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II T, CHAMBERS JK, NAKASHIMA K, GOTO-KOSHINO Y, UCHIDA K. Intraepithelial lymphocytes are associated with epithelial injury in feline intestinal T-cell lymphoma. J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:101-110. [PMID: 38072403 PMCID: PMC10849855 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Our previous study indicated that cytotoxicity of intraepithelial lymphocytes is a poor prognostic factor in feline intestinal T-cell lymphoma (FITL), but the effect of cytotoxic lymphocytes on mucosal epithelium is still unknown. Thus, we investigated the association between cytotoxic lymphocytes and mucosal epithelium in 71 cases of feline intestinal T-cell lymphoma (FITL): epithelial injury, basement membrane injury, cleaved-caspase-3 positivity of epithelial cells, and the number and Ki67 positivity of intraepithelial lymphocytes in granzyme B (GRB)+ and GRB- FITLs were evaluated. Epithelial injury score and the number of intraepithelial lymphocytes in granzyme B (GRB)+ FITL were significantly higher than those of GRB- FITL (P<0.05, P<0.05), but no significant differences were found in the basement membrane injury score, the percentage of cleaved-caspase-3+ epithelial cells, and the percentage of Ki67+ intraepithelial lymphocytes. There was a significant correlation between the epithelial injury score and the number of intraepithelial lymphocytes (P<0.05), but no significant correlation was observed between the epithelial injury score and Ki67+ percentage of intraepithelial lymphocytes. Because epithelial cell cleaved-caspase-3 positivity was observed in FITL, regardless of GRB expression in lymphocytes, GRB-mediated apoptosis may not contribute to epithelial injury in FITL. The association between increased number of intraepithelial lymphocytes and epithelial injury suggests that intraepithelial lymphocytes infiltration may contribute to epithelial injury in FITL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhito II
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - James K CHAMBERS
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ko NAKASHIMA
- Japan Small Animal Medical Center (JSAMC), Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuko GOTO-KOSHINO
- Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki UCHIDA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Simpson KW, Miller ML, Loftus JP, Rishniw M, Frederick CE, Wakshlag JJ. Randomized controlled trial of hydrolyzed fish diets in dogs with chronic enteropathy. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:2334-2343. [PMID: 37680008 PMCID: PMC10658534 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of diet in the pathogenesis and treatment of chronic enteropathies (CE) in dogs is unresolved. OBJECTIVES To compare the ability of diets composed of hydrolyzed fish, rice starch, and fish oil without (HF) or with prebiotics, turmeric, and high cobalamin (HF+) against a limited ingredient diet containing mixed nonhydrolyzed antigens and oils (control) to resolve clinical signs and maintain serum cobalamin and folate concentrations in dogs with nonprotein losing CE (non-PLE). To determine the ability of hydrolyzed fish diets to support recovery and remission in dogs with PLE. ANIMALS Thirty-one client-owned dogs with CE: 23 non-PLE, 8 PLE. METHODS Randomized, blinded, controlled trial. Diets were fed for 2 weeks; responders continued for 12 weeks. Nonresponders were crossed over to another diet for 12 weeks. Response was determined by standardized clinical evaluation with long-term follow-up at 26 weeks. Concurrent medications were allowed in PLE. RESULTS Nineteen of 23 (83%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 60%-94%) non-PLE CE responded clinically to their initial diet, with no difference between diets (P > .05). Four nonresponders responded to another diet, with sustained remission of 18/18 (100%; 95%CI, 78%-100%) at 26 weeks. Serum cobalamin concentration was increased (P < .05) and maintained by diet. Serum folate concentration decreased posttreatment (P < .05) but was restored by dietary supplementation. Hydrolyzed fish diets supported weight gain, serum albumin concentration, and recovery (P < .05) in dogs with PLE. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Changing diet, independent of antigen restriction or supplemental ingredients, induced long-term remission in dogs with non-PLE CE. Serum cobalamin and folate concentrations were maintained by diet. Hydrolyzed fish diets supported clinical recovery and remission in PLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W. Simpson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Meredith L. Miller
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - John P. Loftus
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Mark Rishniw
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Carol E. Frederick
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Joseph J. Wakshlag
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
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Liu M, Huang J, Ma S, Yu G, Liao A, Pan L, Hou Y. Allergenicity of wheat protein in diet: Mechanisms, modifications and challenges. Food Res Int 2023; 169:112913. [PMID: 37254349 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Wheat is widely available in people's daily diets. However, some people are currently experiencing IgE-mediated allergic reactions to wheat-based foods, which seriously impact their quality of life. Thus, it is imperative to provide comprehensive knowledge and effective methods to reduce the risk of wheat allergy (WA) in food. In the present review, recent advances in WA symptoms, the major allergens, detection methods, opportunities and challenges in establishing animal models of WA are summarized and discussed. Furthermore, an updated overview of the different modification methods that are currently being applied to wheat-based foods is provided. This study concludes that future approaches to food allergen detection will focus on combining multiple tools to rapidly and accurately quantify individual allergens in complex food matrices. Besides, biological modification has many advantages over physical or chemical modification methods in the development of hypoallergenic wheat products, such as enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. It is worth noting that using biotechnology to edit wheat allergen genes to produce allergen-free food may be a promising method in the future which could improve the safety of wheat foods and the health of allergy sufferers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Jihong Huang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, College of Agriculture, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China; School of Food and Pharmacy, Xuchang University, Xuchang 461000, PR China.
| | - Sen Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China.
