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Zhao Y, Wang H, Jin L, Zhang Z, Liu L, Zhou M, Zhang X, Zhang L. Targeting fusion proteins of the interleukin family: A promising new strategy for the treatment of autoinflammatory diseases. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 192:106647. [PMID: 37984595 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
As a means of communication between immune cells and non-immune cells, Interleukins (ILs) has the main functions of stimulating the proliferation and activation of inflammatory immune cells such as dendritic cells and lymphocytes, promote the development of blood cells and so on. However, dysregulation of ILs expression is a major feature of autoinflammatory diseases. The drugs targeting ILs or IL-like biologics have played an important role in the clinical treatment of autoinflammatory diseases. Nevertheless, the widespread use of IL products may result in significant off-target adverse reactions. Thus, there is a clear need to develop next-generation ILs products in the biomedical field. Fusion proteins are proteins created through the joining of two or more genes that originally coded for separate proteins. Over the last 30 years, there has been increasing interest in the use of fusion protein technology for developing anti-inflammatory drugs. In comparison to single-target drugs, fusion proteins, as multiple targets drugs, have the ability to enhance the cytokine therapeutic index, resulting in improved efficacy over classical drugs. The strategy of preparing ILs or their receptors as fusion proteins is increasingly used in the treatment of autoimmune and chronic inflammation. This review focuses on the efficacy of several fusion protein drugs developed with ILs or their receptors in the treatment of autoinflammatory diseases, in order to illustrate the prospects of this new technology as an anti-inflammatory drug development protocol in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Zhao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drugs Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Han Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drugs Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Lin Jin
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drugs Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drugs Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Lianghu Liu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drugs Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Mengqi Zhou
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drugs Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Xianzheng Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drugs Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drugs Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.
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Heebkaew N, Promjantuek W, Chaicharoenaudomrung N, Phonchai R, Kunhorm P, Soraksa N, Noisa P. Encapsulation of HaCaT Secretome for Enhanced Wound Healing Capacity on Human Dermal Fibroblasts. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:44-55. [PMID: 37016178 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00732-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
In the epidermal and dermal layers of the skin, diverse cell types are reconstituted during the wound healing process. Delays or failures in wound healing are a major issue in skin therapy because they prevent the normal structure and function of wounded tissue from being restored, resulting in ulceration or other skin abnormalities. Human immortalized keratinocytes (HaCAT) cells are a spontaneously immortalized human keratinocyte cell line capable of secreting many bioactive chemicals (a secretome) that stimulate skin cell proliferation, rejuvenation, and regeneration. In this study, the HaCaT secretome was encapsulated with polyesters such as poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and cassava starch in an effort to maximize its potential. According to the estimated mechanism of the HaCaT secretome, all treatments were conducted on immortalized dermal fibroblast cell lines, a model of wound healing. Encapsulation of HaCaT secretome and cassava starch enhanced the effectiveness of cell proliferation, migration, and anti-aging. On the other hand, the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were lowered, activating antioxidants in immortalized dermal fibroblast cells. The HaCaT secretome induced in a dose-dependent manner the expression of antioxidant-associated genes, including SOD, CAT, and GPX. Six cytokines, including CCL2 and MCP-1, influenced immunoregulatory and inflammatory processes in cultured HaCAT cells. HaCaT secretome encapsulated in cassava starch can reduce ROS buildup by boosting antioxidant to stimulate wound healing. Hence, the HaCaT secretome may have a new chance in the cosmetics business to develop components for wound prevention and healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nudjanad Heebkaew
- Laboratory of Cell-Based Assays and Innovations, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Wilasinee Promjantuek
- Laboratory of Cell-Based Assays and Innovations, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Nipha Chaicharoenaudomrung
- Laboratory of Cell-Based Assays and Innovations, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Ruchee Phonchai
- Laboratory of Cell-Based Assays and Innovations, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Phongsakorn Kunhorm
- Laboratory of Cell-Based Assays and Innovations, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Natchadaporn Soraksa
- Laboratory of Cell-Based Assays and Innovations, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Parinya Noisa
- Laboratory of Cell-Based Assays and Innovations, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand.
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van der Zon AAM, Verduin J, van den Hurk RS, Gargano AFG, Pirok BWJ. Sample transformation in online separations: how chemical conversion advances analytical technology. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 60:36-50. [PMID: 38053451 PMCID: PMC10729587 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03599a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
While the advent of modern analytical technology has allowed scientists to determine the complexity of mixtures, it also spurred the demand to understand these sophisticated mixtures better. Chemical transformation can be used to provide insights into properties of complex samples such as degradation pathways or molecular heterogeneity that are otherwise unaccessible. In this article, we explore how sample transformation is exploited across different application fields to empower analytical methods. Transformation mechanisms include molecular-weight reduction, controlled degradation, and derivatization. Both offline and online transformation methods have been explored. The covered studies show that sample transformation facilitates faster reactions (e.g. several hours to minutes), reduces sample complexity, unlocks new sample dimensions (e.g. functional groups), provides correlations between multiple sample dimensions, and improves detectability. The article highlights the state-of-the-art and future prospects, focusing in particular on the characterization of protein and nucleic-acid therapeutics, nanoparticles, synthetic polymers, and small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika A M van der Zon
- University of Amsterdam, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Centre of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joshka Verduin
- Centre of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rick S van den Hurk
- University of Amsterdam, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Centre of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea F G Gargano
- University of Amsterdam, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Centre of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- University of Amsterdam, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Centre of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Corpstein CD, Li T. A Perspective on Model-Informed IVIVC for Development of Subcutaneous Injectables. Pharm Res 2023; 40:1633-1639. [PMID: 37523013 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03572-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Subcutaneously administered drugs are growing in popularity for both large and small molecule drugs. However, development of these systems - particularly generics - is slowed due to a lack of formal guidance regarding preclinical testing and in vitro - in vivo correlations (IVIVC). Many of these methods, while appropriate for oral drugs, may not be optimized for the complex injection site physiologies, and release rate and absorption mechanisms of subcutaneous drugs. Current limitations for formulation design and IVIVC can be supported by implementing mechanistic, computational methods. These methods can help to inform drug development by identifying key drug and formulation attributes, and their effects on drug release rates. This perspective, therefore, addresses current guidelines in place for oral IVIVC development, how they may differ for subcutaneously administered compounds, and how modeling and simulation can be implemented to inform design of these products. As such, integration of modeling and simulation with current IVIVC systems can help in driving the development of subcutaneous injectables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clairissa D Corpstein
