Survivin antisense compound inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis in liver cancer cells

Dioscin inhibits non-small cell lung cancer cells and activates apoptosis by downregulation of Survivin

Human malignancies exhibit elevated levels of survivin, and have been linked to poor prognosis. Targeting survivin expression is a promising therapeutic strategy against cancer cells. Natural compounds have become a hot topic in research due to their non-toxic, non-invasive, and efficient treatment of multiple diseases. In this current investigation, it was discovered that Dioscin, as a natural compound, exerted profound antitumor activity against NSCLC cell lines, inhibiting NSCLC cell viability and promoting apoptosis. Further mechanistic studies showed that Dioscin promoted ubiquitination-mediated survivin degradation via strengthening the interaction between survivin and the E3 ubiquitin ligase Fbxl7. Furthermore, Dioscin exhibited a strong tumor suppressive effect in xenograft tumor models, and Dioscin treatment led to a notable decrease in tumor volume and weight. Based on our findings, Dioscin is expected to be a potential antitumor agent for non-small cell lung cancer treatment.

Effects of matrine in combination with cisplatin on liver cancer

Matrine, an alkaloid isolated from Sophora flavescens, promotes tumor cell apoptosis and strengthens the anticancer capacity of chemotherapeutic drugs. The present study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect and underlying mechanism of matrine in combination with cisplatin on liver cancer progression. Tumor progression was studied in nude mice. The human liver cancer cell line HepG2 was injected into BALB/c nude mice subcutaneously to establish a tumor model. Mice were subsequently treated with matrine, cisplatin, matrine + cisplatin or normal saline. Nude mice and tumor growth were monitored. Tumors were excised and the expression of survivin, caspase-3, caspase-7 and caspase-9 was detected by immunohistochemistry. Western blotting was used to determine the expression of survivin, caspase-3, caspase-7, caspase-9 and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) in tumor tissues. The results demonstrated that matrine exerted anticancer effects in liver cancer-transplanted tumors, as evidenced by decrease in tumor weight and volume. Furthermore, the tumor inhibition rate in mice treated with matrine + cisplatin was 83.3%, whereas it was of 37.5 and 75% in mice treated with matrine or cisplatin alone, respectively. In addition, the expression of survivin and XIAP was significantly downregulated, whereas the expression of caspase-3, caspase-7 and caspase-9 was significantly upregulated in tumor tissues from nude mice treated with matrine + cisplatin, compared with those treated with cisplatin, matrine or normal saline. These findings suggested that the combination of matrine and cisplatin may promote tumor cell apoptosis in liver cancer by activating the caspase apoptosis pathway and suppressing the survivin-associated inhibition of caspase-9.

Downregulation of B7-H4 suppresses tumor progression of hepatocellular carcinoma

B7-H4, as a member of the B7 superfamily, was overexpressed in various types of cancers. However, the effects of B7-H4 on the aggressiveness of HCC and the underlying mechanisms have not yet been fully explored. For this purpose, B7-H4 expression was detected by Flow cytometry and Western blotting, it was highly expressed in several HCC cell lines but not in normal LO2 cell line. Knockdown B7-H4 expression induced HCC cells apoptosis by flow cytometry and colony formation assays and increased several apoptosis-related proteins, including survivin, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-7, and Bax, while the pro-growth protein survivin was reduced. Then the proliferation and cell cycle were suppressed after treated by siB7-H4. Moreover, the level of B7-H4 was significantly correlated with cell migration. In vivo, intra-tumor injection of siRNA targeting B7-H4 can significantly inhibited the growth of HepG2 cells in nude mice. Finally, regions of interest were manually traced on T1WI, T2WI, DWI and ADC of MR images. ADC values were increased in HCC xenografts after B7-H4 siRNA treatment. These data indicated that downregulation of B7-H4 suppressed the proliferation and migration and promoted apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Blocking the B7-H4 channel might be a potential therapeutic strategy for HCC.

