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Lai KC, Chueh FS, Ma YS, Chou YC, Chen JC, Liao CL, Huang YP, Peng SF. Phenethyl isothiocyanate and irinotecan synergistically induce cell apoptosis in colon cancer HCT 116 cells in vitro. Environ Toxicol 2024; 39:457-469. [PMID: 37792803 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Irinotecan (IRI), an anticancer drug to treat colon cancer patients, causes cytotoxic effects on normal cells. Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), rich in common cruciferous plants, has anticancer activities (induction of cell apoptosis) in many human cancer cells, including colon cancer cells. However, the anticancer effects of IRI combined with PEITC on human colon cancer cells in vitro were unavailable. Herein, the aim of this study is to focus on the apoptotic effects of the combination of IRI and PEITC on human colon cancer HCT 116 cells in vitro. Propidium iodide (PI) exclusion and Annexin V/PI staining assays showed that IRI combined with PEITC decreased viable cell number and induced higher cell apoptosis than that of IRI or PEITC only in HCT 116 cells. Moreover, combined treatment induced higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca2+ than that of IRI or PEITC only. Cells pre-treated with N-acetyl-l-cysteine (scavenger of ROS) and then treated with IRI, PEITC, or IRI combined with PEITC showed increased viable cell numbers than that of IRI or PEITC only. IRI combined with PEITC increased higher caspase-3, -8, and -9 activities than that of IRI or PEITC only by flow cytometer assay. IRI combined with PEITC induced higher levels of ER stress-, mitochondria-, and caspase-associated proteins than that of IRI or PEITC treatment only in HCT 116 cells. Based on these observations, PEITC potentiates IRI anticancer activity by promoting cell apoptosis in the human colon HCT 116 cells. Thus, PEITC may be a potential enhancer for IRI in humans as an anticolon cancer drug in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Chi Lai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Technology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Beigang, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Shin Chueh
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shih Ma
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, E-Da Cancer Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Chou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, Nantou, Taiwan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Chyun Chen
- Department of Medicinal Botanicals and Foods on Health Applications, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Lung Liao
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Huang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Fen Peng
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Ma YS, Peng SF, Wu RSC, Chueh FS, Huang WW, Chen PY, Kuo CL, Huang AC, Liao CL, Hsia TC. Bisdemethoxycurcumin suppresses human osteosarcoma U‑2 OS cell migration and invasion via affecting the PI3K/Akt/NF‑κB, PI3K/Akt/GSK3β and MAPK signaling pathways in vitro. Oncol Rep 2022; 48:210. [PMID: 36222295 DOI: 10.3892/or.2022.8425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The metastasis of human osteosarcoma (OS) shows a difficult‑to‑treat clinical scenario and results in decreased quality of life and diminished survival rates. Finding or developing novel treatments to improve the life quality of patients is urgent. Bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC), a natural product, was obtained from the rhizome of turmeric (Curcuma longa) and exerts antitumor activities in numerous human cancer cell lines. At present, there is no study showing BDMC effects on OS cell migration and invasion. In the present study, the effects of BDMC on cell migration and invasion of OS U‑2 OS cells were investigated in vitro. Cell viability and proliferation were measured by flow cytometric and MTT assays, respectively. Cell motility, MMP‑2 and ‑9 activity, and cell migration and invasion were assayed by scratch wound healing, gelatin zymography, and Transwell chamber assays, respectively. The protein expression levels were measured by western blotting. BDMC at 20 and 40 µM significantly reduced total cell viability, and BDMC at 5 and 10 µM significantly inhibited cell motility in U‑2 OS cells. BDMC significantly suppressed the activities of MMP‑2 and MMP‑9 in U‑2 OS cells. BDMC suppressed cell invasion and migration after 24 h treatment in U‑2 OS cells, and these effects were in a dose‑dependently manner. Results from western blotting indicated that BDMC significantly decreased the protein expression levels of PI3K/Akt/NF‑κB, PI3K/Akt/GSK3β, and MAPK pathway in U‑2 OS cells. Furthermore, BDMC inhibited uPA, MMP‑2, MMP‑9, MMP‑13, N‑cadherin, VE‑cadherin, and vimentin but increased E‑cadherin in U‑2 OS cells. Based on these observations, it was suggested that BDMC may be a potential candidate against migration and invasion of human OS cells in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Shih Ma
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post‑Baccalaureate, College of Medicine, I‑Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shu-Fen Peng
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Rick Sai-Chuen Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Fu-Shin Chueh
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413305, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wen-Wen Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Po-Yuan Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chao-Lin Kuo
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - An-Cheng Huang
- Department of Nursing, St. Mary's Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Yilan 26647, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ching-Lung Liao
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Te-Chun Hsia
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Kuo JY, Liao CL, Ma YS, Kuo CL, Chen JC, Huang YP, Huang WW, Peng SF, Chung JG. Combination Treatment of Sorafenib and Bufalin Induces Apoptosis in NCI-H292 Human Lung Cancer Cells In Vitro. In Vivo 2022; 36:582-595. [PMID: 35241510 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Lung cancer notably contributes to tumor-associated mortality worldwide, and standard chemotherapy is used for lung cancer patients. However, its therapeutic efficacy remains unsatisfactory. This study aimed to evaluate the effects and molecular mechanisms of sorafenib and bufalin combination therapy on lung cancer cells in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS NCI-H292 cells were treated with sorafenib, bufalin, and sorafenib in combination with bufalin. Cell viability, ROS production, Ca2+ release, and mitochondrial membrane potential were examined by flow cytometric assay. Annexin V/PI staining and chromatin condensation were examined by the apoptosis assays. Finally the molecular mechanism of apoptosis-associated protein expression was investigated by western blotting. RESULTS NCI-H292 cells treated with sorafenib in combination with bufalin showed significantly decreased viability, enhanced cellular apoptosis, and DNA condensation when compared to that with sorafenib or bufalin alone. Moreover, the combination treatment exhibited higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and lower mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). The combined treatment resulted in higher expression of SOD but lower catalase compared to sorafenib treatment alone. Compared to sorafenib or bufalin treatment alone, the combination treatment resulted in lower Bcl-2 expression but higher Bax, Bad, APAF-1, caspase-3, and caspase-9. CONCLUSION Sorafenib in combination with bufalin shows more potent cytotoxic effects and cell apoptosis than sorafenib or bufalin treatment alone in NCI-H292 cells. The combined treatment significantly enhanced apoptotic cell death in NCI-H292 lung cancer cells by activating ROS-, mitochondria-, and caspase-signaling pathways in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Yu Kuo
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ching-Lung Liao
- College of Chinese Medicine, School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Shih Ma
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Chinese Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chao-Lin Kuo
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jaw-Chyun Chen
- Department of Medicinal Botanicals and Health Applications, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Ping Huang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wen-Wen Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shu-Fen Peng
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.; .,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jing-Gung Chung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.;
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Liao CL, Ma YS, Hsia TC, Chou YC, Lien JC, Peng SF, Kuo CL, Hsu FT. Tetrandrine Suppresses Human Brain Glioblastoma GBM 8401/ luc2 Cell-Xenografted Subcutaneous Tumors in Nude Mice In Vivo. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237105. [PMID: 34885686 PMCID: PMC8659155 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrandrine (TET), a bisbenzylisoquinoline (BBI) alkaloid, is isolated from the plant Stephania tetrandra S. Moore and has a wide range of biological activity, including anticancer properties in vitro and in vivo. At first, we established a luciferase-expressing stable clone that was named GBM 8401/luc2 cells. Herein, the primary results indicated that TET reduced the total cell viability and induced cell apoptosis in GBM 8401/luc2 human glioblastoma cells. However, there is no available information showing that TET suppresses glioblastoma cells in vivo. Thus, we investigated the effects and mechanisms of TET on a GBM 8401/luc2 cell-generated tumor in vivo. After the tumor volume reached 100-120 mm3 in subcutaneously xenografted nude mice, all of the mice were randomly divided into three groups: Group I was treated with phosphate-buffered solution (PBS) containing 0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide, Group II with 25 mg/kg of TET, and Group III with 50 mg/kg of TET. All mice were given the oral treatment of PBS or TET by gavage for 21 days, and the body weight and tumor volumes were recorded every 5 days. After treatment, individual tumors, kidneys, livers, and spleens were isolated from each group. The results showed that TET did not affect the body weights, but it significantly decreased the tumor volumes. The TET treatment at 50 mg/kg had a two-fold decrease in tumor volumes than that at 25 mg/kg when compared to the control. TET decreased the total photon flux, and treatment with TET at 50 mg/kg had a lower total photon flux than that at 25 mg/kg, as measured by a Xenogen IVIS imaging system. Moreover, the higher TET treatment had lower tumor volumes and weights than those of the lower dose. The apoptosis-associated protein expression in the tumor section was examined by immunohistochemical analysis, and the results showed that TET treatment reduced the levels of c-FLIP, MCL-1, and XIAP but increased the signals of cleaved-caspase-3, -8, and -9. Furthermore, the hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) staining of kidney, liver, and spleen tissues showed no significant difference between the TET-treated and control groups. Overall, these observations demonstrated that TET suppressed subcutaneous tumor growth in a nude-mice model via the induction of cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Lung Liao
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40604, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Shih Ma
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan;
- Department of Chinese Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan
| | - Te-Chun Hsia
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
- Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Chou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan;
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Cherng Lien
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
| | - Shu-Fen Peng
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Lin Kuo
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-L.K.); (F.-T.H.); Tel.: +886-4-2205-3366 (ext. 5202) (C.-L.K.); +886-4-2205-3366 (ext. 2531) (F.-T.H.); Fax: +886-4-2205-3764 (C.-L.K. & F.-T.H.)
| | - Fei-Ting Hsu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-L.K.); (F.-T.H.); Tel.: +886-4-2205-3366 (ext. 5202) (C.-L.K.); +886-4-2205-3366 (ext. 2531) (F.-T.H.); Fax: +886-4-2205-3764 (C.-L.K. & F.-T.H.)
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Liao CL, Peng SF, Chen JC, Chen PY, Huang AC, Lien JC, Chueh FS, Chiang TA, Wu PP, Lin KI. Allyl Isothiocyanate Induces DNA Damage and Impairs DNA Repair in Human Breast Cancer MCF-7 Cells. Anticancer Res 2021; 41:4343-4351. [PMID: 34475054 DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.15239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Ally lisothiocyanate (AITC), a constituent of naturally occurring isothiocyanates (ITCs) found in some Brassica vegetables, has been previously demonstrated to have anti-carcinogenic activity. However, there is no available information showing that AITC induces DNA damage and alters DNA damage repair proteins in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present study, we investigated the effects of AITC on DNA damage and repair responses in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells in vitro. Cell viability was measured by flow cytometric assay. DNA condensation (apoptotic cell death) and DNA fragmentation (laddered DNA) were assayed by DAPI staining and DNA gel electrophoresis assays, respectively. Furthermore, DNA damage (comet tail) was measured by the comet assay. Western blotting was used to measure the expression of DNA damage- and repair-associated proteins. RESULTS AITC decreased cell viability in a dose-dependent and induced apoptotic cell death (DNA condensation and fragmentation) and DNA damage in MCF-7 cells. AITC increased p-ATMSer1981, p-ATRSer428, p53, p-p53Ser15, p-H2A.XSer139, BRCA1, and PARP at 10-30 μM at 24 and 48 h treatments. However, AITC decreased DNA-PK at 24 and 48 h treatment, and decreased MGMT at 48 h in MCF-7 cells. CONCLUSION AITC induced cytotoxic effects (decreased viable cell number) through induction of DNA damage and condensation and altered DNA damage and repair associated proteins in MCF-7 cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Lung Liao
- College of Chinese Medicine, School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shu-Fen Peng
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jaw-Chyun Chen
- Department of Medicinal Botany and Health Applications, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Po-Yuan Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - An-Cheng Huang
- Department of Nursing, St. Mary's Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Yilan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jin-Cherng Lien
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Fu-Shin Chueh
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tai-An Chiang
- Department of Medical Technology and Graduate Institute of Biological Science and Technology, College of Medicine and Life Science, Chung-Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ping-Ping Wu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.;
| | - Kun-I Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Bing Show-Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, R.O.C.; .,Department of Cosmetic Science, Providence University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Chen HY, Yang MD, Chou YC, Ma YS, Peng SF, Liao CL, Chen PY, Hsia TC, Lien JC, Chen CH. Ouabain Suppresses Cell Migration and Invasion in Human Gastric Cancer AGS Cells Through the Inhibition of MMP Signaling Pathways. Anticancer Res 2021; 41:4365-4375. [PMID: 34475056 DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.15241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Ouabain has been shown to induce human cancer cell death via apoptosis. Still, its anti-metastatic effect on cell migration and invasion of human gastric cancer cells has not been addressed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cell proliferation and viability were measured by the MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Cell motitlity was analysed by wound healing assay. Cell migration and invasion were analysed by the transwell system. Protein expression was assayed by western blotting. RESULTS Ouabain decreased AGS cell proliferation, cell viability, and motility. In addition, ouabain inhibited AGS cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, ouabain decreased matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) activity at 48 h. Ouabain reduced the levels of proteins associated with PI3K/AKT and p38/MAPK pathways. In addition, ouabain decreased the expressions of N-cadherin, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (c-uPA), and MMP-2 at 48 h. CONCLUSION Ouabain suppresses cell metastasis through multiple signaling pathways in AGS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yi Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Mei-Due Yang
- Department of Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Cheng Chou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Shih Ma
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Chinese Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shu-Fen Peng
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ching-Lung Liao
- College of Chinese Medicine, School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Po-Yuan Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Life Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Te-Chun Hsia
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jin-Cherng Lien
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.;
| | - Chung-Hung Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Bing Show-Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, R.O.C.