| | - Guanghai Yu
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Aimei Liao
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Long Pan
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Yinchen Hou
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450044, PR China
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Sallese M, Efthymakis K, Marchioni M, Neri B, Dufrusine B, Dainese E, Di Nicola M, Neri M. Gene Expression Profiling in Coeliac Disease Confirmed the Key Role of the Immune System and Revealed a Molecular Overlap with Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097769. [PMID: 37175481 PMCID: PMC10178871 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Coeliac disease (CeD) is an immune-mediated disorder triggered by the ingestion of gluten and an as yet unidentified environmental factor in genetically predisposed individuals. The disease involves a major autoimmune component that primarily damages the intestinal mucosa; although, it also has systemic involvement. The Th1 inflammatory response is one of the main events leading to mucosal damage; although, enterocytes and the innate immune response also participate in the pathological mechanism. In this study, we performed an analysis of the gene expression profile of the intestinal mucosa of patients with active disease and compared it with that of patients who do not suffer from gluten-related disorders but report dyspeptic symptoms. This analysis identified 1781 differentially expressed (DE) genes, of which 872 were downregulated and 909 upregulated. Gene Ontology and pathway analysis indicated that the innate and adaptive immune response, in particular the Th1 pathway, are important pathogenetic mechanisms of CeD, while the key cytokines are IL27, IL21, IL2, IL1b, TNF, CSF2 and IL7, as well as type I (IFNA1, IFNA2) and type II (IFNG) interferons. Finally, the comparison between the DE genes identified in this study and those identified in our previous study in the intestinal mucosa of patients with non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) revealed a high degree of molecular overlap. About 30% of the genes dysregulated in NCGS, most of which are long non-coding RNAs, are also altered in CeD suggesting that these diseases may have a common root (dysregulated long non-coding RNAs) from which they develop towards an inflammatory phenotype of variable degree in the case of CeD and NCGS respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Sallese
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), 'G. d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Konstantinos Efthymakis
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), 'G. d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences, 'G. d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Michele Marchioni
- Laboratory of Biostatistics, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, 'G. d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Benedetto Neri
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University 'Tor Vergata' of Rome, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Beatrice Dufrusine
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), 'G. d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Enrico Dainese
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Marta Di Nicola
- Laboratory of Biostatistics, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, 'G. d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Matteo Neri
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), 'G. d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences, 'G. d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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Ivanova M, Bottiglieri L, Sajjadi E, Venetis K, Fusco N. Malignancies in Patients with Celiac Disease: Diagnostic Challenges and Molecular Advances. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14. [PMID: 36833303 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a multiorgan autoimmune disorder of the chronic intestinal disease group characterized by duodenal inflammation in genetically predisposed individuals, precipitated by gluten ingestion. The pathogenesis of celiac disease is now widely studied, overcoming the limits of the purely autoimmune concept and explaining its hereditability. The genomic profiling of this condition has led to the discovery of numerous genes involved in interleukin signaling and immune-related pathways. The spectrum of disease manifestations is not limited to the gastrointestinal tract, and a significant number of studies have considered the possible association between CD and neoplasms. Patients with CD are found to be at increased risk of developing malignancies, with a particular predisposition of certain types of intestinal cancer, lymphomas, and oropharyngeal cancers. This can be partially explained by common cancer hallmarks present in these patients. The study of gut microbiota, microRNAs, and DNA methylation is evolving to find the any possible missing links between CD and cancer incidence in these patients. However, the literature is extremely mixed and, therefore, our understanding of the biological interplay between CD and cancer remains limited, with significant implications in terms of clinical management and screening protocols. In this review article, we seek to provide a comprehensive overview of the genomics, epigenomics, and transcriptomics data on CD and its relation to the most frequent types of neoplasms that may occur in these patients.
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Defeudis G, Massari MC, Terrana G, Coppola L, Napoli N, Migliaccio S. Gluten-Free Diet and Metabolic Syndrome: Could Be a Not Benevolent Encounter? Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030627. [PMID: 36771334 PMCID: PMC9921299 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease is a rising disorder and is becoming frequently diagnosed in recent years. To date, the only available treatment is the gluten-free diet (GFD). The role of gluten on components of metabolic syndrome and on related inflammatory response is still unclear due to controversial results. In recent years, scientific focus on this topic has been growing up, in particular regarding the role of the GFD on glycometabolic parameters and diabetes. In addition, studies on the remaining components showed discordant results, which was likely due to heterogeneous and large celiac disease populations and to the lack of prospective studies. Furthermore, knowledge about the role of the GFD on inflammatory cytokines and the relationship among vitamin D and celiac disease, metabolic syndrome (MS) and GFD is needed. In this narrative review, we provided evidence regarding the role of the GFD on glycometabolic parameters, cholesterol, triglycerides, waist circumference, blood pressure and inflammatory cascade, also evaluating the role of vitamin D, trying to summarize whether this nutritional pattern may be a value-added for subjects with dysmetabolic conditions. Finally, due to the limited findings and very low-certainty evidence, predominantly based on observational studies, the real effects of a GFD on different components of MS, however, are unclear; nevertheless, an improvement in HDL levels has been reported, although data on glycemic levels are discordant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Defeudis
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University Foro Italico of Rome, 00135 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: or (G.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Maria Chiara Massari
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Terrana
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Coppola
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Napoli
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Migliaccio
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University Foro Italico of Rome, 00135 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: or (G.D.); (S.M.)
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Tomer R, Patiyal S, Dhall A, Raghava GPS. Prediction of celiac disease associated epitopes and motifs in a protein. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1056101. [PMID: 36742312 PMCID: PMC9893285 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1056101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune gastrointestinal disorder causes immune-mediated enteropathy against gluten. Gluten immunogenic peptides have the potential to trigger immune responses which leads to damage the small intestine. HLA-DQ2/DQ8 are major alleles that bind to epitope/antigenic region of gluten and induce celiac disease. There is a need to identify CD associated epitopes in protein-based foods and therapeutics. Methods In this study, computational tools have been developed to predict CD associated epitopes and motifs. Dataset used for training, testing and evaluation contain experimentally validated CD associated and non-CD associate peptides. We perform positional analysis to identify the most significant position of an amino acid residue in the peptide and checked the frequency of HLA alleles. We also compute amino acid composition to develop machine learning based models. We also developed ensemble method that combines motif-based approach and machine learning based models. Results and Discussion Our analysis support existing hypothesis that proline (P) and glutamine (Q) are highly abundant in CD associated peptides. A model based on density of P&Q in peptides has been developed for predicting CD associated peptides which achieve maximum AUROC 0.98 on independent data. We discovered motifs (e.g., QPF, QPQ, PYP) which occurs specifically in CD associated peptides. We also developed machine learning based models using peptide composition and achieved maximum AUROC 0.99. Finally, we developed ensemble method that combines motif-based approach and machine learning based models. The ensemble model-predict CD associated motifs with 100% accuracy on an independent dataset, not used for training. Finally, the best models and motifs has been integrated in a web server and standalone software package "CDpred". We hope this server anticipate the scientific community for the prediction, designing and scanning of CD associated peptides as well as CD associated motifs in a protein/peptide sequence (https://webs.iiitd.edu.in/raghava/cdpred/).
