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Benham JL, Booth JE, Goldfield G, Friedenreich CM, Rabi DM, Sigal RJ. Self-reported sleep quality and exercise in polycystic ovary syndrome: A secondary analysis of a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2023; 98:700-708. [PMID: 36843192 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the proportion of participants with poor sleep quality, evaluate the associations between sleep quality and anthropometric and cardiometabolic health markers, and evaluate the effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and continuous aerobic exercise training (CAET) on sleep quality in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). DESIGN Secondary analysis of a pilot randomized controlled trial. PATIENTS Women with PCOS aged 18-40 years. MEASUREMENTS The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was measured at baseline and following a 6-month exercise intervention. A PSQI score >5 indicates poor sleep. Linear regression was used to evaluate the associations between PSQI score and anthropometric and cardiometabolic health markers, and the effect of exercise training on these associations. RESULTS Thirty-four participants completed the PSQI at baseline, and 29 postintervention: no-exercise control (n = 9), HIIT (n = 12) and CAET (n = 8). At baseline, 79% had poor sleep quality. Baseline PSQI score was positively correlated with body mass index, waist circumference, body weight, haemoglobin A1c and insulin resistance. Mean PSQI score changes were -0.4 (SD 1.1), -0.7 (SD 0.6) and -0.5 (SD 0.9) for control, HIIT and CAET, respectively. For HIIT participants, change in PSQI score was associated with changes in body weight (B = .27, 95% CI 0.10-0.45) and waist circumference (B = .09, 95% CI 0.02-0.17). CONCLUSION Most participants had poor sleep quality which was associated with poorer anthropometric and cardiometabolic health markers. There were no statistically significant changes in PSQI score with exercise training. With HIIT training, decreases in the sleep efficiency score were associated with reductions in body weight and waist circumference. Further studies are needed to determine the effect of exercise training on sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Benham
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jane E Booth
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gary Goldfield
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine M Friedenreich
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Cancer Care Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Doreen M Rabi
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ronald J Sigal
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Jain R, Stone JA, Agarwal G, Andrade JG, Bacon SL, Bajaj HS, Baker B, Cheng G, Dannenbaum D, Gelfer M, Habert J, Hickey J, Keshavjee K, Kitty D, Lindsay P, L'Abbé MR, Lau DCW, Macle L, McDonald M, Nerenberg K, Pearson GJ, Pham T, Poppe AY, Rabi DM, Sherifali D, Selby P, Smith E, Stern S, Thanassoulis G, Terenzi K, Tu K, Udell J, Virani SA, Ward RA, Warburton DER, Wharton S, Zymantas J, Hua-Stewart D, Liu PP, Tobe SW. Ligne directrice C-CHANGE pour l’harmonisation des lignes directrices nationales de prévention et de prise en charge des maladies cardiovasculaires en contexte de soins primaires au Canada: mise à jour 2022. CMAJ 2023; 195:E21-E42. [PMID: 36623864 PMCID: PMC9829070 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.220138-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Jain
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - James A Stone
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Gina Agarwal
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Jason G Andrade
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Simon L Bacon
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Harpreet S Bajaj
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Brian Baker
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Gemma Cheng
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - David Dannenbaum
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Mark Gelfer
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Jeffrey Habert
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - John Hickey
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Karim Keshavjee
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Darlene Kitty
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Patrice Lindsay
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Mary R L'Abbé
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - David C W Lau
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Laurent Macle
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Michael McDonald
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Kara Nerenberg
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Glen J Pearson
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Thuy Pham
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Alexandre Y Poppe
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Doreen M Rabi
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Diana Sherifali
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Peter Selby
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Eric Smith
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Sol Stern
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - George Thanassoulis
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Kristin Terenzi
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Karen Tu
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Jacob Udell
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Sean A Virani
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Richard A Ward
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Darren E R Warburton
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Sean Wharton
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Jennifer Zymantas
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Diane Hua-Stewart
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Peter P Liu
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont.