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Huang YP, Ma YS, Kuo CL, Liao CL, Chen PY, Peng SF, Hsu FT, Lai KC. Demethoxycurcumin Suppresses Human Brain Glioblastoma Multiforme GBM 8401 Cell Xenograft Tumor in Nude Mice In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115503. [PMID: 34071132 PMCID: PMC8197162 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Demethoxycurcumin (DMC), a derivate of curcumin, has been shown to induce apoptotic cell death in human glioblastoma multiforme GBM 8401 cells via cell cycle arrest and induction of cell apoptosis. However, there is no report showing DMC suppresses glioblastoma multiforme cells in vivo. In the present study, we investigated the effects of DMC on GBM8401 cells in vivo. At first, we established a luciferase-expressing stable clone named GBM 8401/luc2. Second, mice were inoculated subcutaneously with GBM 8401/luc2 cells to generate a xenograft tumor mice model. After inoculation, tumor volume reached 100-120 mm3, and all mice were randomly divided into three groups: Group I was treated with 110 µL phosphate-buffered solution (PBS) containing 0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide, Group II with 30 mg/kg of DMC, and Group III with 60 mg/kg of DMC. Mice from each group were given the oral treatment of DMC by gavage for 21 days. The body weight and tumor volume were recorded every 3 days. DMC significantly decreased the tumor volumes, and 60 mg/kg treatment showed a higher decrease in tumor volumes than that of 30 mg/kg, However, DMC did not affect the body weights. The photons emitted from mice tumors were detected with Xenogen IVIS imaging system, DMC at both doses decreased the total photon flux and 60 mg/kg treatment of DMC has low total photon flux than that of 30 mg/kg. The tumor volumes and weights in 60 mg/kg treatment of DMC were lower than that of 30 mg/kg. Immunohistochemical analysis was used to measure protein expression of tumors and results showed that DMC treatment led to lightly staining with anti-Bcl-2 and -XIAP and 60 mg/kg treatment of DMC has lighter staining with anti-Bcl-2 and -XIAP than that of 30 mg/kg. The higher dose (60 mg/kg) of DMC has higher signals of cleaved-caspase-3 than that of the lower dose (30 mg/kg). Furthermore, the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of liver tissues showed no significant difference between DMC-treated and control-groups. Overall, these observations showed that DMC suppressed tumor properties in vivo and DMC may be used against human glioblastoma multiforme in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ping Huang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 406, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Shih Ma
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan;
- Department of Chinese Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Lin Kuo
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 406, Taiwan;
| | - Ching-Lung Liao
- College of Chinese Medicine, School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 406, Taiwan;
| | - Po-Yuan Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 406, Taiwan; (P.-Y.C.); (S.-F.P.)
| | - Shu-Fen Peng
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 406, Taiwan; (P.-Y.C.); (S.-F.P.)
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Fei-Ting Hsu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 406, Taiwan; (P.-Y.C.); (S.-F.P.)
- Correspondence: (F.-T.H.); (K.-C.L.); Tel.: +886-4-22053366 (ext. 2532) (F.-T.H.); +886-5-7837901 (ext. 1161) (K.-C.L.); Fax: +886-4-22053764 (F.-T.H.); +886-5-7831121 (K.-C.L.)
| | - Kuang-Chi Lai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Technology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan 717, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Beigang, Yunlin 651, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (F.-T.H.); (K.-C.L.); Tel.: +886-4-22053366 (ext. 2532) (F.-T.H.); +886-5-7837901 (ext. 1161) (K.-C.L.); Fax: +886-4-22053764 (F.-T.H.); +886-5-7831121 (K.-C.L.)
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Wu SH, Chueh FS, Chou YC, Ma YS, Peng SF, Lin CC, Liao CL, Chen PY, Hsia TC, Lien JC. Tetrandrine inhibits cell migration and invasion in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma NPC-TW 039 cells through inhibiting MAPK and RhoA signaling pathways. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13387. [PMID: 32720324 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of tetrandrine (TET) on cell migration and invasion of nasopharyngeal carcinoma NPC-TW 039 cells in vitro. TET at 1-10 μM did not change cell morphology and also did not decrease the total cell viability and proliferation in NPC-TW 039 cells. It decreased the cell mobility based on decreased wound closure in NPC-TW 039 cells by wound healing assay. TET suppressed the cell migration and invasion using transwell system. TET reduced MMP-2 activities at 1-10 μM and these effects are in dose-dependently. After exposed to various treatments, TET decreased the levels of p-ERK, p-JNK, p-p38, RhoA, and NF-κB at 48 hr. Based on these findings, we may suggest TET-inhibited cell migration and invasion of NPC-TW 039 cells via the suppression of MAPK and RhoA signaling pathways for inhibiting the MMP-2 and -9 expression in vitro. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Tetrandrine (TET), a bis-benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, is obtained from the dried root of Stephania tetrandra. TET has been shown to induce cancer cell apoptosis on human cancer cells but its anti-metastasis effect on cell migration and invasion of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells has not been investigated. Our results showed that TET significantly repressed the cell mobility, migration, and invasion of NPC-TW 039 cells in vitro that involved in inhibiting RhoA, Ras accompanying with p38/MAPK signaling pathway. We conclude that TET may be the anticancer agents for nasopharyngeal carcinoma therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Hwar Wu
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Shin Chueh
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Chou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shih Ma
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Fen Peng
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chung Lin
- General Education Center, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Feng-Yuan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Lung Liao
- College of Chinese Medicine, School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yuan Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Te-Chun Hsia
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Cherng Lien
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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9
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Hsiao YC, Peng SF, Lai KC, Liao CL, Huang YP, Lin CC, Lin ML, Liu KC, Tsai CC, Ma YS, Chung JG. Genistein induces apoptosis in vitro and has antitumor activity against human leukemia HL-60 cancer cell xenograft growth in vivo. Environ Toxicol 2019; 34:443-456. [PMID: 30618158 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Genistein, a major isoflavone compound in soybeans, has been shown to have biological activities including anti-cancer activates. In the present, we investigated the anti-leukemia activity of genistein on HL-60 cells in vitro. The percentage of viable cell, cell cycle distribution, apoptotic cell death, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and Ca2+ production and the level of ΔΨm were measured by flow cytometric assay. Cell apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress associated protein expressions were examined by Western blotting assay. Calpain 1, GRP78, and GADD153 expression were measured by confocal laser microscopy. Results indicated that genistein-induced cell morphological changes, decreased the total viable cells, induced G2 /M phase arrest and DNA damage and fragmentation (cell apoptosis) in HL-60 cells. Genistein promoted ROS and Ca2+ productions and decreased the level of ΔΨm in HL-60 cells. Western blotting assay demonstrated that genistein increased ER stress-associated protein expression such as IRE-1α, Calpain 1, GRP78, GADD153, caspase-7, caspase-4, and ATF-6α at 20-50 μM treatment and increased apoptosis associated protein expression such as pro-apoptotic protein Bax, PARP-cleavage, caspase-9, and -3, but decreased anti-apoptotic protein such as Bcl-2 and Bid in HL-60 cells. Calpain 1, GRP78, and GADD153 were increased in HL-60 cells after exposure to 40 μM of genistein. In animal xenografted model, mice were intraperitoneally injected with genistein (0, 0.2, and 0.4 mg/kg) for 28 days and the body weight and tumor volume were recorded. Results showed that genistein did not affect the body weights but significantly reduced the tumor weight in 0.4 mg/kg genistein-treated group. Genistein also increased the expressions of ATF-6α, GRP78, Bax, Bad, and Bak in tumor. In conclusion, genistein decreased cell number through G2 /M phase arrest and the induction of cell apoptosis through ER stress- and mitochondria-dependent pathways in HL-60 cells and suppressed tumor properties in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Chen Hsiao
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Fen Peng
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Chi Lai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine and Life Science, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Lung Liao
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Huang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chung Lin
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Feng-Yuan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, Taichung, Taiwan
- General Education Center, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Liang Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Ching Liu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chuan Tsai
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shih Ma
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Gung Chung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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10
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Su EY, Chu YL, Chueh FS, Ma YS, Peng SF, Huang WW, Liao CL, Huang AC, Chung JG. Bufalin Induces Apoptotic Cell Death in Human Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells through Mitochondrial ROS and TRAIL Pathways. Am J Chin Med 2019; 47:237-257. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x19500125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of bufalin on human nasopharyngeal carcinoma NPC-TW 076 cells in vitro. Bufalin is a cardiotonic steroid and a key active ingredient of the Chinese medicine ChanSu. The extracts of Chansu are used for various cancer treatments in China. In the present study, bufalin induced cell morphological changes, decreased total cell viability and induced G2/M phase arrest of cell cycle in NPC-TW 076 cells. Results also indicated that bufalin induced chromatin condensation (cell apoptosis) and DNA damage by DAPI staining and comet assay, respectively. The induced apoptotic cell death was further confirmed by annexin-V/PI staining assay. In addition, bufalin also increased ROS and Ca[Formula: see text] production and decreased the levels of [Formula: see text]. Furthermore, the alterations of ROS, ER stress and apoptosis associated protein expressions were investigated by Western blotting. Results demonstrated that bufalin increased the expressions of ROS associated proteins, including SOD (Cu/Zn), SOD2 (Mn) and GST but decreased that of catalase. Bufalin increased ER stress associated proteins (GRP78, IRE-1[Formula: see text], IRE-1[Formula: see text], caspase-4, ATF-6[Formula: see text], Calpain 1, and GADD153). Bufalin increased the pro-apoptotic proteins Bax, and apoptotic associated proteins (cytochrome c, caspase-3, -8 and -9, AIF and Endo G) but reduced anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 in NPC-TW 076 cells. Furthermore, bufalin elevated the expressions of TRAIL-pathway associated proteins (TRAIL, DR4, DR5, and FADD). Based on these findings, we suggest bufalin induced apoptotic cell death via caspase-dependent, mitochondria-dependent and TRAIL pathways in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma NPC-TW 076 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- En-Yun Su
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Lin Chu
- Department of Food Science, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Shin Chueh
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shih Ma
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Fen Peng
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Wen Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Lung Liao
- College of Chinese Medicine, School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - An-Cheng Huang
- Department of Nursing, St. Mary’s Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Gung Chung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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11
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Liao CL, Chu YL, Lin HY, Chen CY, Hsu MJ, Liu KC, Lai KC, Huang AC, Chung JG. Bisdemethoxycurcumin Suppresses Migration and Invasion of Human Cervical Cancer HeLa Cells via Inhibition of NF-ĸB, MMP-2 and -9 Pathways. Anticancer Res 2018; 38:3989-3997. [PMID: 29970522 DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC) exhibits biological activities including anticancer and anti-metastasis in human cancer cell lines, but there is no available information to show whether BDMC suppresses cell migration and invasion of human cervical cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wound-healing, migration, invasion, zymography, and western blotting assays were used to investigate the effects of BDMC on HeLa cells in vitro. RESULTS BDMC reduced the total viable cell number in a dose-dependent manner. The wound-healing assay show BDMC suppressed the movement of HeLa cells. Furthermore, the trans-well chamber assays showed that BDMC suppressed the cell migration and invasion. Gelatin zymograph assay showed that BDMC did not inhibit matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and -9 activities in vitro. However, western blotting assay showed that BDMC significantly reduced protein levels of growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (GRB2), Ras homolog gene family, member A (Rho A), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), RAS, MMP-2, and N-cadherin but increased those of phosphor-extracellular-signal related kinase (p-ERK1/2), E-cadherin and nuclear factor-ĸB (NF-ĸB) in HeLa cells. Confocal laser microscopy assay was used to further confirm BDMC increased NF-ĸB when compared to controls. CONCLUSION BDMC may have potential as a novel anti-metastasis agent for the treatment of human cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Lung Liao
- College of Chinese Medicine, School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yung Lin Chu
- International Master's Degree Program in Food Science, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hui-Yi Lin
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Cheng-Yen Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ming-Jie Hsu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kuo-Ching Liu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kuang-Chi Lai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine and Life Science, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Surgery, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Beigang, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - An-Cheng Huang
- Department of Nursing, St. Mary's Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Yilan, Taiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Jing-Gung Chung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C. .,Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
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12
