1
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Finnegan M, Fitzgerald S, Duroux R, Attia J, Markey E, O’Connor D, Morrin A. Predicting Chronological Age via the Skin Volatile Profile. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2024; 35:421-432. [PMID: 38326105 PMCID: PMC10921460 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Skin volatile emissions offer a noninvasive insight into metabolic activity within the body as well as the skin microbiome and specific volatile compounds have been shown to correlate with age, albeit only in a few small studies. Building on this, here skin volatiles were collected and analyzed in a healthy participant study (n = 60) using a robust headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) workflow. Following processing, 18 identified compounds were deemed suitable for this study. These were classified according to gender influences and their correlations with age were investigated. Finally, 6 volatiles (of both endogenous and exogenous origin) were identified as significantly changing in abundance with participant age (p < 0.1). The potential origins of these dysregulations are discussed. Multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis was employed to model age based on these significant volatiles as independent variables, along with gender. Our analysis shows that skin volatiles show a strong predictive ability for age (explained variance of 68%), stronger than other biochemical measures collected in this study (skin surface pH, water content) which are understood to vary with chronological age. Overall, this work provides new insights into the impact of aging on the skin volatile profiles which comprises both endogenously and exogenously derived volatile compounds. It goes toward demonstrating the biological significance of skin volatiles and will help pave the way for more rigorous consideration of the healthy "baseline" skin volatile profile in volatilomics-based health diagnostics development going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Finnegan
- School
of Chemical Sciences, Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics,
National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin
City University, Dublin D09 V209, Ireland
| | - Shane Fitzgerald
- School
of Chemical Sciences, Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics,
National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin
City University, Dublin D09 V209, Ireland
| | - Romain Duroux
- IFF-Lucas
Meyer Cosmetics, Toulouse, Cedex 1, 31036, France
| | - Joan Attia
- IFF-Lucas
Meyer Cosmetics, Toulouse, Cedex 1, 31036, France
| | - Emma Markey
- School
of Chemical Sciences, Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics,
National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin
City University, Dublin D09 V209, Ireland
| | - David O’Connor
- School
of Chemical Sciences, Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics,
National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin
City University, Dublin D09 V209, Ireland
| | - Aoife Morrin
- School
of Chemical Sciences, Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics,
National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin
City University, Dublin D09 V209, Ireland
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2
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Fitzgerald S, Holland L, Ahmed W, Piechulla B, Fowler SJ, Morrin A. Volatilomes of human infection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:37-53. [PMID: 37843549 PMCID: PMC10758372 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04986-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The human volatilome comprises a vast mixture of volatile emissions produced by the human body and its microbiomes. Following infection, the human volatilome undergoes significant shifts, and presents a unique medium for non-invasive biomarker discovery. In this review, we examine how the onset of infection impacts the production of volatile metabolites that reflects dysbiosis by pathogenic microbes. We describe key analytical workflows applied across both microbial and clinical volatilomics and emphasize the value in linking microbial studies to clinical investigations to robustly elucidate the metabolic species and pathways leading to the observed volatile signatures. We review the current state of the art across microbial and clinical volatilomics, outlining common objectives and successes of microbial-clinical volatilomic workflows. Finally, we propose key challenges, as well as our perspectives on emerging opportunities for developing clinically useful and targeted workflows that could significantly enhance and expedite current practices in infection diagnosis and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Fitzgerald
- SFI Insight Centre for Data Analytics, School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Linda Holland
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Waqar Ahmed
- Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Birgit Piechulla
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stephen J Fowler
- Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Respiratory Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Aoife Morrin
- SFI Insight Centre for Data Analytics, School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.
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3
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Finnegan M, Thach CL, Khaki S, Markey E, O’Connor DJ, Smeaton AF, Morrin A. Characterization of Volatile and Particulate Emissions from Desktop 3D Printers. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:9660. [PMID: 38139506 PMCID: PMC10747962 DOI: 10.3390/s23249660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The rapid expansion of 3D printing technologies has led to increased utilization in various industries and has also become pervasive in the home environment. Although the benefits are well acknowledged, concerns have arisen regarding potential health and safety hazards associated with emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulates during the 3D printing process. The home environment is particularly hazardous given the lack of health and safety awareness of the typical home user. This study aims to assess the safety aspects of 3D printing of PLA and ABS filaments by investigating emissions of VOCs and particulates, characterizing their chemical and physical profiles, and evaluating potential health risks. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed to profile VOC emissions, while a particle analyzer (WIBS) was used to quantify and characterize particulate emissions. Our research highlights that 3D printing processes release a wide range of VOCs, including straight and branched alkanes, benzenes, and aldehydes. Emission profiles depend on filament type but also, importantly, the brand of filament. The size, shape, and fluorescent characteristics of particle emissions were characterized for PLA-based printing emissions and found to vary depending on the filament employed. This is the first 3D printing study employing WIBS for particulate characterization, and distinct sizes and shape profiles that differ from other ambient WIBS studies were observed. The findings emphasize the importance of implementing safety measures in all 3D printing environments, including the home, such as improved ventilation, thermoplastic material, and brand selection. Additionally, our research highlights the need for further regulatory guidelines to ensure the safe use of 3D printing technologies, particularly in the home setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Finnegan
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, D09 DXA0 Dublin, Ireland; (M.F.); (S.K.); (D.J.O.)
- Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, D09 Y5N0 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Colleen Lee Thach
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66046, USA;
| | - Shirin Khaki
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, D09 DXA0 Dublin, Ireland; (M.F.); (S.K.); (D.J.O.)
- Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, D09 Y5N0 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Emma Markey
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, D09 Y5N0 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - David J. O’Connor
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, D09 DXA0 Dublin, Ireland; (M.F.); (S.K.); (D.J.O.)
- Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, D09 Y5N0 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Alan F. Smeaton
- Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, D09 Y5N0 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Aoife Morrin
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, D09 DXA0 Dublin, Ireland; (M.F.); (S.K.); (D.J.O.)
- Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, D09 Y5N0 Dublin, Ireland;
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4
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Lyons S, Baile Pomares P, Vidal L, McGarry K, Morrin A, Brougham DF. Surface Potential Modulation in Boronate-Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles Reveals Binding Interactions: Toward Magnetophoretic Capture/Quantitation of Sugars from Extracellular Matrix. Langmuir 2023. [PMID: 37235552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Phenylboronic acids (BAs) are important synthetic receptors that bind reversibly to cis-diols enabling their use in molecular sensing. When conjugated to magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, BAs have potential for application in separations and enrichment. Realizing this will require a new understanding of their inherent binding modes and measurement of their binding capacity and their stability in/extractability from complex environments. In this work, 3-aminophenylboronic acid was functionalized to superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MNPs, core diameter 8.9 nm) to provide stable aqueous suspensions of functionalized particles (BA-MNPs). The progress of sugar binding and its impact on BA-MNP colloidal stability were monitored through the pH-dependence of hydrodynamic size and zeta potential during incubation with a range of saccharides. This provided the first direct observation of boronate ionization pKa in grafted BA, which in the absence of sugar shifted to a slightly more basic pH than free BA. On exposure to sugar solutions under MNP-limiting conditions, pKa moved progressively to lower pH as maximum capacity was gradually attained. The pKa shift is shown to be greater for sugars with greater BA binding affinity, and on-particle sugar exchange effects were inferred. Colloidal dispersion of BA-MNPs after binding was shown for all sugars at all pHs studied, which enabled facile magnetic extraction of glucose from agarose and cultured extracellular matrix expanded in serum-free media. Bound glucose, quantified following magnetophoretic capture, was found to be proportional to the solution glucose content under glucose-limiting conditions expected for the application. The implications for the development of MNP-immobilized ligands for selective magnetic biomarker capture and quantitation from the extracellular environment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Lyons
- SFI Insight Centre for Data Analytics; National Centre for Sensor Research; School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Paola Baile Pomares
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto Universitario de Materiales, Universidad de Alicante, PO Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Lorena Vidal
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto Universitario de Materiales, Universidad de Alicante, PO Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Katie McGarry
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Aoife Morrin
- SFI Insight Centre for Data Analytics; National Centre for Sensor Research; School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Dermot F Brougham
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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5
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Tasfaout A, Ibrahim F, Morrin A, Brisset H, Sorrentino I, Nanteuil C, Laffite G, Nicholls IA, Regan F, Branger C. Molecularly imprinted polymers for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances enrichment and detection. Talanta 2023; 258:124434. [PMID: 36940572 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are highly toxic pollutants of significant concern as they are being detected in water, air, fish and soil. They are extremely persistent and accumulate in plant and animal tissues. Traditional methods of detection and removal of these substances use specialised instrumentation and require a trained technical resource for operation. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), polymeric materials with predetermined selectivity for a target molecule, have recently begun to be exploited in technologies for the selective removal and monitoring of PFAS in environmental waters. This review offers a comprehensive overview of recent developments in MIPs, both as adsorbents for PFAS removal and sensors that selectively detect PFAS at environmentally-relevant concentrations. PFAS-MIP adsorbents are classified according to their method of preparation (e.g., bulk or precipitation polymerization, surface imprinting), while PFAS-MIP sensing materials are described and discussed according to the transduction methods used (e.g., electrochemical, optical). This review aims to comprehensively discuss the PFAS-MIP research field. The efficacy and challenges facing the different applications of these materials in environmental water applications are discussed, as well as a perspective on challenges for this field that need to be overcome before exploitation of the technology can be fully realised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aicha Tasfaout
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Farah Ibrahim
- Université de Toulon, Laboratoire Matériaux Polymères Interfaces Environnement Marin (MAPIEM), Toulon, France
| | - Aoife Morrin
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Hugues Brisset
- Université de Toulon, Laboratoire Matériaux Polymères Interfaces Environnement Marin (MAPIEM), Toulon, France
| | - Ilaria Sorrentino
- Klearia, 61 Avenue Simone Veil, CEEI Nice Côte d'Azur - Immeuble Premium, 06200, Nice, France
| | - Clément Nanteuil
- Klearia, 61 Avenue Simone Veil, CEEI Nice Côte d'Azur - Immeuble Premium, 06200, Nice, France
| | - Guillaume Laffite
- Klearia, 61 Avenue Simone Veil, CEEI Nice Côte d'Azur - Immeuble Premium, 06200, Nice, France
| | - Ian A Nicholls
- Bioorganic & Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry & Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-39182, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Fiona Regan
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Catherine Branger
- Université de Toulon, Laboratoire Matériaux Polymères Interfaces Environnement Marin (MAPIEM), Toulon, France.