| | - Sheldon W Tobe
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
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Jain R, Stone JA, Agarwal G, Andrade JG, Bacon SL, Bajaj HS, Baker B, Cheng G, Dannenbaum D, Gelfer M, Habert J, Hickey J, Keshavjee K, Kitty D, Lindsay P, L'Abbé MR, Lau DCW, Macle L, McDonald M, Nerenberg K, Pearson GJ, Pham T, Poppe AY, Rabi DM, Sherifali D, Selby P, Smith E, Stern S, Thanassoulis G, Terenzi K, Tu K, Udell J, Virani SA, Ward RA, Warburton DER, Wharton S, Zymantas J, Hua-Stewart D, Liu PP, Tobe SW. Canadian Cardiovascular Harmonized National Guideline Endeavour (C-CHANGE) guideline for the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease in primary care: 2022 update. CMAJ 2022; 194:E1460-E1480. [PMID: 36343954 PMCID: PMC9828999 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.220138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Jain
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - James A Stone
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Gina Agarwal
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Jason G Andrade
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Simon L Bacon
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Harpreet S Bajaj
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Brian Baker
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Gemma Cheng
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - David Dannenbaum
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Mark Gelfer
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Jeffrey Habert
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - John Hickey
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Karim Keshavjee
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Darlene Kitty
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Patrice Lindsay
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Mary R L'Abbé
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - David C W Lau
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Laurent Macle
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Michael McDonald
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Kara Nerenberg
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Glen J Pearson
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Thuy Pham
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Alexandre Y Poppe
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Doreen M Rabi
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Diana Sherifali
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Peter Selby
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont.
| | - Eric Smith
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Sol Stern
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - George Thanassoulis
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Kristin Terenzi
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Karen Tu
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Jacob Udell
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Sean A Virani
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Richard A Ward
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Darren E R Warburton
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Sean Wharton
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Jennifer Zymantas
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Diane Hua-Stewart
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Peter P Liu
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Sheldon W Tobe
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
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Lau D, Ringrose J, Finlay M, Fradette M, Wood P, Boulanger P, Klarenbach S, Holroyd-Leduc J, Alagiakrishnan K, Rabi DM, Padwal R. Abstract P223: Hypertension Telemonitoring And Protocolized Case Management For Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Hypertension 2022. [DOI: 10.1161/hyp.79.suppl_1.p223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Home blood pressure (BP) telemonitoring combined with case management leads can reduce BP in adults with hypertension. However, the benefits of telemonitoring and case management for hypertension are not well established in older (age >= 65 years) adults. Interventions that can safely improve BP control in this distinct group will be critically important, particularly given recent trials showing cardiovascular benefits of intensive BP lowering in this group, and their increased vulnerability to over-treatment-related side effects.
Methods:
Twelve-month, open-label, randomized controlled trial of community-dwelling older adults comparing home BP telemonitoring (HBPM) with pharmacist-led case management versus enhanced usual care with HBPM alone. The primary outcome was the proportion achieving age-specific systolic BP targets on 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM). Changes in HBPM were also examined. Logistic and linear regression were used for analyses, with adjustment for baseline BP.
Results:
Subjects randomized to intervention (n = 61) and control (n = 59) groups were mostly female (77%), with mean age of 79.5 years. The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for ABPM BP target achievement was 1.48 (95% CI 0.87-2.52, p = 0.15). At 12 months, the mean difference in BP changes between intervention and control groups was -1.6/-1.1 for ABPM (p-value 0.26 for systolic and 0.10 for diastolic BP), and -4.9/-3.1 for HBPM (p-value 0.04 for systolic BP and 0.01 for diastolic BP), favoring the intervention. Intervention group subjects had a higher rate of systolic BP < 110 (21% vs 5%, p = 0.009), but no differences in orthostatic symptoms, syncope, non-mechanical falls, or ED visits. Adherence to HBPM declined by 12 months, with 65% of trial-completers providing all 4 of the study-driven 3-monthly HBPM series.
Conclusions:
Home BP telemonitoring and pharmacist case management did not improve achievement of target range ambulatory BP, but did reduce home BP. It was not associated with major adverse consequences. Further trials will be necessary to refine HBPM interventions, improve adherence, and determine effectiveness in older individuals more conclusively.
