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Abstract
Both hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) might contribute to insulin resistance (IR), how RBP4 links to IR in HCV infection remain elusive. A joint study of a prospective cohort of 842 chronically HCV-infected (CHC) patients (with 842 controls) and a line of HCV core transgenic mice was conducted. Of 842 patients, 771 had completed anti-HCV therapy and 667 had sustained virological responses (SVRs). Compared with controls, CHC patients had lower RBP4 levels. At baseline, age (95% CI β: -0.87~-0.317), BMI (0.516~2.036), triglycerides (0.03~0.127), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) (1.561~7.327), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (-0.342~-0.149) levels were associated with RBP4 levels in CHC patients. At 24-week post-therapy, male sex (0.652~8.129), BMI (0.199~1.254), triglycerides (0.039~0.088), uric acid (0.599~3.067), eGFR (-0.247 ~-0.14) levels, and fibrosis-4 (-3.602~-0.039) scores were associated with RBP4 levels in SVR patients; compared with baseline, except genotype 3 HCV-infected patients, SVR patients had increased RBP4 levels, which were comparable with controls, while no HOMA-IR index alteration was noted after SVR. The HCV core transgenic mice exhibited nonobese hepatic steatosis, had higher hepatic RBP4 expression, higher serum levels of RBP4 and triglycerides, but comparable HOMA-IR levels than non-transgenic littermates. In conclusion, steatosis, sex, age, uric acid, NLR, and FIB-4 levels were associated with HCV-related RBP4 levels; BMI, triglycerides, and eGFR levels were associated with non-HCV-related RBP4 levels. Reversal of low RBP4 levels after SVR was evident in non-genotype 3 HCV-infected patients. Steatosis and inflammation linked with metabolic alteration other than IR, determined RBP4 levels in HCV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ling Chang
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University , Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Chen
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University , Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Hong Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Shiang-Chi Chen
- Department of Nursing, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Wen Gu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Biotechnology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University , Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Nan Chien
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University , Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Chang ML, Hu JH, Pao LH, Lin MS, Kuo CJ, Chen SC, Fan CM, Chang MY, Chien RN. Critical role of triglycerides for adiponectin levels in hepatitis C: a joint study of human and HCV core transgenic mice. BMC Immunol 2021; 22:54. [PMID: 34380427 PMCID: PMC8359585 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-021-00445-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Both hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and adiponectin are critically involved in metabolism. The reversal and associations of altering adiponectin levels after sustained virological responses (SVRs) following direct-acting antivirals (DAA) in HCV-infected patients remained elusive. Methods A joint study was conducted in a prospective cohort of 427 HCV-infected patients and a line of HCV core transgenic mice. Results Of 427, 358 had completed a course of DAA therapy and 353 had SVRs. At baseline, male sex (95% CI β: − 1.44 to − 0.417), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (− 0.025 to − 0.008), triglycerides (− 0.015 to − 0.005), and fibrosis-4 levels (0.08–0.297) were associated with adiponectin levels; BMI (0.029–0.327) and triglycerides levels (0.01–0.03) were associated with homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in HCV-infected patients. At 24-week post-therapy, in SVR patients, male sex (− 1.89 to − 0.5) and eGFR (− 0.02 to − 0.001) levels were associated with adiponectin levels, levels of BMI (0.094–0.335) and alanine transaminase (0.018–0.078) were associated with HOMA-IR; compared with baseline levels, adiponectin levels decreased (6.53 ± 2.77 vs. 5.45 ± 2.56 μg/mL, p < 0.001). In 12-month-old HCV core transgenic mice with hepatic steatosis, triglyceride levels (0.021–0.111) were associated with adiponectin levels, and hepatic adipopnectin expression was comparable with that of control mice. Conclusions Triglycerides and hepatic fibrosis are associated with HCV-specific alteration of adiponectin levels, and adiponectin may affect insulin sensitivity through triglycerides during HCV infection. In DAA-treated patients, after SVR, adiponectin levels decreased and the linking function of triglycerides between adiponectin and insulin sensitivity vanished. Moreover, HCV core with hepatic steatosis might affect extrahepatic adiponectin expression through triglycerides. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12865-021-00445-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ling Chang
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No 5, Fu Hsing Street, Kuei Shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Jing-Hong Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Li-Heng Pao
