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Chae CW, Choi G, Kim YJ, Cho M, Kwon YW, Kim HS. The maintenance mechanism of hematopoietic stem cell dormancy: role for a subset of macrophages. BMB Rep 2023; 56:482-487. [PMID: 37574807 PMCID: PMC10547972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is regulated by crosstalk between long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSCs) and supporting niche cells in the bone marrow (BM). Here, we describe the role of KAI1, which is mainly expressed on LT-HSCs and rarely on other hematopoietic stem-progenitor cells (HSPCs), in nichemediated LT-HSC maintenance. KAI1 activates TGF-β1/Smad3 signal in LT-HSCs, leading to the induction of CDK inhibitors and inhibition of the cell cycle. The KAI1-binding partner DARC is expressed on macrophages and stabilizes KAI1 on LT-HSCs, promoting their quiescence. Conversely, when DARC+ BM macrophages were absent, the level of surface KAI1 on LT-HSCs decreases, leading to cell-cycle entry, proliferation, and differentiation. Thus, KAI1 acts as a functional surface marker of LTHSCs that regulates dormancy through interaction with DARCexpressing macrophages in the BM stem cell niche. Recently, we showed very special and rare macrophages expressing α-SMA+ COX2+ & DARC+ induce not only dormancy of LTHSC through interaction of KAI1-DARC but also protect HSCs by down-regulating ROS through COX2 signaling. In the near future, the strategy to combine KAI1-positive LT-HSCs and α-SMA/Cox2/DARC triple-positive macrophages will improve the efficacy of stem cell transplantation after the ablative chemo-therapy for hematological disorders including leukemia. [BMB Reports 2023; 56(9): 482-487].
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheong-Whan Chae
- Strategic Center of Cell and Bio Therapy for Heart, Diabetes & Cancer, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Gun Choi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - You Ji Kim
- Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Mingug Cho
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Yoo-Wook Kwon
- Strategic Center of Cell and Bio Therapy for Heart, Diabetes & Cancer, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Hyo-Soo Kim
- Strategic Center of Cell and Bio Therapy for Heart, Diabetes & Cancer, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
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Kwon YW, Chae CW, Lee H, Shin D, Yoo H, Lee CS, Lee Y, Seong KM, Kim HS. A subset of macrophages and monocytes in the mouse bone marrow express atypical chemokine receptor 1. Cell Stem Cell 2022; 29:1016-1017. [PMID: 35803223 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC)/CD234, also known as atypical chemokine receptor 1 (ACKR1), is a seven-transmembrane domain protein expressed on erythrocytes, vascular endothelium, and a subset of epithelial cells (Peiper et al., 1995). Previously, we reported that ACKR1 was expressed in bone marrow macrophages. ACKR1 interacts with CD82 on long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSCs) to maintain the dormancy of LT-HSCs during homeostasis (Hur et al., 2016). We also demonstrated that ACKR1 interacts with CD82 in HSCs from human umbilical cord blood (hUCB). These findings demonstrated that CD82 is a functional surface marker of LT-HSCs and this molecule maintains LT-HSC quiescence by interactions with ACKR1-expressing macrophages in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo-Wook Kwon
- Strategic Center of Cell and Bio Therapy for Heart, Diabetes & Cancer, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Cheong-Whan Chae
- Strategic Center of Cell and Bio Therapy for Heart, Diabetes & Cancer, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan Lee
- Strategic Center of Cell and Bio Therapy for Heart, Diabetes & Cancer, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongsub Shin
- Strategic Center of Cell and Bio Therapy for Heart, Diabetes & Cancer, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyerin Yoo
- Strategic Center of Cell and Bio Therapy for Heart, Diabetes & Cancer, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Soo Lee
- Strategic Center of Cell and Bio Therapy for Heart, Diabetes & Cancer, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghyun Lee
- Lab of Biological Dosimetry, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Moon Seong
- Lab of Biological Dosimetry, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Soo Kim
- Strategic Center of Cell and Bio Therapy for Heart, Diabetes & Cancer, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.