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Tonglei Li
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
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Reger LN, Saballus M, Kappes A, Kampmann M, Wijffels RH, Martens DE, Niemann J. A novel hybrid bioprocess strategy addressing key challenges of advanced biomanufacturing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1211410. [PMID: 37456731 PMCID: PMC10349264 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1211410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are commonly manufactured by either discontinuous operations like fed-batch (FB) or continuous processes such as steady-state perfusion. Both process types comprise opposing advantages and disadvantages in areas such as plant utilization, feasible cell densities, media consumption and process monitoring effort. In this study, we show feasibility of a promising novel hybrid process strategy that combines beneficial attributes of both process formats. In detail, our strategy comprises a short duration FB, followed by a fast media exchange and cell density readjustment, marking the start of the next FB cycle. Utilizing a small-scale screening tool, we were able to identify beneficial process parameters, including FB interval duration and reinoculation cell density, that allow for multiple cycles of the outlined process in a reproducible manner. In addition, we could demonstrate scalability of the process to a 5L benchtop system, using a fluidized-bed centrifuge as scalable media exchange system. The novel process showed increased productivity (+217%) as well as longer cultivation duration, in comparison to a standard FB with a significantly lower media consumption per produced product (-50%) and a decreased need for process monitoring, in comparison to a perfusion cultivation. Further, the process revealed constant glycosylation pattern in comparison to the perfusion cultivation and has strong potential for further scale-up, due to the use of fully scalable cultivation and media exchange platforms. In summary, we have developed a novel hybrid process strategy that tackles the key challenges of current biomanufacturing of either low productivity or high media consumption, representing a new and innovative approach for future process intensification efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Nik Reger
- Corporate Research, Sartorius, Göttingen, Germany
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Rene H. Wijffels
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Dirk E. Martens
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Siddiqui AA, Peter S, Ngoh EZX, Wang CI, Ng S, Dangerfield JA, Gunzburg WH, Dröge P, Makhija H. A versatile genomic transgenesis platform with enhanced λ integrase for human Expi293F cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1198465. [PMID: 37425360 PMCID: PMC10325659 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1198465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Reliable cell-based platforms to test and/or produce biologics in a sustainable manner are important for the biotech industry. Utilizing enhanced λ integrase, a sequence-specific DNA recombinase, we developed a novel transgenesis platform involving a fully characterized single genomic locus as an artificial landing pad for transgene insertion in human Expi293F cells. Importantly, transgene instability and variation in expression were not observed in the absence of selection pressure, thus enabling reliable long-term biotherapeutics testing or production. The artificial landing pad for λ integrase can be targeted with multi-transgene constructs and offers future modularity involving additional genome manipulation tools to generate sequential or nearly seamless insertions. We demonstrated broad utility with expression constructs for anti PD-1 monoclonal antibodies and showed that the orientation of heavy and light chain transcription units profoundly affected antibody expression levels. In addition, we demonstrated encapsulation of our PD-1 platform cells into bio-compatible mini-bioreactors and the continued secretion of antibodies, thus providing a basis for future cell-based applications for more effective and affordable therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Azhar Siddiqui
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sabrina Peter
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eve Zi Xian Ngoh
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cheng-I. Wang
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shirelle Ng
- Austrianova Singapore Pte. Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Walter H. Gunzburg
- Austrianova Singapore Pte. Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Dröge
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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Jain R, Subramanian J, Rathore AS. A review of therapeutic failures in late-stage clinical trials. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2023; 24:389-399. [PMID: 36542800 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2022.2161366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The process of drug approval involves extensive and expensive preclinical and clinical examination. Most drugs entering late-stage clinical trials get terminated for a variety of reasons including inability to achieve the primary endpoints or intolerable adverse effects. Only one-tenth of the drugs that enter clinical trials progress to Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulatory submission. AREAS COVERED This review offers insight into some of the attributes that may be responsible for a drug's failure in late-stage trials. Information from multiple open sources including PubMed articles published between 1989 and 2019, recent articles from authentic websites like www.ClinicalTrials.gov, www.fda.gov, and pharmaceutical news articles for the years between 2017 and 2021 were accumulated and summarized. Further, a few drug candidates that reached the phase III clinical trials but were discontinued at later stages have been presented as case studies. EXPERT OPINION Ineluctable failures were observed due to insufficient knowledge about the mechanism of action where the disease progression stages are unclear. Other reasons were choice of patient population, late-stage treatment, and dosage. Adhering to the guidelines and recommendations provided by the regulatory authorities and learning from past failures, considerably reduce failure rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Jain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, 110016, New Delhi, India
| | - Janakiraman Subramanian
- Division of Oncology, Saint Luke's Cancer Institute/University of Missouri, 64111, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, 110016, New Delhi, India
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Ouadhi S, López DMV, Mohideen FI, Kwan DH. Engineering the enzyme toolbox to tailor glycosylation in small molecule natural products and protein biologics. Protein Eng Des Sel 2023; 36:gzac010. [PMID: 36444941 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzac010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Many glycosylated small molecule natural products and glycoprotein biologics are important in a broad range of therapeutic and industrial applications. The sugar moieties that decorate these compounds often show a profound impact on their biological functions, thus biocatalytic methods for controlling their glycosylation are valuable. Enzymes from nature are useful tools to tailor bioproduct glycosylation but these sometimes have limitations in their catalytic efficiency, substrate specificity, regiospecificity, stereospecificity, or stability. Enzyme engineering strategies such as directed evolution or semi-rational and rational design have addressed some of the challenges presented by these limitations. In this review, we highlight some of the recent research on engineering enzymes to tailor the glycosylation of small molecule natural products (including alkaloids, terpenoids, polyketides, and peptides), as well as the glycosylation of protein biologics (including hormones, enzyme-replacement therapies, enzyme inhibitors, vaccines, and antibodies).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ouadhi
- Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H4B 2A6, Canada
- PROTEO, Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Structure, and Engineering, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Dulce María Valdez López
- Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H4B 2A6, Canada
- PROTEO, Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Structure, and Engineering, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - F Ifthiha Mohideen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - David H Kwan
- Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H4B 2A6, Canada
- PROTEO, Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Structure, and Engineering, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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Li M, Mei S, Yang Y, Shen Y, Chen L. Strategies to mitigate the on- and off-target toxicities of recombinant immunotoxins: an antibody engineering perspective. Antib Ther 2022; 5:164-176. [PMID: 35928456 PMCID: PMC9344849 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbac014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Targeted cancer therapies using immunotoxins has achieved remarkable efficacies in hematological malignancies. However, the clinical development of immunotoxins is also faced with many challenges like anti-drug antibodies and dose-limiting toxicity issues. Such a poor efficacy/safety ratio is also the major hurdle in the research and development of antibody-drug conjugates. From an antibody engineering perspective, various strategies were summarized/proposed to tackle the notorious on target off tumor toxicity issues, including passive strategy (XTENylation of immunotoxins) and active strategies (modulating the affinity and valency of the targeting moiety of immunotoxins, conditionally activating immunotoxins in the tumor microenvironments and reconstituting split toxin to reduce systemic toxicity etc.). By modulating the functional characteristics of the targeting moiety and the toxic moiety of immunotoxins, selective tumor targeting can be augmented while sparing the healthy cells in normal tissues expressing the same target of interest. If successful, the improved therapeutic index will likely help to address the dose-limiting toxicities commonly observed in the clinical trials of various immunotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Li
- Department of Postgraduate , Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, P.R. China
- Joint Graduate School , Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute, Nantong, P.R. China
- Joint Graduate School , Yangtze Delta Pharmaceutical College, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Sen Mei
- Biotherapeutics , Biocytogen Jiangsu Co. Ltd, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Yi Yang
- Joint Graduate School , Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute, Nantong, P.R. China
- Joint Graduate School , Yangtze Delta Pharmaceutical College, Nantong, P.R. China
- Institute of Innovative Medicine , Biocytogen Pharmaceuticals (Beijing) Co, Ltd, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yuelei Shen
- Joint Graduate School , Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute, Nantong, P.R. China
- Joint Graduate School , Yangtze Delta Pharmaceutical College, Nantong, P.R. China
- Biotherapeutics , Biocytogen Pharmaceuticals (Beijing) Co, Ltd, Beijing, P.R. China
- Institute of Innovative Medicine , Biocytogen Pharmaceuticals (Beijing) Co, Ltd, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lei Chen
- Biotherapeutics , Biocytogen Jiangsu Co. Ltd, Nantong, P.R. China
- Biotherapeutics , Biocytogen Pharmaceuticals (Beijing) Co, Ltd, Beijing, P.R. China
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Bergqvist V, Holmgren J, Klintman D, Marsal J. Real-world data on switching from intravenous to subcutaneous vedolizumab treatment in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2022; 55:1389-1401. [PMID: 35470449 PMCID: PMC9322578 DOI: 10.1111/apt.16927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Vedolizumab is a gut-selective treatment approved for Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Recently, a subcutaneous formulation of vedolizumab was approved. The aims of this study were to evaluate efficacy, safety, pharmacokinetics, patient experience and costs following a switch from intravenous to subcutaneous vedolizumab treatment. METHODS Patients were switched from intravenous to subcutaneous vedolizumab maintenance treatment and followed prospectively for 6 months and a subgroup for 12 months. The primary endpoint was change in faecal calprotectin levels. Furthermore, we evaluated clinical disease activity, remission rates, plasma CRP, drug persistence, adverse events, local injection reactions, serum drug concentrations, patient satisfaction, quality-of-life and treatment costs. RESULTS Eighty-nine patients were included (48 CD; 41 UC). Faecal calprotectin decreased significantly in CD but not in UC. Clinical indices, remission rates, plasma CRP levels and quality-of-life scores remained unchanged. Patients that had been on standard compared to optimised IV vedolizumab dosing displayed similar outcomes on standard SC dosing. Drug persistence at 6 and 12 months was 95.5% and 88.5%, respectively. Frequencies of adverse events were similar before and after the switch. No serious adverse events occurred. Transient severe local injection reactions were experienced by 1.2% of patients. Median vedolizumab trough levels were 2.3 times higher on subcutaneous compared to intravenous treatment. Patient satisfaction was generally high. Annualised treatment costs were reduced by 15% following the switch. CONCLUSIONS The switch from intravenous to subcutaneous vedolizumab could be done with preserved therapeutic effectiveness, safety, high patient satisfaction and low discontinuation rate, at a reduced cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Bergqvist
- Department of GastroenterologySkane University HospitalLund/MalmöSweden,Section of MedicineDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Lund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Johanna Holmgren
- Department of GastroenterologySkane University HospitalLund/MalmöSweden,Section of MedicineDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Lund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Daniel Klintman
- Department of GastroenterologySkane University HospitalLund/MalmöSweden,Section of MedicineDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Lund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Jan Marsal
- Department of GastroenterologySkane University HospitalLund/MalmöSweden,Section of MedicineDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Lund UniversityLundSweden,Section of ImmunologyDepartment of Experimental Medical Science, Lund UniversityLundSweden
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Lee SH, Song JG, Han HK. Site-selective oral delivery of therapeutic antibodies to the inflamed colon via a folic acid-grafted organic/inorganic hybrid nanocomposite system. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:4249-4261. [PMID: 36386471 PMCID: PMC9643170 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a pH-responsive folic acid-grafted organic/inorganic hybrid nanocomposite system for site-selective oral delivery of therapeutic antibodies. A folic acid-grafted aminoclay (FA-AC) was prepared via an in situ sol‒gel method. Then, a drug-loaded nanocomplex was prepared via the electrostatic interaction of FA-AC with infliximab (IFX), a model antibody, and coated with Eudragit® S100 (EFA-AC-IFX). FA-AC exhibited favorable profiles as a drug carrier including low cytotoxicity, good target selectivity, and capability to form a nanocomplex with negatively charged macromolecules. A pH-responsive FA-AC-based nanocomplex containing IFX (EFA-AC-IFX) was also obtained in a narrow size distribution with high entrapment efficiency (>87%). The conformational stability of IFX entrapped in EFA-AC-IFX was well maintained in the presence of proteolytic enzymes. EFA-AC-IFX exhibited pH-dependent drug release, minimizing premature drug release in gastric conditions and the upper intestine. Accordingly, oral administration of EFA-AC-IFX to colitis-induced mice was effective in alleviating the progression of ulcerative colitis, while oral IFX solution had no efficacy. These results suggest that a pH-responsive FA-AC-based nanocomposite system can be a new platform for the site-selective oral delivery of therapeutic antibodies.