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6
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Finnegan M, Duffy E, Morrin A. The determination of skin surface pH via the skin volatile emission using wearable colorimetric sensors. Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2022.100473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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7
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Fitzgerald S, Holland L, Morrin A. An Investigation of Stability and Species and Strain-Level Specificity in Bacterial Volatilomes. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:693075. [PMID: 34721314 PMCID: PMC8549763 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.693075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial volatilomics is a rapidly growing field of study and has shown great potential for applications in food, farming, and clinical sectors in the future. Due to the varying experimental methods and growth conditions employed in microbial volatilomic studies as well as strain-dependent volatilomic differences, there is limited knowledge regarding the stability of microbial volatilomes. Consequently, cross-study comparisons and validation of results and data can be challenging. In this study, we investigated the stability of the volatilomes of multiple strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli across three frequently used nutrient-rich growth media. Volatilomic stability was assessed based on media-, time- and strain-dependent variation across the examined bacterial volatilomes. Strain-level specificity of the observed volatilomes of E. coli and P. aeruginosa strains was further investigated by comparing the emission of selected compounds at varying stages of cell growth. Headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) sampling coupled with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyze the volatilome of each strain. The whole volatilomes of the examined strains demonstrate a high degree of stability across the three examined growth media. At the compound-level, media dependent differences were observed particularly when comparing the volatilomes obtained in glucose-containing brain heart infusion (BHI) and tryptone soy broth (TSB) growth media with the volatilomes obtained in glucose-free Lysogeny broth (LB) media. These glucose-dependent volatilomic differences were primarily seen in the emission of primary metabolites such as alcohols, ketones, and acids. Strain-level differences in the emission of specific compounds in E. coli and P. aeruginosa samples were also observed across the media. These strain-level volatilomic differences were also observed across varying phases of growth of each strain, therefore confirming that these strains had varying core and accessory volatilomes. Our results demonstrate that, at the species-level, the examined bacteria have a core volatilome that exhibits a high-degree of stability across frequently-used growth media. Media-dependent differences in microbial volatilomes offer valuable insights into identifying the cellular origin of individual metabolites. The observed differences in the core and accessory volatilomes of the examined strains illustrate the complexity of microbial volatilomics as a study while also highlighting the need for more strain-level investigations to ultimately elucidate the whole volatilomic capabilities of microbial species in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Fitzgerald
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Center for Sensor Research, SFI Insight Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Linda Holland
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aoife Morrin
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Center for Sensor Research, SFI Insight Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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8
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Duffy E, Huttunen K, Lahnavik R, Smeaton AF, Morrin A. Visualising household air pollution: Colorimetric sensor arrays for monitoring volatile organic compounds indoors. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258281. [PMID: 34614030 PMCID: PMC8494322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoor air quality monitoring as it relates to the domestic setting is an integral part of human exposure monitoring and health risk assessment. Hence there is a great need for easy to use, fast and economical indoor air quality sensors to monitor the volatile organic compound composition of the air which is known to be significantly perturbed by the various source emissions from activities in the home. To meet this need, paper-based colorimetric sensor arrays were deployed as volatile organic compound detectors in a field study aiming to understand which activities elicit responses from these sensor arrays in household settings. The sensor array itself is composed of pH indicators and aniline dyes that enable molecular recognition of carboxylic acids, amines and carbonyl-containing compounds. The sensor arrays were initially deployed in different rooms in a single household having different occupant activity types and levels. Sensor responses were shown to differ for different room settings on the basis of occupancy levels and the nature of the room emission sources. Sensor responses relating to specific activities such as cooking, cleaning, office work, etc were noted in the temporal response. Subsequently, the colorimetric sensor arrays were deployed in a broader study across 9 different households and, using multivariate analysis, the sensor responses were shown to correlate strongly with household occupant activity and year of house build. Overall, this study demonstrates the significant potential for this type of simple approach to indoor air pollution monitoring in residential environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emer Duffy
- Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kati Huttunen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Roosa Lahnavik
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Alan F. Smeaton
- Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aoife Morrin
- Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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9
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Mace C, Morrin A, Whelan R. Introduction to bioanalytical sensors for real-world applications. Anal Methods 2021; 13:1776-1777. [PMID: 33885654 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay90015c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Charles Mace, Aoife Morrin and Rebecca Whelan introduce this Analytical Methods themed issue on bioanalytical sensors for real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Mace
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Aoife Morrin
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, INSIGHT Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Rebecca Whelan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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10
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Shetewi T, Finnegan M, Fitzgerald S, Xu S, Duffy E, Morrin A. Investigation of the relationship between skin-emitted volatile fatty acids and skin surface acidity in healthy participants - a pilot study. J Breath Res 2021; 15. [PMID: 33765666 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/abf20a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from human skin are of great interest in general in research fields including disease diagnostics and comprise various compound classes including acids, alcohols, ketones and aldehydes. The objective of this research is to investigate the volatile fatty acid (VFA) emission as recovered from healthy participant skin VOC samples and to characterise its association with skin surface acidity. VOC sampling was performed via headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) with analysis via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Several VFAs were recovered from participants, grouped based on gender and site (female forehead, female forearm, male forearm). Saturated VFAs (C9, C12, C14, C15, C16) and the unsaturated VFA C16:1 (recovered only from the female forehead) were considered for this study. VFA compositions and abundances are discussed in the context of body site and corresponding gland type and distribution, and their quantitative association with skin acidity investigated. Normalised chromatographic peak areas of the recovered VFAs were found to linearly correlate with hydrogen ion concentration measured at each of the different sites considered and is the first report to our knowledge to demonstrate such an association. Our observations are explained in terms of the free fatty acid (FFA) content at the skin surface which is well-established as being a major contributor to skin surface acidity. Furthermore, it is interesting to consider that these VFA emissions from skin, governed by equilibrium vapour pressures exhibited at the skin surface, will be dependent on skin pH. It is proposed that these pH-modulated equilibrium vapour pressures of the acids could be resulting in an enhanced VFA emission sensitivity with respect to skin surface pH. To translate our observations made here for future wearable biodiagnostic applications, the measurement of skin surface pH based on the volatile emission was demonstrated using a pH indicator dye in the form of a planar colorimetric sensor, which was incorporated into a wearable platform and worn above the palm surface. As acidic skin surface pH is required for optimal skin barrier function and cutaneous antimicrobial defence, it is envisaged that these colorimetric volatile acid sensors could be deployed in robust wearable formats for monitoring health and disease applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasneem Shetewi
- Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin City University, Dublin, IRELAND
| | - Melissa Finnegan
- Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland, Dublin, 9, IRELAND
| | - Shane Fitzgerald
- Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin City University, Dublin, IRELAND
| | - Steve Xu
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, IL 60611, UNITED STATES
| | - Emer Duffy
- Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin City University, Dublin, IRELAND
| | - Aoife Morrin
- Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin City University, Dublin, IRELAND
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11
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Duffy E, Cauven E, Morrin A. Colorimetric Sensing of Volatile Organic Compounds Produced from Heated Cooking Oils. ACS Omega 2021; 6:7394-7401. [PMID: 33778252 PMCID: PMC7992057 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of cooking-associated air pollution indoors is an integral part of exposure monitoring and human health risk assessment. There is a need for easy to use, fast, and economical detection systems to quantify the various emissions from different sources in the home. Addressing this challenge, a colorimetric sensor array (CSA) is reported as a new method to characterize volatile organic compounds produced from cooking, a major contributor to indoor air pollution. The sensor array is composed of pH indicators and aniline dyes from classical spot tests, which enabled molecular recognition of a variety of aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids as demonstrated by hierarchical clustering and principal component analyses. To demonstrate the concept, these CSAs were employed for differentiation of emissions from heated cooking oils (sunflower, rapeseed, olive, and groundnut oils). Sensor results were validated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, highlighting the potential of the sensor array for evaluating cooking emissions as a source of indoor air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emer Duffy
- INSIGHT
SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor
Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin
City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Emme Cauven
- School
of Natural Science, Fontys University of
Applied Sciences, Romdom
1, 5612AP Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Aoife Morrin
- INSIGHT
SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor
Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin
City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
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12
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13
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Lyons S, Mc Kiernan EP, Dee G, Brougham DF, Morrin A. Correction: Electrostatically modulated magnetophoretic transport of functionalised iron-oxide nanoparticles through hydrated networks. Nanoscale 2021; 13:1365-1366. [PMID: 33406175 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr90262d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Correction for 'Electrostatically modulated magnetophoretic transport of functionalised iron-oxide nanoparticles through hydrated networks' by Stephen Lyons et al., Nanoscale, 2020, 12, 10550-10558, DOI: 10.1039/D0NR01602K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Lyons
- Insight SFI Research Centre For Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Ireland.