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Lee JW, Hur J, Kwon YW, Chae CW, Choi JI, Hwang I, Yun JY, Kang JA, Choi YE, Kim YH, Lee SE, Lee C, Jo DH, Seok H, Cho BS, Baek SH, Kim HS. KAI1(CD82) is a key molecule to control angiogenesis and switch angiogenic milieu to quiescent state. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:148. [PMID: 34530889 PMCID: PMC8444549 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01147-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about endogenous inhibitors of angiogenic growth factors. In this study, we identified a novel endogenous anti-angiogenic factor expressed in pericytes and clarified its underlying mechanism and clinical significance. METHODS Herein, we found Kai1 knockout mice showed significantly enhanced angiogenesis. Then, we investigated the anti-angiogenic roll of Kai1 in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS KAI1 was mainly expressed in pericytes rather than in endothelial cells. It localized at the membrane surface after palmitoylation by zDHHC4 enzyme and induced LIF through the Src/p53 pathway. LIF released from pericytes in turn suppressed angiogenic factors in endothelial cells as well as in pericytes themselves, leading to inhibition of angiogenesis. Interestingly, KAI1 had another mechanism to inhibit angiogenesis: It directly bound to VEGF and PDGF and inhibited activation of their receptors. In the two different in vivo cancer models, KAI1 supplementation significantly inhibited tumor angiogenesis and growth. A peptide derived from the large extracellular loop of KAI1 has been shown to have anti-angiogenic effects to block the progression of breast cancer and retinal neovascularization in vivo. CONCLUSIONS KAI1 from PC is a novel molecular regulator that counterbalances the effect of angiogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Woo Lee
- National Research Laboratory for Stem Cell Niche, Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center of Cell- and Bio-Therapy (CBT), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Wook Kwon
- National Research Laboratory for Stem Cell Niche, Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center of Cell- and Bio-Therapy (CBT), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheong-Whan Chae
- National Research Laboratory for Stem Cell Niche, Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center of Cell- and Bio-Therapy (CBT), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Il Choi
- National Research Laboratory for Stem Cell Niche, Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center of Cell- and Bio-Therapy (CBT), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Injoo Hwang
- National Research Laboratory for Stem Cell Niche, Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center of Cell- and Bio-Therapy (CBT), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Yun
- National Research Laboratory for Stem Cell Niche, Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center of Cell- and Bio-Therapy (CBT), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-A Kang
- National Research Laboratory for Stem Cell Niche, Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center of Cell- and Bio-Therapy (CBT), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Eun Choi
- National Research Laboratory for Stem Cell Niche, Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center of Cell- and Bio-Therapy (CBT), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hyun Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Stem Cell Niche, Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center of Cell- and Bio-Therapy (CBT), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Medicine or College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Eun Lee
- National Research Laboratory for Stem Cell Niche, Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center of Cell- and Bio-Therapy (CBT), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Jo
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heeyoung Seok
- Genomics Core Facility, Department of Transdisciplinary Research and Collaboration, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byong Seung Cho
- ExoCoBio Inc, Gasan digital 1-ro, Geumcheon-gu, Seoul, 08594, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hee Baek
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Chromatin Dynamics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Soo Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Stem Cell Niche, Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Center of Cell- and Bio-Therapy (CBT), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Medicine or College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, Korea.
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Abstract
Currently, coronary artery disease accounts for a large proportion of deaths occurring worldwide. Damage to the heart muscle over a short period of time leads to myocardial infarction (MI). The biological mechanisms of atherosclerosis, one of the causes of MI, have been well studied. Resistin, a type of adipokine, is closely associated with intravascular level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and augmentation of the expression of adhesion molecules in endothelial cells. Therefore, resistin, which is highly associated with inflammation, can progress into coronary artery disease. Adenylyl cyclase associated protein 1, a binding partner of resistin, also plays an important role in inducing pro-inflammatory cytokines. The induction of these cytokines can aggravate atherosclerosis by promoting severe plaque rupture of the lesion site. Recently, drugs, such as statins that can inhibit inflammation have been extensively studied. The development of effective new drugs that can directly or indirectly block pro-inflammatory cytokines may have a great potential in the treatment of coronary artery disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheong-Whan Chae
- National Research Laboratory for Stem Cell Niche, Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Wook Kwon
- National Research Laboratory for Stem Cell Niche, Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 110-744, Republic of Korea. .,Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Choi JI, Hur J, Lee H, Nham P, Chae CW, Choi YE, Kim T, Lee GY, Baek SH, Kim HS. Abstract 917: CD82/KAI1 maintains the dormancy of long-term hematopoietic stem cells through interaction with DARC-expressing macrophages. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is regulated by crosstalk between long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSCs) and supporting niche cells in the bone marrow (BM). Here, we examine the role of CD82/KAI1 (CD82 hereafter) in niche-mediated LT-HSC maintenance. We found that CD82 is expressed predominantly on LT-HSCs and rarely on other hematopoietic stem-progenitor cells (HSPCs). In Cd82-/- mice, LT-HSCs were selectively lost as they exited from quiescence and differentiated. Mechanistically, CD82-based TGF-b1/Smad3 signaling leads to induction of CDK inhibitors and cell-cycle inhibition. The CD82 binding partner DARC/CD234 is expressed on macrophages and stabilizes CD82 on LT-HSCs, promoting their quiescence. When DARC+ BM macrophages were ablated, the level of surface CD82 on LT-HSCs decreased, leading to cell-cycle entry, proliferation, and differentiation. A similar interaction appears to be relevant for human HSPCs. Thus, CD82 is a functional surface marker of LT-HSCs that maintains quiescence through interaction with DARC-expressing macrophages in the BM stem cell niche. Finally, we hope that further development of our study will allow us to improve leukemia treatment by awakening not only “good” stem cells to keep beneficial stem cell functions, but also “bad” stem cells (e.g. cancer stem cells) in order to increase the sensitivity to treatment and avoid relapse.