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Losacco GL, Hicks MB, DaSilva JO, Wang H, Potapenko M, Tsay FR, Ahmad IAH, Mangion I, Guillarme D, Regalado EL. Automated ion exchange chromatography screening combined with in silico multifactorial simulation for efficient method development and purification of biopharmaceutical targets. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:3581-3591. [PMID: 35441858 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03982-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bioprocess development of increasingly challenging therapeutics and vaccines requires a commensurate level of analytical innovation to deliver critical assays across functional areas. Chromatography hyphenated to numerous choices of detection has undeniably been the preferred analytical tool in the pharmaceutical industry for decades to analyze and isolate targets (e.g., APIs, intermediates, and byproducts) from multicomponent mixtures. Among many techniques, ion exchange chromatography (IEX) is widely used for the analysis and purification of biopharmaceuticals due to its unique selectivity that delivers distinctive chromatographic profiles compared to other separation modes (e.g., RPLC, HILIC, and SFC) without denaturing protein targets upon isolation process. However, IEX method development is still considered one of the most challenging and laborious approaches due to the many variables involved such as elution mechanism (via salt, pH, or salt-mediated-pH gradients), stationary phase's properties (positively or negatively charged; strong or weak ion exchanger), buffer type and ionic strength as well as pH choices. Herein, we introduce a new framework consisting of a multicolumn IEX screening in conjunction with computer-assisted simulation for efficient method development and purification of biopharmaceuticals. The screening component integrates a total of 12 different columns and 24 mobile phases that are sequentially operated in a straightforward automated fashion for both cation and anion exchange modes (CEX and AEX, respectively). Optimal and robust operating conditions are achieved via computer-assisted simulation using readily available software (ACD Laboratories/LC Simulator), showcasing differences between experimental and simulated retention times of less than 0.5%. In addition, automated fraction collection is also incorporated into this framework, illustrating the practicality and ease of use in the context of separation, analysis, and purification of nucleotides, peptides, and proteins. Finally, we provide examples of the use of this IEX screening as a framework to identify efficient first dimension (1D) conditions that are combined with MS-friendly RPLC conditions in the second dimension (2D) for two-dimensional liquid chromatography experiments enabling purity analysis and identification of pharmaceutical targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioacchino Luca Losacco
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA.
| | - Michael B Hicks
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Jimmy O DaSilva
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Heather Wang
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Miraslava Potapenko
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Fuh-Rong Tsay
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Imad A Haidar Ahmad
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Ian Mangion
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Erik L Regalado
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA.
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Arndt C, Bergmann R, Striese F, Merkel K, Máthé D, Loureiro LR, Mitwasi N, Kegler A, Fasslrinner F, González Soto KE, Neuber C, Berndt N, Kovács N, Szöllősi D, Hegedűs N, Tóth G, Emmermann J, Harikumar KB, Kovacs T, Bachmann M, Feldmann A. Development and Functional Characterization of a Versatile Radio-/Immunotheranostic Tool for Prostate Cancer Management. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1996. [PMID: 35454902 PMCID: PMC9027777 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14081996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In previous studies, we described a modular Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cell platform which we termed UniCAR. In contrast to conventional CARs, the interaction of UniCAR T cells does not occur directly between the CAR T cell and the tumor cell but is mediated via bispecific adaptor molecules so-called target modules (TMs). Here we present the development and functional characterization of a novel IgG4-based TM, directed to the tumor-associated antigen (TAA) prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA), which is overexpressed in prostate cancer (PCa). We show that this anti-PSCA IgG4-TM cannot only be used for (i) redirection of UniCAR T cells to PCa cells but also for (ii) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, and (iii) alpha particle-based endoradiotherapy. For radiolabeling, the anti-PSCA IgG4-TM was conjugated with the chelator DOTAGA. PET imaging was performed using the 64Cu-labeled anti-PSCA IgG4-TM. According to PET imaging, the anti-PSCA IgG4-TM accumulates with high contrast in the PSCA-positive tumors of experimental mice without visible uptake in other organs. For endoradiotherapy the anti-PSCA IgG4-TM-DOTAGA conjugate was labeled with 225Ac3+. Targeted alpha therapy resulted in tumor control over 60 days after a single injection of the 225Ac-labeled TM. The favorable pharmacological profile of the anti-PSCA IgG4-TM, and its usage for (i) imaging, (ii) targeted alpha therapy, and (iii) UniCAR T cell immunotherapy underlines the promising radio-/immunotheranostic capabilities for the diagnostic imaging and treatment of PCa. Abstract Due to its overexpression on the surface of prostate cancer (PCa) cells, the prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) is a potential target for PCa diagnosis and therapy. Here we describe the development and functional characterization of a novel IgG4-based anti-PSCA antibody (Ab) derivative (anti-PSCA IgG4-TM) that is conjugated with the chelator DOTAGA. The anti-PSCA IgG4-TM represents a multimodal immunotheranostic compound that can be used (i) as a target module (TM) for UniCAR T cell-based immunotherapy, (ii) for diagnostic positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, and (iii) targeted alpha therapy. Cross-linkage of UniCAR T cells and PSCA-positive tumor cells via the anti-PSCA IgG4-TM results in efficient tumor cell lysis both in vitro and in vivo. After radiolabeling with 64Cu2+, the anti-PSCA IgG4-TM was successfully applied for high contrast PET imaging. In a PCa mouse model, it showed specific accumulation in PSCA-expressing tumors, while no uptake in other organs was observed. Additionally, the DOTAGA-conjugated anti-PSCA IgG4-TM was radiolabeled with 225Ac3+ and applied for targeted alpha therapy. A single injection of the 225Ac-labeled anti-PSCA IgG4-TM was able to significantly control tumor growth in experimental mice. Overall, the novel anti-PSCA IgG4-TM represents an attractive first member of a novel group of radio-/immunotheranostics that allows diagnostic imaging, endoradiotherapy, and CAR T cell immunotherapy.