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Ma YS, Yao CN, Liu HC, Yu FS, Lin JJ, Lu KW, Liao CL, Chueh FS, Chung JG. Quercetin induced apoptosis of human oral cancer SAS cells through mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum mediated signaling pathways. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:9663-9672. [PMID: 29928342 PMCID: PMC6004715 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer is a cause of cancer-associated mortality worldwide and the treatment of oral cancer includes radiation, surgery and chemotherapy. Quercetin is a component from natural plant products and it has been demonstrated that quercetin is able to induce cytotoxic effects through induction of cell apoptosis in a number of human cancer cell lines. However, there is no available information to demonstrate that quercetin is able to induce apoptosis in human oral cancer cells. In the present study, the effect of quercetin on the cell death via the induction of apoptosis in human oral cancer SAS cells was investigated using flow cytometry, Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) double staining, western blotting and confocal laser microscopy examination, to test for cytotoxic effects at 6–48 h after treatment with quercetin. The rate of cell death increased with the duration of quercetin treatment based on the results of a cell viability assay, increased Annexin V/PI staining, increased reactive oxygen species and Ca2+ production, decreased the levels of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), increased proportion of apoptotic cells and altered levels of apoptosis-associated protein expression in SAS cells. The results from western blotting revealed that quercetin increased Fas, Fas-Ligand, fas-associated protein with death domain and caspase-8, all of which associated with cell surface death receptor. Furthermore, quercetin increased the levels of activating transcription factor (ATF)-6α, ATF-6β and gastrin-releasing peptide-78 which indicated an increase in endoplasm reticulum stress, increased levels of the pro-apoptotic protein BH3 interacting-domain death antagonist, and decreased levels of anti-apoptotic proteins B-cell lymphoma (Bcl) 2 and Bcl-extra large which may have led to the decreases of ΔΨm. Additionally, confocal microscopy suggested that quercetin was able to increase the expression levels of cytochrome c, apoptosis-inducing factor and endonuclease G, which are associated with apoptotic pathways. Therefore, it is hypothesized that quercetin may potentially be used as a novel anti-cancer agent for the treatment of oral cancer in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Shih Ma
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Chinese Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chien-Ning Yao
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hsin-Chung Liu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Fu-Shun Yu
- School of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jen-Jyh Lin
- Division of Cardiology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kung-Wen Lu
- College of Chinese Medicine, School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ching-Lung Liao
- College of Chinese Medicine, School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Fu-Shin Chueh
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung 41354, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jing-Gung Chung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung 41354, Taiwan, R.O.C
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13
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Chou GL, Peng SF, Liao CL, Ho HC, Lu KW, Lien JC, Fan MJ, La KC, Chung JG. Casticin impairs cell growth and induces cell apoptosis via cell cycle arrest in human oral cancer SCC-4 cells. Environ Toxicol 2018; 33:127-141. [PMID: 29098808 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Casticin, a polymethoxyflavone, present in natural plants, has been shown to have biological activities including anti-cancer activities. Herein, we investigated the anti-oral cancer activity of casticin on SCC-4 cells in vitro. Viable cells, cell cycle distribution, apoptotic cell death, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and Ca2+ production, levels of ΔΨm and caspase activity were measured by flow cytometric assay. Cell apoptosis associated protein expressions were examined by Western blotting and confocal laser microscopy. Results indicated that casticin induced cell morphological changes, DNA condensation and damage, decreased the total viable cells, induced G2 /M phase arrest in SCC-4 cells. Casticin promoted ROS and Ca2+ productions, decreases the levels of ΔΨm , promoted caspase-3, -8, and -9 activities in SCC-4 cells. Western blotting assay demonstrated that casticin affect protein level associated with G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis. Confocal laser microscopy also confirmed that casticin increased the translocation of AIF and cytochrome c in SCC-4 cells. In conclusion, casticin decreased cell number through G2 /M phase arrest and the induction of cell apoptosis through caspase- and mitochondria-dependent pathways in SCC-4 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Ling Chou
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Fen Peng
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Lung Liao
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Heng-Chien Ho
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Wen Lu
- College of Chinese Medicine, School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Cherng Lien
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jen Fan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, 413, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Chi La
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine and Life Science, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, 717, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Gung Chung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, 413, Taiwan
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14
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Ma YS, Hsiao YT, Lin JJ, Liao CL, Lin CC, Chung JG. Phenethyl Isothiocyanate (PEITC) and Benzyl Isothiocyanate (BITC) Inhibit Human Melanoma A375.S2 Cell Migration and Invasion by Affecting MAPK Signaling Pathway In Vitro. Anticancer Res 2017; 37:6223-6234. [PMID: 29061805 DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.12073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Numerous evidence has shown that PEITC and BITC inhibit cancer cell migration and invasion. In this study, we investigated the anti-metastatic mechanisms of PEITC and BITC in human melanoma cancer A375.S2 cells in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used a cell viability assay, an in-vitro scratch wound healing assay, a transwell assay for cell migration and invasion, a gelatin zymography assay, western blotting and EMSA to examine the anti-metastatic mechanisms of PEITC and BITC in A375.S2 cells. RESULTS Sublethal concentrations of PEITC (0, 1, 2 and 2.5 μM) and BITC (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 μM) inhibited mobility, migration and invasion of A375.S2 cells that were assayed by wound healing and Transwell filter. PEITC and BITC inhibited MMP-2 activity in A375.S2 cells, as assessed by gelatin zymography assay. Results from western blotting indicated that PEITC (2.5 μM) and BITC (2 μM) decreased the levels of p-p38 following 24 and 48 h treatment. PEITC (1-2.5 μM) reduced the levels of p-JNK1/2 proteins following 48-h treatment but BITC increased p-JNK1/2 levels following 24-h treatment. PEITC (2.5 μM) reduced the levels of p-ERK1/2 proteins following 48-h treatment but BITC (0.5-2 μM) increased p-ERK1/2 levels following 24- and 48-h treatment. PEITC and BITC affect cell migration and invasion of A375.S2 cells via MAPK pathway. PEITC and BITC inhibited MMP-2 activity. PEITC increased NF-κB expression but BITC decreased NF-κB expression in the nucleus. Furthermore, NF-κB p65 binding to DNA was decreased following 2.5 μM PEITC treatment, but increased following treatment with 1-2 μM. However, 0.5-2 μM BITC treatment decreased the binding of NF-κB to DNA in A375.S2 cells, as assessed by electrophoretic mobility shift (EMSA) assay. CONCLUSION Based on these observations, we suggest that PEITC and BITC can be used as anti-metastastic agents of human melanoma cells in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Shih Ma
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Chinese Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yung-Ting Hsiao
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jen-Jyh Lin
- Division of Cardiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ching-Lung Liao
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chin-Chung Lin
- Departments of Chinese Medicine, Feng-Yuan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C. .,General Education Center, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jing-Gung Chung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C. .,Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
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15
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Chou HY, Chueh FS, Ma YS, Wu RSC, Liao CL, Chu YL, Fan MJ, Huang WW, Chung JG. Bufalin induced apoptosis in SCC‑4 human tongue cancer cells by decreasing Bcl‑2 and increasing Bax expression via the mitochondria‑dependent pathway. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:7959-7966. [PMID: 28983595 PMCID: PMC5779878 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the cytotoxic effects of bufalin on SCC-4 human tongue cancer cells. Cell morphological changes and viability were examined using phase contrast microscopy and flow cytometry, respectively. The results indicated that bufalin induced morphological changes and reduced total viable cells. Apoptotic cell death was analyzed by DAPI staining and DNA gel electrophoresis; the results revealed that bufalin induced cell apoptosis. Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), Ca2+, nitric oxide (NO) and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) were measured by flow cytometry, and bufalin was observed to increase Ca2+ and NO production, decrease the ΔΨm and reduce ROS production in SCC-4 cells. In addition, western blotting was performed to detect apoptosis-associated protein expression. The results demonstrated that bufalin reduced the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and increased the expression of the pro-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2-associated X protein. However, bufalin treatment also increased the expression of other apoptosis-associated proteins such as apoptosis-inducing factor and endonuclease G in SCC-4 cells. Based on these findings, bufalin may induce apoptotic cell death via mitochondria-dependent pathways in human tongue cancer SCC-4 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yu Chou
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Fu-Shin Chueh
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Shih Ma
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post‑Baccalaureate, I‑Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Rick Sai-Chuen Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ching-Lung Liao
- College of Chinese Medicine, School of Post‑Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yung-Lin Chu
- Department of Food Science, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ming-Jen Fan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wen-Wen Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jing-Gung Chung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Lu KW, Ma YS, Yu FS, Huang YP, Chu YL, Wu RSC, Liao CL, Chueh FS, Chung JG. Gypenosides induce cell death and alter gene expression in human oral cancer HSC-3 cells. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:2469-2476. [PMID: 28962182 PMCID: PMC5609268 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gypenosides (Gyp), the primary components of Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino, have long been used as a Chinese herbal medicine. In the present study, the effects of Gyp on cell viability, the cell cycle, cell apoptosis, DNA damage and chromatin condensation were investigated in vitro using human oral cancer HSC-3 cells. The results of the present study indicated that Gyp induces cell death, G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis in HSC-3 cells in a dose-dependent manner. It was also demonstrated that Gyp decreased the depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential in a time-dependent manner. A cDNA microarray assay was performed and the results indicated that a number of genes were upregulated following Gyp treatment. The greatest increase was a 75.42-fold increase in the expression of GTP binding protein in skeletal muscle. Levels of the following proteins were also increased by Gyp: Serpine peptidase inhibitor, clade E, member 1 by 20.25-fold; ras homolog family member B by 18.04-fold, kelch repeat and BTB domain containing 8 by 15.22-fold; interleukin 11 by 14.96-fold; activating transcription factor 3 by 14.49-fold; cytochrome P450, family 1 by 14.44-fold; ADP-ribosylation factor-like 14 by 13.88-fold; transfer RNA selenocysteine 2 by 13.23-fold; and syntaxin 11 by 13.08-fold. However, the following genes were downregulated by GYP: Six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate family member 4, 14.19-fold; γ-aminobutyric acid A receptor by 14.58-fold; transcriptional-regulating factor 1 by 14.69-fold; serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade B, member 13 by 14.71-fold; apolipoprotein L 1 by 14.85-fold; follistatin by 15.22-fold; uncharacterized LOC100506718; fibronectin leucine rich transmembrane protein 2 by 15.61-fold; microRNA 205 by 16.38-fold; neuregulin 1 by 19.69-fold; and G protein-coupled receptor 110 by 22.05-fold. These changes in gene expression illustrate the effects of Gyp at the genetic level and identify potential targets for oral cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kung-Wen Lu
- College of Chinese Medicine, School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Shih Ma
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Chinese Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Fu-Shun Yu
- School of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Ping Huang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yung-Lin Chu
- Department of Food Science, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Rick Sai-Chuen Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ching-Lung Liao
- College of Chinese Medicine, School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Fu-Shin Chueh
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jing-Gung Chung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Chan SF, Chen YY, Lin JJ, Liao CL, Ko YC, Tang NY, Kuo CL, Liu KC, Chung JG. Triptolide induced cell death through apoptosis and autophagy in murine leukemia WEHI-3 cells in vitro and promoting immune responses in WEHI-3 generated leukemia mice in vivo. Environ Toxicol 2017; 32:550-568. [PMID: 26990902 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Triptolide, a traditional Chinese medicine, obtained from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, has anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and proapoptotic properties. We investigated the potential efficacy of triptolide on murine leukemia by measuring the triptolide-induced cytotoxicity in murine leukemia WEHI-3 cells in vitro. Results indicated that triptolide induced cell morphological changes and induced cytotoxic effects through G0/G1 phase arrest, induction of apoptosis. Flow cytometric assays showed that triptolide increased the production of reactive oxygen species, Ca2+ release and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm ), and activations of caspase-8, -9, and -3. Triptolide increased protein levels of Fas, Fas-L, Bax, cytochrome c, caspase-9, Endo G, Apaf-1, PARP, caspase-3 but reduced levels of AIF, ATF6α, ATF6β, and GRP78 in WEHI-3 cells. Triptolide stimulated autophagy based on an increase in acidic vacuoles, monodansylcadaverine staining for LC-3 expression and increased protein levels of ATG 5, ATG 7, and ATG 12. The in vitro data suggest that the cytotoxic effects of triptolide may involve cross-talk between cross-interaction of apoptosis and autophagy. Normal BALB/c mice were i.p. injected with WEHI-3 cells to generate leukemia and were oral treatment with triptolide at 0, 0.02, and 0.2 mg/kg for 3 weeks then animals were weighted and blood, liver, spleen samples were collected. Results indicated that triptolide did not significantly affect the weights of animal body, spleen and liver of leukemia mice, however, triptolide significant increased the cell populations of T cells (CD3), B cells (CD19), monocytes (CD11b), and macrophage (Mac-3). Furthermore, triptolide increased the phagocytosis of macrophage from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) but not effects from peritoneum. Triptolide promoted T and B cell proliferation at 0.02 and 0.2 mg/kg treatment when cells were pretreated with Con A and LPS stimulation, respectively; however, triptolide did not significant affect NK cell activities in vivo. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 550-568, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Feng Chan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Yin Chen
