and reactive oxygen species in IVDs. Finally, we have discussed the biomaterials used to modulate the inflammatory microenvironment to repair IVDD and their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanliang Xia
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hengyi Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruohan Yang
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yulin Hou
- Department of Cardiology, Guangyuan Central Hospital, Guangyuan, China
| | - Yuehong Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianshu Zhu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Changfeng Fu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Changfeng Fu,
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Li Z, Yang H, Hai Y, Cheng Y. Regulatory Effect of Inflammatory Mediators in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Mediators Inflamm 2023; 2023:6210885. [PMID: 37101594 PMCID: PMC10125773 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6210885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a major contributor to back, neck, and radicular pain. It is related to changes in tissue structure and function, including the breakdown of the extracellular matrix (ECM), aging, apoptosis of the nucleus pulposus, and biomechanical tissue impairment. Recently, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated that inflammatory mediators play a crucial role in IDD, and they are being explored as potential treatment targets for IDD and associated disorders. For example, interleukins (IL), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), chemokines, and inflammasomes have all been linked to the pathophysiology of IDD. These inflammatory mediators are found in high concentrations in intervertebral disc (IVD) tissues and cells and are associated with the severity of LBP and IDD. It is feasible to reduce the production of these proinflammatory mediators and develop a novel therapy for IDD, which will be a hotspot of future research. In this review, the effects of inflammatory mediators in IDD were described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangfu Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Honghao Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Yong Hai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Yunzhong Cheng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
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Ye F, Lyu FJ, Wang H, Zheng Z. The involvement of immune system in intervertebral disc herniation and degeneration. JOR Spine 2022; 5:e1196. [PMID: 35386754 PMCID: PMC8966871 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) herniation and degeneration contributes significantly to low back pain (LBP), of which the molecular pathogenesis is not fully understood. Disc herniation may cause LBP and radicular pain, but not all LBP patients have disc herniation. Degenerated discs could be the source of pain, but not all degenerated discs are symptomatic. We previously found that disc degeneration and herniation accompanied by inflammation. We further found that anti‐inflammatory molecules blocked immune responses, alleviated IVD degeneration and pain. Based on our recent findings and the work of others, we hypothesize that immune system may play a prominent role in the production of disc herniation or disc degeneration associated pain. While the nucleus pulposus (NP) is an immune‐privileged organ, the damage of the physical barrier between NP and systemic circulation, or the innervation and vascularization of the degenerated NP, on one hand exposes NP as a foreign antigen to immune system, and on the other hand presents compression on the nerve root or dorsal root ganglion (DRG), which both elicit immune responses induced by immune cells and their mediators. The inflammation can remain for a long time at remote distance, with various types of cytokines and immune cells involved in this pain‐inducing process. In this review, we aim to revisit the autoimmunity of the NP, immune cell infiltration after break of physical barrier, the inflammatory activities in the DRG and the generation of pain. We also summarize the involvement of immune system, including immune cells and cytokines, in degenerated or herniated IVDs and affected DRG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fubiao Ye
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Fujian Provincial Hospital Provincial Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University Fuzhou Fujian China
| | - Feng-Juan Lyu
- Joint Center for Regenerative Medicine Research of South China University of Technology and The University of Western Australia, School of Medicine South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Zhaomin Zheng
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou China.,Pain Research Center Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China
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Tan J, Li Z, Liu L, Liu H, Xue J. IL‐17 in intervertebral disc degeneration: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications. Cell Biol Int 2022; 46:535-547. [PMID: 35066966 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing‐Hua Tan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Spine Surgery, Hengyang Medical School, University of South ChinaHengyangHunan421001China
| | - Ze‐Peng Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Spine Surgery, Hengyang Medical School, University of South ChinaHengyangHunan421001China
| | - Lu‐Lu Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Spine Surgery, Hengyang Medical School, University of South ChinaHengyangHunan421001China
| | - Hao Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Spine Surgery, Hengyang Medical School, University of South ChinaHengyangHunan421001China
| | - Jing‐Bo Xue
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Spine Surgery, Hengyang Medical School, University of South ChinaHengyangHunan421001China
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Lee HS, Lee IH, Kang K, Park SI, Kwon TW, Lee DY. An Investigation of the Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Analgesic Effect of Jakyak-Gamcho Decoction: A Network Pharmacology Study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2020; 2020:6628641. [PMID: 33343676 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6628641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Herbal drugs have drawn substantial interest as effective analgesic agents; however, their therapeutic mechanisms remain to be fully understood. To address this question, we performed a network pharmacology study to explore the system-level mechanisms that underlie the analgesic activity of Jakyak-Gamcho decoction (JGd; Shaoyao-Gancao-Tang in Chinese and Shakuyaku-Kanzo-To in Japanese), an herbal prescription consisting of Paeonia lactiflora Pallas and Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer. Based on comprehensive information regarding the pharmacological and chemical properties of the herbal constituents of JGd, we identified 57 active chemical compounds and their 70 pain-associated targets. The JGd targets were determined to be involved in the regulation of diverse biological activities as follows: calcium- and cytokine-mediated signalings, calcium ion concentration and homeostasis, cellular behaviors of muscle and neuronal cells, inflammatory response, and response to chemical, cytokine, drug, and oxidative stress. The targets were further enriched in various pain-associated signalings, including the PI3K-Akt, estrogen, ErbB, neurotrophin, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, HIF-1, serotonergic synapse, JAK-STAT, and cAMP pathways. Thus, these data provide a systematic basis to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the analgesic activity of herbal drugs.
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