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Foster A, Bhattacharjee P, Tresoldi E, Pakusch M, Cameron FJ, Mannering SI. Glutamine deamidation does not increase the immunogenicity of C-peptide in people with type 1 diabetes. J Transl Autoimmun 2022; 6:100180. [PMID: 36619657 PMCID: PMC9811213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2022.100180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T-cell mediated autoimmune disease in which the insulin-producing beta cells are destroyed. While it is clear that full-length C-peptide, derived from proinsulin, is a major antigen in human T1D it is not clear how and why C-peptide becomes a target of the autoimmune CD4+ T-cell responses in T1D. Neoepitopes formed by the conversion of glutamine (Q) residues to glutamic acid (E) by deamidation are central to the immune pathogenesis of coeliac disease and have been implicated in autoimmune responses in T1D. Here, we asked if the immunogenicity of full-length C-peptide, which comprises four glutamine residues, was enhanced by deamidation, which we mimicked by substituting glutamic acid for glutamine residue. First, we used a panel of 18 well characterized CD4+ T-cell lines specific for epitopes derived from human C-peptide. In all cases, when the substitution fell within the cognate epitope the response was diminished, or in a few cases unchanged. In contrast, when the substitution fell outside the epitope recognized by the TCR responses were unchanged or slightly augmented. Second, we compared CD4+ T-cell proliferation responses, against deamidated and unmodified C-peptide, in the peripheral blood of people with or without T1D using the CFSE-based proliferation assay. While, as reported previously, responses were detected to unmodified C-peptide, no deamidated C-peptide was consistently more stimulatory than native C-peptide. Overall responses were weaker to deamidated C-peptide compared to unmodified C-peptide. Hence, we conclude that deamidated C-peptide does not play a role in beta-cell autoimmunity in people with T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby Foster
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes St, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia
| | - Pushpak Bhattacharjee
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes St, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia
| | - Eleonora Tresoldi
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes St, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia
| | - Miha Pakusch
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes St, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia
| | - Fergus J. Cameron
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart I. Mannering
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes St, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia,Corresponding author. St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes St, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Melbourne, Australia
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Nemteanu R, Ciortescu I, Hincu CE, Clim A, Gheorghe L, Trifan A, Plesa A. Replacing the Burden of the Gluten Free Diet: Then, Now, and the Future. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23. [PMID: 36499446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Without a doubt, a majority of diseases are food-pattern-related. However, one disease stands out as an increasingly more common autoimmune-mediated enteropathy triggered by the ingestion of gluten. Celiac disease (CD) is an old disease, with changing clinical patterns, affecting any age, including infancy and adolescence, and becoming more frequent among the elderly. The gluten-free diet (GFD) has been the sole provider of clinical, serological, and histological improvement for patients with CD for more than seven decades. Nowadays, complete avoidance of dietary gluten is rarely possible because of the wide availability of wheat and other processed foods that contain even more gluten, to the detriment of gluten-free products. Undeniably, there is a definite need for replacing the burdensome GFD. An add-on therapy that could control the dietary transgressions and inadvertent gluten consumption that can possibly lead to overt CD should be considered while on GFD. Nevertheless, future drugs should be able to provide patients some freedom to self-manage CD and increase food independence, while actively reducing exposure and mucosal damage and alleviating GI symptoms. Numerous clinical trials assessing different molecules have already been performed with favorable outcomes, and hopefully they will soon be available for patient use.
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Ailioaie LM, Ailioaie C, Litscher G, Chiran DA. Celiac Disease and Targeting the Molecular Mechanisms of Autoimmunity in COVID Pandemic. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147719. [PMID: 35887067 PMCID: PMC9322892 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) comprises over 1% of the world’s population and is a chronic multisystem immune-mediated condition manifested by digestive and/or extradigestive symptoms caused by food intake of gluten. This review looked at the risk of children diagnosed with CD developing SARS-CoV-2 infection and possible severe forms of COVID-19. A better understanding of the interaction and effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection in CD is very important, as is the role of environmental and genetic factors, but especially the molecular mechanisms involved in modulating intestinal permeability with impact on autoimmunity. CD inspired the testing of a zonulin antagonist for the fulminant form of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and paved the way for the discovery of new molecules to regulate the small intestine barrier function and immune responses. Original published works on COVID-19 and CD, new data and points of view have been analyzed because this dangerous virus SARS-CoV-2 is still here and yet influencing our lives. Medical science continues to focus on all uncertainties triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection and its consequences, including in CD. Although the COVID-19 pandemic seems to be gradually extinguishing, there is a wealth of information and knowledge gained over the last two years and important life lessons to analyze, as well as relevant conclusions to be drawn to deal with future pandemics. Zonulin is being studied extensively in immunoengineering as an adjuvant to improving the absorption of new drugs and oral vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marinela Ailioaie
- Department of Medical Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 11 Carol I Boulevard, 700506 Iasi, Romania; (L.M.A.); (C.A.)
| | - Constantin Ailioaie
- Department of Medical Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 11 Carol I Boulevard, 700506 Iasi, Romania; (L.M.A.); (C.A.)