- Department of Chinese-Western Medicine Integration, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Jyh Lin
- Division of Cardiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Lung Liao
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Ching Ko
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Nou-Ying Tang
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Lin Kuo
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Ching Liu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Gung Chung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
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18
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Jao HY, Yu FS, Yu CS, Chang SJ, Liu KC, Liao CL, Ji BC, Bau DT, Chung JG. Suppression of the migration and invasion is mediated by triptolide in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells through the NF-kappaB-dependent pathway. Environ Toxicol 2016; 31:1974-1984. [PMID: 26420756 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma cancer is one of the major causes of death in humans worldwide. Triptolide is one of the active components of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, and has biological activities including induced cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis but its antimetastatic effects on murine melanoma cells have not yet been elucidated. Herein, we investigated the effect of triptolide on the inhibition of migration and invasion and possible associated signal pathways in B16F10 murine melanoma cancer cells. Wound healing assay and Matrigel Cell Migration Assay and Invasion System demonstrated that triptolide marked inhibiting the migration and invasion of B16F10 cells. Gelatin zymography assay demonstrated that triptolide significantly inhibited the activities of matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2). Western blotting showed that triptolide markedly reduced CXCR4, SOS1, GRB2, p-ERK, FAK, p-AKT, Rho A, p-JNK, NF-κB, MMP-9, and MMP-2 but increased PI3K and p-p38 and COX2 after compared to the untreated (control) cells. Real time PCR indicated that triptolide inhibited the gene expression of MMP-2, FAK, ROCK-1, and NF-κB but did not significantly affect TIMP-1 and -2 gene expression in B16F10 cells in vitro. EMSA assay also showed that triptolide inhibited NF-κB DNA binding in a dose-dependent manner. Confocal laser microscopy examination also confirmed that triptolide inhibited the expression of NF-κB in B16F10 cells. Taken together, we suggest that triptolide inhibited B16F10 cell migration and invasion via the inhibition of NF-κB expression then led to suppress MMP-2 and -9 expressions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1974-1984, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yu Jao
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Fu-Shun Yu
- School of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-Shu Yu
- School of Pharmacology, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shu-Jen Chang
- School of Pharmacology, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuo-Ching Liu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ching-Lung Liao
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Bin-Chuan Ji
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, 500, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Da-Tian Bau
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan, ROC
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jing-Gung Chung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, 413, Taiwan, ROC
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Yang ST, Huang AC, Tang NY, Liu HC, Liao CL, Ji BC, Chou YC, Yang MD, Lu HF, Chung JG. Bisdemethoxycurcumin-induced S phase arrest through the inhibition of cyclin A and E and induction of apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondria-dependent pathways in human lung cancer NCI H460 cells. Environ Toxicol 2016; 31:1899-1908. [PMID: 26370218 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Curcuminoids are the major natural phenolic compounds found in the rhizome of many Curcuma species. Curcuminoids consist of a mixture of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin (DMC), and bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC). Although numerous studies have shown that curcumin induced cell apoptosis in many human cancer cells, however, mechanisms of BDMC-inhibited cell growth and -induced apoptosis in human lung cancer cells still remain unclear. Herein, we investigated the effect of BDMC on the cell death via the cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis in NCI H460 human lung cancer cells. Flow cytometry assay was used to measure viable cells, cell cycle distribution, the productions of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca2+ , mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm ) and caspase-3, -8 and -9 activity. DNA damage and condension were assayed by Comet assay and DAPI staining, respectively. Western blotting was used to measure the changes of cell cycle and apoptosis associated protein expressions. Results indicated that BDMC significantly induced cell death through induced S phase arrest and induced apoptosis. Moreover, DMC induced DNA damage and condension, increased ROS and Ca2+ productions and decreased the levels of ΔΨm and promoted activities caspase-3, -8, and -9. Western blotting results showed that BDMC inhibited Cdc25A, cyclin A and E for causing S phase arrest, furthermore, promoted the expression of AIF, Endo G and PARP and the levels of Fas ligand (Fas L) and Fas were also up-regulated. Results also indicated that BDMC increased ER stress associated protein expression such as GRP78, GADD153, IRE1α, IRE1β, ATF-6α, ATF-6β, and caspase-4. Taken together, we suggest that BDMC induced cell apoptosis through multiple signal pathways such as extrinsic, intrinsic and ES tress pathway. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1899-1908, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Tso Yang
- Department of Radiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - An-Cheng Huang
- Department of Nursing, St. Mary's Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Yilan, 266, Taiwan
| | - Nou-Ying Tang
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chung Liu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Lung Liao
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Bin-Chuan Ji
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, 500, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Chou
- Division of Neurosurgical Oncology, Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, 407, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 970, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Due Yang
- Department of Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Feng Lu
- Restaurant, Hotel and Institutional Management, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Departments of Clinical Pathology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Gung Chung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Wu Feng, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
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Lin YJ, Peng SF, Lin ML, Kuo CL, Lu KW, Liao CL, Ma YS, Chueh FS, Liu KC, Yu FS, Chung JG. Tetrandrine Induces Apoptosis of Human Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma NPC-TW 076 Cells through Reactive Oxygen Species Accompanied by an Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Signaling Pathway. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21101353. [PMID: 27754332 PMCID: PMC6273859 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21101353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an epithelial malignancy of the head and neck and the incidence is higher in Southeast Asia. Tetrandrine (TET) is a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid, a natural product, and exhibits biological activities including action against many human cancer cell lines. However, the molecular mechanism of TET-induced cell apoptosis in human NPC cells is still unclear. In the present study, we investigated TET-induced apoptotic cell death and associated possible signal pathways on human nasopharyngeal carcinoma NPC-TW 076 cells in vitro. Phase contrast microscopy was used to examine cell morphology and DAPI staining was used to examine chromatin condensation. Flow cytometry assay was used to measure total viable cells, cell cycle and sub-G1 phase distribution, reactive oxygen species (ROS), Ca2+, and mitochondria membrane potential (ΔΨm) in NPC-TW 076 cells. Results indicate that TET induced cell death through the cell morphological changes, caused G0/G1 phase arrest, increased ROS and Ca2+ production, and finally caused apoptotic cell death in NPC-TW 076 cells. There was no influence on the level of ΔΨm after TET treatment. Western blotting indicated that TET increased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress associated protein expression such as GADD153, GRP78, ATF-6α and ATF-6 βwhich indicated that TET induced cell death through ER stress. ER stress is a potential target in cancer treatment, so the ability of TET to induce ER stress response and to activate programming cell death in NPC-TW 076 cells make this molecule become a promising anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jing Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Fen Peng
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Meng-Liang Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Chao-Lin Kuo
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Kung-Wen Lu
- College of Chinese Medicine, School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Lung Liao
- College of Chinese Medicine, School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Shih Ma
- Department of Chinese Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan.
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan.
| | - Fu-Shin Chueh
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung 41354, Taiwan.
| | - Kuo-Ching Liu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Fu-Shun Yu
- School of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Jing-Gung Chung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung 41354, Taiwan.
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21
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Shiue YW, Lu CC, Hsiao YP, Liao CL, Lin JP, Lai KC, Yu CC, Huang YP, Ho HC, Chung JG. Casticin Induced Apoptosis in A375.S2 Human Melanoma Cells through the Inhibition of NF-[Formula: see text]B and Mitochondria-Dependent Pathways In Vitro and Inhibited Human Melanoma Xenografts in a Mouse Model In Vivo. Am J Chin Med 2016; 44:637-61. [PMID: 27109154 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x1650035x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Casticin, a polymethoxyflavone occurring in natural plants, has been shown to have anticancer activities. In the present study, we aims to investigate the anti-skin cancer activity of casticin on melanoma cells in vitro and the antitumor effect of casticin on human melanoma xenografts in nu/nu mice in vivo. A flow cytometric assay was performed to detect expression of viable cells, cell cycles, reactive oxygen species production, levels of [Formula: see text] and caspase activity. A Western blotting assay and confocal laser microscope examination were performed to detect expression of protein levels. In the in vitro studies, we found that casticin induced morphological cell changes and DNA condensation and damage, decreased the total viable cells, and induced G2/M phase arrest. Casticin promoted reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, decreased the level of [Formula: see text], and promoted caspase-3 activities in A375.S2 cells. The induced G2/M phase arrest indicated by the Western blotting assay showed that casticin promoted the expression of p53, p21 and CHK-1 proteins and inhibited the protein levels of Cdc25c, CDK-1, Cyclin A and B. The casticin-induced apoptosis indicated that casticin promoted pro-apoptotic proteins but inhibited anti-apoptotic proteins. These findings also were confirmed by the fact that casticin promoted the release of AIF and Endo G from mitochondria to cytosol. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) assay showed that casticin inhibited the NF-[Formula: see text]B binding DNA and that these effects were time-dependent. In the in vivo studies, results from immuno-deficient nu/nu mice bearing the A375.S2 tumor xenograft indicated that casticin significantly suppressed tumor growth based on tumor size and weight decreases. Early G2/M arrest and mitochondria-dependent signaling contributed to the apoptotic A375.S2 cell demise induced by casticin. In in vivo experiments, A375.S2 also efficaciously suppressed tumor volume in a xenotransplantation model. Therefore, casticin might be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of skin cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Wen Shiue
- * Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Cheng Lu
- † School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ping Hsiao
- ‡ Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.,§ Department of Dermatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Lung Liao
- ¶ Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Pin Lin
- ∥ School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Chi Lai
- ** School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.,†† Department of Surgery, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin 651, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chih Yu
- ‡‡ School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Huang
- §§ Department of Physiology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Heng-Chien Ho
- ** School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Gung Chung
- * Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University Taichung 404, Taiwan.,¶¶ Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
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Wu RSC, Wu KC, Huang CC, Chiang YY, Chen CC, Liao CL, Chu CN, Chung JG. Different cellular responses of dexmedetomidine at infected site and peripheral blood of emdotoxemic BALB/c mice. Environ Toxicol 2015; 30:1416-1422. [PMID: 24910415 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Various sedative agents, including dexmedetomidine (dex), induce immunosuppression, and enhance infection progression. However, there was no information on how anesthetic affects local and systemic cellular immune function. We conducted this study to examine the impact of dex on the differentiation and function of immune cells at site of inflammation and in peripheral blood during endotoxemia of mice. In BALB/c mice with and without endotoxemia, we evaluated the influence of two dosages of 5 and 50 mcg/kg/h intravenous dex on immune cells: including number of T cells (CD3), B cells (CD19), natural killer cells (CD8a), monocytes (CD11b), and macrophages (Mac-3) in peripheral blood, the activities of macrophages in peripheral blood and in peritoneal lavage, and proliferation of B and T cells and of natural killer cells activity in the spleen. Endotoxemia increased the number of CD3 T cells, CD 19 B cells and macrophages in the peripheral blood, augmented macrophage activity in the peritoneum, and increased T cell proliferation and natural killer cell activity in the spleen. Further administration of 5 mcg/kg/h dex attenuated systemic increase in number of T cells, B cells, and macrophages during endotoxemia and 50 mcg/kg/h dex significantly attenuated the increase in activity of macrophages in the peripheral blood during endotoxemia. In the peritoneum, however, 5 mcg/kg/h dex preserved and 50 mcg/kg/h dexmedetomidine enhanced the activity of macrophages during endotoxemia. Increased in proliferation of T cells in spleen during endotoxemia was attenuated by both doses of dex. Last, 50 mcg/kg/h dex enhanced natural killer cells activity during endotoxemia. While preserving the effects of endotoxemia on macrophage's activity in the infection site and natural killer cell's activity in the spleen, dex decreased systemic fulminant immune reaction in endotoxemia, by attenuating the augmented response in the number of T cells, B cells and macrophages, activity of macrophages in the peripheral blood, and proliferation of T cells in spleen during endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick Sai-Chuen Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - King-Chuen Wu