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Booth JE, Leung AA, Benham JL, Rabi DM, Goldfield GS, Sajobi T, Sigal RJ. Sociodemographic Factors Associated with Objectively-Measured Moderate- to Vigorous-intensity Physical Activity in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: Cross-sectional Results from the Canadian Health Measures Survey (2007-2017). Can J Diabetes 2022; 46:578-585.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Psychologically safe organizational cultures are inherently inclusive and promote healthy sharing of power and knowledge. These conditions allow innovation to thrive and optimize member performance. Unfortunately, despite its evidence-based nature, the field of medicine continues to struggle with providing safe environments for its members. Several cultural barriers to psychological safety permit endemic harassment. These include having large power gradients, a weak ethical climate, and a number of enabling structural factors that maintain a toxic culture. Moving toward psychological safety will be challenging work, as it requires a difficult and complex analysis of the shared value system that enables the status quo. Programs and policies that promote equity, diversity, and inclusion are an important start, but they are likely insufficient on their own to achieve psychological safety. Leadership that models difficult reflection and supports inclusive transformation is the key to a safe culture shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fartoon M Siad
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Doreen M Rabi
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Cardiac Science Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Benham JL, Booth JE, Donovan LE, Leung AA, Sigal RJ, Rabi DM. Prevalence of and risk factors for excess weight gain in pregnancy: a cross-sectional study using survey data. CMAJ Open 2021; 9:E1168-E1174. [PMID: 34906992 PMCID: PMC8687487 DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20200276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal weight gain during pregnancy is required for fetal development; however, excess gestational weight gain is associated with increased maternal and neonatal morbidity. We aimed to determine the proportion of Canadian women who gained excess weight during pregnancy and to identify risk factors for excess gestational weight gain. METHODS Self-reported data on maternal weight gain were collected from the 2015/16 and 2017/18 cycles of the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS), a cross-sectional population-based survey. We included females aged 15 to 54 years with data on height, prepregnancy weight and gestational weight gain. We defined excess gestational weight gain in terms of preconception body mass index (BMI) according to the 2009 guideline of the US Institute of Medicine. We used logistic regression to evaluate potential risk factors for excess gestational weight gain. RESULTS Of 1 335 615 Canadian women (weighted from approximately 9300 survey respondents), 422 043 (32%) gained excess weight during pregnancy. Women with obesity had 33% lower odds of gaining excess weight relative to women with overweight (odds ratio 0.67, 95% confidence interval 0.48-0.94). Risk factors for excess gestational weight gain were lower education level, white or Indigenous identity, smoking, mood disorder, anxiety disorder and Canadian citizenship. INTERPRETATION One-third of Canadian women in this survey had excess gestational weight gain during pregnancy, and women with obesity had lower odds of gaining excess weight during pregnancy relative to women with overweight. Strategies are needed to reduce the proportion of Canadian women who gain excess weight during pregnancy, regardless of preconception BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Benham
- Departments of Medicine (Benham, Donovan, Leung, Sigal, Rabi), of Community Health Sciences (Benham, Booth, Leung, Sigal, Rabi), of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Donovan) and of Cardiac Sciences (Sigal, Rabi), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (Donovan), Calgary, Alta.
| | - Jane E Booth
- Departments of Medicine (Benham, Donovan, Leung, Sigal, Rabi), of Community Health Sciences (Benham, Booth, Leung, Sigal, Rabi), of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Donovan) and of Cardiac Sciences (Sigal, Rabi), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (Donovan), Calgary, Alta
| | - Lois E Donovan
- Departments of Medicine (Benham, Donovan, Leung, Sigal, Rabi), of Community Health Sciences (Benham, Booth, Leung, Sigal, Rabi), of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Donovan) and of Cardiac Sciences (Sigal, Rabi), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (Donovan), Calgary, Alta
| | - Alexander A Leung
- Departments of Medicine (Benham, Donovan, Leung, Sigal, Rabi), of Community Health Sciences (Benham, Booth, Leung, Sigal, Rabi), of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Donovan) and of Cardiac Sciences (Sigal, Rabi), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (Donovan), Calgary, Alta
| | - Ronald J Sigal
- Departments of Medicine (Benham, Donovan, Leung, Sigal, Rabi), of Community Health Sciences (Benham, Booth, Leung, Sigal, Rabi), of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Donovan) and of Cardiac Sciences (Sigal, Rabi), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (Donovan), Calgary, Alta
| | - Doreen M Rabi
- Departments of Medicine (Benham, Donovan, Leung, Sigal, Rabi), of Community Health Sciences (Benham, Booth, Leung, Sigal, Rabi), of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Donovan) and of Cardiac Sciences (Sigal, Rabi), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (Donovan), Calgary, Alta