| | - Gerhard Litscher
- Research Unit of Biomedical Engineering in Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Research Unit for Complementary and Integrative Laser Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Research Center Graz, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 39, 8036 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-316-385-83907
| | - Dragos Andrei Chiran
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences I, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii St., 700115 Iasi, Romania;
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Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) comprises over 1% of the world's population and is a chronic multisystem immune-mediated condition manifested by digestive and/or extradigestive symptoms caused by food intake of gluten. This review looked at the risk of children diagnosed with CD developing SARS-CoV-2 infection and possible severe forms of COVID-19. A better understanding of the interaction and effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection in CD is very important, as is the role of environmental and genetic factors, but especially the molecular mechanisms involved in modulating intestinal permeability with impact on autoimmunity. CD inspired the testing of a zonulin antagonist for the fulminant form of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and paved the way for the discovery of new molecules to regulate the small intestine barrier function and immune responses. Original published works on COVID-19 and CD, new data and points of view have been analyzed because this dangerous virus SARS-CoV-2 is still here and yet influencing our lives. Medical science continues to focus on all uncertainties triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection and its consequences, including in CD. Although the COVID-19 pandemic seems to be gradually extinguishing, there is a wealth of information and knowledge gained over the last two years and important life lessons to analyze, as well as relevant conclusions to be drawn to deal with future pandemics. Zonulin is being studied extensively in immunoengineering as an adjuvant to improving the absorption of new drugs and oral vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marinela Ailioaie
- Department of Medical Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 11 Carol I Boulevard, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Constantin Ailioaie
- Department of Medical Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 11 Carol I Boulevard, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Gerhard Litscher
- Research Unit of Biomedical Engineering in Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Research Unit for Complementary and Integrative Laser Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Research Center Graz, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 39, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Dragos Andrei Chiran
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences I, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii St., 700115 Iasi, Romania
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Abstract
Circulating immune cell compartments have been extensively studied for decades, but limited access to peripheral tissue and cell yield have hampered our understanding of tissue-based immunity, especially in γδ T cells. γδ T cells are a unique subset of T cells that are rare in secondary lymphoid organs, but enriched in many peripheral tissues including the skin, uterus, and other epithelial tissues. In addition to immune surveillance activities, recent reports have revealed exciting new roles for γδ T cells in homeostatic tissue physiology in mice and humans. It is therefore important to investigate to what extent the developmental rules described using mouse models transfer to human γδ T cells. Besides, it will be necessary to understand the differences in the development and biogenesis of human and mouse γδ T cells; to understand how γδ T cells are maintained in physiological and pathological circumstances within different tissues, as well as characterize the progenitors of different tissue-resident γδ T cells. Here, we summarize current knowledge of the γδ T phenotype in various tissues in mice and humans, describing the similarities and differences of tissue-resident γδ T cells in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyu Qu
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengli Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenlong Zhou
- Institute of Biomedicine and National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dawei Jiang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Aihua Liao
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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13
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Fernández-Mestre M, Padrón-Lowe D, Salazar-Alcalá E, Blanco-Pérez F. Role of HLA-DQB1 alleles in the risk, signs and symptoms, and severity of celiac disease in a Venezuelan population. Rev Gastroenterol Mex (Engl Ed) 2022:S2255-534X(22)00021-4. [PMID: 35523683 DOI: 10.1016/j.rgmxen.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS Celiac disease (CD) is a complex condition, whose main genetic determinant involves HLA molecules, specifically the HLA-DQ2 and/or HLA-DQ8 heterodimers. Nevertheless, the frequency of the alleles encoding those molecules has not been reported in Venezuelan celiac patients. Therefore, the aim of our study was to evaluate the frequency of the HLA-DQB1 alleles in individuals with symptoms suggestive of CD and define the diagnostic markers of the condition in a Venezuelan population. MATERIAL AND METHODS A cross-sectional study included 516 individuals with symptoms suggestive of CD. Molecular typing of the HLA-DQB1 locus was performed using a polymerase chain reaction-sequence-specific oligonucleotide procedure (PCR-SSO). RESULTS A total of 58.3% of the individuals with clinical manifestations consistent with CD presented with at least one risk allele (DQB1*0201 and/or DQB1*0302), and the diagnosis was confirmed in 40 of them. The patients with CD had a higher frequency of the DQB1*0201 risk allele (26.25%), followed by the DQB1*0302 (17.5%) allele. There was an association between the presence of risk alleles and the presence of lesions characteristic of CD (P = 0.001), and a correlation was found between the genetic predisposition to develop CD and the presence of anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies (P = 0.0127). CONCLUSIONS The results support the role of the DQB1*02 and DQB1*0302 alleles in CD susceptibility and the histologic alterations of the intestinal mucosa, in a Venezuelan population.