- Department of Anesthesia, E-da Hospital / I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chiu-Chen Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ying Chiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Chen Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ching-Lung Liao
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Nan Chu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jing-Gung Chung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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23
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Liao CL, Lin JH, Lien JC, Hsu SC, Chueh FS, Yu CC, Wu PP, Huang YP, Lin JG, Chung JG. The crude extract of Corni Fructus inhibits the migration and invasion of U-2 OS human osteosarcoma cells through the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-2/-9 by MAPK signaling. Environ Toxicol 2015; 30:53-63. [PMID: 23955962 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignancy of the bone cancers. In the Chinese population, the crude extract of Corni Fructus (CECF) has been used as Traditional Chinese medicine to treat several different diseases for hundreds of years. In the present study, effects of CECF on inhibition of migration and invasion in U-2 OS human osteosarcoma cells were examined. CECF significantly inhibited migration and invasion of U-2 OS human osteosarcoma cells. We also found that CECF inhibited activities of matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9). CECF decreased protein levels of FAK, PKC, SOS1, MKK7, MEKK3, GRB2, NF-κB p65, COX-2, HIF-1α, PI3K, Rho A, ROCK-1, IRE-1α, p-JNK1/2, p-ERK1/2, p-p38, Ras, p-PERK, MMP-2, MMP-9, and VEGF in U-2 OS cells. Results of this study indicate that CECF may have potential as a novel anticancer agent for the treatment of osteosarcoma by inhibiting migration and invasion of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Lung Liao
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
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Liao CL, Hsu SC, Yu CC, Yang JS, Tang NY, Wood WG, Lin JG, Chung JG. The crude extract of Corni Fructus induces apoptotic cell death through reactive oxygen species-modulated pathways in U-2 OS human osteosarcoma cells. Environ Toxicol 2014; 29:1020-1031. [PMID: 23239598 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Crude extract of Corni Fructus (CECF) has been used in Traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of different diseases for hundreds of years. The purpose of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic effects of CECF on U-2 OS human osteosarcoma cells. Flow cytometry was used for measuring the percentage of viable cells, cell-cycle distribution, apoptotic cells in sub-G1 phase, reactive oxygen species (ROS), Ca(2+) levels, and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm ). Comet assay and 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining were used for examining DNA damage and condensation. Western blotting was used to examine apoptosis-associated protein levels in U-2 OS cells after exposed to CECF. Immunostaining and confocal laser system microscope were used to examine protein translocation after CECF incubation. CECF decreased the percentage of viability, induced DNA damage and DNA condensation, G₀/G₁ arrest, and apoptosis in U-2 OS cells. CECF-stimulated activities of caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3, ROS, and Ca(2+) production, decreased ΔΨm levels of in U-2 OS cells. CECF increased protein levels of caspase-3, caspase-9, Bax, cytochrome c, GRP78, AIF, ATF-6α, Fas, TRAIL, p21, p27, and p16 which were associated with cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. These findings suggest that CECF triggers apoptosis in U-2 OS cells via ROS-modulated caspase-dependent and -independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Lung Liao
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan, Republic of China
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25
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Lin JJ, Yu CC, Lu KW, Chang SJ, Yu FS, Liao CL, Lin JG, Chung JG. α-Phellandrene alters expression of genes associated with DNA damage, cell cycle, and apoptosis in murine leukemia WEHI-3 cells. Anticancer Res 2014; 34:4161-4180. [PMID: 25075043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
α-phellandrene (α-PA) is a cyclic monoterpene, present in natural plants such as Schinus molle L. α-PA promotes immune responses in mice in vivo. However, there is no available information on whether α-PA affects gene expression in leukemia cells. The present study determined effects of α-PA on expression levels of genes associated with DNA damage, cell cycle and apoptotic cell death in mouse leukemia WEHI-3 cells. WEHI-3 cells were treated with 10 μM α-PA for 24 h, cells were harvested and total RNA was extracted, and gene expression was analyzed by cDNA microarray. Results indicated that α-PA up-regulated 10 genes 4-fold, 13 by over 3-fold and 175 by over 2-fold; 21 genes were down-regulated by over 4-fold, 26 genes by over 3-fold and expression of 204 genes was altered by at leas 2-fold compared with the untreated control cells. DNA damage-associated genes such as DNA damage-inducer transcript 4 and DNA fragmentation factor were up-regulated by 4-fold and over 2-fold, respectively; cell-cycle check point genes such as cyclin G2 and cyclin-dependent kinases inhibitor 2D and IA (p21) were up-regulated by over 3-fold and over 2-fold, respectively; apoptosis-associated genes such as BCL2/adenovirus EIB interacting protein 3, XIAP-associated factor 1, BCL2 modifying factor, caspase-8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator were over 2-fold up-regulated. Furthermore, DNA damage-associated gene TATA box binding protein was over 4-fold down-regulated, and D19Ertd652c (DNA segment) over 2-fold down-regulated; cell cycle-associated gene cyclin E2 was over 2-fold down-regulated; apoptosis associated gene growth arrest-specific 5 was over 9-fold down-regulated, Gm5426 (ATP synthase) was over 3-fold down-regulated, and death box polypeptide 33 was over 2-fold down-regulated. Based on these observations, α-PA altered gene expression in WEHI-3 cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Jyh Lin
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C. Division of Cardiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chien-Chih Yu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kung-Wen Lu
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shu-Jen Chang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Fu-Shun Yu
- Department of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ching-Lung Liao
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jaung-Geng Lin
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Jing-Gung Chung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C. Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
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26
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Chueh FS, Chen YY, Huang AC, Ho HC, Liao CL, Yang JS, Kuo CL, Chung JG. Bufalin-inhibited migration and invasion in human osteosarcoma U-2 OS cells is carried out by suppression of the matrix metalloproteinase-2, ERK, and JNK signaling pathways. Environ Toxicol 2014; 29:21-29. [PMID: 21922632 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Bufalin has been shown to exhibit multiple pharmacological activities, including induction of apoptosis in many types of cancer cell lines. Osteosarcoma is a type of cancer which is difficult to treat and the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of bufalin on the migration and invasion of human osteosarcoma U-2 OS cells. The wound healing assay and Boyden chamber transwell assay were used for examining the migration of U-2 OS cells. Western blotting and gelatin zymography assays were used for theexpression and activities of metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-7 or MMP-9 levels. Western blotting analysis also was used for measuring the levels of growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (GRB2), son of sevenless homolog 1 (SOS1), c-Jun N-terminal kinases 1/2 (JNK1/2), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and p38 in bufalin-treated U-2 OS cells. Bufalin inhibited the cell migration and invasion of U-2 OS cells in vitro. Moreover, bufalin reduced MMP-2 and MMP-9 enzyme activities of U-2 OS cells. Bufalin also suppressed the protein level of MMP-2 and reduced the levels of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) such as JNK1/2 and ERK1/2 signals in U-2 OS cells. Our results suggest that signaling pathways for bufalin-inhibited migration and invasion of U-2 OS cells might be mediated through blocking MAPK signaling and resulting in the inhibition of MMP-2. Bufalin could be a useful agent to develop as a novel antitumor agent by virtue of its ability to inhibit tumor cell migration and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Shin Chueh
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
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27
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You JM, Lin XM, Guo J, Zhang MD, Liao CL, He MJ, You JW, Sun YL. First Report of Root Rot on Atractylodes macrocephala (Largehead Atractylodes Rhizome) Caused by Ceratobasidium sp. in China. Plant Dis 2013; 97:139. [PMID: 30722298 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-12-0467-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Atractylodes macrocephala is a perennial herbaceous plant (family Asteraceae) native to China. The biennial root, Largehead Atractylodes Rhizome (LAR), is the most commonly used Chinese herbal medicine to prevent early pregnancy loss due to miscarriage. From summer 2010 to spring 2012, symptoms of root rot were observed on LAR in Xianfeng county, Enshi city, Hubei Province, China. White mold on the root of LAR could be observed at an early growth stage in the field and the white mold spread over the entire plant after 10 days, which differs from root rot of LAR caused by Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani, neither of which are characterized as having mycelium spreading over the whole plant (4). Where root rot symptoms were present, rhizome yield was reduced by 15% on average, with up to 40% yield loss in some fields. Under humid conditions in mid-June, the disease in the field spread quickly and the rhizomes of LAR were completely rotted. After rainfall and increasing temperature from 16 to 35°C, white mycelium appeared and plants withered within a few weeks. In April 2011 and 2012, a fungus was consistently recovered from symptomatic rhizome samples after they were surface sterilized with 0.1% mercuric chloride solution and plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA). Pale gray colonies with short aerial mycelia and brown sclerotia formed on PDA after 7 days incubation at 28°C. Binucleate cells were observed using light microscopy and the characteristics were matched with morphological characteristics of a Ceratobasidium sp (3). Genomic DNA of the culture was extracted, and the rDNA-internal transcribed spacer sequence (GenBank Accession No. JQ926741) showed 99% identity to Ceratobasidium sp (GenBank No. H269825.1). Mycelial plugs of the culture taken from PDA were inoculated onto 40 rhizomes of 1-year-old seedlings and plants were incubated with a 16-h photoperiod at 28°C and 90% relative humidity in an artificial climate chamber where they developed typical disease symptoms after 2 days. Ten rhizomes of 1-year-old seedlings and were treated with PDA plugs only. All seedlings inoculated with the pathogen were withered and the rhizomes were completely covered with gray mycelium 2 days after inoculation, which was similar to the symptoms observed in the field. After 7 days, the symptoms were more severe than those observed in the field, with seedlings rotted completely. The main stalk of all inoculated plants was covered with gray mycelia in 4 days, and the stalk became withered, which was similar to the symptoms observed in the field. No symptoms were observed on control seedlings and plants. Koch's postulates were fulfilled by successful reisolation of Ceratobasidium sp. from diseased seedlings. The pathogenicity tests were carried out twice. Ceratobasidium sp. has been reported to cause root rot of canola in Washington (2). It has also been observed on Rehmannia in China (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Ceratobasidium sp. causing root rot on LAR. References: (1) B. B. Chen et al. Chin. J. Chin. Material Medica (In Chinese) 9:1137, 2011. (2) K. L. Schroeder et al. Plant Dis. 96:591, 2012. (3) B. Sneh et al. Page 39 in: Identification of Rhizoctonia Species. The American Phytopathological Society, 1991. (4) S. X. Zang et al. J. Agric. Univ. Hebei (In Chinese) 28:73, 2005.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M You
- Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Enshi, Hubei, 445000, China
| | - X M Lin
- Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Enshi, Hubei, 445000, China
| | - J Guo
- Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Enshi, Hubei, 445000, China
| | - M D Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Enshi, Hubei, 445000, China
| | - C L Liao
- Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Enshi, Hubei, 445000, China
| | - M J He
- Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Enshi, Hubei, 445000, China
| | - J W You
- Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Enshi, Hubei, 445000, China
| | - Y L Sun
- Productivity Promotion Center of Enshi Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi, Hubei, 445000, China
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28
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Liao CL, Lai KC, Huang AC, Yang JS, Lin JJ, Wu SH, Gibson Wood W, Lin JG, Chung JG. Gallic acid inhibits migration and invasion in human osteosarcoma U-2 OS cells through suppressing the matrix metalloproteinase-2/-9, protein kinase B (PKB) and PKC signaling pathways. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:1734-40. [PMID: 22387266 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Advanced cancer is a multifactorial disease which complicates treatment if the cancer cells have metastasized calling for the targeting of multiple cellular pathways. Gallic acid (GA) is known to possess multiple pharmacological activity including antitumor effects. This study investigated the mechanisms for the anticancer properties of GA on migration and invasion of human osteosarcoma U-2 OS cells. The migration and invasion in U-2 OS cells were determined by a Boyden chamber transwell assay. The expression levels and activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were measured by Western blotting, real-time PCR and gelatin zymography assays. All examined proteins levels from Western blotting indicated that GA decreased the protein levels of GRB2, PI3K, AKT/PKB, PKC, p38, ERK1/2, JNK, NF-κB p65 in U-2 OS cells. GA also inhibited the activities of AKT, IKK and PKC by in vitro kinase assay. GA suppressed the migration and invasive ability of U-2 OS cells, and it decreased MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein and mRNA levels and secreted enzyme activities in vitro. These results suggest that potential signaling pathways of GA-inhibited migration and invasion in U-2 OS cells may be due to down-regulation of PKC, inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and PI3K/AKT, resulting in inhibition of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Lung Liao
