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Schalamun M, Schmoll M. Trichoderma - genomes and genomics as treasure troves for research towards biology, biotechnology and agriculture. Front Fungal Biol 2022; 3:1002161. [PMID: 37746224 PMCID: PMC10512326 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.1002161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The genus Trichoderma is among the best studied groups of filamentous fungi, largely because of its high relevance in applications from agriculture to enzyme biosynthesis to biofuel production. However, the physiological competences of these fungi, that led to these beneficial applications are intriguing also from a scientific and ecological point of view. This review therefore summarizes recent developments in studies of fungal genomes, updates on previously started genome annotation efforts and novel discoveries as well as efforts towards bioprospecting for enzymes and bioactive compounds such as cellulases, enzymes degrading xenobiotics and metabolites with potential pharmaceutical value. Thereby insights are provided into genomes, mitochondrial genomes and genomes of mycoviruses of Trichoderma strains relevant for enzyme production, biocontrol and mycoremediation. In several cases, production of bioactive compounds could be associated with responsible genes or clusters and bioremediation capabilities could be supported or predicted using genome information. Insights into evolution of the genus Trichoderma revealed large scale horizontal gene transfer, predominantly of CAZyme genes, but also secondary metabolite clusters. Investigation of sexual development showed that Trichoderma species are competent of repeat induced point mutation (RIP) and in some cases, segmental aneuploidy was observed. Some random mutants finally gave away their crucial mutations like T. reesei QM9978 and QM9136 and the fertility defect of QM6a was traced back to its gene defect. The Trichoderma core genome was narrowed down to 7000 genes and gene clustering was investigated in the genomes of multiple species. Finally, recent developments in application of CRISPR/Cas9 in Trichoderma, cloning and expression strategies for the workhorse T. reesei as well as the use genome mining tools for bioprospecting Trichoderma are highlighted. The intriguing new findings on evolution, genomics and physiology highlight emerging trends and illustrate worthwhile perspectives in diverse fields of research with Trichoderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Schalamun
- Center for Health and Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Tulln, Austria
| | - Monika Schmoll
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Rodrigues ACM, Barbieri MV, Chino M, Manco G, Febbraio F. A 3D printable adapter for solid-state fluorescence measurements: the case of an immobilized enzymatic bioreceptor for organophosphate pesticides detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:1999-2008. [PMID: 35064794 PMCID: PMC8791905 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03835-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The widespread use of pesticides in the last decades and their accumulation into the environment gave rise to major environmental and human health concerns. To address this topic, the scientific community pointed out the need to develop methodologies to detect and measure the presence of pesticides in different matrices. Biosensors have been recently explored as fast, easy, and sensitive methods for direct organophosphate pesticides monitoring. Thus, the present work aimed at designing and testing a 3D printed adapter useful on different equipment, and a membrane support to immobilize the esterase-2 from Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius (EST2) bioreceptor. The latter is labelled with the IAEDANS, a bright fluorescent probe. EST2 was selected since it shows a high specificity toward paraoxon. Our results showed good stability and replicability, with an increasing linear fluorescent intensity recorded from 15 to 150 pmol of labelled EST2. Linearity of data was also observed when using the immobilized labelled EST2 to detect increasing amounts of paraoxon, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.09 pmol. This LOD value reveals the high sensitivity of our membrane support when mounted on the 3D adapter, comparable to modern methods using robotic workstations. Notably, the use of an independent support significantly simplified the manipulation of the membrane during experimental procedures and enabled it to match the specificities of different systems. In sum, this work emphasizes the advantages of using 3D printed accessories adapted to respond to the newest research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia C M Rodrigues
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council (CNR), 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Barbieri
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council (CNR), 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Chino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", 80126, Naples, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Manco
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council (CNR), 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Febbraio
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council (CNR), 80131, Naples, Italy.
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Rodrigues ACM, Barbieri MV, Chino M, Manco G, Febbraio F. A FRET Approach to Detect Paraoxon among Organophosphate Pesticides Using a Fluorescent Biosensor. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:561. [PMID: 35062524 PMCID: PMC8778994 DOI: 10.3390/s22020561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of faster, sensitive and real-time methods for detecting organophosphate (OP) pesticides is of utmost priority in the in situ monitoring of these widespread compounds. Research on enzyme-based biosensors is increasing, and a promising candidate as a bioreceptor is the thermostable enzyme esterase-2 from Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius (EST2), with a lipase-like Ser-His-Asp catalytic triad with a high affinity for OPs. This study aimed to evaluate the applicability of Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) as a sensitive and reliable method to quantify OPs at environmentally relevant concentrations. For this purpose, the previously developed IAEDANS-labelled EST2-S35C mutant was used, in which tryptophan and IAEDANS fluorophores are the donor and the acceptor, respectively. Fluorometric measurements showed linearity with increased EST2-S35C concentrations. No significant interference was observed in the FRET measurements due to changes in the pH of the medium or the addition of other organic components (glucose, ascorbic acid or yeast extract). Fluorescence quenching due to the presence of paraoxon was observed at concentrations as low as 2 nM, which are considered harmful for the ecosystem. These results pave the way for further experiments encompassing more complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia C. M. Rodrigues
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.V.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Maria Vittoria Barbieri
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.V.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Marco Chino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Manco
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.V.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Ferdinando Febbraio
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.V.B.); (G.M.)