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Klonarakis M, Andrews CN, Raman M, Panaccione R, Ma C. Review article: therapeutic targets for the pharmacologic management of coeliac disease-the future beyond a gluten-free diet. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2022; 55:1277-1296. [PMID: 35229332 DOI: 10.1111/apt.16846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coeliac disease (CeD) is an immune-mediated small bowel enteropathy resulting from dietary gluten exposure. Presently, the only effective treatment is adoption of a gluten-free diet (GFD), although strict adherence is challenging to maintain, and inadvertent gluten exposures are inevitable for most patients. Hence, there is substantial interest in drug development in CeD and multiple novel therapies are under investigation. AIMS To review existing and upcoming clinical trial programmes for pharmacologic agents for CeD. METHODS A narrative review was performed, informed by a search of MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane CENTRAL Library and clinicaltrials.gov. RESULTS We summarise the pathophysiology of CeD and the specific steps that are potentially amenable to pharmacologic treatment. We evaluate the evidence supporting existing and future drug targets, including trials of peptidases, gluten sequestrants, tight junction regulators, anti-transglutaminase 2 therapies, immune tolerizing agents, advanced biologics and small molecules, and microbiome-targeted strategies. We highlight unique considerations for conducting CeD trials, including identifying appropriate study populations, assessing results in the context of a gluten challenge, and interpreting CeD-specific clinical and histologic outcomes. Understanding these factors is crucial for accurately appraising the evidence. Finally, we outline what the future of CeD therapy may hold with the introduction of pharmacotherapies. CONCLUSIONS There is a need for pharmacologic options for CeD, either used adjunctively with a GFD for accidental or intentional gluten exposures or for refractory disease. Multiple promising agents are in development, and these trials are likely to lead to approvals for the first generation of pharmacologic agents for CeD within the next 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher N Andrews
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maitreyi Raman
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta's Collaboration of Excellence for Nutrition in Digestive Diseases, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Remo Panaccione
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christopher Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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15
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Khalkhal E, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Asri N, Nobakht F, Jahani-Sherafat S, Haidari MH, Rostami-Nejad M. Introducing New Potential Biomarkers for Celiac Disease among the Genes Extracted from General Databases. Middle East J Dig Dis 2022; 14:192-199. [PMID: 36619141 PMCID: PMC9489306 DOI: 10.34172/mejdd.2022.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Inflammatory cytokines play roles in the pathogenesis of celiac disease. To introduce new diagnostic markers in patients with celiac disease for easy, fast, low cost, and non-invasive diagnosis, we evaluated the peripheral blood expression levels of interleukin-15 (IL-15), interleukin-17A (IL-17A), interleukin23A (IL-23A), granzyme B (GzmB), T-box transcription factor 21 (TBX21), and tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3) of patients compared with the healthy controls, which were extracted from public databases organized in a protein-protein interaction network, in this group. METHODS: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected from 30 patients with celiac disease and 30 healthy subjects. Total RNA was extracted, and mRNA expression levels of targeted genes were investigated by the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. SPSS software was used for statistical analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to characterize the diagnostic ability of the studied genes. RESULTS: The expression of IL-15, IL-17A, IL-23A, GzmB, TBX21, and TNFAIP3 genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with celiac disease showed a significant increase compared with the control group. Among them, TNFAIP3, IL23A, and GzmB have better resolution and diagnostic value in differentiating patients with celiac disease from healthy controls. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that TNFAIP3, IL23A, and GzmB could be useful and sensible markers in differentiating patients with celiac disease from healthy controls. However, the diagnostic relevance of other genes recognized by pathway analysis needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ensieh Khalkhal
- Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rezaei-Tavirani
- Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Asri
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nobakht
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisoning Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Jahani-Sherafat
- Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hosain Haidari
- Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rostami-Nejad
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding Author: Mohammad Rostami-Nejad, PhD Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Tel:+ 98 21 22432525 Fax:+ 98 21 22432517
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Cakir M, Guven B, Issi F, Ozkaya E. New-onset celiac disease in children during COVID-19 pandemic. Acta Paediatr 2022; 111:383-388. [PMID: 34738264 PMCID: PMC8652844 DOI: 10.1111/apa.16173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aim We aimed to analyse the influence of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the frequency and clinical presentation of celiac disease. Methods The study included the patients with celiac disease since January 2008. They were divided into 2 groups (diagnosed in pre‐pandemic [January 2008 and February 2020] [n = 148] and in pandemic period [March 2020 and June 2021] [n = 47]). Clinical and histological findings were compared between groups. Additionally, data about severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection were obtained in subgroup patients (n = 22) with celiac disease diagnosed during pandemic period. Results The number of patients per year (12.1–37.6) and the percentage of patients who were diagnosed with celiac disease/total endoscopy were increased during the pandemic period (2.2% vs. 10%, p < 0.00001). The association of celiac disease with type 1 diabetes mellitus was significantly high in pandemic period (4% vs. 17%, p = 0.002). Frequency of moderate‐severe mucosal lesions was low in pandemic period (42.4% vs. 81.7%, p = 0.0001). Clinical and laboratory markers for the past severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection were found in 36.3% of patients diagnosed during the pandemic period. Conclusion It seems that the frequency of celiac disease and its association with type 1 diabetes mellitus is increased during the COVID‐19 pandemic in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Cakir
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition Faculty of Medicine Karadeniz Technical University Trabzon Turkey
| | - Burcu Guven
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition Faculty of Medicine Karadeniz Technical University Trabzon Turkey
| | - Fatma Issi
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition Faculty of Medicine Karadeniz Technical University Trabzon Turkey
| | - Esra Ozkaya
- Department of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine Karadeniz Technical University Trabzon Turkey
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17