Understanding Apoptosis and Apoptotic Pathways Targeted Cancer Therapeutics

Various physiological processes involve appropriate tissue developmental process and homeostasis - the pathogenesis of several diseases connected with deregulatory apoptosis process. Apoptosis plays a crucial role in maintaining a balance between cell death and division, evasion of apoptosis results in the uncontrolled multiplication of cells leading to different diseases such as cancer. Currently, the development of apoptosis targeting anticancer drugs has gained much interest since cell death induced by apoptosis causes minimal inflammation. The understanding of complexities of apoptosis mechanism and how apoptosis is evolved by tumor cells to oppose cell death has focused research into the new strategies designed to induce apoptosis in cancer cells. This review focused on the underlying mechanism of apoptosis and the dysregulation of apoptosis modulators involved in the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathway, which include death receptors (DRs) proteins, cellular FLICE inhibitory proteins (c-FLIP), anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins, inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), tumor suppressor (p53) in cancer cells along with various current clinical approaches aimed to selectively induce apoptosis in cancer cells.

Sequestering survivin to functionalized nanoparticles: a strategy to enhance apoptosis in cancer cells

Survivin belongs to the family of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP) and is present in most cancers while being below detection limits in most terminally differentiated adult tissues, making it an attractive protein to target for diagnostic and, potentially, therapeutic roles. Sub-100 nm poly(propargyl acrylate) (PA) particles were surface modified through the copper-catalyzed azide/alkyne cycloaddition of an azide-terminated survivin ligand derivative (azTM) originally proposed by Abbott Laboratories and speculated to bind directly to survivin (protein) at its dimer interface. Using affinity pull-down studies, it was determined that the PA/azTM nanoparticles selectively bind survivin and the particles can enhance apoptotic cell death in glioblastoma cell lines and other survivin over-expressing cell lines such as A549 and MCF7 relative to cells incubated with the original Abbott-derived small molecule inhibitor.

Molecular mechanisms of apoptosis and roles in cancer development and treatment

Programmed cell death (PCD) or apoptosis is a mechanism which is crucial for all multicellular organisms to control cell proliferation and maintain tissue homeostasis as well as eliminate harmful or unnecessary cells from an organism. Defects in the physiological mechanisms of apoptosis may contribute to different human diseases like cancer. Identification of the mechanisms of apoptosis and its effector proteins as well as the genes responsible for apoptosis has provided a new opportunity to discover and develop novel agents that can increase the sensitivity of cancer cells to undergo apoptosis or reset their apoptotic threshold. These novel targeted therapies include those targeting anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members, p53, the extrinsic pathway, FLICE-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP), inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins, and the caspases. In recent years a number of these novel agents have been assessed in preclinical and clinical trials. In this review, we introduce some of the key regulatory molecules that control the apoptotic pathways, extrinsic and intrinsic death receptors, discuss how defects in apoptotic pathways contribute to cancer, and list several agents being developed to target apoptosis.

Salirasib sensitizes hepatocarcinoma cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis through DR5 and survivin-dependent mechanisms

Ras activation is a frequent event in human hepatocarcinoma that may contribute to resistance towards apoptosis. Salirasib is a ras and mTOR inhibitor that induces a pro-apoptotic phenotype in human hepatocarcinoma cell lines. In this work, we evaluate whether salirasib sensitizes those cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Cell viability, cell death and apoptosis were evaluated in vitro in HepG2, Hep3B and Huh7 cells treated with DMSO, salirasib and YM155 (a survivin inhibitor), alone or in combination with recombinant TRAIL. Our results show that pretreatment with salirasib sensitized human hepatocarcinoma cell lines, but not normal human hepatocytes, to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Indeed, FACS analysis showed that 25 (Huh7) to 50 (HepG2 and Hep3B) percent of the cells treated with both drugs were apoptotic. This occurred through activation of the extrinsic and the intrinsic pathways, as evidenced by a marked increase in caspase 3/7 (five to ninefold), caspase 8 (four to sevenfold) and caspase 9 (eight to 12-fold) activities in cells treated with salirasib and TRAIL compared with control. Survivin inhibition had an important role in this process and was sufficient to sensitize hepatocarcinoma cells to apoptosis. Furthermore, TRAIL-induced apoptosis in HCC cells pretreated with salirasib was dependent on activation of death receptor (DR) 5. In conclusion, salirasib sensitizes hepatocarcinoma cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by a mechanism involving the DR5 receptor and survivin inhibition. These results in human hepatocarcinoma cell lines and primary hepatocytes provide a rationale for testing the combination of salirasib and TRAIL agonists in human hepatocarcinoma.