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Abstract
Conventional understanding of how enzymes function strongly emphasizes the role of structure. However, increasing evidence clearly indicates that enzymes do not remain fixed or operate exclusively in or close to their native structure. Different parts of the enzyme (from individual residues to full domains) undergo concerted motions on a wide range of time-scales, including that of the catalyzed reaction. Information obtained on these internal motions and conformational fluctuations has so far uncovered and explained many aspects of enzyme mechanisms, which could not have been understood from a single structure alone. Although there is wide interest in understanding enzyme dynamics and its role in catalysis, several challenges remain. In addition to technical difficulties, the vast majority of investigations are performed in dilute aqueous solutions, where conditions are significantly different than the cellular milieu where a large number of enzymes operate. In this review, we discuss recent developments, several challenges as well as opportunities related to this topic. The benefits of considering dynamics as an integral part of the enzyme function can also enable new means of biocatalysis, engineering enzymes for industrial and medicinal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratul K. Agarwal
- Department of Physiological Sciences and High-Performance Computing Center, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078
- Arium BioLabs, 2519 Caspian Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37932
| | - David N. Bernard
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), Université du Québec, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Quebec, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Khushboo Bafna
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
| | - Nicolas Doucet
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), Université du Québec, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Quebec, H7V 1B7, Canada
- PROTEO, the Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Structure, and Engineering, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
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Schiaffini R, Barbetti F, Rapini N, Inzaghi E, Deodati A, Patera IP, Matteoli MC, Ciampalini P, Carducci C, Lorubbio A, Schiaffini G, Cianfarani S. School and pre-school children with type 1 diabetes during Covid-19 quarantine: The synergic effect of parental care and technology. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2020; 166:108302. [PMID: 32623034 PMCID: PMC7332425 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Management of Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) poses numerous challenges, especially for young children and their families. Parental care positively influencesthe outcomesofchildren with T1D, while there are often criticisms in school environment. The COVID-19 pandemic has forced children and parents to spend many hours at home and diabetes care has returned mainly in the hands of parents. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the effectiveness of exclusive return to parental care in pre-school and school children with T1D treated with Tandem Basal IQ system during the COVID-19 pandemic. PATIENTS AND METHODS 22 children (M:F = 14:8) with T1D have been evaluated. We compared insulin and CGM data (TIR, TBR and TAR) of two periods: PRE-COV and IN-COV, in which children have transitioned from normal school attendance to the exclusive care of their parents. RESULTS During the IN-COV period a significantly (p < 0.001) higher median value of TIR (66,41%) was observed as compared to PRE-COV period (61,45%). Patients also showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.002) between the IN-COV period and the PRE-COV period as concerning the TAR metric: respectively 29,86 ± 10,6% vs 34,73 ± 12,8%. The difference between the bolus insulin doses was statistically significant (PRE-COV 5,3 IU/day, IN-COV 7,9 IU/day - p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our observational real-life study confirms the positive effect of parental care in T1D very young children and demonstrates that during the COVID-19 pandemic it was possible to obtain a good glycometabolic compensation despite the significant change in lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Schiaffini
- Dipartimento Pediatrico Universitario Ospedaliero "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital - Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Barbetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Novella Rapini
- Dipartimento Pediatrico Universitario Ospedaliero "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital - Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Inzaghi
- Dipartimento Pediatrico Universitario Ospedaliero "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital - Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Deodati
- Dipartimento Pediatrico Universitario Ospedaliero "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital - Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Ippolita P Patera
- Dipartimento Pediatrico Universitario Ospedaliero "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital - Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria C Matteoli
- Dipartimento Pediatrico Universitario Ospedaliero "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital - Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Ciampalini
- Dipartimento Pediatrico Universitario Ospedaliero "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital - Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Carducci
- Dipartimento Pediatrico Universitario Ospedaliero "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital - Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Lorubbio
- Dipartimento Pediatrico Universitario Ospedaliero "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital - Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Schiaffini
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Cianfarani