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Trovato CM, Oliva S, Pietropaoli N, Pignataro MG, Berni S, Tancredi A, Cucchiara S, Giordano C, Montuori M. A new double immunohistochemistry method to detect mucosal anti-transglutaminase IgA deposits in coeliac children. Dig Liver Dis 2022; 54:200-206. [PMID: 34844876 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal transglutaminase (TG2) IgA deposits represent early marker of coeliac disease (CeD) and can predict the evolution towards intestinal atrophy. AIMS To validate a double immunohistochemistry method for the determination of intestinal TG2 IgA deposits on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded biopsies. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was tested on: 1) children with overt CeD [persistently positive serum IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase type 2 (TGA-IgA) with moderate or low titer, and histological findings of CeD]; 2) potential CeD (persistently positive serum TGA-IgA and normal intestinal mucosa) and 3) controls (negative serum TGA-IgA and normal intestinal mucosa). RESULTS Samples from 61 children were analyzed (32 overt CeD, 14 potential CeD, and 15 controls). Deposits appeared as focal, multifocal, or confluent extracellular foci of red and brown staining colocalization in the sub-epithelium and around mucosal vessels. Deposits were present in all 32 children with overt CeD and in 9/14 potential CeD. Deposits were never observed in the 15 controls. Patients with higher serum level of TGA-IgA and with mucosal atrophy showed mostly a multifocal/diffuse pattern of deposits distribution. The bulb appeared most severely involved. In potential CeD deposits showed mainly a focal distribution. CONCLUSION Our results indicate double immunohistochemistry as promising diagnostic tool to improve diagnosis of CeD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Maria Trovato
- Maternal and Child Health Department, Sapienza - University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Hepatology Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, "Bambino Gesù" Children Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Oliva
- Maternal and Child Health Department, Sapienza - University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Maria Gemma Pignataro
- Department of Radiology, Oncology and Pathology, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Berni
- Department of Radiology, Oncology and Pathology, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Tancredi
- Department of Methods and Models for Economy, Territory and Finance, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cucchiara
- Maternal and Child Health Department, Sapienza - University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Giordano
- Department of Radiology, Oncology and Pathology, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Monica Montuori
- Maternal and Child Health Department, Sapienza - University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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Kirmizi A, Salman FG, Savas B, Kalkan C, Soykan I, Ensari A. Histopathology of non-coeliac gluten sensitivity. Virchows Arch 2022; 480:315-322. [PMID: 35018514 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-021-03257-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis of non-coeliac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) remains still problematic due to the subjectiveness and lack of a specific biomarker. We aimed to compare NCGS duodenal mucosae with healthy individuals and Marsh type 1 coeliac disease (CD), to determine whether NCGS has characteristic histological features. A total of 44 healthy controls, 42 NCGS, and 44 type 1 CD patients were selected according to clinical, serological, and laboratory data. Duodenal biopsies were evaluated on H&E, CD, and CD117 for villus/crypt ratio, IEL counts/100 enterocytes, uneven distribution pattern with clusters of IELs in the villous epithelium, linear distribution of T lymphocytes in the basal lamina propria, and eosinophils and mast cells in the lamina propria. IEL counts were within normal range in controls (13 ± 7.65), normal or mildly increased in NCGS (24.7 ± 10.46), and increased in CD (58.79 ± 14.97) on CD3. The presence of uneven distribution pattern of IELs in the villous epithelium was significantly higher in NCGS (90.5%), in contrast to controls (27.3%) and CD (34.1%). The presence of linear distribution of T lymphocytes in the basal lamina propria (68.2%, 76.2%, 78.1%), eosinophil counts (6.85 ± 3.42, 6.21 ± 2.8, 7.62 ± 3.89), and mast cell counts (25.1 ± 5.1, 26 ± 2.9, 30.3 ± 4.4) was similar in controls, NCGS, and CD, respectively. In conclusion, duodenal mucosae in NCGS are characterized by preserved villous architecture, normal or mildly increased IELs with clusters, and eosinophils and mast cells within normal limits. We believe uneven distribution of IELs with clusters in the villous epithelium can be used as a supportive histopathological tool for NCGS in the right clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayca Kirmizi
- Department of Pathology, Ankara University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Fadime Gul Salman
- Department of Pathology, Ankara University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Berna Savas
- Department of Pathology, Ankara University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cagdas Kalkan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ankara University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Irfan Soykan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ankara University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Arzu Ensari
- Department of Pathology, Ankara University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
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Abstract
Gamma delta (γδ) T cells are a subset of T lymphocytes that express T cell receptor γ and 5 chains and display structural and functional heterogeneity. γδ T cells are typically of low abundance in the body and account for 1-5% of the blood lymphocytes and peripheral lymphoid tissues. As a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity, γδ T cells are uniquely poised to rapidly respond to stimulation and can regulate immune responses in peripheral tissues. The dendritic epidermal T cells in the skin epidermis can secrete growth factors to regulate skin homeostasis and re-epithelization and release inflammatory factors to mediate wound healing during skin inflammatory responses. Dermal γδ T cells can regulate the inflammatory process by producing interleukin-17 and other cytokines or chemokines. Here, we offer a review of the immune functions of γδ T cells, intending to understand their role in regulating skin barrier integrity and skin wound healing, which may be crucial for the development of novel therapeutics in skin diseases like atopic dermatitis and psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Indiana University School Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Abigail Pajulas
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Indiana University School Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Mark H Kaplan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Indiana University School Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
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20
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Rajabi F, Jabalameli N, Rezaei N. The Concept of Immunogenetics. The Immunogenetics of Dermatologic Diseases 2022; 1367:1-17. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-92616-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Poddighe D, Capittini C, Birková A. The Role of HLA in the Association between IgA Deficiency and Celiac Disease. Disease Markers 2021; 2021:1-8. [PMID: 35186163 PMCID: PMC8856801 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8632861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Selective IgA deficiency (SIgAD) is the most frequent primary immune defect. Since SIgAD is not characterized by relevant infectious issues in most cases, it is often diagnosed during the diagnostic work up of several and different autoimmune disorders, which are associated with this primary immune defect. The genetic background of SIgAD is complex and three HLA haplotypes resulted to be more frequently associated with it; in detail, two of them include HLA-DQB1∗02 allelic variants, which are essential predisposing factors to develop Celiac Disease (CD). Here, we discuss the evidence regarding the role of HLA in the etiopathogenesis of SIgAD and its association with CD. Actually, the HLA region seems to play a modest role in the genetic predisposition to SIgAD and we may speculate that the association with the HLA-DQB1∗02 alleles (or haplotypes including them) could derive from its link with CD. Indeed, SIgAD and some related immunological alterations are likely to predispose to several autoimmune diseases (with and despite different HLA backgrounds), including CD, which is relatively common and directly associated with the HLA-DQB1∗02 allelic variants coding the DQ2 heterodimer. Further and specific studies are needed to make final conclusions in this regard.