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan, ROC
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29
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Wu CL, Huang AC, Yang JS, Liao CL, Lu HF, Chou ST, Ma CY, Hsia TC, Ko YC, Chung JG. Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) and phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC)-mediated generation of reactive oxygen species causes cell cycle arrest and induces apoptosis via activation of caspase-3, mitochondria dysfunction and nitric oxide (NO) in human osteogenic sarcoma U-2 OS cells. J Orthop Res 2011; 29:1199-209. [PMID: 21374707 DOI: 10.1002/jor.21350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) and phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), a member of the isothiocyanate family, have been shown to exhibit antineoplastic ability against many human cancer cells. In this study, we found that exposure of human osteogenic sarcoma U-2 OS cells to BITC and PEITC led to induce morphological changes and to decrease the percentage of viable cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. BITC and PEITC induced cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase at 48 h treatment and inhibited the levels of cell cycle regulatory proteins such as cyclin A and B1 in U-2 OS cells but promoted the level of Chk1 and p53 that led to G2/M arrest. BITC and PEITC induced a marked increase in apoptosis (DNA fragmentation) and poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) cleavage, which was associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and the activation of caspase-9 and -3. BITC and PEITC also promoted the ROS production in U-2 OS cells and the N-acetylcysteine (NAC, an antoxidant agent) was pretreated and then treated with both compounds which led to decrease the levels of ROS and increase the cell viability. Interestingly, BITC and PEITC promoted the levels of NO production and increased the iNOS enzyme. Confocal laser microscope also demonstrated that BITC and PEITC promoted the release of cytochrome c and AIF, suggesting that both compounds induced apoptosis through ROS, caspase-3 and mitochondrial, and NO signaling pathways. Taken together, these molecular alterations and signaling pathways offer an insight into BITC and PEITC-caused growth inhibition, G2/M arrest, and apoptotic death of U-2 OS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Lin Wu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
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30
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Chen YY, Chiang SY, Lin JG, Ma YS, Liao CL, Weng SW, Lai TY, Chung JG. Emodin, aloe-emodin and rhein inhibit migration and invasion in human tongue cancer SCC-4 cells through the inhibition of gene expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9. Int J Oncol 2010; 36:1113-20. [PMID: 20372784 DOI: 10.3892/ijo_00000593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Emodin, aloe-emodin and rhein are major compounds in rhubarb (Rheum palmatum L.), used in Chinese herbal medicine, and found to have antitumor properties including cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in many human cancer cells. Our previous studies also showed that emodin, aloe-emodin and rhein induced apoptosis in human tongue cancer SCC-4 cells. However, the detail regarding emodin, aloe-emodin and rhein affecting migration and invasion in SCC-4 cells are not clear. In the present study, we investigated whether or not emodin, aloe-emodin and rhein inhibited migration and invasion of SCC-4 cells. Herein, we demonstrate that emodin, aloe-emodin and rhein inhibit the protein levels and activities of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) but did not affect gene expression of MMP-2, however, they inhibited the gene expression of MMP-9 and all also inhibited the migration and invasion of human tongue cancer SCC-4 cells. MMP-9 (gelatinase-B) plays an important role and is the most associated with tumor migration, invasion and metastasis in various human cancers. Results from zymography and Western blotting showed that emodin, aloe-emodin and rhein treatment decrease the levels of MMP-2, urokinase plasminogen activator (u-PA) in a concentration-dependent manner. The order of inhibition of associated protein levels and gene expression of migration and invasion in SCC-4 cells are emodin >aloe-emodin >rhein. Our results provide new insight into the mechanisms by which emodin, aloe-emodin and rhein inhibit tongue cancers. In conclusion, these findings suggest that molecular targeting of MMP-9 mRNA expression by emodin, aloe-emodin and rhein might be a useful strategy for chemo-prevention and/or chemo-therapeutics of tongue cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Yin Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan, R.O.C
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31
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Chen YY, Chiang SY, Lin JG, Yang JS, Ma YS, Liao CL, Lai TY, Tang NY, Chung JG. Emodin, aloe-emodin and rhein induced DNA damage and inhibited DNA repair gene expression in SCC-4 human tongue cancer cells. Anticancer Res 2010; 30:945-951. [PMID: 20393018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In our primary studies, we have shown that emodin, aloe-emodin and rhein induced cytotoxic effects, including cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in SCC-4 human tongue cancer cells. However, details regarding their effects on DNA damage and repair gene expression in SCC-4 cells are not clear. We investigated whether or not emodin, aloe-emodin and rhein induced DNA damage and inhibited DNA repair gene expression in SCC-4 cells. Comet assay (single cell electrophoresis) indicated that incubation of SCC-4 cells with 0, 20, 30 and 40 microM of emodin, 0, 25, 50 and 100 microM of aloe-emodin or rhein led to a longer DNA migration smear (comet tail). This means that all examined agents induced DNA damage in SCC-4 cells and these effects are dose-dependent but emodin is stronger than that of aloe-emodin or rhein. The results from real-time PCR assay demonstrated that 30 microM of emodin or aloe-emodin used for 24 and 48 h treatment in SCC-4 cells significantly inhibited expression of genes associated with DNA damage and repair [ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM); ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR); 14-3-3sigma (14-3-3sigma); breast cancer 1, early onset (BRCA1); and DNA-dependent serine/threonine protein kinase (DNA-PK)]; only rhein suppressed the expression of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) mRNA with 48 h treatment, but had no effect on ATM expression. On 24 h treatment, only aloe-emodin significantly affected ATM expression. These effects may be the vital factors for emodin, aloe-emodin and rhein induction of DNA damage in vitro. In conclusion, these agents induced DNA damage followed by the inhibition of DNA repair-associated gene expressions, including ATM, ATR, 14-3-3sigma, BRCA1, DNA-PK and MGMT in SCC-4 human tongue cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Yin Chen
- China Medical University, No 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan
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Yu CS, Lai KC, Yang JS, Chiang JH, Lu CC, Wu CL, Lin JP, Liao CL, Tang NY, Wood WG, Chung JG. Quercetin inhibited murine leukemia WEHI-3 cells in vivo and promoted immune response. Phytother Res 2010; 24:163-8. [PMID: 19449452 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced flavonoid consumption is closely related with a reduced cancer incidence as shown in epidemiological studies. Quercetin (3,5,7,3',4'-pentahydroxylflavone) is one of the active components of flavonoids which exist in natural plants, particularly in onions and fruits. It was reported that quercetin induced apoptosis in human cancer cell lines, including human leukemia HL-60 cells, but there is no available information as to its effects on leukemia cells in vivo. The purpose of the present studies was to focus on the in vivo effects of quercetin on leukemia WEHI-3 cells. The effects of quercetin on WEHI-3 cells injected into BALB/c mice were examined. Quercetin decreased the percentage of Mac-3 and CD11b markers, suggesting that the differentiation of the precursors of macrophages and T cells was inhibited. There was no effect on CD3 levels but increased CD19 levels. Quercetin decreased the weight of the spleen and liver compared with the olive oil treated animals. Quercetin stimulated macrophage phagocytosis of cells isolated from peritoneum. Quercetin also promoted natural killer cell activity. Based on pathological examination, an effect of quercetin was observed in the spleen of mice previously injected with WEHI-3 cells. Apparently, quercetin affects WEHI-3 cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Shu Yu
- Center of General Education, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
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Ho YT, Lu CC, Yang JS, Chiang JH, Li TC, Ip SW, Hsia TC, Liao CL, Lin JG, Wood WG, Chung JG. Berberine induced apoptosis via promoting the expression of caspase-8, -9 and -3, apoptosis-inducing factor and endonuclease G in SCC-4 human tongue squamous carcinoma cancer cells. Anticancer Res 2009; 29:4063-4070. [PMID: 19846952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Many phytochemicals have been recognized to have potential chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic efficacy in cancer treatment. In this study, we hypothesized that berberine would have anticancer activities in SCC-4 human tongue cancer cells. Results indicated that berberine reduced the viability of SCC-4 cells, which was initiated by the generation of reactive oxygen species, via an increase in cytosolic Ca(2+). Berberine-induced apoptosis was associated with a reduction of the mitochondrial membrane potential associated with changes in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, release of cytochrome c from mitochondria and activation of down stream caspase-3. Real-time PCR showed that berberine stimulated gene expression of caspase-8, -9 and -3, apoptosis-inducing factor and endonuclease G. The present study demonstrated that berberine-mediated apoptosis of SCC-4 cells is regulated by ROS, mitochondria, caspase-3-dependent and mitochondria-dependent pathways, suggesting that berberine may be considered for future studies as a promising therapeutic candidate for human tongue cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Tsuan Ho
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
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Ho YT, Yang JS, Lu CC, Chiang JH, Li TC, Lin JJ, Lai KC, Liao CL, Lin JG, Chung JG. Berberine inhibits human tongue squamous carcinoma cancer tumor growth in a murine xenograft model. Phytomedicine 2009; 16:887-890. [PMID: 19303753 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2009.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Our primary studies showed that berberine induced apoptosis in human tongue cancer SCC-4 cells in vitro. But there is no report to show berberine inhibited SCC-4 cancer cells in vivo on a murine xenograft animal model. SCC-4 tumor cells were implanted into mice and groups of mice were treated with vehicle, berberine (10mg/kg of body weight) and doxorubicin (4mg/kg of body weight). The tested agents were injected once per four days intraperitoneally (i.p.), with treatment starting 4 weeks prior to cells inoculation. Treatment with 4mg/kg of doxorubicin or with 10mg/kg of berberine resulted in a reduction in tumor incidence. Tumor size in xenograft mice treated with 10mg/kg berberine was significantly smaller than that in the control group. Our findings indicated that berbeirne inhibits tumor growth in a xenograft animal model. Therefore, berberine may represent a tongue cancer preventive agent and can be used in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Tsuan Ho
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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35
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Chen TC, Lai KC, Yang JS, Liao CL, Hsia TC, Chen GW, Lin JJ, Lin HJ, Chiu TH, Tang YJ, Chung JG. Involvement of reactive oxygen species and caspase-dependent pathway in berberine-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in C6 rat glioma cells. Int J Oncol 2009; 34:1681-90. [PMID: 19424587 DOI: 10.3892/ijo_00000299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytotoxicity of berberine on C6 rat glioma cells indicated that berberine induced morphological changes and caused cell death through G2/M arrest and apoptosis. While undergoing apoptosis, there was a remarkable accumulation of G2/M cells with the upregulatoin of Wee1 but it also inhibited cyclin B, CDK1 and Cdc25c that led to G2/M arrest. Along with cytotoxicity in C6 cells, several apoptotic events including mitochondrial cytochrome c release, activation of caspase-9, -3 and -8 and DNA fragmentation were induced. Berberine increased the levels of GADD153 and GRP 78 in C6 cells based on the examination of Western blotting and this is a major hallmark of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. We also found that berberine promoted the production of reactive oxygen species and Ca2+ in C6 cells. Western blotting assay also showed that berberine inhibited the levels of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 but increased the levels of pro-apoptotic protein Bax before leading to a decrease in the levels of mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim) followed by cytochrome c release that caused the activations of capase-9 and -3 for apoptotic occurrence. The caspase-8, -9 and -3 were activated by berberine in C6 cells based on the substrate solution (PhiPhiLux-G1D1, CaspaLux 8-L1D2, CaspaLux 9-M1D2 for caspase-3, -8 and -9, respectively) and analyzed by flow cytometer and each inhibitor of caspase-8, -9 and -3 led to increase the percentage of viable C6 cells after exposure to berberine. This finding was also confirmed by Western blot assay which showed that berberine promoted the active form of caspase-8, -9 and -3. These results demonstrate that the cytotoxicity of berberine in C6 rat glioma cells is attributable to apoptosis mainly through induced G2/M-arrested cells, in an ER-dependent manner, via a mitochondria-dependent caspase pathway regulated by Bax and Bcl-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ching Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan, ROC
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36
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Huang AC, Hsu SC, Kuo CL, Liao CL, Lai KC, Lin TP, Wu SH, Lu HF, Tang NY, Yang JS, Chung JG. Involvement of matrix metalloproteinases in the inhibition of cell invasion and migration through the inhibition of NF-[kappa]B by the new synthesized ethyl 2-[N-p-chlorobenzyl-(2'-methyl)]anilino-4-oxo-4,5-dihydrofuran-3-carboxylate (JOTO1007) in human cervical cancer Ca ski cells. In Vivo 2009; 23:613-619. [PMID: 19567397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