| | | | - Garret Dee
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Aoife Morrin
- Insight SFI Research Centre For Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Ireland.
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14
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Murray E, Roche P, Briet M, Moore B, Morrin A, Diamond D, Paull B. Fully automated, low-cost ion chromatography system for in-situ analysis of nitrite and nitrate in natural waters. Talanta 2020; 216:120955. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Wallace RG, Kenealy MR, Brady AJ, Twomey L, Duffy E, Degryse B, Caballero-Lima D, Moyna NM, Custaud MA, Meade-Murphy G, Morrin A, Murphy RP. Development of dynamic cell and organotypic skin models, for the investigation of a novel visco-elastic burns treatment using molecular and cellular approaches. Burns 2020; 46:1585-1602. [PMID: 32475797 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2020.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burn injuries are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite advances in therapeutic strategies for the management of patients with severe burns, the sequelae are pathophysiologically profound, up to the systemic and metabolic levels. Management of patients with a severe burn injury is a long-term, complex process, with treatment dependent on the degree and location of the burn and total body surface area (TBSA) affected. In adverse conditions with limited resources, efficient triage, stabilisation, and rapid transfer to a specialised intensive care burn centre is necessary to provide optimal outcomes. This initial lag time and the form of primary treatment initiated, from injury to specialist care, is crucial for the burn patient. This study aims to investigate the efficacy of a novel visco-elastic burn dressing with a proprietary bio-stimulatory marine mineral complex (MXC) as a primary care treatment to initiate a healthy healing process prior to specialist care. METHODS A new versatile emergency burn dressing saturated in a >90% translucent water-based, sterile, oil-free gel and carrying a unique bio-stimulatory marine mineral complex (MXC) was developed. This dressing was tested using LabSkin as a burn model platform. LabSkin a novel cellular 3D-dermal organotypic full thickness human skin equivalent, incorporating fully-differentiated dermal and epidermal components that functionally models skin. Cell and molecular analysis was carried out by in vitro Real-Time Cellular Analysis (RTCA), thermal analysis, and focused transcriptomic array profiling for quantitative gene expression analysis, interrogating both wound healing and fibrosis/scarring molecular pathways. In vivo analysis was also performed to assess the bio-mechanical and physiological effects of this novel dressing on human skin. RESULTS This hybrid emergency burn dressing (EBD) with MXC was hypoallergenic, and improved the barrier function of skin resulting in increased hydration up to 24 h. It was demonstrated to effectively initiate cooling upon application, limiting the continuous burn effect and preventing local tissue from damage and necrosis. xCELLigence RTCA® on primary human dermal cells (keratinocyte, fibroblast and micro-vascular endothelial) demonstrated improved cellular function with respect to tensegrity, migration, proliferation and cell-cell contact (barrier formation) [1]. Quantitative gene profiling supported the physiological and cellular function finding. A beneficial quid pro quo regulation of genes involved in wound healing and fibrosis formation was observed at 24 and 48 h time points. CONCLUSION Utilisation of this EBD + MXC as a primary treatment is an effective and easily applicable treatment in cases of burn injury, proving both a cooling and hydrating environment for the wound. It regulates inflammation and promotes healing in preparation for specialised secondary burn wound management. Moreover, it promotes a healthy remodelling phenotype that may potentially mitigate scarring. Based on our findings, this EBD + MXC is ideal for use in all pre-hospital, pre-surgical and resource limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Wallace
- Center for Preventive Medicine, School of Health & Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Mary-Rose Kenealy
- Center for Preventive Medicine, School of Health & Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Aidan J Brady
- Center for Preventive Medicine, School of Health & Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Laura Twomey
- Center for Preventive Medicine, School of Health & Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland; Technological University Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emer Duffy
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Bernard Degryse
- Center for Preventive Medicine, School of Health & Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland; Integrative Cell & Molecular Physiology Group, School of Health & Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | | | - Niall M Moyna
- Center for Preventive Medicine, School of Health & Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | | | | | - Aoife Morrin
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Ronan P Murphy
- Center for Preventive Medicine, School of Health & Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland; Integrative Cell & Molecular Physiology Group, School of Health & Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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16
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Lyons S, Mc Kiernan EP, Dee G, Brougham DF, Morrin A. Electrostatically modulated magnetophoretic transport of functionalised iron-oxide nanoparticles through hydrated networks. Nanoscale 2020; 12:10550-10558. [PMID: 32159560 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr01602k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Factors that determine magnetophoretic transport of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) through hydrated polymer networks under the influence of an external magnetic field gradient were studied. Functionalised iron oxide cores (8.9 nm core diameter) were tracked in real-time as they moved through agarose gels under the influence of an inhomogeneous magnetic field. Terminal magnetophoretic velocities were observed in all cases, these were quantified and found to be highly reproducible and sensitive to the conditions. Increasing agarose content reduced magnetophoretic velocity, we attribute this to increasingly tortuous paths through the porous hydrated polymer network and propose a new factor to quantify the tortuosity. The impact of MNP surface functionalisation, charge, network fixed charge content, and ionic strength of the aqueous phase on velocity were studied to separate these effects. For MNPs functionalised with polyethylene glycol (PEG) increasing chain length reduced velocity but the tortuosity extracted, which is a function of the network, was unchanged; validating the approach. For charged citrate- and arginine-functionalised MNPs, magnetophoretic velocities were found to increase for particles with positive and decrease for particles with negative zeta potential. In both cases these effects could be moderated by reducing the number of agarose anionic residues and/or increasing the ionic strength of the aqueous phase; conditions under which tortuosity again becomes the critical factor. A model for MNP transport identifying the contributions from the tortuous pore network and from electrostatic effects associated with the pore constrictions is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Lyons
- Insight SFI Research Centre For Data Analytics; National Centre for Sensor Research; School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Ireland.