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Anderson RP. Emergence of an adaptive immune paradigm to explain celiac disease: a perspective on new evidence and implications for future interventions and diagnosis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2021; 18:75-91. [PMID: 34767744 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2021.2006636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent patient studies have shown that gluten-free diet is less effective in treating celiac disease than previously believed, and additionally patients remain vulnerable to gluten-induced acute symptoms and systemic cytokine release. Safe and effective pharmacological adjuncts to gluten-free diet are in preclinical and clinical development. Clear understanding of the pathogenesis of celiac disease is critical for drug target identification, establishing efficacy endpoints and to develop non-invasive biomarkers suitable to monitor and potentially diagnose celiac disease. AREAS COVERED The role and clinical effects of CD4+ T cells directed against deamidated gluten in the context of an "adaptive immune paradigm" are reviewed. Alternative hypotheses of gluten toxicity are discussed and contrasted. In the context of recent patient studies, implications of the adaptive immune paradigm for future strategies to prevent, diagnose, and treat celiac disease are outlined. EXPERT OPINION Effective therapeutics for celiac disease are likely to be approved and necessitate a variety of new clinical instruments and tests to stratify patient need, monitor remission, and confirm diagnosis in uncertain cases. Sensitive assessments of CD4+ T cells specific for deamidated gluten are likely to play a central role in clinical management, and to facilitate research and pharmaceutical development.
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Aljada B, Zohni A, El-Matary W. The Gluten-Free Diet for Celiac Disease and Beyond. Nutrients 2021; 13:3993. [PMID: 34836247 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The gluten-free diet (GFD) has gained popularity beyond its main medical indication as the treatment for gluten-induced immune-mediated disorders such as celiac disease (CD), dermatitis herpetiformis, gluten ataxia, wheat allergy, and non-celiac gluten sensitivity. However, the diet carries some disadvantages such as elevated costs, nutritional deficiencies, and social and psychological barriers. The present work aims to review indications, proven benefits, and adverse events of a gluten-free diet. Close follow-up with patients following the diet is recommended. More data is needed to assess the effectiveness of the diet in managing mental and cognitive disorders and to establish a connection between the brain and gluten.
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Landolfi V, D'Auria G, Nicolai MA, Nitride C, Blandino M, Ferranti P. The effect of nitrogen fertilization on the expression of protein in wheat and tritordeum varieties using a proteomic approach. Food Res Int 2021; 148:110617. [PMID: 34507761 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Wheat, an essential ingredient for several bakery preparations, is also responsible for gluten-related diseases in sensitive subjects. The effect of the N fertilization rate (80 vs 160 kg N ha-1) on gluten protein expression profile has been evaluated considering two soft wheats (landrace and modern) and one tritordeum cultivar (cv), grown in the same experimental field in North Italy. The proteins of refined flour were characterized through advanced proteomic approaches, including chromatography (RP-HPLC) and electrophoresis. A static model system was used to simulate in vitro digestion and the digestome peptides were examined by mass spectrometry and in silico approaches, to investigate the celiac and allergenic sequences. The CD-toxic epitopes in the digested samples were quantified by means of a R5 ELISA assay. The N fertilization rate increased the grain protein content, but it did not lead to any difference in gluten composition, with exception of glu/glia ratio in the modern wheat cv. Moreover, the gluten composition and the occurrence of toxic/allergenic epitopes varied to a great extent, according mostly to the genotype. A lower immunoreactivity, determined using R5 ELISA, was detected for the digested tritordeum flours than for the landrace (-51%) or modern (-58%) cvs, while no significant difference was observed for the N rates between each genotype. In silico analysis showed that tritordeum has fewer CD epitopes belonging to the ω-gliadins and a lower LMW-GS than the landrace or modern cv. Tritordeum presented fewer α-gliadin allergenic epitopes than the modern wheat cv. The lower frequency of celiac epitopes in tritordeum, compared to the old and the modern wheat, is probably due to the absence of a D genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Landolfi
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, TO 10095, Italy
| | - Giovanni D'Auria
- Università di Napoli Federico II, Dipartimento di Agraria, Parco Gussone, Portici, NA 80055, Italy
| | - Maria Adalgisa Nicolai
- Università di Napoli Federico II, Dipartimento di Agraria, Parco Gussone, Portici, NA 80055, Italy
| | - Chiara Nitride
- Università di Napoli Federico II, Dipartimento di Agraria, Parco Gussone, Portici, NA 80055, Italy
| | - Massimo Blandino
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, TO 10095, Italy.
| | - Pasquale Ferranti
- Università di Napoli Federico II, Dipartimento di Agraria, Parco Gussone, Portici, NA 80055, Italy
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Fernández-Bañares F, Farrais S, Planella M, Melero J, López-Palacios N, Vivas S, Fernández-Salazar L, Lanzarote AP, Ruiz-Ramírez P, Aguilar-Criado M, Vidal J, Esquerda A, Serrano C, Núñez C. Coeliac Disease in Elderly Patients: Value of Coeliac Lymphogram for Diagnosis. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13092984. [PMID: 34578861 PMCID: PMC8467369 DOI: 10.3390/nu13092984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Although a meta-analysis reported that the sensitivity of CD3+ TCRγδ+ cells for coeliac disease diagnosis was >93%, a recent study has suggested that sensitivity decreased to 65% in elderly patients. (2) Aim: To evaluate whether the sensitivity of intraepithelial lymphocyte cytometric patterns for coeliac disease diagnosis changes with advanced age. (3) Methods: We performed a multicentre study including 127 coeliac disease patients ≥ 50 years: 87 with baseline cytometry (45 aged 50–59 years; 23 aged 60–69 years; 19 aged ≥ 70 years), 16 also with a follow-up cytometry (on a gluten-free diet); and 40 with only follow-up cytometry. (4) Results: In Marsh 3 patients, a sensitivity of 94.7%, 88.9% and 86.7% was observed for each age group using a cut-off value of TCRγδ+ >10% (p = 0.27); and a sensitivity of 84.2%, 83.4% and 53.3% for a cut-off value >14% (p = 0.02; 50–69 vs. ≥70 years), with difference between applying a cut-off of 10% or 14% (p = 0.008). The TCRγδ+ count in the ≥70 years group was lower than in the other groups (p = 0.014). (5) Conclusion: In coeliac patients ≥ 70 years, the TCRγδ+ count decreases and the cut-off point of >10% is more accurate than >14%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Fernández-Bañares
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Mutua Terrassa, 08221 Terrassa, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Sergio Farrais
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.F.); (A.P.L.)