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Molina P, Camperi J. Analytical Applications of Immobilized Enzyme Reactors (IMERs) Coupled to LC–MS/MS for Bottom- and Middle-Up Characterization of Proteins. LCGC N Am 2022. [DOI: 10.56530/lcgc.na.uz9471s9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Identification, monitoring, and, more importantly, linkage of critical quality attributes (CQAs) in processing parameters in a biopharmaceutical product is required to ensure the quality and manufacturing consistency of the product, but also its safety and efficacy during clinical and commercial development. Recently, bottom-up and middle-up liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) characterization strategies using immobilized enzyme reactors (IMERs) in combination with multidimensional liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution MS (MDLC–HRMS), as well as sophisticated software solutions, have been added to the analytical toolbox. These strategies not only allow faster characterization of post-translational modifications (PTMs) present in biotherapeutic proteins but also have the potential to provide a fully automated and unified bottom-up, middle-up, and intact LC–MS characterization approach.
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15
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Mu R, Yuan J, Huang Y, Meissen JK, Mou S, Liang M, Rosenbaum AI. Bioanalytical Methods and Strategic Perspectives Addressing the Rising Complexity of Novel Bioconjugates and Delivery Routes for Biotherapeutics. BioDrugs 2022; 36:181-196. [PMID: 35362869 PMCID: PMC8972746 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-022-00518-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, an increase in the discovery and development of biotherapeutics employing new modalities, such as bioconjugates or novel routes of delivery, has created bioanalytical challenges. The inherent complexity of conjugated molecular structures means that quantification of the bioconjugate and its multiple components is critical for preclinical/clinical studies to inform drug discovery and development. Moreover, bioconjugates involve additional multifactorial complexity because of the potential for in vivo catabolism and biotransformation, which may require thorough investigations in multiple biological matrices. Furthermore, excipients that enhance absorption are frequently evaluated and employed for the development of oral and inhaled biotherapeutics. Risk-benefit assessments are required for novel or existing excipients that utilize dosages above previously approved levels. Bioanalytical methods that can measure both excipients and potential drug metabolites in biological matrices are highly relevant to these emerging bioanalysis challenges. We discuss the bioanalytical strategies for analyzing bioconjugates such as antibody-drug conjugates and antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates and review recent advances in bioanalytical methods for the quantification and characterization of novel bioconjugates. We also discuss bioanalytical considerations for both biotherapeutics and excipients through novel administration routes and review analyses in various biological matrices, from the extensively studied serum or plasma to tissue biopsy in the context of preclinical and clinical studies from both technical and regulatory perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruipeng Mu
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jiaqi Yuan
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yue Huang
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John K Meissen
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Si Mou
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Meina Liang
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anton I Rosenbaum
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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16
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Li X, Ma N, Zhang L, Ling G, Zhang P. Applications of choline-based ionic liquids in drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2022; 612:121366. [PMID: 34896216 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) usually refer to kinds of salts with melting point below 100 °C and are composed of definite anions and cations. In recent years, in addition to the field of material engineering, the applications of ILs have been extended to biomedical application. As a solubilizer, skin penetration enhancer, antibacterial agent, and macromolecular stabilizer of poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients, ILs have attracted great attention in the field of pharmaceutical research. Among them, choline-based ILs are very popular in the field of drug delivery due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, low toxicity or non-toxicity and other characteristics. This article mainly reviews the applications of choline-based ILs formed by choline and organic acid and choline-based ionic liquids-pharmaceutical active ingredients in transdermal delivery, topical delivery and oral delivery.
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Nadesh R, Menon KN, Biswas L, Mony U, Subramania Iyer K, Vijayaraghavan S, Nambiar A, Nair S. Adipose derived mesenchymal stem cell secretome formulation as a biotherapeutic to inhibit growth of drug resistant triple negative breast cancer. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23435. [PMID: 34873206 PMCID: PMC8648896 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01878-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, a protocol was developed for processing of human adipose derived mesenchymal stem cell secretome formulation of varying concentration. Its molecular composition was evaluated, and its effectiveness in vitro using breast cancer cell lines, and in vivo in a nude mice breast cancer model was studied to determine its role in suppressing triple negative breast cancer in a dose dependent manner. Because the secretome could have value as an add-on therapy along with a current drug, the effectiveness of the secretome both in monotherapy and in combination therapy along with paclitaxel was evaluated. The results showed significant cell kill when exposed to the secretome above 20 mg/ml at which concentration there was no toxicity to normal cells. 70 mg/ml of SF showed 90 ± 10% apoptosis and significant decrease in CD44+/CD24−, MDR1+ and PDL-1+ cancer cells. In vivo, the tumor showed no growth after daily intra tumor injections at 50 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml doses whereas substantial tumor growth occurred after saline intra tumor injection. The study concludes that SF is a potential biotherapeutic for breast cancer and could be used initially as an add-on therapy to other standard of care to provide improved efficacy without other adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragima Nadesh
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Krishnakumar N Menon
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Lalitha Biswas
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Ullas Mony
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - K Subramania Iyer
- Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Sundeep Vijayaraghavan
- Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Ajit Nambiar
- Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Shantikumar Nair
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India.
