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Raineri RR, Shivley CB, Plummer PJ, Kreuder AJ. Assessing stakeholders' opinions on sharing antimicrobial susceptibility testing data from animals is key to developing a centralized database and dashboard tool. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2024; 262:216-225. [PMID: 37944260 DOI: 10.2460/javma.23.07.0426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present, analyze, and discuss stakeholders' opinions regarding sharing antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) data from animals into a centralized database and dashboard tool that would collect, aggregate, store, and analyze this type of data from veterinary diagnostic laboratories (VDLs) across the country. SAMPLE 1 in-person focus group (9 participants), 9 virtual focus groups (49 participants), and online pre- and postmeeting surveys (76 and 35 participants, respectively). METHODS Focus groups and surveys were conducted to assess the opinions of veterinarians, producers, researchers, diagnosticians, and government officials. RESULTS A strong majority of stakeholders recognize AMR as a serious concern for both human and animal health and see several benefits in establishing a centralized AMR database; however, several concerns were raised associated with data confidentiality, security, curation, and harmonization. In the interest of alleviating those concerns, among other items, stakeholders suggested education and training of data users, providers, and the public in addition to assuring strong data confidentiality protections. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Stakeholder engagement is a critical component of all stages of development, implementation, and utilization of an AMR database and dashboard tool that could be used to inform antimicrobial stewardship in veterinary medicine. This assessment of stakeholders' needs and concerns can be used to help guide future recommendations for data legal protections as well as a data confidentiality and security framework. Maintaining open communication on data usage, storage, and security as well as involvement and education of data providers, users, and the public will remain key to enabling development of an AMR database and dashboard tool for domesticated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raissa R Raineri
- 1Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
- 2National Institute of Antimicrobial Resistance Research and Education, Ames, IA
| | | | - Paul J Plummer
- 1Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
- 2National Institute of Antimicrobial Resistance Research and Education, Ames, IA
- 4Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Amanda J Kreuder
- 1Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
- 2National Institute of Antimicrobial Resistance Research and Education, Ames, IA
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Shivley CB, Spronk T, Green AL, Vuolo M, Ruesch L, Edler R, Haley C, Scaria J, Hennings J, Dee S. Antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance monitoring in pig production in the United States of America. REV SCI TECH OIE 2023; 42:52-64. [PMID: 37232319 DOI: 10.20506/rst.42.3348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring antimicrobial use (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) on farms is recognised as an important component of antimicrobial stewardship, yet the process can be resource intensive. This paper describes a subset of findings from the first year of a collaboration across government, academia and a private sector veterinary practice focused on swine production in the Midwestern United States. The work is supported by participating farmers and the greater swine industry. Twice-annual collection of samples from pigs along with AMU monitoring occurred on 138 swine farms. Detection and resistance of Escherichia coli from pig tissues was assessed, and associations between AMU and AMR were evaluated. This paper describes the methods utilised and the first-year E. coli-related results from this project. Higher minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for enrofloxacin and danofloxacin in E. coli from swine tissues were associated with the purchase of fluoroquinolones. There were no other significant associations between MIC and AMU combinations in E. coli isolated from pig tissues. This project represents one of the first attempts to monitor AMU as well as AMR in E. coli in a large-scale commercial swine system in the United States of America.
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Hublin JS, Maloney JG, George NS, Molokin A, Lombard JE, Urie NJ, Shivley CB, Santin M. Enhanced detection of Giardia duodenalis mixed assemblage infections in pre-weaned dairy calves using next generation sequencing. Vet Parasitol 2022; 304:109702. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Bright-Ponte SJ, Walters BK, Tate H, Durso LM, Whichard JM, Bjork KE, Shivley CB, Beaudoin AL, Cook KL, Thacker EL, Singh R, Gilbert JM. One Health and antimicrobial resistance, a United States perspective. REV SCI TECH OIE 2019; 38:173-184. [PMID: 31564732 DOI: 10.20506/rst.38.1.2951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial drugs are a precious resource, responsible for saving millions of lives since their discovery. Unfortunately, some antimicrobials are rapidly losing their effectiveness due to the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a multi-faceted and complex problem affecting humans, animals, plants and the environment. While AMR is a global problem, in this paper, the authors briefly highlight some ongoing efforts in the United States of America aimed at integrating a One Health approach into policies and programmes that address this important health threat.