- Dipartimento Pediatrico Universitario Ospedaliero "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital - Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Hussein HA, Hassan RYA, Chino M, Febbraio F. Point-of-Care Diagnostics of COVID-19: From Current Work to Future Perspectives. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:E4289. [PMID: 32752043 PMCID: PMC7435936 DOI: 10.3390/s20154289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses have received global concern since 2003, when an outbreak caused by SARS-CoV emerged in China. Later on, in 2012, the Middle-East respiratory syndrome spread in Saudi Arabia, caused by MERS-CoV. Currently, the global crisis is caused by the pandemic SARS-CoV-2, which belongs to the same lineage of SARS-CoV. In response to the urgent need of diagnostic tools, several lab-based and biosensing techniques have been proposed so far. Five main areas have been individuated and discussed in terms of their strengths and weaknesses. The cell-culture detection and the microneutralization tests are still considered highly reliable methods. The genetic screening, featuring the well-established Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), represents the gold standard for virus detection in nasopharyngeal swabs. On the other side, immunoassays were developed, either by screening/antigen recognition of IgM/IgG or by detecting the whole virus, in blood and sera. Next, proteomic mass-spectrometry (MS)-based methodologies have also been proposed for the analysis of swab samples. Finally, virus-biosensing devices were efficiently designed. Both electrochemical immunosensors and eye-based technologies have been described, showing detection times lower than 10 min after swab introduction. Alternative to swab-based techniques, lateral flow point-of-care immunoassays are already commercially available for the analysis of blood samples. Such biosensing devices hold the advantage of being portable for on-site testing in hospitals, airports, and hotspots, virtually without any sample treatment or complicated lab precautions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba A. Hussein
- Virology Department, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Dokki, Giza 12619, Egypt;
| | - Rabeay Y. A. Hassan
- Nanoscience Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Zewail City of Science and Technology, 6th October City, Giza 12578, Egypt;
- Applied Organic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Marco Chino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”. Via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Ferdinando Febbraio
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council (CNR), Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Zofair SFF, Arsalan A, Khan MA, Alhumaydhi FA, Younus H. Immobilization of laccase on Sepharose-linked antibody support for decolourization of phenol red. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 161:78-87. [PMID: 32505629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Laccases which are considered as "green tools" in biotechnology have potential to degrade toxic contaminants/synthetic dyes present in industrial effluents. The loss in activity and stability of laccases are key challenges faced in their potential industrial applications. Here, laccase from Trametes versicolor (polypore mushroom) was immobilized on Sepharose-linked antibody support to carry out the decolourization of phenol red. This support was prepared by covalent linking of anti-laccase antibodies to CNBr activated Sepharose at pH 8.5, and then laccase was immobilized on this affinity support at pH 5.0. The amount of laccase immobilized was approximately 33 mg per gram of the affinity support, giving an immobilization yield of 83.4%. The immobilized enzyme displayed an activity of 3.88 U with an effectiveness factor (η) of 0.90. Immobilization of laccase led to significant enhancement in thermal and storage stability. The immobilized enzyme retained 44% of its activity after 10 cycles of continuous use. The decolourization of phenol red dye obtained by immobilized and soluble laccase after 6 h of incubation at 50 °C was 80 and 56%, respectively. Thus, immobilization of laccase on Sepharose-linked antibody support leads to remarkable improvement in its various properties, making it more versatile for industrial applications.
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Cetrangolo GP, Rusko J, Gori C, Carullo P, Manco G, Chino M, Febbraio F. Highly Sensitive Detection of Chemically Modified Thio-Organophosphates by an Enzymatic Biosensing Device: An Automated Robotic Approach. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:s20051365. [PMID: 32131482 PMCID: PMC7085774 DOI: 10.3390/s20051365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides represent some of the most common man-made chemicals in the world. Despite their unquestionable utility in the agricultural field and in the prevention of pest infestation in public areas of cities, pesticides and their biotransformation products are toxic to the environment and hazardous to human health. Esterase-based biosensors represent a viable alternative to the expensive and time-consuming systems currently used for their detection. In this work, we used the esterase-2 from Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius as bioreceptor for a biosensing device based on an automated robotic approach. Coupling the robotic system with a fluorescence inhibition assay, in only 30 s of enzymatic assay, we accomplished the detection limit of 10 pmol for 11 chemically oxidized thio-organophosphates in solution. In addition, we observed differences in the shape of the inhibition curves determined measuring the decrease of esterase-2 residual activity over time. These differences could be used for the characterization and identification of thio-organophosphate pesticides, leading to a pseudo fingerprinting for each of these compounds. This research represents a starting point to develop technologies for automated screening of toxic compounds in samples from industrial sectors, such as the food industry, and for environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Paolo Cetrangolo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council (CNR), Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.P.C.); (J.R.); (C.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Janis Rusko
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council (CNR), Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.P.C.); (J.R.); (C.G.); (P.C.)
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, Lejupes Street 3, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia
| | - Carla Gori
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council (CNR), Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.P.C.); (J.R.); (C.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Paola Carullo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council (CNR), Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.P.C.); (J.R.); (C.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Manco
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council (CNR), Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.P.C.); (J.R.); (C.G.); (P.C.)