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Skeene K, Khatri K, Soloviev Z, Lapthorn C. Current status and future prospects for ion-mobility mass spectrometry in the biopharmaceutical industry. Biochim Biophys Acta Proteins Proteom 2021; 1869:140697. [PMID: 34246790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2021.140697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Detailed characterization of protein reagents and biopharmaceuticals is key in defining successful drug discovery campaigns, aimed at bringing molecules through different discovery stages up to development and commercialization. There are many challenges in this process, with complex and detailed analyses playing paramount roles in modern industry. Mass spectrometry (MS) has become an essential tool for characterization of proteins ever since the onset of soft ionization techniques and has taken the lead in quality assessment of biopharmaceutical molecules, and protein reagents, used in the drug discovery pipeline. MS use spans from identification of correct sequences, to intact molecule analyses, protein complexes and more recently epitope and paratope identification. MS toolkits could be incredibly diverse and with ever evolving instrumentation, increasingly novel MS-based techniques are becoming indispensable tools in the biopharmaceutical industry. Here we discuss application of Ion Mobility MS (IMMS) in an industrial setting, and what the current applications and outlook are for making IMMS more mainstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Skeene
- Biopharm Process Research, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK.
| | - Kshitij Khatri
- Structure and Function Characterization, CMC-Analytical, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19406, USA.
| | - Zoja Soloviev
- Protein, Cellular and Structural Sciences, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK.
| | - Cris Lapthorn
- Structure and Function Characterization, CMC-Analytical, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK.
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19
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Graf T, Tomlinson A, Yuk IH, Kufer R, Spensberger B, Falkenstein R, Shen A, Li H, Duan D, Liu W, Wohlrab S, Edelmann F, Leiss M. Identification and Characterization of Polysorbate-Degrading Enzymes in a Monoclonal Antibody Formulation. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3558-3567. [PMID: 34224732 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Degradation of polysorbate (PS) by hydrolytically active host cell proteins (HCPs) in drug products may impair the protein-stabilizing properties of PS and lead to the formation of particles due to the accumulation of poorly soluble free fatty acids upon long-term storage. The identification of the causative enzymes is challenging due to their low-abundance even when using state-of-the-art instrumentation and workflows. To overcome these challenges, we developed a rigorous enrichment strategy for HCPs, utilizing both Protein A and anti-HCP affinity chromatography, which facilitated the in-depth characterization of the HCP population in a monoclonal antibody formulation prone to PS hydrolysis. Based on the HCPs identified by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, a number of enzymes annotated as hydrolases were recombinantly expressed and characterized in terms of polysorbate degradation. Among the selected candidates, Lipoprotein Lipase, Lysosomal Acid Lipase (LIPA) and Palmitoyl-Protein Thioesterase 1 (PPT1) exhibited notable activity towards PS. To our knowledge, this is the first report to identify LIPA and PPT1 as residual HCPs that can contribute to PS degradation in a biological product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Graf
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany.
| | - Anthony Tomlinson
- Pharma Technical Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Inn H Yuk
- Pharma Technical Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Regina Kufer
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Amy Shen
- Pharma Technical Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hong Li
- Pharma Technical Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Dana Duan
- Pharma Technical Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Wenqiang Liu
- Pharma Technical Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Michael Leiss
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
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20
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Huang BC, Lu YC, Liao JM, Liu HJ, Hong ST, Hsieh YC, Chuang CH, Chen HJ, Liao TY, Ho KW, Wang YT, Cheng TL. Development of a structure-based computational simulation to optimize the blocking efficacy of pro-antibodies. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9759-9769. [PMID: 34349949 PMCID: PMC8293997 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01748a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The on-target toxicity of monoclonal antibodies (Abs) is mainly due to the fact that Abs cannot distinguish target antigens (Ags) expressed in disease regions from those in normal tissues during systemic administration. In order to overcome this issue, we “copied” an autologous Ab hinge as an “Ab lock” and “pasted” it on the binding site of the Ab by connecting a protease substrate and linker in between to generate a pro-Ab, which can be specifically activated in the disease region to enhance Ab selectivity and reduce side effects. Previously, we reported that 70% of pro-Abs can achieve more than 100-fold blocking ability compared to the parental Abs. However, 30% of pro-Abs do not have such efficient blocking ability. This is because the same Ab lock linker cannot be applied to every Ab due to the differences in the complementarity-determining region (CDR) loops. Here we designed a method which uses structure-based computational simulation (MSCS) to optimize the blocking ability of the Ab lock for all Ab drugs. MSCS can precisely adjust the amino acid composition of the linker between the Ab lock and Ab drug with the assistance of molecular simulation. We selected αPD-1, αIL-1β, αCTLA-4 and αTNFα Ab as models and attached the Ab lock with various linkers (L1 to L7) to form pro-Abs by MSCS, respectively. The resulting cover rates of the Ab lock with various linkers compared to the Ab drug were in the range 28.33–42.33%. The recombinant pro-Abs were generated by MSCS prediction in order to verify the application of molecular simulation for pro-Ab development. The binding kinetics effective concentrations (EC-50) for αPD-1 (200-250-fold), αIL-1β (152-186-fold), αCTLA-4 (68-150-fold) and αTNFα Ab (20-123-fold) were presented as the blocking ability of pro-Ab compared to the Ab drug. Further, there was a positive correlation between cover rate and blocking ability of all pro-Ab candidates. The results suggested that MSCS was able to predict the Ab lock linker most suitable for application to αPD-1, αIL-1β, αCTLA-4 and αTNFα Ab to form pro-Abs efficiently. The success of MSCS in optimizing the pro-Ab can aid the development of next-generation pro-Ab drugs to significantly improve Ab-based therapies and thus patients' quality of life. The pro-Ab blocks the Ag binding site using an Ab lock. We designed a method which uses structure-based computational simulation (MSCS) to predict the cover rate of Ab locks with various linkers and select the suitable linker for each Ab.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Cheng Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chi Lu
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan.,Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Jun-Min Liao
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan.,Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ju Liu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ting Hong
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chin Hsieh
- School of Medicine for International Students, I-Shou University Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Chuang
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Huei-Jen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yi Liao
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Kai-Wen Ho
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Yeng-Tseng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Tian-Lu Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University Kaohsiung Taiwan .,Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan.,Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital Kaohsiung Taiwan
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21