| | - Montserrat Planella
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, 25198 Lleida, Spain;
| | - Josefa Melero
- Department Immunology and Genetics, Hospital Universitario de Badajoz, 06080 Badajoz, Spain; (J.M.); (M.A.-C.)
| | - Natalia López-Palacios
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Santiago Vivas
- Department of Gastroenterology, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, 24071 León, Spain;
| | - Luis Fernández-Salazar
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Gerencia Regional de Salud (SACYL), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid, 47002 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - Ana Pilar Lanzarote
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.F.); (A.P.L.)
| | - Pablo Ruiz-Ramírez
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Mutua Terrassa, 08221 Terrassa, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Aguilar-Criado
- Department Immunology and Genetics, Hospital Universitario de Badajoz, 06080 Badajoz, Spain; (J.M.); (M.A.-C.)
| | - Judith Vidal
- Department of Flow Cytometry, CATLAB, 08232 Viladecavalls, Spain;
| | - Aureli Esquerda
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, 25198 Lleida, Spain;
| | - Cristina Serrano
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Concepción Núñez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Genética de Enfermedades Complejas, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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Hakim SA, Abd El-Kareem D. Evaluation of crypt apoptotic bodies and apoptotic indices in pediatric celiac disease by routine staining and H2AX immunostaining. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2021; 35:20587384211026791. [PMID: 34137295 PMCID: PMC8216351 DOI: 10.1177/20587384211026791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated disorder with premature apoptosis occurring along the entire crypt-villous axis. H2AX is the end product of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. This is the first study to assess apoptotic body counts (ABC) by H&E and apoptotic indices (AI) by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in pediatric CD. The aim of the current study was to evaluate ABC in pediatric patients with CD prior to and following institution of a gluten free diet (GFD). Sixty-three pediatric endoscopic duodenal samples were assessed and divided into three groups. A total of 21 samples from treatment naïve CD patients, 21 from the same patients after instituting a GFD, and 21 from non-celiac patients as a control group. Histopathological evaluation of ABC by H&E, and immunohistochemistry assessment of apoptotic indices (AI) by H2AX antibody were performed. The mean maximum ABC and AI were significantly higher in treatment naïve CD than in GFD and control samples. These values were also significantly higher in treatment naïve Marsh 3C (flat) than in Marsh 1, 2, 3A, and 3B (non-flat) CD cases. GFD samples with persistent flat lesions had significantly higher ABC and AI than GFD non-flat cases. ROC analysis of the mean maximum ABC and AI of treatment naïve CD cases had a statistically significant predictive potential for persistent villous atrophy at a cut-off level ⩾6.61 (P = 0.008) and ⩾105.4 (P = 0.003), respectively. Histopathological evaluation of crypt apoptotic bodies could provide predictive potential for continued villous atrophy following GFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Adel Hakim
- Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- Sarah Adel Hakim, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbasseya Square, 11561 Cairo, Egypt.
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Lerner A, Sobolevskaia P, Churilov L, Shoenfeld Y. Alpha-enolase involvement in intestinal and extraintestinal manifestations of celiac disease. J Transl Autoimmun 2021; 4:100109. [PMID: 34189450 PMCID: PMC8219987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2021.100109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease is a life-long intestinal autoimmune disease, characterized by the gluten intolerance and chronic enteric inflammation. Traditionally presented by intestinal manifestations, however, a shift toward extra intestinal presentation is taking place. One of the affected organs is the nervous systems presented by neuropsychiatric manifestations, hence the mechanism and pathways are not clear. The presence of neuronal and alpha-enolases and their corresponding antibodies were noticed in the mucosa and serum of celiac disease patients, as well as in other various autoimmune diseases with psycho-neurological manifestations. The aims of the present review are to screen the literature on different isoforms of enolase, mainly alpha enolase, and their specific antibodies and to suggest their potential pathophysiological mechanisms relaying the enolases to intestinal or extraintestinal celiac disease manifestations. The shared aspects between the enolases and celiac disease and the cross-talks between alpha-enolase and tissue transglutaminase suggest new potential pathophysiological mechanisms that might drive celiac disease evolvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Lerner
- Chaim Sheba Medical Center, The Zabludowicz Research Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | | | | | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Chaim Sheba Medical Center, The Zabludowicz Research Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Visiting Professor), Moscow, Russia.,Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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Mahapatro M, Erkert L, Becker C. Cytokine-Mediated Crosstalk between Immune Cells and Epithelial Cells in the Gut. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010111. [PMID: 33435303 PMCID: PMC7827439 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are small proteins that are secreted by a vast majority of cell types in the gut. They not only establish cell-to-cell interactions and facilitate cellular signaling, but also regulate both innate and adaptive immune responses, thereby playing a central role in genetic, inflammatory, and infectious diseases of the gut. Both, immune cells and gut epithelial cells, play important roles in intestinal disease development. The epithelium is located in between the mucosal immune system and the gut microbiome. It not only establishes an efficient barrier against gut microbes, but it also signals information from the gut lumen and its composition to the immune cell compartment. Communication across the epithelial cell layer also occurs in the other direction. Intestinal epithelial cells respond to immune cell cytokines and their response influences and shapes the microbial community within the gut lumen. Thus, the epithelium should be seen as a translator or a moderator between the microbiota and the mucosal immune system. Proper communication across the epithelium seems to be a key to gut homeostasis. Indeed, current genome-wide association studies for intestinal disorders have identified several disease susceptibility loci, which map cytokine signatures and their related signaling genes. A thorough understanding of this tightly regulated cytokine signaling network is crucial. The main objective of this review was to shed light on how cytokines can orchestrate epithelial functions such as proliferation, cell death, permeability, microbe interaction, and barrier maintenance, thereby safeguarding host health. In addition, cytokine-mediated therapy for inflammation and cancer are discussed.
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