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Sidhu S, Gonzalez PM, Petricone-Westwood D, Brewis CS, Rabi DM, Campbell DJ. Approaches to psychosocial care within tertiary care diabetes centres in Canada: An environmental scan. Can J Diabetes 2021; 46:244-252. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2021.09.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Benham JL, Booth JE, Corenblum B, Doucette S, Friedenreich CM, Rabi DM, Sigal RJ. Exercise training and reproductive outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2021; 95:332-343. [PMID: 33638879 PMCID: PMC8360032 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exercise is recommended for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), but the most effective exercise prescription is unclear. This trial compared effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), continuous aerobic exercise training (CAET) and no-exercise control on reproductive, anthropometric and cardiometabolic outcomes in PCOS. DESIGN Pilot randomized controlled trial. PARTICIPANTS Previously inactive women aged 18-40 years with PCOS. MEASUREMENTS Feasibility outcomes included recruitment, retention, adherence to exercise and daily ovulation prediction kit (OPK) testing. Preliminary efficacy outcomes included reproductive, anthropometric and cardiometabolic health markers. RESULTS Forty-seven women were randomized to no-exercise control (n = 17), HIIT (n = 16), or CAET (n = 14). Forty (85%) participants completed the trial. Median exercise adherence was 68% (IQR 53%, 86%). Median daily OPK-testing adherence in the first half of the intervention was 87% (IQR 61%, 97%) compared with 65% (IQR 0%, 96%) in the second half. Body mass index decreased significantly in CAET compared with control (-1.0 kg/m2 , p = .01) and HIIT (-0.9 kg/m2 , p = .04). Mean waist circumference decreased in all groups (-7.3 cm, -6.9 cm, -4.5 cm in HIIT, CAET and control) with no significant between-group differences. Mean LDL-C was significantly reduced for HIIT compared to CAET (-0.33 mmol/L, p = .03). HDL-C increased in HIIT compared with control (0.18 mmol/L, p = .04). CONCLUSIONS There were feasibility challenges with adherence to daily ovulation assessment limiting the ability to analyse the effect of the exercise interventions on ovulation. CAET and HIIT were both effective at improving anthropometrics and some cardiometabolic health markers. Further studies need to determine optimal and acceptable exercise prescriptions for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L. Benham
- Department of MedicineCumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
- Department of Community Health SciencesCumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
| | - Jane E. Booth
- Department of Community Health SciencesCumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
| | - Bernard Corenblum
- Department of MedicineCumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
| | - Steve Doucette
- Department of Community Health & EpidemiologyDalhousie UniversityHalifaxNSCanada
| | - Christine M. Friedenreich
- Department of Community Health SciencesCumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Cancer Care AlbertaAlberta Health ServicesHoly Cross CentreCalgaryABCanada
- Faculty of KinesiologyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
- Department of OncologyCumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
- O’Brien Institute of Public HealthUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
| | - Doreen M. Rabi
- Department of MedicineCumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
- Department of Community Health SciencesCumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
- O’Brien Institute of Public HealthUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
- Department of Cardiac SciencesCumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
- Libin Cardiovascular InstituteUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
| | - Ronald J. Sigal
- Department of MedicineCumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
- Department of Community Health SciencesCumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
- Faculty of KinesiologyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
- O’Brien Institute of Public HealthUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
- Department of Cardiac SciencesCumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
- Libin Cardiovascular InstituteUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
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10
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Benham JL, Booth JE, Sigal RJ, Daskalopoulou SS, Leung AA, Rabi DM. Systematic review and meta-analysis: SGLT2 inhibitors, blood pressure and cardiovascular outcomes. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc 2021; 33:100725. [PMID: 33659605 PMCID: PMC7892922 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2021.100725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clinical trials suggest that SGLT2 inhibitors reduce the risk of cardiovascular mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes, however the mechanism is unclear. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that blood pressure reduction is one potential mechanism underlying the observed improvements in cardiovascular outcomes with SGLT2 inhibitors. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (inception-June 2019) for randomized controlled trials that reported the effect of SGLT2 inhibitors compared with placebo on cardiovascular outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed study quality. Random effects meta-analyses, stratified meta-analyses and meta-regressions were conducted to evaluate the association between blood pressure reduction in SGLT2 inhibitor treated patients and cardiovascular outcomes. RESULTS Of 11,232 articles identified, 40 articles (n = 54,279 participants) were included. The relative risk of cardiovascular mortality was reduced by 18% with the use of SGLT2 inhibitors compared with placebo (RR 0.82; 95%CI 0.74, 0.91, I2 = 0.0%). Meta-regression analysis revealed no detectable difference in cardiovascular mortality (RR 0.93; 95%CI 0.88, 1.13, p = 0.483), 3-point major adverse cardiovascular events (p = 0.839) or congestive heart failure hospitalizations (p = 0.844) with change in mean systolic blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS Cardiovascular events are reduced in participants with type 2 diabetes treated with SGLT2 inhibitors compared with placebo. There was no significant relationship between the risk of developing adverse cardiovascular events and blood pressure reduction with SGLT2 inhibitors. There is insufficient evidence to suggest that blood pressure reduction is a significant contributor to the cardiovascular benefits observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L. Benham