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Chen Y, Mutukuri TT, Wilson NE, Zhou QT. Pharmaceutical protein solids: Drying technology, solid-state characterization and stability. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 172:211-233. [PMID: 33705880 PMCID: PMC8107147 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Despite the boom in biologics over the past decade, the intrinsic instability of these large molecules poses significant challenges to formulation development. Almost half of all pharmaceutical protein products are formulated in the solid form to preserve protein native structure and extend product shelf-life. In this review, both traditional and emerging drying techniques for producing protein solids will be discussed. During the drying process, various stresses can impact the stability of protein solids. However, understanding the impact of stress on protein product quality can be challenging due to the lack of reliable characterization techniques for biological solids. Both conventional and advanced characterization techniques are discussed including differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), solid-state Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (ssFTIR), solid-state fluorescence spectrometry, solid-state hydrogen deuterium exchange (ssHDX), solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) and solid-state photolytic labeling (ssPL). Advanced characterization tools may offer mechanistic investigations into local structural changes and interactions at higher resolutions. The continuous exploration of new drying techniques, as well as a better understanding of the effects caused by different drying techniques in solid state, would advance the formulation development of biological products with superior quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Tarun Tejasvi Mutukuri
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Nathan E Wilson
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Qi Tony Zhou
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Abstract
Antibody-recruiting molecules (ARMs) are one of the most promising tools to redirect the immune response towards cancer cells. In this review, we aim to highlight the recent advances in the field. We will illustrate the advantages of different ARM approaches and emphasize the importance of a multivalent presentation of the binding units. Antibody-recruiting molecules (ARMs) are one of the most promising tools to redirect the immune response towards cancer cells.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Achilli
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS DCM UMR 5250 F-38000 Grenoble France
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Gill D, Georgakis MK, Walker VM, Schmidt AF, Gkatzionis A, Freitag DF, Finan C, Hingorani AD, Howson JM, Burgess S, Swerdlow DI, Davey Smith G, Holmes MV, Dichgans M, Scott RA, Zheng J, Psaty BM, Davies NM. Mendelian randomization for studying the effects of perturbing drug targets. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 6:16. [PMID: 33644404 PMCID: PMC7903200 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16544.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs whose targets have genetic evidence to support efficacy and safety are more likely to be approved after clinical development. In this paper, we provide an overview of how natural sequence variation in the genes that encode drug targets can be used in Mendelian randomization analyses to offer insight into mechanism-based efficacy and adverse effects. Large databases of summary level genetic association data are increasingly available and can be leveraged to identify and validate variants that serve as proxies for drug target perturbation. As with all empirical research, Mendelian randomization has limitations including genetic confounding, its consideration of lifelong effects, and issues related to heterogeneity across different tissues and populations. When appropriately applied, Mendelian randomization provides a useful empirical framework for using population level data to improve the success rates of the drug development pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipender Gill
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Novo Nordisk Research Centre, Oxford, UK
- Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Section, Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education and Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s, University of London, London, UK
- Clinical Pharmacology Group, Pharmacy and Medicines Directorate, St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Marios K. Georgakis
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital of Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Venexia M. Walker
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A. Floriaan Schmidt
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Apostolos Gkatzionis
- Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel F. Freitag
- Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Open Innovation & Digital Technologies, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Chris Finan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health, University College London, London, UK
- UCL British Heart Foundation Research Acceleratorversity College London, London, UK
- UCL Hospitals, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Aroon D. Hingorani
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health, University College London, London, UK
- UCL British Heart Foundation Research Acceleratorversity College London, London, UK
- UCL Hospitals, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | | | - Stephen Burgess
- Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel I. Swerdlow
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Michael V. Holmes
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Martin Dichgans
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital of Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | | | - Jie Zheng
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Neil M. Davies
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Gill D, Georgakis MK, Walker VM, Schmidt AF, Gkatzionis A, Freitag DF, Finan C, Hingorani AD, Howson JM, Burgess S, Swerdlow DI, Davey Smith G, Holmes MV, Dichgans M, Scott RA, Zheng J, Psaty BM, Davies NM. Mendelian randomization for studying the effects of perturbing drug targets. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 6:16. [PMID: 33644404 PMCID: PMC7903200 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16544.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Drugs whose targets have genetic evidence to support efficacy and safety are more likely to be approved after clinical development. In this paper, we provide an overview of how natural sequence variation in the genes that encode drug targets can be used in Mendelian randomization analyses to offer insight into mechanism-based efficacy and adverse effects. Large databases of summary level genetic association data are increasingly available and can be leveraged to identify and validate variants that serve as proxies for drug target perturbation. As with all empirical research, Mendelian randomization has limitations including genetic confounding, its consideration of lifelong effects, and issues related to heterogeneity across different tissues and populations. When appropriately applied, Mendelian randomization provides a useful empirical framework for using population level data to improve the success rates of the drug development pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipender Gill
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Novo Nordisk Research Centre, Oxford, UK
- Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Section, Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education and Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s, University of London, London, UK
- Clinical Pharmacology Group, Pharmacy and Medicines Directorate, St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Marios K. Georgakis
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital of Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Venexia M. Walker
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A. Floriaan Schmidt
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Apostolos Gkatzionis
- Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel F. Freitag
- Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Open Innovation & Digital Technologies, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Chris Finan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health, University College London, London, UK
- UCL British Heart Foundation Research Acceleratorversity College London, London, UK