FHL2 exhibits anti-proliferative and anti-apoptotic activities in liver cancer cells

FHL2 displays tumor promoting or tumor suppressing activities depending on the types of tumor cells. In this study, we demonstrated that FHL2 overexpression inhibits the proliferation of human HCC cells Hep3B through cell cycle regulation by decreasing cyclin D1 expression while increasing the expressions of p21 and p27. FHL2 overexpression also inhibits migration and invasion of Hep3B cells through the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Surprisingly, we also demonstrated an antiapoptotic function for FHL2 overexpression with increased resistance to doxorubicin-induced apoptosis, which indicates the separation of anti-proliferative and anti-apoptotic role of FHL2. Taken together, our results indicate FHL2 could exert anti-apoptotic effect independent of tumor growth suppression.

Salirasib inhibits the growth of hepatocarcinoma cell lines in vitro and tumor growth in vivo through ras and mTOR inhibition

Background

Dysregulation of epidermal growth factor and insulin-like growth factor signaling play important roles in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), leading to frequent activation of their downstream targets, the ras/raf/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) pathways. Salirasib is an S-prenyl-cysteine analog that has been shown to block ras and/or mTOR activation in several non hepatic tumor cell lines. We investigated in vitro the effect of salirasib on cell growth as well as its mechanism of action in human hepatoma cell lines (HepG2, Huh7, and Hep3B) and its in vivo effect in a subcutaneous xenograft model with HepG2 cells.

Results

Salirasib induced a time and dose dependent growth inhibition in hepatocarcinoma cells through inhibition of proliferation and partially through induction of apoptosis. A 50 percent reduction in cell growth was obtained in all three cell lines at a dose of 150 μM when they were cultured with serum. By contrast, salirasib was more potent at reducing cell growth after stimulation with EGF or IGF2 under serum-free conditions, with an IC₅₀ ranging from 60 μM to 85 μM. The drug-induced anti-proliferative effect was associated with downregulation of cyclin A and to a lesser extent of cyclin D1, and upregulation of p21 and p27. Apoptosis induction was related to a global pro-apoptotic balance with caspase 3 activation, cytochrome c release, death receptor upregulation, and a reduced mRNA expression of the apoptosis inhibitors cFLIP and survivin. These effects were associated with ras downregulation and mTOR inhibition, without reduction of ERK and Akt activation. In vivo, salirasib reduced tumour growth from day 5 onwards. After 12 days of treatment, mean tumor weight was diminished by 56 percent in the treated animals.

Conclusions

Our results show for the first time that salirasib inhibits the growth of human hepatoma cell lines through inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis, which is associated with ras and mTOR inhibition. The therapeutic potential of salirasib in human HCC was further confirmed in a subcutaneous xenograft model.

SPC3042: a proapoptotic survivin inhibitor

The ability to regulate the cellular homeostasis of a higher organism through tight control of apoptosis and cell division is crucial for life. Dysregulation of these mechanisms is often associated with cancerous phenotypes in cells. Optimal cancer therapy is a fine balance between effective cancer cell killing and at the same time minimizing, or avoiding, damage to the surrounding healthy tissue. To obtain this, it is necessary to identify and inhibit molecular targets on which the cancer cells are strongly dependent. Survivin represents such a target, and it has been published previously that peptide vaccines, the small-molecule YM155, and the antisense molecule LY2181308/ISIS23722, via different mechanisms, have been used as survivin inhibitors. In this article, a new potent antisense inhibitor of survivin, SPC3042, is presented, and the properties of SPC3042 are compared with the previously published antisense drug, LY2181308/ISIS23722. SPC3042 is a 16-mer locked nucleic acid (LNA) oligonucleotide and designed as a fully phosphorothiolated gapmer containing 7 LNA nucleotides in the flanks. The LNA nucleotides in SPC3042 provide nuclease stability and higher potency for survivin mRNA inhibition compared with earlier generations of antisense reagents. It is shown that the down-regulation of survivin with SPC3042 leads to cell cycle arrest, pronounced cellular apoptosis, and down-regulation of Bcl-2. It is also shown that SPC3042 is a sensitizer of prostate cancer cells to Taxol treatment in vitro and in vivo.