- Graduate Institute of Health-Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shyan Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Failure Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Kuo
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No 5, Fu Hsing Street, Kuei Shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shiang-Chi Chen
- Department of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ming Fan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yu Chang
- Division of Pediatric Neurologic Medicine, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Nan Chien
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No 5, Fu Hsing Street, Kuei Shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Liver Research Unit, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No 5, Fu Hsing Street, Kuei Shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Akgöllü E, Akkız H. Association between hepatic steatosis and MTP gene -493G/T polymorphism in the patients with HCV genotype 1 infection. Infect Genet Evol 2019; 70:101-106. [PMID: 30790698 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM Hepatitis C virus (HCV) affects approximately 250 million people worldwide. If patients are untreated, 80% of patients with chronic HCV develop liver failure, liver cirrhosis (LC), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCV genotype 1 is the most prevalent among the infected individuals with HCV. Hepatic steatosis is known as accumulation of lipid molecules in hepatocytes, and its prevalence is approximately 55% in CHC infection. The reason of HCV-related hepatic steatosis in CHC infection is mainly HCV core protein. HCV core protein inhibits activities of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) which is a lipid transfer protein expressed in the liver. The -493G/T polymorphism in the promoter region of MTP gene has been associated with HCV-related hepatic steatosis. This polymorphism in MTP gene influences MTP mRNA expression, therefore which might also affect lipid transfer. We evaluated the association between MTP gene polymorphism and the risk of HCV genotype 1-related hepatic steatosis. METHODS In the current study, MTP gene polymorphism was explored in 144 biopsy-proven chronic HCV genotype 1 patients by using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. RESULTS The results showed that there were no any difference between the steatosis and the non-steatosis groups for the allele and genotype frequencies of the -493G/T polymorphism (P > .05). Moreover, MTP genotypes (GG vs. TG + TT) were not associated with BMI, fibrosis stages and the levels of biochemical parameters. Additionally, there were statistically significant differences in the biochemical parameters including triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL levels between the two groups (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the current study demonstrates for the first time that MTP gene -493G/T polymorphism has not a major effect on the risk of HCV genotype 1-related hepatic steatosis in Turkish population. Further studies are imperative to clarify the association of this polymorphism with HCV genotype 1 infection in HCV-related hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersin Akgöllü
- Çukurova University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Adana, Turkey.
| | - Hikmet Akkız
- Çukurova University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Adana, Turkey
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Abstract
In addition to causing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatitis C virus (HCV) is thought to cause hypolipidemia, hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes. The viral life cycle of HCV depends on cholesterol metabolism in host cells. HCV core protein and nonstructural protein 5A perturb crucial lipid and glucose pathways, such as the sterol regulatory element-binding protein pathway and the protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin/S6 kinase 1 pathway. Although several lines of transgenic mice expressing core or full HCV proteins exhibit hepatic steatosis and/or dyslipidemia, whether they completely reflect the metabolic alterations in humans with HCV infection remains unknown. Many cross-sectional studies have demonstrated increased prevalences of metabolic alterations and cardiovascular events in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC); however, conflicting results exist, primarily due to unavoidable individual variations. Utilizing anti-HCV therapy, most longitudinal cohort studies of CHC patients have demonstrated the favorable effects of viral clearance in attenuating metabolic alterations and cardiovascular risks. To determine the risks of HCV-associated metabolic alterations and associated complications in patients with CHC, it is necessary to adjust for crucial confounders, such as HCV genotype and host baseline glucose metabolism, for a long follow-up period after anti-HCV treatment. Adipose tissue is an important endocrine organ due to its release of adipocytokines, which regulate lipid and glucose metabolism. However, most data on HCV infection and adipocytokine alteration are inconclusive. A comprehensive overview of HCV-associated metabolic and adipocytokine alterations, from bench to bedside, is presented in this topic highlight.