- Departments of Medicine and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jane E. Booth
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ronald J. Sigal
- Departments of Medicine, Community Health Sciences, Cardiac Sciences and Faculty of Kinesiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Alexander A. Leung
- Departments of Medicine and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Doreen M. Rabi
- Departments of Medicine, Community Health Sciences and Cardiac Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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11
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Benham JL, Booth JE, Friedenreich CM, Rabi DM, Sigal RJ. Comparative Success of Recruitment Strategies for an Exercise Intervention Trial Among Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Observational Study. J Med Internet Res 2021; 23:e25208. [PMID: 33783363 PMCID: PMC8044737 DOI: 10.2196/25208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Effective and efficient participant recruitment is a key determinant of the success of a research program. Previously reported recruitment strategies have displayed variable success rates in studies on women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Objective This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and cost per participant of the recruitment strategies that we used in a prospective randomized controlled trial to examine the effects of exercise training among inactive women with PCOS, who are aged 18-40 years. Methods The 4 recruitment methods we used were as follows: (1) referral by health care providers or by word of mouth, (2) media (eg, local newspaper stories and radio interviews), (3) Facebook advertisements, and (4) unpaid advertisements including posters and websites. The proportions of potential, eligible, and enrolled participants recruited with each method were determined and compared using tests of proportion. The time investment and cost per participant enrolled were calculated for each recruitment strategy. Results Of 200 potential participants screened, 98 (49%) were recruited from unpaid advertisements (posters and websites), 70 (35%) from Facebook advertisements, 16 (8%) by referral, and 16 (8%) from traditional media (newspaper and radio). Every potential participant was recruited from separate means (ie, no participant was approached through more than one recruitment method). A total of 109 (54.5%) women were deemed eligible for participation in the trial, and 60 (30.0%) were enrolled. The proportion of potential participants who completed the trial was higher for those recruited from traditional media than from Facebook advertisements (n=7/16, 44% vs n=13/70, 19%, respectively; P=.03) or unpaid advertisements (n=7/16, 44% vs n=13/98, 13%, respectively; P=.002). The cost per participant was Can $18.21 (US $14.46) for Facebook advertisements and Can $43.88 (US $34.85) for unpaid advertisements. There were no direct trial costs for referrals or traditional media. Conclusions For this trial, each method was important for recruiting inactive women with PCOS because no participant reported learning about the trial through more than one method. Unpaid advertisements and Facebook advertisements helped recruit the largest number of participants in the trial, the former resulting in a higher cost per participant than the latter. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03362918; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03362918
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Benham
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jane E Booth
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Christine M Friedenreich
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Cancer Care Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Doreen M Rabi
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Cardiac Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ronald J Sigal
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Cardiac Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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12
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Schubert CL, Tjong J, Ewanchuk BW, Moore RT, Hollenberg MD, Rabi DM. Proceedings From The 11th Annual University Of Calgary Leaders In Medicine Research Symposium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 44:E42-57. [PMID: 33743576 DOI: 10.25011/cim.v44i1.35079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
On November 8th, 2019, the Cumming School of Medicine at the University of Calgary hosted the 11th annual Leaders in Medicine (LIM) Research Symposium. Dr. Donald A. Redelmeier, Professor at the University of Toronto and Canada Research Chair in Medical Decision Sciences, served as the keynote speaker with a talk entitled "Pitfalls of Reasoning and Clinical Medicine". In addition, there were five oral and 64 poster presentations. These presentations covered topics ranging from health promotion to neuroimaging. The event celebrated the continuing success and diversity of the LIM program and the training of clinician-scientists at the University of Calgary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica Tjong
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Robert T Moore
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Doreen M Rabi
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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13