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Shivley CB, Lombard JE, Urie NJ, Weary DM, von Keyserlingk MAG. Management of preweaned bull calves on dairy operations in the United States. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:4489-4497. [PMID: 30852014 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Many calves born on dairy farms are male, but little research to date has focused on the management of these calves. The objective of this study was to survey management practices of preweaned dairy bull calves and compare these practices with those used for heifer calves on the same operations. This study was conducted as part of the USDA National Animal Health Monitoring System Dairy 2014 study and included a sample of 42 operations from 10 states. On average, 2.4% of bull calves died before leaving the operation, with most operations selling bull calves before weaning (97.6%). Bull calves left the operation at an average age of 7.6 d (median = 4 d). Producers reported that 96.3% of bull calves received colostrum. Of bulls that were fed colostrum, the vast majority (95.4%) were hand-fed; the remaining calves received colostrum via a combination of hand-feeding and suckling (3.1%) or by suckling only (1.5%). In contrast, all heifer calves on those operations were only hand-fed colostrum. On average, bull calves received 3.1 L of colostrum at their first feeding at 4.3 h after birth compared with 2.9 L at 2.9 h after birth for heifer calves. In the first 24 h, bull and heifer calves received 4.8 and 5.5 L of colostrum, respectively. Only 21.4% of operations dehorned bull calves; in comparison, heifer calves were dehorned on 90.5% of operations. Few operations used analgesics or anesthetics when dehorning bull calves, whereas 28.9% of operations used anesthetics or analgesics when dehorning heifer calves. Overall, 27.8% of operations castrated bull calves. Of the operations that did castrate bulls, 70.0% used a band at an average age of 6.3 wk; the remaining 30% of operations used a knife at 14.7 wk of age on average. Few operations used analgesics or anesthetics when castrating. These results illustrate differences in the care of bull and heifer calves and suggest the need to improve education regarding recommended colostrum feeding and pain management practices in all calves regardless of sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Shivley
- USDA-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service-Veterinary Services-Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, National Animal Health Monitoring System, Fort Collins, CO 80526
| | - J E Lombard
- USDA-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service-Veterinary Services-Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, National Animal Health Monitoring System, Fort Collins, CO 80526.
| | - N J Urie
- USDA-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service-Veterinary Services-Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, National Animal Health Monitoring System, Fort Collins, CO 80526
| | - D M Weary
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - M A G von Keyserlingk
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Maloney JG, Lombard JE, Urie NJ, Shivley CB, Santin M. Zoonotic and genetically diverse subtypes of Blastocystis in US pre-weaned dairy heifer calves. Parasitol Res 2018; 118:575-582. [PMID: 30483890 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6149-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Blastocystis is an emerging zoonotic pathogen with global distribution. However, limited data exist on the prevalence and genetic diversity of Blastocystis in the USA and in food animals. We conducted the first large-scale molecular investigation of Blastocystis in the USA by testing 2539 fecal samples from dairy heifer calves from 13 states. Blastocystis was detected in 73 (2.9%) fecal samples and in 10 of the 13 tested states. Molecular characterization showed a wide diversity of subtypes. Eleven subtypes were identified, seven previously reported (ST-3, ST-4, ST-5, ST-10, ST-14, ST-17, and ST-21) and four potentially novel subtypes (named ST-23 to ST-26). Zoonotic subtypes 3, 4, and 5 were found in 67% (49) of the positive specimens in this population. Our results suggest that cattle could serve as reservoirs of infection for humans and other domestic animals highlighting the potential risk of zoonotic transmission for Blastocystis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Monica Santin
- Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA.
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Urie NJ, Lombard JE, Shivley CB, Kopral CA, Adams AE, Earleywine TJ, Olson JD, Garry FB. Preweaned heifer management on US dairy operations: Part V. Factors associated with morbidity and mortality in preweaned dairy heifer calves. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:9229-9244. [PMID: 29935825 PMCID: PMC7094390 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate morbidity and mortality in preweaned dairy heifer calves based on different health, feeding, and management practices, as well as environmental factors. This study was conducted as part of the calf component of the National Animal Health Monitoring System's Dairy 2014 study, which included 104 dairy operations in 13 states. The calf component was an 18-mo longitudinal study focused on dairy heifer calves from birth to weaning; data were collected on 2,545 calves. The percentage morbidity for all calves enrolled in the study was 33.9%. Backward elimination model selection was used after univariate screening to determine which management practices and environmental factors significantly affected morbidity and mortality. The final morbidity model included birth weight, serum IgG concentration, ventilation type, and average temperature-humidity index (THI) during the preweaning period. After controlling for other independent variables in the model, calves born at a higher birth weight had a lower predicted risk of morbidity than calves with a lower birth weight. An increase in serum IgG concentration was associated with decreased morbidity. Calves housed in positive- or cross-ventilated systems had a 2.2 times higher odds of developing disease compared with calves housed in natural ventilation systems. Average THI during the preweaning period was inversely correlated with morbidity; as THI increased, the predicted morbidity risk decreased. The percent mortality for all calves enrolled in the study was 5.0%. The final mortality model included birth weight, serum IgG concentration, amount of fat/day in the liquid diet, and morbidity. After controlling for other independent variables in the model, calves born at a higher birth weight had a lower risk of mortality. An increase in serum IgG concentration decreased the risk of mortality. The odds of mortality were 3.1 times higher in calves fed ≤0.15 kg of fat/d in the liquid diet compared with calves fed ≥0.22 kg of fat/d. The odds of mortality were 4.7 times higher in calves that experienced any disease throughout the preweaning period than in calves with no disease. In summary, morbidity and mortality were both associated with birth weight and serum IgG concentration. Additionally, morbidity was associated with ventilation type and average monthly THI, and mortality was associated with amount of fat per day in the liquid diet and morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Urie
- USDA-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)-Veterinary Services (VS) Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, National Animal Health Monitoring System, Fort Collins, CO 80526-8117; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523-1678
| | - J E Lombard
- USDA-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)-Veterinary Services (VS) Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, National Animal Health Monitoring System, Fort Collins, CO 80526-8117.