Citation Format: Jae-Il Choi, Jin Hur, Hwan Lee, Pniel Nham, Cheong-Whan Chae, Young-Eun Choi, Taewan Kim, Ga-Young Lee, Sung Hee Baek, Hyo-Soo Kim. CD82/KAI1 maintains the dormancy of long-term hematopoietic stem cells through interaction with DARC-expressing macrophages [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 917. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-917
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Il Choi
- 1Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hur
- 1Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan Lee
- 1Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Pniel Nham
- 1Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Young-Eun Choi
- 1Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taewan Kim
- 1Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga-Young Lee
- 1Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hee Baek
- 2Creative Research Initiative Center for Chromatin Dynamics, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Soo Kim
- 1Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Hur J, Choi JI, Lee H, Nham P, Kim TW, Chae CW, Yun JY, Kang JA, Kang J, Lee SE, Yoon CH, Boo K, Ham S, Roh TY, Jun JK, Lee H, Baek SH, Kim HS. CD82/KAI1 Maintains the Dormancy of Long-Term Hematopoietic Stem Cells through Interaction with DARC-Expressing Macrophages. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 18:508-21. [PMID: 26996598 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is regulated by crosstalk between long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSCs) and supporting niche cells in the bone marrow (BM). Here, we examine the role of CD82/KAI1 in niche-mediated LT-HSC maintenance. We found that CD82/KAI1 is expressed predominantly on LT-HSCs and rarely on other hematopoietic stem-progenitor cells (HSPCs). In Cd82(-/-) mice, LT-HSCs were selectively lost as they exited from quiescence and differentiated. Mechanistically, CD82-based TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling leads to induction of CDK inhibitors and cell-cycle inhibition. The CD82 binding partner DARC/CD234 is expressed on macrophages and stabilizes CD82 on LT-HSCs, promoting their quiescence. When DARC(+) BM macrophages were ablated, the level of surface CD82 on LT-HSCs decreased, leading to cell-cycle entry, proliferation, and differentiation. A similar interaction appears to be relevant for human HSPCs. Thus, CD82 is a functional surface marker of LT-HSCs that maintains quiescence through interaction with DARC-expressing macrophages in the BM stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hur
- National Research Laboratory for Stem Cell Niche, Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea; Innovative Research Institute for Cell Therapy, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Il Choi
- National Research Laboratory for Stem Cell Niche, Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea; Innovative Research Institute for Cell Therapy, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan Lee
- National Research Laboratory for Stem Cell Niche, Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea; Innovative Research Institute for Cell Therapy, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Pniel Nham
- National Research Laboratory for Stem Cell Niche, Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea; Innovative Research Institute for Cell Therapy, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Won Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Stem Cell Niche, Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea; Innovative Research Institute for Cell Therapy, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheong-Whan Chae
- National Research Laboratory for Stem Cell Niche, Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea; Innovative Research Institute for Cell Therapy, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Yun
- National Research Laboratory for Stem Cell Niche, Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea; Innovative Research Institute for Cell Therapy, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-A Kang
- National Research Laboratory for Stem Cell Niche, Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea; Innovative Research Institute for Cell Therapy, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeehoon Kang
- National Research Laboratory for Stem Cell Niche, Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Eun Lee
- National Research Laboratory for Stem Cell Niche, Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hwan Yoon
- Cardiovascular Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do 463-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungjin Boo
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Chromatin Dynamics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokjin Ham
- BK21PLUS Fellowship Program, Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Young Roh
- BK21PLUS Fellowship Program, Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Kwan Jun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Lee
- Division of Convergence Technology, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hee Baek
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Chromatin Dynamics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyo-Soo Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Stem Cell Niche, Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea; Innovative Research Institute for Cell Therapy, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea; Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea.
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