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Lau LW, Ghaznavi S, Frolkis AD, Stephenson A, Robertson HL, Rabi DM, Paschke R. Malignancy risk of hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules compared with non-toxic nodules: systematic review and a meta-analysis. Thyroid Res 2021; 14:3. [PMID: 33632297 PMCID: PMC7905613 DOI: 10.1186/s13044-021-00094-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperfunctioning or hot nodules are thought to be rarely malignant. As such, current guidelines recommend that hot nodules be excluded from further malignancy risk stratification. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to compare the malignancy risk in hot nodules and non-toxic nodules in observational studies. Methods Ovid MEDLINE Daily and Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched. Observational studies which met all of the following were included: (1) use thyroid scintigraphy for nodule assessment, (2) inclusion of both hyperfunctioning and non-functioning nodules based on scintigraphy, (3) available postoperative histopathologic nodule results, (4) published up to November 12, 2020 in either English or French. The following data was extracted: malignancy outcomes include malignancy rate, mapping of the carcinoma within the hot nodule, inclusion of microcarcinomas, and presence of gene mutations. Results Among the seven included studies, overall incidence of malignancy in all hot thyroid nodules ranged from 5 to 100% in comparison with non-toxic nodules, 3.8–46%. Odds of malignancy were also compared between hot and non-toxic thyroid nodules, separated into solitary nodules, multiple nodules and combination of the two. Pooled odds ratio (OR) of solitary thyroid nodules revealed a single hot nodule OR of 0.38 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.25, 0.59), toxic multinodular goiter OR of 0.51 (95% CI 0.34, 0.75), and a combined hot nodule OR of 0.45 (95% CI 0.31, 0.65). The odds of malignancy are reduced by 55% in hot nodules; however, the incidence was not zero. Conclusions Odds of malignancy of hot nodules is reduced compared with non-toxic nodules; however, the incidence of malignancy reported in hot nodules was higher than expected. These findings highlight the need for further studies into the malignancy risk of hot nodules. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13044-021-00094-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine W Lau
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Sana Ghaznavi
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Alexandra D Frolkis
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Alexandra Stephenson
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Helen Lee Robertson
- Clinical Medicine. Health Sciences Library, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Doreen M Rabi
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ralf Paschke
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. .,Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. .,Departments of Oncology, Pathology, and Laboratory Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
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14
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Booth JE, Leung AA, Benham JL, Rabi DM, Goldfield GS, Sajobi TT, Sigal RJ. 33 - Objectively Measured Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour and Cardiometabolic Measures in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: Results from the Canadian Health Measures Survey (2007-2017). Can J Diabetes 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2020.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Benham JL, Booth JE, Corenblum B, Friedenreich CM, Rabi DM, Goldfield GS, Sigal RJ. 85 - Sleep Quality Associated With Body Mass Index and Hemoglobin A1c in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Can J Diabetes 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2020.08.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Quan S, Chen G, Padwal RS, McAlister FA, Tran KC, Campbell NRC, Liang Z, Feng Y, Rabi DM, Leung AA. Frequency of laboratory testing and associated abnormalities in patients with hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2020; 22:2077-2083. [PMID: 32951340 DOI: 10.1111/jch.14040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Clinical practice guidelines recommend several routine laboratory tests in patients diagnosed with hypertension. However, the rates of clinically relevant laboratory abnormalities are unknown. Therefore, we conducted a retrospective cohort study using administrative and laboratory data of patients diagnosed with hypertension between April 2010 and March 2015 in Alberta, Canada. Laboratory investigations for renal function, serum electrolytes (sodium and potassium), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and diabetes (fasting blood glucose and hemoglobin A1c), measured within 1 year of diagnosis, were examined, and the frequency of abnormalities determined. A total of 225 296 cases of incident hypertension were identified. Of these, 74.3% received at least one of the four guideline-recommended laboratory tests, but only 42.3% received all four tests. Patients who received any testing, compared to subjects who did not, were on average older (median age 55.9 vs 51.2 years, P < .001) and had more comorbidity (14.5% vs 2.8% with a Charlson comorbidity index ≥ 3, P < .001). Laboratory abnormalities with the potential to affect clinical decision-making were more common among multi-comorbid patients. Patients with renal dysfunction (6.7% vs 11.6%, 26.3%, P < .001), electrolyte abnormalities (9.8% vs 12.6%, 20.5%, P < .001), and diabetes (13.4% vs 25.1% vs 38.8%, P < .001) were found in patients with Charlson scores of 0 vs 1-2 vs ≥3, respectively. Our study found most patients diagnosed with hypertension received some laboratory testing, but rates of laboratory testing and frequency of abnormalities varied by clinical context. Testing and abnormalities detected were both more common among older patients and patients with comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Quan
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Guanmin Chen