Prognostic significance of cell proliferation and apoptosis-regulating proteins in Epstein-Barr virus positive and negative pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma

Apoptosis-related genes and proteins and proliferation activity and their relationship with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a contemporary issue. In this study, prognostic or pathogenetic roles of EBV latent infection, proliferating activity, and apoptosis-regulating proteins in pediatric Hodgkin lymphomas were explored. EBV-EBER, lmp-1, ki-67, bcl-2, survivin, Bax, fas, c-myc, and p53, and apoptotic index were analyzed in 63 pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma cases. The results were evaluated by chi-square, Mann Whitney U test, Pearson correlation analysis, and Kaplan Meier survival analysis. Thirty-two cases were stage I or II, whereas 31 cases were stage III or IV. The mean age was 8.4 +/- 63.54 years. EBV was positive in 52 (82.5%) cases. Overall survival was 94% and event-free survival 83.6%. Bax expression was observed 74.6%, bcl-2 47.6%, survivin 43%, p53 33.3%, fas 54%, and c-myc 25.4%. The mean apoptotic index was 18.22%. The mean proliferation index was 57.83%. The proliferation index was positively related with EBV but not with prognosis. None of the parameters were related with prognosis. EBV was negatively related with the apoptotic index. There were no relationships between bax, bcl-2, survivin, p53, fas, and c-myc with EBV. These results suggest that EBV might play a role in Hodgkin lymphoma pathogenesis by inducing proliferative activity and inhibiting apoptosis. Apoptosis-related proteins were not correlated with EBV. None of the parameters was found to predict prognosis.

Relationship between survivin expression and recurrence, and prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma

AIM: To study the expression of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein survivin in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and its correlation with clinicopathological factors, cell proliferation, recurrence and prognosis after hepatectomy.

METHODS: Immunohistochemical staining of survivin and Ki-67 was performed by the standard streptavidin-peroxidase technique on paraffin sections of 55 cases of HCC.

RESULTS: The positive rate of survivin in HCC was 52.7% (29/55). Significant correlation was found between survivin expression with portal vein thrombi and intrahepatic matastasistic nodes (P < 0.05). The recurrent rate in survivin-positive HCC was significantly higher than that in survivin-negative HCC after hepatectomy, the 1- and 3-year survival rate in patients with survivin-positive tumors was significantly lower than that in patients with survivin-negative tumors (58.62 and 10.34% vs 76.92 and 30.77%, P < 0.05, log-rank test). The proliferation index (Ki-67) in survivin-positive HCC (33.83% ± 18.90%) was significantly higher than that in survivin-negative HCC (19.60% ± 19.35%) (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION: Survivin may play an important role in progression of HCC by promoting cell proliferation, and may be positively correlated with high risk of disease recurrence and poor prognosis in HCC. Its expression may serve as a prognostic factor for patients with HCC after hepatectomy.

Dendritic cell targeting of survivin protein in a xenogeneic form elicits strong CD4+ T cell immunity to mouse survivin

To determine whether strong CD4+ T cell immunity could be induced to a nonmutated self protein that is important for tumorigenesis, we selectively targeted the xenogeneic form of survivin, a survival protein overexpressed in tumors, to maturing dendritic cells in lymphoid tissues. Dendritic cell targeting via the DEC205 receptor in the presence of anti-CD40 and poly(I:C) as maturation stimuli, induced strong human and mouse survivin-specific CD4+ T cell responses, as determined by IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IL-2 production, as well as the development of lytic MHC class II-restricted T cells and memory. Immunity was enhanced further by depletion of CD25+foxp3+ cells before vaccination. anti-DEC205-human survivin was superior in inducing CD4+ T cell responses relative to other approaches involving survivin plasmid DNA or survivin peptides with adjuvants. However, we were unable to induce CD8+ T cell immunity to survivin by two doses of DEC205-targeted survivin or the other strategies. Therefore, significant CD4+ T cell immunity to a self protein that is overexpressed in most human cancers can be induced by DEC205 targeting of the Ag in its xenogeneic form to maturing DCs.