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (F.F.); Tel.: +39-081-6132-296 (G.M.); +39-081-6132-611 (F.F.)
| | - Marco Chino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”. Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Ferdinando Febbraio
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council (CNR), Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.P.C.); (J.R.); (C.G.); (P.C.)
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (F.F.); Tel.: +39-081-6132-296 (G.M.); +39-081-6132-611 (F.F.)
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Cetrangolo GP, Gori C, Rusko J, Terreri S, Manco G, Cimmino A, Febbraio F. Determination of Picomolar Concentrations of Paraoxon in Human Urine by Fluorescence-Based Enzymatic Assay. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:s19224852. [PMID: 31703397 PMCID: PMC6891394 DOI: 10.3390/s19224852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) pesticides are widely used in the agricultural field and in the prevention of pest infestation in private and public areas of cities. Despite their unquestionable utility, several of these compounds demonstrate toxic effects to the environment and human health. In particular, the occurrence of some organophosphate pesticides is correlated to the incidence of nervous system disorders, especially in children. The detection of pesticide residues in the human body represents an important task to preserve human health. In our work we propose the use of esterase-based biosensors as a viable alternative to the expensive and time-consuming systems currently used for their detection in human fluids. Using the esterase-2 activity, coupled with a fluorescence inhibition assay, we are able to detect very low concentration levels of diethyl (4-nitrophenyl) phosphate (paraoxon) in the range of the femtomole (fmol). Method robustness tests indicate the stability of esterase-2 in a diluted solution of 4% human urine, and we are able to accurately determine concentration levels of paraoxon in the range from 0.1 to 2 picomoles (pmol). The system sensitivity for OP detection is calculated at 524 ± 14.15 fmol of paraoxon recognized at 10% of inhibition, with an estimated limit of quantification of 262 ± 8.12 pmol mL-1. These values are comparable with the most recent analysis methods based on mass spectrometry carried out on human samples for pesticide detection. This research represents a starting point to develop cheap and fast testing methods for a rapid screening of toxic substances in human samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Paolo Cetrangolo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology – National Research Council (CNR), via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.P.C.); (C.G.); (J.R.)
| | - Carla Gori
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology – National Research Council (CNR), via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.P.C.); (C.G.); (J.R.)
| | - Janis Rusko
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology – National Research Council (CNR), via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.P.C.); (C.G.); (J.R.)
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, Lejupes street 3, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia
| | - Sara Terreri
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati Traverso”–National Research Council (CNR), via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.T.); (A.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Manco
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology – National Research Council (CNR), via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.P.C.); (C.G.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (F.F.); Tel.: +39-081-613-2296 (G.M.); +39-081-613-2611 (F.F.)
| | - Amelia Cimmino
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati Traverso”–National Research Council (CNR), via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.T.); (A.C.)
| | - Ferdinando Febbraio
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology – National Research Council (CNR), via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.P.C.); (C.G.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (F.F.); Tel.: +39-081-613-2296 (G.M.); +39-081-613-2611 (F.F.)
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Alberts J, Schatzmayr G, Moll WD, Davids I, Rheeder J, Burger HM, Shephard G, Gelderblom W. Detoxification of the Fumonisin Mycotoxins in Maize: An Enzymatic Approach. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E523. [PMID: 31510008 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic detoxification has become a promising approach for control of mycotoxins postharvest in grains through modification of chemical structures determining their toxicity. In the present study fumonisin esterase FumD (EC 3.1.1.87) (FUMzyme®; BIOMIN, Tulln, Austria), hydrolysing fumonisin (FB) mycotoxins by de-esterification, was utilised to develop an enzymatic reduction method in a maize kernel enzyme incubation mixture. Efficacy of the FumD FB reduction method in “low” and “high” FB contaminated home-grown maize was compared by monitoring FB1 hydrolysis to the hydrolysed FB1 (HFB1) product utilising a validated LC-MS/MS analytical method. The method was further evaluated in terms of enzyme activity and treatment duration by assessing enzyme kinetic parameters and the relative distribution of HFB1 between maize kernels and the residual aqueous environment. FumD treatments resulted in significant reduction (≥80%) in “low” (≥1000 U/L, p < 0.05) and “high” (100 U/L, p < 0.05; ≥1000 U/L, p < 0.0001) FB contaminated maize after 1 h respectively, with an approximate 1:1 µmol conversion ratio of FB1 into the formation of HFB1. Enzyme kinetic parameters indicated that, depending on the activity of FumD utilised, a significantly (p < 0.05) higher FB1 conversion rate was noticed in “high” FB contaminated maize. The FumD FB reduction method in maize could find application in commercial maize-based practices as well as in communities utilising home-grown maize as a main dietary staple and known to be exposed above the tolerable daily intake levels.
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