- UCL Hospitals, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Aroon D. Hingorani
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health, University College London, London, UK
- UCL British Heart Foundation Research Acceleratorversity College London, London, UK
- UCL Hospitals, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | | | - Stephen Burgess
- Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel I. Swerdlow
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Michael V. Holmes
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Martin Dichgans
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital of Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | | | - Jie Zheng
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Neil M. Davies
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Gupta P, Kateja N, Mishra S, Kaur H, Rathore AS. Economic assessment of continuous processing for manufacturing of biotherapeutics. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 37:e3108. [PMID: 33305493 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Continuous processing offers a promising approach to revolutionize biotherapeutics manufacturing as reflected in recent years. The current study offers a comparative economic assessment of batch and continuous processing for the production of biotherapeutic products. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (GCSF), a protein expressed in E. coli, and an IgG1 monoclonal antibody, were chosen as representatives of microbial and mammalian derived products for this assessment. Economic indicators-cost of goods (COGs), net present value (NPV), and payback time have been estimated for the assessment. For the case of GCSF, conversion from batch to integrated continuous manufacturing induced a $COGs/g reduction of 83% and 73% at clinical and commercial scales, respectively. For the case of mAb therapeutic, a 68% and 35% reduction in $COGs/g on translation from batch to continuous process was projected for clinical and commercial scales, respectively. Upstream mAb titer was also found to have a significant impact on the process economics. With increasing mAb titer, the $COG/g decreases in both operating modes. With titer increasing from 2 to 8 g/L, the $COG/g of batch process was reduced by 53%, and that of the continuous process was reduced by 63%. Cost savings in both the cases were attributed to increased productivity, efficient equipment and facility utilization, smaller facility footprint, and reduction in utilization of consumables like resin media and buffers actualized by the continuous processing platform. The current study quantifies the economic benefits associated with continuous processing and highlights its potential in reducing the manufacturing cost of biotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paridhi Gupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Nikhil Kateja
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Somesh Mishra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Harmeet Kaur
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
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Loureiro LR, Feldmann A, Bergmann R, Koristka S, Berndt N, Máthé D, Hegedüs N, Szigeti K, Videira PA, Bachmann M, Arndt C. Extended half-life target module for sustainable UniCAR T-cell treatment of STn-expressing cancers. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2020; 39:77. [PMID: 32370811 PMCID: PMC7201957 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01572-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Adapter chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) approaches have emerged has promising strategies to increase clinical safety of CAR T-cell therapy. In the UniCAR system, the safety switch is controlled via a target module (TM) which is characterized by a small-size and short half-life. The rapid clearance of these TMs from the blood allows a quick steering and self-limiting safety switch of UniCAR T-cells by TM dosing. This is mainly important during onset of therapy when tumor burden and the risk for severe side effects are high. For long-term UniCAR therapy, the continuous infusion of TMs may not be an optimal setting for the patients. Thus, in later stages of treatment, single infusions of TMs with an increased half-life might play an important role in long-term surveillance and eradication of residual tumor cells. Given this, we aimed to develop and characterize a novel TM with extended half-life targeting the tumor-associated carbohydrate sialyl-Tn (STn). Methods The extended half-life TM is composed of the STn-specific single-chain variable fragment (scFv) and the UniCAR epitope, fused to the hinge region and Fc domain of a human immunoglobulin 4 (IgG4) antibody. Specific binding and functionality of the αSTn-IgG4 TM as well as pharmacokinetic features were assessed using in vitro and in vivo assays and compared to the already established small-sized αSTn TM. Results The novel αSTn-IgG4 TM efficiently activates and redirects UniCAR T-cells to STn-expressing tumors in a target-specific and TM-dependent manner, thereby promoting the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and tumor cell lysis in vitro and in experimental mice. Moreover, PET-imaging results demonstrate the specific enrichment of the αSTn-IgG4 TM at the tumor site, while presenting a prolonged serum half-life compared to the short-lived αSTn TM. Conclusion In a clinical setting, the combination of TMs with different formats and pharmacokinetics may represent a promising strategy for retargeting of UniCAR T-cells in a flexible, individualized and safe manner at particular stages of therapy. Furthermore, as these molecules can be used for in vivo imaging, they pose as attractive candidates for theranostic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana R Loureiro
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Feldmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ralf Bergmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Stefanie Koristka
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nicole Berndt
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Domokos Máthé
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Hegedüs
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Szigeti
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Paula A Videira
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Michael Bachmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany. .,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. .,Tumor Immunology, University CancerCenter (UCC), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Claudia Arndt
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
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Romero-Molina S, Ruiz-Blanco YB, Green JR, Sanchez-Garcia E. ProtDCal-Suite: A web server for the numerical codification and functional analysis of proteins. Protein Sci 2020; 28:1734-1743. [PMID: 31271472 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Computational tools for the analysis of protein data and the prediction of biological properties are essential in life sciences and biomedical research. Here, we introduce ProtDCal-Suite, a web server comprising a set of machine learning-based methods for studying proteins. The main module of ProtDCal-Suite is the ProtDCal software. ProtDCal translates the structural information of proteins into numerical descriptors that serve as input to machine-learning techniques. The ProtDCal-Suite server also incorporates a post-processing optional stage that allows ranking and filtering the obtained descriptors by computing their Shannon entropy values across the input set of proteins. ProtDCal's codification was used in the development of models for the prediction of specific protein properties. Thus, the other modules of ProtDCal-Suite are protein analysis tools implemented using ProtDCal's descriptors. Among them are PPI-Detect, for predicting the interaction likelihood of protein-protein and protein-peptide pairs, Enzyme Identifier, for identifying enzymes from amino acid sequences or 3D structures, and Pred-NGlyco, for predicting N-glycosylation sites. ProtDCal-Suite is freely accessible at https://protdcal.zmb.uni-due.de.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Romero-Molina
- Computational Biochemistry, Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Yasser B Ruiz-Blanco
- Computational Biochemistry, Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - James R Green
- Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elsa Sanchez-Garcia
- Computational Biochemistry, Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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