JOTO1007 (ethyl 2-[N-p-chlorobenzyl-(2'-methyl)] anilino-4-oxo-4,5-dihydrofuran -3-carboxylate) has anticancer effects in human cervical cancer Ca Ski cells. However, its mechanism of action on the cell migration and invasion of human cervical cancer Ca Ski cells is not fully understood. In this study, firstly, the effects of JOTO1007 on the migration and invasion of Ca Ski cells were examined by using matrigel counting. The results showed that JOTO1007 suppressed the migration and invasion of the Ca Ski cells. Secondly, the effect of JOTO1007 on the levels of proteins associated with cell metastasis was examined using Western blotting. The results indicated that JOTO1007 inhibited the levels of son of sevenless homolog 1 (SOS-1), growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (GRB2), Ras homolog gene family, member A (RhoA), Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1 (ROCK-1), focal adhesion kinase (FAK), phosphorylated-c-jun (p-c-jun), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) p65, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), MMP-7 and MMP-9 but promoted the levels of protein kinase C (PKC), phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K), MAP kinase kinase kinase 3 (MEKK3), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 (MKK7), c-jun and inducible nitric oxide synthases (iNOS), while not affecting Ras, phosphorylated-ERK (p-ERK), p38 and c-jun N-terminal kinase 1/2 (JNK1/2), which finally led to the inhibition of migration and invasion of the Ca Ski cells in vitro. Overall, JOTO1007 inhibited NF-kappaB which then led to the inhibition of the MMP-2, -7 and -9 expression followed by the inhibition of migration and invasion in the Ca Ski cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Cheng Huang
- Department of Nursing, St. Mary's Medicine Nursing and Management College, Sansing Township, Yilan County 266, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Kuo TC, Yang JS, Lin MW, Hsu SC, Lin JJ, Lin HJ, Hsia TC, Liao CL, Yang MD, Fan MJ, Wood WG, Chung JG. Emodin has cytotoxic and protective effects in rat C6 glioma cells: roles of Mdr1a and nuclear factor kappaB in cell survival. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 330:736-44. [PMID: 19549930 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.153007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
1,3,8-Trihydroxy-6-methylanthaquinone (emodin) is recognized as an antiproliferative compound. In the present study, however, we show that emodin has both toxic and survival effects in glioma cells and that the survival effects involve Mdr1a. Emodin inhibited the proliferation and induced apoptosis of C6 cells in a 12-h treatment, but C6 cells survived a 72-h drug treatment, indicating resistance to emodin. Emodin-induced apoptosis was reduced by inhibition of the expression and activation of apoptosis-associated proteins including p53, Bax, Bcl-2, Fas, and caspase-3. C6 cells could express antioxidant proteins (superoxide dismutase and catalase) to decrease reactive oxygen species-induced cytotoxicity of emodin and overexpress multidrug resistance genes (Mdr1a, MRP2, MRP3, and MRP6) to decrease the intracellular accumulation of emodin. Electrophoretic mobility shift analysis showed that emodin decreased nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) expression in 24 h of treatment, but in 48 h, emodin increased NF-kappaB activity. A confocal microscope showed that emodin induced NF-kappaB translocation from cytoplasm to nuclei. C6 cells would activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase survival pathway and express the DNA repair gene (MGMT) and associated proteins (PARP and XRCC1) to recover the cell activity. C6 cells also expressed GRP78 to decrease emodin-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress that would cause apoptosis in C6 cells, and GRP78 inhibited the expression of GADD153 to enhance the expression of Bcl-2 that could balance the ER- and mitochondria-induced apoptosis of C6 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Ching Kuo
- Department of Microbiology, China Medical University, 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan
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Lu HF, Lai KC, Hsu SC, Lin HJ, Kuo CL, Liao CL, Yang JS, Chung JG. Involvement of matrix metalloproteinases on the inhibition of cells invasion and migration by emodin in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Neurochem Res 2009; 34:1575-83. [PMID: 19291397 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-009-9946-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Emodin (1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methylanthaquinone), an active component present in the root and rhizome of Rheum palmatum L. (Polygonaceae) has anti-bacterial, anti-tumor, diuretic and vasorelaxant effects. However, its mechanism of action on the cell migration and invasion of human neuroblastoma cancer SH-SY5Y cells is not fully understood. In this study, firstly, the effects of emodin on the percentage of viable cells were examined by using MTT assay and it was found that emodin induced dose-and time-dependent inhibition in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Second, the effects of emodin on the migration and invasion of SH-SY5Y cells were examined by using wound assay and matrigel counting and the results showed that emodin suppressed the migration and invasion of SH-SY5Y cells. Third, we examined the effect of emodin on the levels of associated proteins by using Western blotting and the results indicated that emodin inhibited the levels of GRB2, RhoA, HIF-1alpha, VEGF, FAK, iNOS, COX2, p-p38, p-c-jun, MMP2, MMP9 and MMP7 but promoted the levels of PKC, PI3K, MEKK3 and NF-kappaB p65 that led to the inhibition of migration and invasion of SH-SY5Y cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsu-Feng Lu
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Cheng Hsin Rehabilitation Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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39
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Abstract
Evidence indicates that NSAIDs that inhibit prostaglandin (PG) synthesis can reduce the incidence of colorectal cancers and that inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) may be the underlying mechanism. The objective of this study was to investigate this putative mechanism by examining the effect of selective COX-2 inhibitors (Celebrex, DFU, NS-398) and COX-1 inhibitors (Aspirin) on the growth of two human oral carcinoma cell lines (OEC-M1 and KB) and one normal fibroblast cell line (NF). We found that the growth of OEC-M1 cells could be significantly inhibited by DFU concentrations above 30 microM (31%) after 4 days, and above 50 microM (35%) after 2 days in culture; by Celebrex at concentrations above 20 microM (52%) after 6 days, above 30 microM (36%) after 5 days, and above 40 microM (33%) after 4 days in culture; and by NS-398 above 1 microM (30%) after 6 days, and above 10 microM (35%) after 5 days in culture. The growth of KB cells could be significantly inhibited by DFU concentrations above 10 microM (33%) after 6 days, above 20 microM (35%) after 4 days in culture; and by Celebrex at concentrations above 10 microM (33%) after 5 days, and above 50 microM (30%) after 4 days in culture; and by NS-398 above 1 microM (45%) after 5 days, above 20 microM (36%) after 4 days in culture. The growth of NF cells could be significantly inhibited by DFU above 30 microM (45%) after 6 days, and above 40 microM (32%) after 3 days in culture, and by Celebrex at concentrations above 10 microM (42%) after 6 days, above 30 microM (31%) after 4 days, above 50 microM (32%) after 3 days in culture, and by NS-398 above 0.1 microM (35%) after 4 days, and above 1 microM (32%) after 3 days in culture. The growth-inhibitory concentration (IC50) values for DFU on OEC-M1, KB, and NF cells were about 39.1, 14.8, and 42.9 microM at 144 h, respectively, and on KB was about 45.2 microM at 120 h. The IC50 values for Celebrex on OEC-M1, KB, and NF cells were about 19.1, 8.6, and 15.8 microM at 144 h, respectively, and on KB and NF were about 27.7 and 35.3 microM, respectively, at 120 h. The IC50 values for NS-398 on OEC-M1, KB, and NF were about 18.9, 0.7 and 1 microM, respectively, at 144 h; on KB and NF values were about 10.8 and 1.4 microM, respectively, at 120 h and on KB and NF were about 26.6 and 4.1 microM, respectively, at 96 h. The results show that the growth of these cell lines is inhibited by three COX-2 selective inhibitors but not by any COX-1 selective inhibitors. These findings suggest that COX-2 may play an important role in the generation of biochemical mediators that stimulate the growth of human oral cancer and normal fibroblast cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Yang
- Department of Dentistry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Liao CL, Lin YL, Wu BC, Tsao CH, Wang MC, Liu CI, Huang YL, Chen JH, Wang JP, Chen LK. Salicylates inhibit flavivirus replication independently of blocking nuclear factor kappa B activation. J Virol 2001; 75:7828-39. [PMID: 11483726 PMCID: PMC115025 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.17.7828-7839.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses comprise a positive-sense RNA genome that replicates exclusively in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Whether flaviviruses require an activated nuclear factor(s) to complete their life cycle and trigger apoptosis in infected cells remains elusive. Flavivirus infections quickly activate nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB), and salicylates have been shown to inhibit NF-kappaB activation. In this study, we investigated whether salicylates suppress flavivirus replication and virus-induced apoptosis in cultured cells. In a dose-dependent inhibition, we found salicylates within a range of 1 to 5 mM not only restricted flavivirus replication but also abrogated flavivirus-triggered apoptosis. However, flavivirus replication was not affected by a specific NF-kappaB peptide inhibitor, SN50, and a proteosome inhibitor, lactacystin. Flaviviruses also replicated and triggered apoptosis in cells stably expressing IkappaBalpha-DeltaN, a dominant-negative mutant that antagonizes NF-kappaB activation, as readily as in wild-type BHK-21 cells, suggesting that NF-kappaB activation is not essential for either flavivirus replication or flavivirus-induced apoptosis. Salicylates still diminished flavivirus replication and blocked apoptosis in the same IkappaBalpha-DeltaN cells. This inhibition of flaviviruses by salicylates could be partially reversed by a specific p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase inhibitor, SB203580. Together, these results show that the mechanism by which salicylates suppress flavivirus infection may involve p38 MAP kinase activity but is independent of blocking the NF-kappaB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Liao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Tian YJ, Liao CL. [Developmental trend & network exploitation of central monitoring system]. Zhongguo Yi Liao Qi Xie Za Zhi 2001; 25:284-287. [PMID: 12583209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This paper briefly describes developmental trend and network exploiting situation of central monitoring system, analyzes preliminarily its subsequent developmental dynamic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Tian
- Research & Development Center of Scientific Instruments, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080
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42
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Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infects a broad range of cell types in vitro, though little is known about the initial events of JEV infection. In the present study, we found that highly sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are involved in infection of both neurovirulent (RP-9) and attenuated (RP-2ms) JEV strains. Competition experiments using highly sulfated GAGs, heparin and dextran sulfate, demonstrated an inhibition of JEV's attachment and subsequent infection of BHK-21 cells. Treatment of target cells by a potent sulfation inhibitor, sodium chlorate, greatly reduced viral binding ability as well as infection, suggesting a critical role of GAGs' sulfation status on the cellular surface in JEV infection. This phenomenon was confirmed by the manifestation of a distinct binding efficiency of JEV to the wild-type CHO cell line and its mutants with defects in GAG biosynthesis. We also demonstrated the binding of JEV particles and virus envelope glycoprotein to immobilized heparin beads. Furthermore, the addition of heparin suppressed the cytopathic effects induced by JEV infection in cultured cells. Our results establish that the highly sulfated form of GAGs on cell surfaces plays a determining role in the early stage of in vitro JEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Su
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 11529, Republic of China
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Su HL, Lin YL, Yu HP, Tsao CH, Chen LK, Liu YT, Liao CL. The effect of human bcl-2 and bcl-X genes on dengue virus-induced apoptosis in cultured cells. Virology 2001; 282:141-53. [PMID: 11259197 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Infection of dengue viruses (DENs) can cause human dengue fever, hemorrhagic fever, or shock syndrome. Although DEN-induced apoptosis has been implicated in pathogenesis of the DEN-related diseases, the underlying mechanism remains largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated the effect of ectopic expression of human bcl-2 and bcl-X genes on DEN-induced apoptosis in cultured cells. We employed a human isolate of DEN serotype 2 (DEN-2), PL046, which not only caused cell-cycle arrest in the G1 phase but also induced apoptosis in infected baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells, murine neuroblastoma N18 cells, and human neuronal NT-2 cells. Our results reveal that overexpression of bcl-2 in fibroblast-like BHK-21 cells, although not inhibiting virus yields, delayed the process of DEN-induced apoptosis, thereby permitting surviving cells to become persistently infected. In contrast, stable bcl-2 expression in neuronal N18 cells failed to block DEN-induced apoptosis. On the other hand, Bcl-X(L), expressed predominantly in the nervous system, appeared to delay DEN's killing effect in neuronal N18 cells but not in fibroblast-like BHK-21 cells. In addition, inducible expression bcl-X(s), despite its proapoptotic property in other reported system, was found to merely accelerate cell death in DEN-infected N18 but not in infected BHK-21 cells. Thus, through studying the effect of human bcl-2-related genes, our results suggest that DEN infection may trigger target cells to undergo morphologically similar but biochemically distinct apoptotic pathways in a cell-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Su
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Eastman JW, Sherwin JE, Wong R, Liao CL, Currier RJ, Lorey F, Cunningham G. Use of the phenylalanine:tyrosine ratio to test newborns for phenylketonuria in a large public health screening programme. J Med Screen 2001; 7:131-5. [PMID: 11126161 DOI: 10.1136/jms.7.3.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the benefits of using the phenylalanine:tyrosine ratio to screen newborns for phenylketonuria (PKU). SETTING Data were collected from all newborns in California during a ten month period (n = 404,381). METHODS Dried blood spot specimens were analysed at nine laboratories. To assure that the results reported from multiple sites were matched accurately, an automated methodology was chosen that included sample processing, analysis, telecommunications, reporting, and information technology. Phenylalanine and tyrosine concentrations were measured independently by continuous flow fluorometry, for which precision, recovery, detection limits, carryover, chemical specificity, reportable range, and number of repeats are reported. RESULTS In this study, 37% of the newborns were tested at less than 24 hours of age. For this population, using a phenylalanine only cut off of 200 mumol/l, there were 48 recalled infants per case of classic PKU. Using the phenylalanine:tyrosine ratio with a cut off of 1.50, screen positives could be reported with phenylalanine as low as 150 mumol/l and with only 12 recalls per case. CONCLUSIONS The phenylalanine:tyrosine ratio can be measured accurately at multiple laboratories using two channel chemical analyses. Having applied the methods to the routine clinical screening of a large population, it was confirmed that the clinical sensitivity and specificity of the PKU screening test are higher when the phenylalanine:tyrosine ratio is incorporated into the cut off than when the cut off is based on the phenylalanine concentration alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Eastman
- California Department of Health Services, 2151 Berkeley Way, Annex 9, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA.