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Raj S Padwal
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Karen C Tran
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Norman R C Campbell
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Zhiying Liang
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Yuanchao Feng
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Doreen M Rabi
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Alexander A Leung
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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17
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Booth JE, Benham JL, Schinbein LE, McGinley SK, Rabi DM, Sigal RJ. Long-Term Physical Activity Levels After the End of a Structured Exercise Intervention in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes and Prediabetes: A Systematic Review. Can J Diabetes 2020; 44:680-687.e2. [PMID: 32654972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2020.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Randomized, controlled trials have shown that exercise interventions reduce the incidence of type 2 diabetes in people with impaired glucose tolerance, and improve glycemic control, body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness in people with type 2 diabetes. We undertook the present systematic review to determine the extent to which participants in structured exercise trials continue to be physically active after the end of the interventions. METHODS We systematically searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for randomized, controlled trials that reported objective or self-reported physical activity levels in people with type 2 diabetes or prediabetes a minimum of 3 months after the end of a structured exercise intervention. This systematic review was registered on PROSPERO (PROSPERO CRD42018089468). RESULTS Of 14,649 articles retrieved, 5 randomized, controlled trials (including 549 participants) were included in this systematic review. One study revealed significant improvements in self-reported physical activity levels in the intervention group compared with the control group 1, 3 and 5 years after baseline assessments, and decreased waist circumference, weight and body mass index at 1 year, but not 3 or 5 years. The 4 remaining studies did not find between-group differences at follow-up timepoints between 6 months and 3 years. CONCLUSIONS Future research should report physical activity levels at follow up to determine whether participation in a structured exercise intervention results in sustained increased physical activity levels. In addition, interventions should be evaluated for their effectiveness in improving adherence to long-term physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Booth
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jamie L Benham
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Laura E Schinbein
- Department of Family Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Samantha K McGinley
- Department of Family Medicine, University of British Columbia, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Doreen M Rabi
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ronald J Sigal
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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18
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Benham JL, Booth JE, Doucette S, Friedenreich CM, Rabi DM, Sigal RJ. MON-042 The Effect of Exercise Training on Reproductive and Cardiometabolic Outcomes in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. J Endocr Soc 2020. [PMCID: PMC7208596 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa046.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise may improve cardiometabolic, reproductive and psychological outcomes in women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). Clinical Practice Guidelines recommend exercise to treat PCOS, but the most effective exercise prescription is unclear. The aim of this randomized controlled trial was to evaluate the effects of six months of thrice weekly high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and continuous aerobic exercise training (CAET) programs compared with no exercise in previously-inactive women aged 18–40 years with PCOS. The primary outcome was change in ovulation rate. Ovulation was assessed with daily at home ovulation prediction kits, and confirmed with serum progesterone levels. Fisher’s exact test was used to compare groups. Secondary outcomes included change in BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, A1C, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and lipids and were analyzed using repeated measures mixed models. 47 women were randomly assigned to no exercise control (n=17), HIIT (n=16), or CAET (n=14). 22/33 (66.7%) women ovulated during the intervention period: no exercise: 8/12 (66.7%), HIIT: 8/11 (72.7%), and CAET: 6/10 (60%); NS between groups. BMI decreased significantly in the CAET group compared with control (-1 kg/m2, p=0.01) and compared with HIIT (-0.9 kg/m2, p=0.04). Mean waist circumference decreased significantly in all groups with no significant difference between groups. There were no significant within- or between- group changes for body weight. No within- or between group differences were identified for mean blood pressure, A1C, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, or triglycerides. Mean LDL-C was significantly different between the HIIT and CAET groups (-0.33 mmol/L, p=0.03), as LDL-C decreased in the HIIT group but not in the CAET group. HDL-C increased in the HIIT group compared with the no exercise group (0.18 mmol/L, p=0.04), with no significant difference between the CAET and no exercise groups (p=0.47). In conclusion, CAET and HIIT interventions in women with PCOS did not affect ovulation rates. CAET and HIIT both were effective at improving anthropometrics and some cardiometabolic health markers in women with PCOS. Further studies are needed to determine optimal exercise prescriptions for reproductive, anthropometric and cardiometabolic outcomes in women with PCOS.