| | | | - Garret Dee
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Aoife Morrin
- Insight SFI Research Centre For Data Analytics; National Centre for Sensor Research; School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Ireland.
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17
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Fornells E, Murray E, Waheed S, Morrin A, Diamond D, Paull B, Breadmore M. Integrated 3D printed heaters for microfluidic applications: Ammonium analysis within environmental water. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1098:94-101. [PMID: 31948591 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A multi-material 3D printed microfluidic reactor with integrated heating is presented, which was applied within a manifold for the colorimetric determination of ammonium in natural waters. Graphene doped polymer was used to provide localised heating when connected to a power source, achieving temperatures of up to 120 °C at 12 V, 0.7 A. An electrically insulating layer of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) polymer or a new microdiamond-ABS polymer composite was used as a heater coating. The microdiamond polymer composite provided higher thermal conductivity and uniform heating of the serpentine microreactor which resulted in greater temperature control and accuracy in comparison to pure ABS polymer. The developed heater was then applied and demonstrated using a modified Berthelot reaction for ammonium analysis, in which the microreactor was configured at a predetermined optimised temperature. A 5-fold increase in reaction speed was observed compared to previously reported reaction rates. A simple flow injection analysis set up, comprising the microfluidic heater along with an LED-photodiode based optical detector, was assembled for ammonium analysis. Two river water samples and two blind ammonium standards were analysed and estimated concentrations were compared to concentrations determined using benchtop IC. The highest relative error observed following the analysis of the environmental samples was 11% and for the blind standards was 5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisenda Fornells
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Hobart, 7001, Australia; Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Hobart, 7001, Australia
| | - Eoin Murray
- Research & Development, T.E. Laboratories Ltd. (TelLab), Tullow, Carlow, Ireland; Insight Centre for Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Sidra Waheed
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Hobart, 7001, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Hobart, 7001, Australia
| | - Aoife Morrin
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Dermot Diamond
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Brett Paull
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Hobart, 7001, Australia; Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Hobart, 7001, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Hobart, 7001, Australia
| | - Michael Breadmore
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Hobart, 7001, Australia; Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Hobart, 7001, Australia.
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18
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Murray E, Roche P, Harrington K, McCaul M, Moore B, Morrin A, Diamond D, Paull B. Low cost 235 nm ultra-violet light-emitting diode-based absorbance detector for application in a portable ion chromatography system for nitrite and nitrate monitoring. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1603:8-14. [PMID: 31151694 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A low cost, UV absorbance detector incorporating a 235 nm light emitting diode (LED) for portable ion chromatography has been designed and fabricated to achieve rapid, selective detection of nitrite and nitrate in natural waters. The optical cell was fabricated through micromilling and solvent vapour bonding of two layers of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The cell was fitted within a 3D printed housing and the LED and photodiode were aligned using 3D printed holders. Isocratic separation and selective detection of nitrite and nitrate was achieved in under 2.5 min using the 235 nm LED based detector and custom electronics. The design of the new detector assembly allowed for effective and sustained operation of the deep UV LED source at a low current (<10 mA), maintaining consistent and low LED temperatures during operation, eliminating the need for a heat sink. The detector cell was produced at a fraction of the cost of commercial optical cells and demonstrated very low stray light (0.01%). For retention time and peak area repeatability, RSD values ranged from 0.75 to 1.10 % and 3.06-4.19 %, respectively. Broad dynamic linear ranges were obtained for nitrite and nitrate, with limits of detection at ppb levels. The analytical performance of the IC set up with optical cell was compared to that of an ISO-accredited IC through the analysis of five various water samples. Relative errors not exceeding 6.86% were obtained for all samples. The detector was also coupled to a low pressure, low cost syringe pump to assess the potential for use within a portable analytical system. RSD values for retention time and peak area using this simple configuration were <1.15% and <3.57% respectively, highlighting repeatability values comparable to those in which a commercial HPLC pump was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin Murray
- Research & Development, T.E. Laboratories Ltd. (TelLab), Tullow, Carlow, Ireland; Insight Centre for Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Patrick Roche
- Research & Development, T.E. Laboratories Ltd. (TelLab), Tullow, Carlow, Ireland
| | - Kevin Harrington
- Research & Development, T.E. Laboratories Ltd. (TelLab), Tullow, Carlow, Ireland
| | - Margaret McCaul
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Breda Moore
- Research & Development, T.E. Laboratories Ltd. (TelLab), Tullow, Carlow, Ireland
| | - Aoife Morrin
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Dermot Diamond
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Brett Paull
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Hobart 7001, Australia; ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Hobart 7001, Australia.