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Rajalakshmy AR, Malathi J, Madhavan HN, Srinivasan B, Iyer GK. Hepatitis C virus core and NS3 antigens induced conjunctival inflammation via toll-like receptor-mediated signaling. Mol Vis 2014; 20:1388-97. [PMID: 25352745 PMCID: PMC4173667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Dry eye condition is an extrahepatic manifestation associated with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Since conjunctival inflammation can contribute to the dry eye condition, in the present study we analyzed the conjunctival inflammatory response to HCV core and NS3 proteins. METHODS We used primary human conjunctival fibroblasts for our study. Cytokines were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Toll-like receptor (TLR) and cell adhesion molecule gene expression patterns were analyzed with semiquantitative reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. Immunofluorescence staining was performed for the MyD88, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) proteins. Nitric oxide (NO) was measured with the Griess assay; terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated uridine 5'-triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays were performed for apoptosis and cell viability, respectively. RESULTS When exposed to the HCV core and NS3 proteins, the conjunctival fibroblasts secreted interleukin-8 (IL-8), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and IL-10 in a dose-dependent manner. Various TLRs were involved in the innate immune response via MyD88 signaling without NF-kB involvement. The gene expression of cell adhesion molecules such as CD44 and ICAM-1 was upregulated, and the cells secreted NO via iNOS. As the sum of these stress responses, the cells underwent apoptosis, which eventually lead to cell death. CONCLUSIONS HCV core and NS3 proteins induced conjunctival inflammation that may form the pathogenesis of dry eye condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayilam Ramachandran Rajalakshmy
- L & T Microbiology Research Centre, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India,Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials, SASTRA, Thanjavur, India
| | - Jambulingam Malathi
- L & T Microbiology Research Centre, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
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Basaranoglu M, Basaranoglu G. Pathophysiology of insulin resistance and steatosis in patients with chronic viral hepatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:4055-62. [PMID: 22039318 PMCID: PMC3203355 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i36.4055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis due to any cause leads to cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease. A growing body of literature has also shown that fatty liver due to overweight or obesity is a leading cause of cirrhosis. Due to the obesity epidemic, fatty liver is now a significant problem in clinical practice. Steatosis has an impact on the acceleration of liver damage in patients with chronic hepatitis due to other causes. An association between hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, steatosis and the onset of insulin resistance has been reported. Insulin resistance is one of the leading factors for severe fibrosis in chronic HCV infections. Moreover, hyperinsulinemia has a deleterious effect on the management of chronic HCV. Response to therapy is increased by decreasing insulin resistance by weight loss or the use of thiazolidenediones or metformin. The underlying mechanisms of this complex interaction are not fully understood. A direct cytopathic effect of HCV has been suggested. The genomic structure of HCV (suggesting that some viral sequences are involved in the intracellular accumulation of triglycerides), lipid metabolism, the molecular links between the HCV core protein and lipid droplets (the core protein of HCV and its transcriptional regulatory function which induce a triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes) and increased neolipogenesis and inhibited fatty acid degradation in mitochondria have been investigated.
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Abstract
Hepatic steatosis is commonly seen in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, and the prevalence is much higher prevalence than in the general population or in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatic steatosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C can be due to alcohol consumption and host metabolic factors such as high body mass index (BMI), obesity, hyperlipidemia, metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus in which insulin resistance plays an important role. However, in genotype 3 HCV infection, hepatic steatosis can result from direct viral cytopathic effect. Demographic and clinical characteristics associated with hepatic steatosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C including older age, higher BMI, more genotype 3 infection, and higher mean serum levels of triglyceride, alanine aminotransferase and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase. The clinical relevance of hepatic steatosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C includes a close correlation with hepatic fibrosis, and a poor response to combination peginterferon and ribavirin treatment. In addition, hepatic steatosis has been reported to associate with increased frequency of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic HCV infection. Whether life style modification such as weight reduction or adding an insulin resistance reducing agent such as metformin or thiazolidinediones combined with current standard peginterferon plus ribavirin treatment will benefit to the chronic hepatitis C patients with hepatic steatosis deserves further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinn-Jang Hwang
- Department of Family Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Chang ML, Yeh CT, Lin DY, Ho YP, Hsu CM, Bissell DM. Hepatic inflammation mediated by hepatitis C virus core protein is ameliorated by blocking complement activation. BMC Med Genomics 2009; 2:51. [PMID: 19664232 PMCID: PMC2734540 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-2-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of inflammation and fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains unclear. Transgenic mice with constitutive HCV core over-expression display steatosis only. While the reasons for this are unclear, it may be important that core protein production in these models begins during gestation, in contrast to human hepatitis C virus infection, which occurs post-natally and typically in adults. AIMS To more realistically model the effect of core protein production in the adult liver, we developed a mouse with conditional expression of HCV core and examined the effect of core protein production in the adult liver. METHODS Liver biopsy samples from transgenic mice with tetracycline(tet)-regulated conditional core protein expression were evaluated immunohistologically. Microarray analysis of HCV core transgenic mice with steatohepatitis pointed to a role of the complement pathway. This was further explored by blocking complement activation by in vivo administration of CD55 (decay accelerating factor for complement), which inhibits activation of C3. RESULTS Transgenic mice exhibited low, intermediate, or high HCV core protein expression when fed a permissive diet of standard chow. Aside from hepatic steatosis, hepatic inflammation and fibrosis were seen in mice with intermediate levels of core protein. Microarray analyses of inflamed liver demonstrated activation of both the complement (C3 up-regulation) and coagulation pathways (fibrinogen B up-regulation). Administration of CD55 reduced hepatic inflammation. CONCLUSION Transgenic mice that conditionally express intermediate HCV core protein develop inflammation, steatosis, and fibrosis. These effects mediated by HCV core are reduced by administration of CD55, a regulator of the complement pathway. The model may be valuable in investigating the pathogenesis of liver inflammation in chronic hepatitis C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ling Chang