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Chang YS, Liao CL, Tsao CH, Chen MC, Liu CI, Chen LK, Lin YL. Membrane permeabilization by small hydrophobic nonstructural proteins of Japanese encephalitis virus. J Virol 1999; 73:6257-64. [PMID: 10400716 PMCID: PMC112703 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.8.6257-6264.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/1999] [Accepted: 04/21/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, may cause acute encephalitis in humans and induce severe cytopathic effects in various types of cultured cells. We observed that JEV replication rendered infected baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells sensitive to the translational inhibitor hygromycin B or alpha-sarcine, to which mock-infected cells were insensitive. However, little is known about whether any JEV nonstructural (NS) proteins contribute to virus-induced changes in membrane permeability. Using an inducible Escherichia coli system, we investigated which parts of JEV NS1 to NS4 are capable of modifying membrane penetrability. We found that overexpression of NS2B-NS3, the JEV protease, permeabilized bacterial cells to hygromycin B whereas NS1 expression failed to do so. When expressed separately, NS2B alone, but not NS3, was sufficient to alter bacterial membrane permeability. Similarly, expression of NS4A or NS4B also rendered bacteria susceptible to hygromycin B inhibition. Examination of the effect of NS1 to NS4 expression on bacterial growth rate showed that NS2B exhibited the greatest inhibitory capability, followed by a modest repression from NS2A and NS4A, whereas NS1, NS3, and NS4B had only trivial influence with respect to the vector control. Furthermore, when cotransfected with a reporter gene luciferase or beta-galactosidase, transient expression of NS2A, NS2B, and NS4B markedly reduced the reporter activity in BHK-21 cells. Together, our results suggest that upon JEV infection, these four small hydrophobic NS proteins have various modification effects on host cell membrane permeability, thereby contributing in part to virus-induced cytopathic effects in infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Wu SL, Yang CS, Wang HJ, Liao CL, Chang TJ, Chang TC. Demonstration of thyrotropin receptor mRNA in orbital fat and eye muscle tissues from patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy by in situ hybridization. J Endocrinol Invest 1999; 22:289-95. [PMID: 10342363 DOI: 10.1007/bf03343558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
There is a controversy regarding whether there are thyrotropin (TSH) receptors in orbital fat and eye muscle tissues that may play a role in the pathogenesis of Graves' ophthalmopathy. To elucidate whether there are TSH receptors in orbital fat and eye muscle tissues in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy, we applied the method of in situ hybridization in orbital fat and eye muscle tissues obtained during the operation for patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy, to directly detect TSH receptor mRNA. To identify whether the cells with positive TSH receptor mRNA are fibroblasts, we also did vimentin immunoreactivity study. To further prove the transcript does have a full length of TSH receptor, the samples of total RNA preparations, extracted from orbital fat and eye muscle tissues, were used as a template for reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using three primer sets to generate cDNA fragments and cloned for sequencing. The results showed that the expression of TSH receptor mRNA was demonstrated in adipocytes and fibroblasts of orbital fat, and perimysial fibroblasts within eye muscle tissues by in situ hybridization and vimentin immunoreactivity study. Also, by using the RT-PCR, cloning and sequencing, we further proved that the transcript does have a full length of TSH receptor. The present study suggested that there are TSH receptors expressed in orbital fat and eye muscle tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, China Medical College, Taichung
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Liu YT, Chen CG, Chao DC, Lee F, Liao CL, Sytwu HK, Chou CF, Ji DD. Sequence analysis of the Gluconobacter oxydans RecA protein and construction of a recA-deficient mutant. Can J Microbiol 1999; 45:347-51. [PMID: 10420585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
The deduced amino acid sequence of Gluconobacter oxydans RecA protein shows 75.2, 69.4, and 66.2% homology with those from Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. The amino acid residues essential for function of the recombinase, protease, and ATPase in E. coli recA protein are conserved in G. oxydans. Of 24 amino acid residues believed to be the ATP binding domain of E. coli RecA, 17 are found to be identical in G. oxydans RecA. Interestingly, nucleotide sequence alignment between the SOS box of G. orphans recA gene and those from different microorganisms revealed that all the DNA sequences examined have dyad symmetry that can form a stem-loop structure. A G. oxydans recA-deficient mutant (LCC96) was created by allelic exchange using the cloned recA gene that had been insertionally inactivated by a kanamycin-resistance cassette. Such replacement of the wild-type recA with a kanamycin resistance gene in the chromosome was further verified by Southern hybridization. Phenotypically, the recA-deficient mutant is significantly more sensitive to UV irradiation than the wild-type strain, suggesting that the recA gene of G. oxydans ATCC9324 plays a role in repairing DNA damage caused by UV irradiation. Moreover, the mutant strain is much more plasmid transformable than its parent strain, illustrating that G. oxydans LCC96 could be used as a host to take up the recombinant plasmid for gene manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y T Liu
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Wang JJ, Liao CL, Yang CI, Lin YL, Chiou CT, Chen LK. Localizations of NS3 and E proteins in mouse brain infected with mutant strain of Japanese encephalitis virus. Arch Virol 1999; 143:2353-69. [PMID: 9930192 DOI: 10.1007/s007050050466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Infection with a mutant Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) strain RP-2ms showed reduced neurovirulence than wild type or RP-9 strains after inoculation in BALB/c mice. However, higher intracellular viral titer was detected in Rp-2ms infected cultured cells. Localizations of non-structural 3 (NS3) and envelope (E) proteins were demonstrated by immunocytochemistry. NS3 protein was primarily found in the pyramidal neurons in cerebrum, in the molecular and granular layers of cerebellum. Neither E nor NS3 protein was detected in Purkinje cells of the cerebellum. Immunoelectron microscopic observations showed that E and NS3 proteins were positive in JEV-induced membranous systems, mainly hypertrophic rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) and membrane vesicle structure (MVS) but not smooth membrane structure. Virus particles were seen in the Golgi apparatus, rER, nuclear envelope, MVS and cytoplasmic vacuoles. Different mechanisms of intracellular trapping in vivo provide a possible basis for attenuation of RP-2ms strains of JEV.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/ultrastructure
- Brain/virology
- Cell Line
- Cricetinae
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/genetics
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/pathogenicity
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/ultrastructure
- Encephalitis, Japanese/metabolism
- Encephalitis, Japanese/pathology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/virology
- Endoplasmic Reticulum, Rough/metabolism
- Endoplasmic Reticulum, Rough/ultrastructure
- Endoplasmic Reticulum, Rough/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Microscopy, Immunoelectron
- Mutation
- RNA Helicases
- Serine Endopeptidases
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/metabolism
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/genetics
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/metabolism
- Virulence/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Wang
- Institute of Biology and Anatomy, NDMC Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Liao CL, Lin YL, Shen SC, Shen JY, Su HL, Huang YL, Ma SH, Sun YC, Chen KP, Chen LK. Antiapoptotic but not antiviral function of human bcl-2 assists establishment of Japanese encephalitis virus persistence in cultured cells. J Virol 1998; 72:9844-54. [PMID: 9811720 PMCID: PMC110496 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.12.9844-9854.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/1998] [Accepted: 09/09/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon infection of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were killed by a mechanism involved in apoptosis. While readily established in a variety of cell lines, JEV persistence has never been successfully instituted in BHK-21 and CHO cells. Since stable expression of human bcl-2 in BHK-21 cells has been shown to delay JEV-induced apoptosis, in this study we investigated whether JEV persistence could be established in such cells. When constitutively expressing bcl-2, but not its closest homolog, bcl-XL, following a primary lytic infection, approximately 5 to 10% of BHK-21 and CHO cells became persistently JEV infected during a long-term culture. From the persistent bulks, several independent clones were selected and expanded to form stable cell lines that continuously produced infectious virus without marked cytopathic effects (CPE). Among these stable cell lines, the truncated nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) was also detected and was indistinguishable from the NS1 truncations previously observed in JEV-persistent murine neuroblastoma N18 cells. However, the stable expression of NS1 alone, regardless of whether it was truncated or full length, failed to render the engineered cells persistently infected by JEV, implying that aberrant NS1 proteins were likely a consequence of, rather than a cause for, the viral persistence. Enforced bcl-2 expression, which did not affect virus replication and spread during the early phase of cytolytic infection, appeared to attain JEV persistence by restriction of virus-induced CPE. Our results suggest that it is the antiapoptotic, rather than the antiviral, effect of cellular bcl-2 which plays a role in the establishment of JEV persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Liao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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50
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Lin YL, Liao CL, Chen LK, Yeh CT, Liu CI, Ma SH, Huang YY, Huang YL, Kao CL, King CC. Study of Dengue virus infection in SCID mice engrafted with human K562 cells. J Virol 1998; 72:9729-37. [PMID: 9811707 PMCID: PMC110483 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.12.9729-9737.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/1998] [Accepted: 09/09/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report that severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice engrafted with human K562 cells (K562-SCID mice) can be used as an animal model to study dengue virus (DEN) infection. After intratumor injection into K562 cell masses of PL046, a Taiwanese DEN-2 human isolate, the K562-SCID mice showed neurological signs of paralysis and died at approximately 2 weeks postinfection. In addition to being detected in the tumor masses, high virus titers were detected in the peripheral blood and the brain tissues, indicating that DEN had replicated in the infected K562-SCID mice. In contrast, the SCID mice were resistant to DEN infection and the mock-infected K562-SCID mice survived for over 3 months. These data illustrate that DEN infection contributed directly to the deaths of the infected K562-SCID mice. Other serotypes of DEN were also used to infect the K562-SCID mice, and the mortality rates of the infected mice varied with different challenge strains, suggesting the existence of diverse degrees of virulence among DENs. To determine whether a neutralizing antibody against DEN in vitro was also protective in vivo, the K562-SCID mice were challenged with DEN-2 and received antibody administration at the same time or 1 day earlier. Our results revealed that the antibody-treated mice exhibited a reduction in mortality and a delay of paralysis onset after DEN infection. In contrast to K562-SCID, the persistently DEN-infected K562 cells generated in vitro invariably failed to be implanted in the mice. It seems that in the early stage of implantation, a gamma interferon activated, nitric oxide-mediated anti-DEN effect might play a role in the innate immunity against DEN-infected cells. The system described herein offers an opportunity to explore DEN replication in vivo and to test various antiviral protocols in infected hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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