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19
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20
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Daikuzono CM, Delaney C, Morrin A, Diamond D, Florea L, Oliveira ON. Paper based electronic tongue - a low-cost solution for the distinction of sugar type and apple juice brand. Analyst 2019; 144:2827-2832. [PMID: 30887969 DOI: 10.1039/c8an01934g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This work reports on a low cost microfluidic electronic tongue (e-tongue) made with carbon interdigitated electrodes, printed on paper, and coated with boronic acid-containing hydrogels. Using capacitance measurements, the e-tongue was capable of distinguishing between different types of sugars (e.g. glucose, fructose and sucrose), in addition to distinguishing between commercial brands of apple juice using a small volume of sample (6 μL). The channels of the microfluidic e-tongue were made using a wax printer, and were modified with hydrogels containing acrylamide copolymerized with 5 or 20 mol% 3-(acrylamido) phenyl boronic acid (Am-PBA), or a crosslinked homopolymeric hydrogel based on N-(2-boronobenzyl)-2-hydroxy-N,N-dimethylethan-1-aminium-3-sulfopropyl acrylate (DMA-PBA). Such hydrogels, containing a phenyl boronic acid (PBA) moiety, can bind saccharides. Combining various hydrogels of this nature in an e-tongue device enabled discrimination between apple juices, which are known to contain higher amounts of fructose compared to glucose or sucrose. Changes in capacitance were captured with impedance spectroscopy in the frequency range from 0.1 to 10 MHz for solutions with varying concentrations of glucose, fructose and sucrose (from 0 to 0.056 g mL-1). The capacitance data were treated with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Interactive Document Map (IDMAP), which then correlated overall sugar content from different brands of apple juice. This low-cost, easy-to-use, disposable e-tongue offers great potential in the routine analysis of food and beverages, while offering comparative performance to alternatives in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane M Daikuzono
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, CP 369, 13560-970, São Carlos, Brazil.
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21
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Murray E, Li Y, Currivan SA, Moore B, Morrin A, Diamond D, Macka M, Paull B. Miniaturized capillary ion chromatograph with UV light-emitting diode based indirect absorbance detection for anion analysis in potable and environmental waters. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:3224-3231. [PMID: 30010238 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A miniaturized, flexible, and low-cost capillary ion chromatography system has been developed for anion analysis in water. The ion chromatography has an open platform, modular design, and allows for ease of modification. The assembled platform weighs ca. 0.6 kg and is 25 × 25 cm in size. Isocratic separation of common anions (F- , Cl- , NO2- , Br- , and NO3- ) could be achieved in under 15 min using sodium benzoate eluent at a flow rate of 3 μL/min, a packed capillary column (0.150 × 150 mm) containing Waters IC-Pak 10 μm anion exchange resin, and light-emitting diode based indirect UV detection. Several low UV light-emitting diodes were assessed in terms of sensitivity, including a new 235 nm light-emitting diode, however, the highest sensitivity was demonstrated using a 255 nm light-emitting diode. Linear calibration ranges applicable to typical natural water analysis were obtained. For retention time and peak area repeatability, relative standard deviation values ranged from 0.60-0.95 and 1.95-3.53%, respectively. Several water samples were analysed and accuracy (recovery) was demonstrated through analysis of a prepared mixed anion standard. Relative errors of -0.36, -1.25, -0.80, and -0.76% were obtained for fluoride, chloride, nitrite, and nitrate, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin Murray
- Research & Development, T.E. Laboratories Ltd. (TelLab), Tullow, Carlow, Ireland
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yan Li
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Sinead A Currivan
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Breda Moore
- Research & Development, T.E. Laboratories Ltd. (TelLab), Tullow, Carlow, Ireland
| | - Aoife Morrin
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dermot Diamond
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mirek Macka
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Brett Paull
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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22
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Murray E, Li Y, Currivan SA, Moore B, Morrin A, Diamond D, Macka M, Paull B. Front Cover: Miniaturized capillary ion chromatograph with UV light-emitting diode based indirect absorbance detection for anion analysis in potable and environmental waters. J Sep Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201870161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
This review summarizes recent advances in the development of electrochemical sensors and biosensors based on nanomaterial doped conducting polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sensor Analysis of Tumor Marker
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao 266042
| | - Aoife Morrin
- School of Chemical Sciences
- National Centre for Sensor Research
- INSIGHT Centre for Data Analytics
- Dublin City University
- Dublin 9
| | - Mengru Li
- Key Laboratory of Sensor Analysis of Tumor Marker
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao 266042
| | - Nianzu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sensor Analysis of Tumor Marker
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao 266042
| | - Xiliang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Sensor Analysis of Tumor Marker
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao 266042
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24
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Duffy E, Jacobs MR, Kirby B, Morrin A. Probing skin physiology through the volatile footprint: Discriminating volatile emissions before and after acute barrier disruption. Exp Dermatol 2017; 26:919-925. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emer Duffy
- School of Chemical Sciences; National Centre for Sensor Research; Dublin City University; Dublin Ireland
| | - Matthew R. Jacobs
- School of Chemical Sciences; National Centre for Sensor Research; Dublin City University; Dublin Ireland
| | - Brian Kirby
- Dermatology Research Group; St. Vincent's University Hospital; Dublin Ireland
| | - Aoife Morrin
- School of Chemical Sciences; National Centre for Sensor Research; Dublin City University; Dublin Ireland
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25
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Ahmadraji T, Gonzalez-Macia L, Ritvonen T, Willert A, Ylimaula S, Donaghy D, Tuurala S, Suhonen M, Smart D, Morrin A, Efremov V, Baumann RR, Raja M, Kemppainen A, Killard AJ. Biomedical Diagnostics Enabled by Integrated Organic and Printed Electronics. Anal Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Termeh Ahmadraji
- Department
of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, U.K
| | - Laura Gonzalez-Macia
- Department
of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, U.K
| | | | - Andreas Willert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Electronic Nanosystems ENAS, Technologie-Campus 3, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | | | - David Donaghy
- Electrical
Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L69 7ZX, U.K
| | | | | | - Dave Smart
- Smart Dx Consulting Ltd, 4
Smeaton Park, Moira BT67
0NF, U.K
| | - Aoife Morrin
- School of
Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Vitaly Efremov
- School of
Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Reinhard R. Baumann
- Department