Suppression of tumor growth using antisense oligonucleotide against survivin in an orthotopic transplant model of human hepatocellular carcinoma in nude mice

Survivin, an inhibitor of apoptosis protein, deserves attention as a selective target for cancer therapy because it is overexpressed in many cancers, including human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we report a novel antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) against survivin for its effectiveness against tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo, and providing evidence in treatment for HCC. Initially, transfection of liver tumor cells HepG2 with ASO resulted in significant cells growth inhibition and reduction expression of survivin mRNA and protein, in a dose-dependent manner. Using caspase-3 protease activation assays, we observed that ASO has induced significantly greater apoptosis rate compared to control oligonucleotides. Furthermore, we used an orthotopic transplant model of HCC in nude mice to investigate the effect of ASO on tumor growth in vivo, and ASO reagents were delivered by intravenous injection. Interestingly, this systemic treatment also resulted in significant inhibition in tumor growth. Tumor growth in mice treated with ASO (50 and 75 mg/kg per day) was significantly inhibited (45.31% and 60.94%, respectively) compared with saline-injected group (p < 0.01), in a dose-dependent manner, and the effect of ASO on tumor growth was associated with downregulation of survivin in tumor xenografts. Moreover, the level of serum alpha-fetoprotein in ASO-treated groups was also decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, these data suggest that the usefulness of survivin ASO could potentially be a promising gene therapy approach to treatment of HCC.

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alpha-Fetoprotein shields hepatocellular carcinoma cells from apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand

The interference of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) with the apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in Bel 7402 cells was investigated in the current study. The results showed a moderate degree of drug-resistance of Bel 7402 cells to TRAIL. The caspase-3 cascade was the main pathway involved in TRAIL-induced apoptosis, which was virtually abolished in the presence of AFP. TRAIL together with antibody against AFP was able to accelerate the death of tumor cells. This study suggests the possibility a therapeutic strategy for improving clinical treatment of liver tumor with TRAIL could be effected through antagonizing the shelter effect of AFP.

A Strong Glutathione S-Transferase Inhibitor Overcomes the P-glycoprotein-mediated Resistance in Tumor Cells

The new glutathione S-transferase inhibitor 6-(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-ylthio)hexanol (NBDHEX) is cytotoxic toward P-glycoprotein-overexpressing tumor cell lines, i.e. CEM-VBL10, CEM-VBL100, and U-2 OS/DX580. The mechanism of cell death triggered by NBDHEX has been deeply investigated in leukemia cell lines. Kinetic data indicate a similar NBDHEX membrane permeability between multidrug resistance cells and their sensitive counterpart revealing that NBDHEX is not a substrate of the P-glycoprotein export pump. Unexpectedly, this molecule promotes a caspase-dependent apoptosis that is unusual in the P-glycoprotein-overexpressing cells. The primary event of the apoptotic pathway is the dissociation of glutathione S-transferase P1-1 from the complex with c-Jun N-terminal kinase. Interestingly, leukemia MDR1-expressing cells show lower LC50 values and a higher degree of apoptosis and caspase-3 activity than their drug-sensitive counterparts. The increased susceptibility of the multidrug resistance cells toward the NBDHEX action may be related to a lower content of glutathione S-transferase P1-1. Given the low toxicity of NBDHEX in vivo, this compound may represent an attractive basis for the selective treatment of MDR1 P-glycoprotein-positive tumors.

Effects of survivin siRNA expression plasmid on proliferation of MGC-803 cells

AIM: To silence the expression of survivin gene in MGC-803 cells by the siRNA expression vector-based RNA interference (RNAi) technique, and to investigate its effects on the proliferation of MGC-803 cells.

METHODS: The survivin siRNA expression plasmid was transfected into MGC-803 cells by lipofectamine. Morphological changes of the cells were observed under invert microscope. The expression of survivin mRNA was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The changes of cell cycle and the cell proliferation were analyzed by flow cytometry and MTT assay, respectively.

RESULTS: Abnormal morphological changes of MGC-803 cells were observed in the group transfected with the survivin siRNA expression plasmid. The survivin siRNA expression plasmid significantly down-regulated the expression of survivin mRNA in MGC-803 cells with a percentage of 48.2% ( vs empty controls), and it arrested the cell cycle in G1 phase (77.4%). The cell proliferation was significantly inhibited, and the optical density in siRNA-transfected cells was markedly lower than that in the empty controls (24 h: 0.272 ± 0.048 vs 0.576 ± 0.018; 48 h: 0.270 ± 0.060 vs 0.809 ± 0.027; 72 h: 0.143 ± 0.046 vs 1.015 ± 0.075; all P < 0.01). The growth inhibitory rates of MGC-803 cells were 53.4%, 66.7%, and 86.3% after 24, 48, and 72 h of the transfection, respectively.

CONCLUSION: The expression of survivin in MGC-803 cells can be down-regulated by the plasmid-based RNAi technique, and the down-regulation can inhibit the cell proliferation in vitro.