| | - C B Shivley
- USDA-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)-Veterinary Services (VS) Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, National Animal Health Monitoring System, Fort Collins, CO 80526-8117; Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523-1171
| | - C A Kopral
- USDA-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)-Veterinary Services (VS) Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, National Animal Health Monitoring System, Fort Collins, CO 80526-8117
| | - A E Adams
- USDA-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)-Veterinary Services (VS) Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, National Animal Health Monitoring System, Fort Collins, CO 80526-8117; Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523-1171
| | - T J Earleywine
- Land O'Lakes Animal Milk Products Co., Cottage Grove, WI 53527
| | - J D Olson
- Zoetis, 5 Giralda Farms, Madison, NJ 07940
| | - F B Garry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523-1678
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Shivley CB, Lombard JE, Urie NJ, Haines DM, Sargent R, Kopral CA, Earleywine TJ, Olson JD, Garry FB. Preweaned heifer management on US dairy operations: Part II. Factors associated with colostrum quality and passive transfer status of dairy heifer calves. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:9185-9198. [PMID: 29908806 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Passive transfer of immunity is essential for the short- and long-term health of dairy calves. The objective of this study was to evaluate factors associated with colostrum quality and passive transfer status of US heifer calves. This study included 104 operations in 13 states that participated in the calf component of the National Animal Health Monitoring System's Dairy 2014 study. This 18-mo longitudinal study included 1,972 Holstein heifer calves from birth to weaning. Multivariable mixed linear regression models were selected using backward elimination model selection after univariate screening to determine which factors were associated with colostrum IgG and serum IgG concentrations. The mean colostrum IgG concentration was 74.4 g/L with 77.4% of colostrum samples having IgG concentrations >50 g/L. The final model for colostrum IgG included colostrum source and a categorized temperature-humidity index value (cTHI) for the month before calving. Mean colostrum IgG concentrations were highest for dams in third and higher lactations (84.7 g/L) and lowest for commercial colostrum replacers (40.3 g/L). Colostrum IgG concentrations were highest for cTHI ≥70 (72.6 g/L) and lowest for cTHI <40 (64.2 g/L). The mean serum IgG concentration was 21.6 g/L, with 73.3% of calves having serum IgG concentrations >15 g/L. The final model for serum IgG concentration included region, heat treatment of colostrum, colostrum source, timing to first feeding, volume of colostrum fed in the first 24 h, age of the calf at blood sampling, and colostrum IgG concentration. Mean serum IgG concentrations were highest for calves that received colostrum from first-lactation dams (25.7 g/L) and lowest for calves fed commercial colostrum replacer (16.6 g/L). Serum IgG concentrations were higher for calves fed heat-treated colostrum (24.4 g/L) than for calves fed untreated colostrum (20.5 g/L). Serum IgG concentration was positively associated with the volume of colostrum fed in the first 24 h and colostrum IgG concentration, and negatively associated with the number of hours from birth to colostrum feeding and age (days) at blood collection. Dairy producers should be encouraged to measure the quality of colostrum before administering it to calves and to measure serum IgG or a proxy such as serum total protein or Brix to evaluate passive immunity and colostrum management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Shivley
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523-1171; USDA-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)-Veterinary Services (VS) Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, National Animal Health Monitoring System, Fort Collins, CO 80526-8117
| | - J E Lombard
- USDA-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)-Veterinary Services (VS) Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, National Animal Health Monitoring System, Fort Collins, CO 80526-8117.