of Digital Printing and Imaging Technologies, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Reichenhainer Strasse 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Munira Raja
- Electrical
Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L69 7ZX, U.K
| | | | - Anthony J. Killard
- Department
of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, U.K
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De Guzman K, Morrin A. Cover Picture: Screen-printed Tattoo Sensor towards the Non-invasive Assessment of the Skin Barrier (Electroanalysis 1/2017). ELECTROANAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201780101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keana De Guzman
- School of Chemical Sciences; National Centre for Sensor Research; Insight Centre for Data Analytics; Dublin City University; Dublin 9 Ireland
| | - Aoife Morrin
- School of Chemical Sciences; National Centre for Sensor Research; Insight Centre for Data Analytics; Dublin City University; Dublin 9 Ireland
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Daikuzono CM, Delaney C, Tesfay H, Florea L, Oliveira ON, Morrin A, Diamond D. Impedance spectroscopy for monosaccharides detection using responsive hydrogel modified paper-based electrodes. Analyst 2017; 142:1133-1139. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an02571d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel paper-based impedance sensor for saccharide sensing in the sub-mM range.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. M. Daikuzono
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics
- National Centre for Sensor Research
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Dublin City University
- Ireland
| | - C. Delaney
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics
- National Centre for Sensor Research
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Dublin City University
- Ireland
| | - H. Tesfay
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics
- National Centre for Sensor Research
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Dublin City University
- Ireland
| | - L. Florea
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics
- National Centre for Sensor Research
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Dublin City University
- Ireland
| | - O. N. Oliveira
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos
- Universidade de São Paulo
- Brazil
| | - A. Morrin
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics
- National Centre for Sensor Research
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Dublin City University
- Ireland
| | - D. Diamond
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics
- National Centre for Sensor Research
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Dublin City University
- Ireland
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Keana De Guzman
- School of Chemical Sciences; National Centre for Sensor Research; Insight Centre for Data Analytics; Dublin City University; Dublin 9 Ireland
| | - Aoife Morrin
- School of Chemical Sciences; National Centre for Sensor Research; Insight Centre for Data Analytics; Dublin City University; Dublin 9 Ireland
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30
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Murphy A, Gorey B, de Guzman K, Kelly N, Nesterenko EP, Morrin A. Microfluidic paper analytical device for the chromatographic separation of ascorbic acid and dopamine. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra16272f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose-based filter papers were used as base materials to construct microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) coupling a separation channel with electrochemical detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Murphy
- National Centre for Sensor Research
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Dublin City University
- Dublin 9
- Ireland
| | - B. Gorey
- National Centre for Sensor Research
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Dublin City University
- Dublin 9
- Ireland
| | - K. de Guzman
- National Centre for Sensor Research
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Dublin City University
- Dublin 9
- Ireland
| | - N. Kelly
- National Centre for Sensor Research
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Dublin City University
- Dublin 9
- Ireland
| | - E. P. Nesterenko
- National Centre for Sensor Research
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Dublin City University
- Dublin 9
- Ireland
| | - A. Morrin
- National Centre for Sensor Research
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Dublin City University
- Dublin 9
- Ireland
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Mac Kenna N, Calvert P, Morrin A, Wallace GG, Moulton SE. Electro-stimulated release from a reduced graphene oxide composite hydrogel. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:2530-2537. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00050e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Composite hydrogel containing reduced graphene oxide (rGO) demonstrating the ability to perform electro-stimulated controlled release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky Mac Kenna
- National Centre for Sensor Research
- Dublin City University
- Dublin 9
- Ireland
| | - Paul Calvert
- Bioengineering
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth
- Dartmouth
- USA
| | - Aoife Morrin
- National Centre for Sensor Research
- Dublin City University
- Dublin 9
- Ireland
| | - Gordon G. Wallace
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute
- University of Wollongong
- Wollongong
- Australia
| | - Simon E. Moulton
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute
- University of Wollongong
- Wollongong
- Australia
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Abstract
Schematic of the swelling mechanism: (i) GOx immobilised within a polymer network, (ii) glucose diffusion and (iii) production of gluconic acid/network ionisation. Swelling response of glucose-sensitive hydrogels in 10 mM glucose over time. (After immersion for 24 h in DI water).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky Mac Kenna
- National Centre for Sensor Research
- Dublin City University
- Dublin 9
- Ireland
| | - Paul Calvert
- Bioengineering
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth
- Dartmouth
- USA
| | - Aoife Morrin
- National Centre for Sensor Research
- Dublin City University
- Dublin 9
- Ireland
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Floris P, Connolly D, White B, Morrin A. Development and characterisation of switchable polyaniline-functionalised flow-through capillary monoliths. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra05565a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer monoliths were prepared in capillary format (250 μm i.d.) and used as solid supports for the immobilisation of the conducting polymer polyaniline (PANI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Floris
- School of Chemical Sciences
- National Centre for Sensor Research
- Dublin City University
- Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Damian Connolly
- Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre (PMBRC)
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences
- Waterford Institute of Technology
- Waterford, Ireland
| | - Blanaid White
- School of Chemical Sciences
- National Centre for Sensor Research
- Dublin City University
- Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Aoife Morrin
- School of Chemical Sciences
- National Centre for Sensor Research
- Dublin City University
- Dublin 9, Ireland