- Liver Research Center and Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Chang ML, Chen TH, Chang MY, Yeh CT. Cell cycle perturbation in the hepatocytes of HCV core transgenic mice following common bile duct ligation is associated with enhanced p21 expression. J Med Virol 2009; 81:467-72. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Chang MY, Chen JC, Yeh CT, Chiu CT, Lin DY, Chang ML. The various impacts of the hepatitis C virus core protein upon hepatic oxidative stress after common bile duct ligation and partial hepatectomy. Redox Rep 2008; 13:172-8. [PMID: 18647487 DOI: 10.1179/135100008x259277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although it is uncertain how the hepatitis C virus (HCV) core protein influences hepatic oxidative stress after partial hepatectomy and common bile duct ligation (CBDL) this may be crucial for the prognosis of patients with HCV infection who have undergone hepatic resection, or who have complications due to a biliary tract obstruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS A group of double transgenic mice (DTM) that express both the tetracycline transactivator (tTA) and the HCV core, with conditional, acute expression of the HCV core in the context of the mature liver were subjected to 43% partial hepatectomy and CBDL. The levels of thioredoxin-1, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) were evaluated in liver samples taken 3 days after the operations. RESULTS The DTM had significantly higher TBARS levels than mice that were transgenic for only tTA (i.e. single transgenic mice; STM) and non-transgenic mice (NTM) after a sham laparotomy, CBDL and partial hepatectomy. Of the DTM, the TBARS levels were higher in female mice than in males after a sham laparotomy (P = 0.02) and CBDL (P = 0.0001). 4-HNE staining data were compatible with these results. Furthermore, male DTM exhibited higher levels of thioredoxin-1 than female DTM after sham laparotomy (P = 0.012) and CBDL (P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS The HCV core increases hepatic oxidative stress in vivo and female DTM are more vulnerable to the oxidative stress caused by acute core expression with, or without, CBDL. The fact that the female DTM had lower thioredoxin-1 levels may account for this observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yu Chang
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care and Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Chang ML, Yeh CT, Chen JC, Huang CC, Lin SM, Sheen IS, Tai DI, Chu CM, Lin WP, Chang MY, Liang CK, Chiu CT, Lin DY. Altered expression patterns of lipid metabolism genes in an animal model of HCV core-related, nonobese, modest hepatic steatosis. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:109. [PMID: 18307821 PMCID: PMC2287171 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Accepted: 02/29/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because the gene expression patterns of nonobese hepatic steatosis in affected patients remain unclear, we sought to explore these patterns using an animal model of nonobese hepatic steatosis. METHODS We developed mice that conditionally express the hepatitis C virus (HCV) core protein regulated by the tetracycline transactivator (tTA). Microarray analyses and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction were performed using liver samples of both the double transgenic mice (DTM), which express both the HCV core and tTA, and single transgenic mice (STM), which express tTA alone, at 2 months of age. Functional categories of genes with altered expression were classified using gene ontology programs. Serum glucose, lipid levels, and systemic blood pressure were also measured. RESULTS Approximately 20-30% of hepatocytes from the DTM were steatotic. No significant differences were observed in the serum glucose, lipid content, or blood pressure levels between the DTM and STM. Gene expression analyses revealed Sterol-regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) pathway activation and dysregulation of the following genes involved in lipid metabolism: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase 1, Apolipoprotein AII, Apolipoprotein CI, acyl-CoA thioesterase I, and fatty acid binding protein 1; in mitochondrial function: solute carrier family 25 member 25 and cytochrome c oxidase subunit II; in immune reaction: complement component 3, lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus A, lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus C, lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus D, and lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus E. CONCLUSION Some genes of lipid metabolism, mitochondrial function, and immune reaction and the SREBP pathway are involved in HCV core-related, nonobese, modest hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ling Chang
- Liver Research Center and Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No 5, Fu Hsing Street, Kuei Shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Ting Yeh
- Liver Research Center and Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No 5, Fu Hsing Street, Kuei Shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Chang Chen
- Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Chun Huang
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Ming Lin
- Liver Research Center and Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No 5, Fu Hsing Street, Kuei Shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - I-Shyan Sheen
- Liver Research Center and Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No 5, Fu Hsing Street, Kuei Shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Dar-In Tai
- Liver Research Center and Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No 5, Fu Hsing Street, Kuei Shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ming Chu
- Liver Research Center and Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No 5, Fu Hsing Street, Kuei Shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Pin Lin
- Liver Research Center and Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No 5, Fu Hsing Street, Kuei Shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yu Chang
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care and Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Kai Liang
- Liver Research Center and Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No 5, Fu Hsing Street, Kuei Shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Tang Chiu
- Liver Research Center and Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No 5, Fu Hsing Street, Kuei Shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Deng-Yn Lin
- Liver Research Center and Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No 5, Fu Hsing Street, Kuei Shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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