| | - N J Urie
- USDA-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)-Veterinary Services (VS) Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, National Animal Health Monitoring System, Fort Collins, CO 80526-8117; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523-1678
| | - D M Haines
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4; The Saskatoon Colostrum Company Ltd., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7K 6A2
| | - R Sargent
- The Saskatoon Colostrum Company Ltd., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7K 6A2
| | - C A Kopral
- USDA-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)-Veterinary Services (VS) Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, National Animal Health Monitoring System, Fort Collins, CO 80526-8117
| | - T J Earleywine
- Land O'Lakes Animal Milk Products Co., Cottage Grove, WI 53527
| | - J D Olson
- Zoetis, 5 Giralda Farms, Madison, NJ 07940
| | - F B Garry
- USDA-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)-Veterinary Services (VS) Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, National Animal Health Monitoring System, Fort Collins, CO 80526-8117
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Urie NJ, Lombard JE, Shivley CB, Kopral CA, Adams AE, Earleywine TJ, Olson JD, Garry FB. Preweaned heifer management on US dairy operations: Part I. Descriptive characteristics of preweaned heifer raising practices. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:9168-9184. [PMID: 29908815 PMCID: PMC7094552 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to describe preweaned dairy heifer calf management practices on dairy operations across the United States that were used to analyze factors associated with colostrum quality and passive transfer, Cryptosporidium and Giardia, morbidity and mortality, and average daily gain. This study included 104 dairy operations in 13 states that participated in the National Animal Health Monitoring System's Dairy 2014 calf component study. This 18-mo longitudinal study focused on dairy heifer calves from birth to weaning, and data were collected on 2,545 heifer calves. Descriptive statistics were generated regarding colostrum feeding, preweaning housing, milk feeding and consumption, growth, morbidity and mortality, and weaning practices. The majority of calves enrolled were Holsteins (89.4%). Over half the calves (63.2%) enrolled in the study received the majority of their colostrum via bottle; however, 22.1% of calves from 51.0% of operations received colostrum via suckling from their dams. For all calves, the mean time to the first colostrum feeding was 2.8 h, and the average amount of colostrum at the first feeding was 2.9 L, with 4.5 L provided in the first 24 h. The mean serum IgG of all calves was 21.7 g/L; however, 76.0% of operations had at least 1 calf with failure of passive transfer of immunity with a serum IgG below 10 g/L. The majority of calves in the study were housed individually (86.6%). Nonetheless, 20.2% of operations housed some calves in groups, representing 13.4% of all calves. Approximately one-half of the calves in the study (52.3%) were dehorned or disbudded during the preweaning period, with only 27.8% of these calves receiving analgesics or anesthetics during the procedure. Whole or waste milk was the liquid diet type fed to 40.1% of calves, and milk replacer was fed to 34.8% of calves. A combination of milk and milk replacer was fed to 25.1% of calves. Calves, on average, were fed 2.6 L per feeding and fed 2.6 times/d, resulting in a total of 5.6 L of liquid diet fed per day. The mean average daily gain for all calves enrolled in the study was 0.7 kg/d. Fecal samples were collected and almost all operations had at least 1 calf positive for Cryptosporidium (94.2%) or Giardia (99.0%), and 84.6% of operations had calves that tested positive for both Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Over one-third of calves (38.1%) had at least one morbidity event during the preweaning period and the mortality rate was 5.0%. The mean age at weaning was 65.7 d. This study provides an update on dairy heifer raising practices in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Urie
- USDA-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)-Veterinary Services (VS) Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, National Animal Health Monitoring System, Fort Collins, CO 80526-8117; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523-1678
| | - J E Lombard
- USDA-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)-Veterinary Services (VS) Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, National Animal Health Monitoring System, Fort Collins, CO 80526-8117.
| | - C B Shivley
- USDA-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)-Veterinary Services (VS) Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, National Animal Health Monitoring System, Fort Collins, CO 80526-8117; Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523-1171
| | - C A Kopral
- USDA-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)-Veterinary Services (VS) Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, National Animal Health Monitoring System, Fort Collins, CO 80526-8117
| | - A E Adams
- USDA-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)-Veterinary Services (VS) Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, National Animal Health Monitoring System, Fort Collins, CO 80526-8117; Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523-1171
| | - T J Earleywine
- Land O'Lakes Animal Milk Products Co., Cottage Grove, WI 53527
| | - J D Olson
- Zoetis, 5 Giralda Farms, Madison, NJ 07940
| | - F B Garry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523-1678
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Abstract
Animal welfare is an important aspect of veterinary responsibility, yet the current curriculum at many US veterinary schools provides little training in this field. The Animal Welfare Judging and Assessment Contest provides an opportunity for students to learn about general principles of animal welfare, challenging them to apply critical reasoning skills in a competitive environment. Here we provide an overview of the contest and an example of how Colorado State University educates and prepares its students.
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Shivley CB, Garry FB, Kogan LR, Grandin T. Survey of animal welfare, animal behavior, and animal ethics courses in the curricula of AVMA Council on Education-accredited veterinary colleges and schools. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 248:1165-70. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.248.10.1165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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