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Weng B, Morrin A, Shepherd R, Crowley K, Killard AJ, Innis PC, Wallace GG. Wholly printed polypyrrole nanoparticle-based biosensors on flexible substrate. J Mater Chem B 2013; 2:793-799. [PMID: 32261311 DOI: 10.1039/c3tb21378a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Printing has been widely used in the sensor industry for its speed, low cost and production scalability. In this work we present a wholly-printed polypyrrole (PPy) based biosensor produced by inkjet printing bioinks composed of dispersions of PPy nanoparticles and enzymes onto screen-printed carbon electrodes. Two enzymes, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or glucose oxidase (GoD) were incorporated into the PPy nanoparticle dispersions to impart biosensing functionality and selectivity into the conducting polymer ink. Further functionality was also introduced by deposition of a permselective ethyl cellulose (EC) membrane using inkjet printing. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chrono-amperometry were used to characterize the response of the PPy biosensors to H2O2 and glucose. Results demonstrated the possibility of PPy based biosensor fabrication using the rapid and low cost technique of inkjet printing. The detection range of H2O2 was found to be 10 μM-10 mM and for glucose was 1-5 mM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Weng
- Chongqing Key Lab for Advanced Materials & Clean Energies of Techonologies, Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Rd, Beibei, Chongqing, China 400715
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Gonzalez-Macia L, Smyth MR, Morrin A, Killard AJ. Enhanced electrochemical reduction of hydrogen peroxide on silver paste electrodes modified with surfactant and salt. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.01.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Gonzalez-Macia L, Morrin A, Smyth MR, Killard AJ. Advanced printing and deposition methodologies for the fabrication of biosensors and biodevices. Analyst 2010; 135:845-67. [PMID: 20419231 DOI: 10.1039/b916888e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Advanced printing and deposition methodologies are revolutionising the way biological molecules are deposited and leading to changes in the mass production of biosensors and biodevices. This revolution is being delivered principally through adaptations of printing technologies to device fabrication, increasing throughputs, decreasing feature sizes and driving production costs downwards. This review looks at several of the most relevant deposition and patterning methodologies that are emerging, either for their high production yield, their ability to reach micro- and nano-dimensions, or both. We look at inkjet, screen, microcontact, gravure and flexographic printing as well as lithographies such as scanning probe, photo- and e-beam lithographies and laser printing. We also take a look at the emerging technique of plasma modification and assess the usefulness of these for the deposition of biomolecules and other materials associated with biodevice fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gonzalez-Macia
- National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, 9, Ireland
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Kazimierska E, Muchindu M, Morrin A, Iwuoha E, Smyth M, Killard A. The Fabrication of Structurally Multiordered Polyaniline Films and Their Application in Electrochemical Sensing and Biosensing. ELECTROANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200804455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Morrin A, Ngamna O, O’Malley E, Kent N, Moulton SE, Wallace GG, Smyth MR, Killard AJ. The fabrication and characterization of inkjet-printed polyaniline nanoparticle films. Electrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ambrosi A, Morrin A, Smyth MR, Killard AJ. The application of conducting polymer nanoparticle electrodes to the sensing of ascorbic acid. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 609:37-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Revised: 12/12/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Crowley K, O'Malley E, Morrin A, Smyth MR, Killard AJ. An aqueous ammonia sensor based on an inkjet-printed polyaniline nanoparticle-modified electrode. Analyst 2008; 133:391-9. [DOI: 10.1039/b716154a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Aqueous polyaniline (PANI) nanodispersions doped with dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) were synthesized and successfully inkjet-printed using a piezoelectric desktop printer. This paper examines the optimization and characterization of the nanoparticulate formulation for optimal film electrochemistry and stability. PANI nanoparticle synthesis was optimized in terms of the ratio of monomer (aniline) to oxidant (ammonium persulphate, APS) and dopant (DBSA). Particle size, UV-vis spectroscopy, electrochemical, and conductivity analyses were performed on all materials. Optimal synthesis conditions were found to be at a molar ratio of 1.0:0.5:1.2 aniline/APS/DBSA. This resulting nanodispersion showed a uniform particle size distribution of approximately 82 nm, and UV-vis analysis indicated a high doping level. These synthetic conditions resulted in the highest conductivity, and the electrochemistry of the resulting films was well-defined and stable. Surface tension analysis and rheological studies demonstrated that the aqueous nanodispersions were suitable for inkjet printing. Successful inkjet printing of these polyaniline nanoparticulate formulations is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orawan Ngamna
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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Luo X, Killard AJ, Morrin A, Smyth MR. Electrochemical preparation of distinct polyaniline nanostructures by surface charge control of polystyrene nanoparticle templates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:3207-9. [PMID: 17653390 DOI: 10.1039/b702488f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A family of nanostructured polyaniline (PANI) materials including polystyrene (PS)/PANI core/shell particles, PANI hollow spheres, PANI/PS nanocomposite and nanoporous PANI, were conveniently prepared by surface charge control of PS nanoparticle templates which resulted in different polymer growth mechanisms when PANI was electropolymerized around the templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiliang Luo
- National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Ambrosi A, Morrin A, Killard A, Smyth M. Characterization of Immunological Interactions at an Immunoelectrode by Scanning Electron Microscopy. ELECTROANAL 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200603717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Luo X, Killard AJ, Morrin A, Smyth MR. Enhancement of a conducting polymer-based biosensor using carbon nanotube-doped polyaniline. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 575:39-44. [PMID: 17723569 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2006] [Revised: 05/16/2006] [Accepted: 05/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A biosensor with improved performance was developed through the immobilization of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) onto electropolymerized polyaniline (PANI) films doped with carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The effects of electropolymerization cycle and CNT concentration on the response of the biosensor toward H2O2 were investigated. It was found that the application of CNTs in the biosensor system could increase the amount and stability of the immobilized enzyme, and greatly enhanced the biosensor response. Compared with the biosensor without CNTs, the proposed biosensor exhibited enhanced stability and approximately eight-fold sensitivity. A linear range from 0.2 to 19 microM for the detection of H2O2 was observed for the proposed biosensor, with a detection limit of 68 nM at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 and a response time of less than 5s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiliang Luo
- National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Morrin A, Ngamna O, Killard A, Moulton S, Smyth M, Wallace G. An Amperometric Enzyme Biosensor Fabricated from Polyaniline Nanoparticles. ELECTROANAL 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200403185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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