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19
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Lunney M, Finlay J, Rabi DM, Thomas C, Bello AK, Tonelli M. eVisits in Rural Hemodialysis Care: A Qualitative Study of Stakeholder Perspectives on Design and Potential Impact to Care. Am J Kidney Dis 2020; 76:441-444. [PMID: 32387025 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Juli Finlay
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary
| | - Doreen M Rabi
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Calgary; Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary
| | | | - Aminu K Bello
- Division of Nephrology & Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen M Rabi
- O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marleen Kunneman
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Victor M Montori
- Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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21
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Zerna C, Rogers E, Rabi DM, Demchuk AM, Kamal N, Mann B, Jeerakathil T, Buck B, Shuaib A, Rempel J, Menon BK, Goyal M, Hill MD. Comparative Effectiveness of Endovascular Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Population-Based Analysis. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e014541. [PMID: 32208827 PMCID: PMC7428615 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.014541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background A heterogeneous patient population receives endovascular treatment (EVT) for acute ischemic stroke caused by proximal large-vessel occlusion every day. We aimed to conduct a population-based study of EVT in the province of Alberta, Canada, to understand the effectiveness in a complete population and how the magnitude of effect differs from the artificial world of clinical trials. Methods and Results Within a 3-year period (April 2015 to March 2018), 576 patients fit the inclusion criteria of our study and constituted the EVT group of our analysis. The medical treatment group of the ESCAPE (Endovascular Treatment for Small Core and Anterior Circulation Proximal Occlusion With Emphasis on Minimizing CT [Computed Tomography] to Recanalization Times) trial had 150 patients. Thus, our total sample size was 726. We captured outcomes in clinical routine using administrative data and a linked database method. Primary outcome of our study was home-time. Home-time refers to the number of days that the patient was back at premorbid living situation without increase in level of care within 90 days of index stroke event. Median age of patients was 70 years (interquartile range, 59-81 years), and 47.8% were women. Median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was 17 (interquartile range, 13-20). EVT was associated with an increased 90-day home-time by an average of 8.5 days compared with medical treatment alone using Cragg hurdle regression (P=0.009). Age and higher National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score were associated with decreased 90-day home-time (both P<0.001). Multivariable logistic regression showed no association between EVT and mortality at 90 days (odds ratio, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.47-1.24). Conclusions EVT for acute ischemic stroke caused by proximal large-vessel occlusion was effective in our province-wide population-based study and results in an increase of 90-day home-time by ~8.5 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Zerna
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary Alberta Canada.,Department of Community Health Sciences University of Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Edwin Rogers
- Clinical Analytics Alberta Health Services Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Doreen M Rabi
- Department of Community Health Sciences University of Calgary Alberta Canada.,Department of Medicine Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Andrew M Demchuk
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary Alberta Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute University of Calgary Alberta Canada.,Department of Radiology Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Noreen Kamal
- Department of Industrial Engineering Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Balraj Mann
- Cardiovascular Health and Stroke Strategic Clinical Network Alberta Health Services Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Tom Jeerakathil
- Division of Neurology Department of Medicine University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Brian Buck
- Division of Neurology Department of Medicine University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Ashfaq Shuaib
- Division of Neurology Department of Medicine University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Jeremy Rempel
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Bijoy K Menon
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary Alberta Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute University of Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Mayank Goyal
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary Alberta Canada.,Department of Radiology Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Michael D Hill
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary Alberta Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute University of Calgary Alberta Canada.,Department of Community Health Sciences University of Calgary Alberta Canada.,Department of Radiology Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary Alberta Canada
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22
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Zerna C, Rogers E, Rabi DM, Demchuk AM, Kamal N, Mann B, Jeerakathil T, Buck B, Shuaib A, Rempel J, Menon BK, Goyal M, Hill MD. Abstract TP39: Comparative Effectiveness of Endovascular Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Population-Based Analysis. Stroke 2020. [DOI: 10.1161/str.51.suppl_1.tp39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background:
A heterogeneous patient population receives endovascular treatment (EVT) for acute ischemic stroke due to proximal large vessel occlusion every day. We aimed to conduct a population-based study of EVT in the province of Alberta, Canada, to understand the effectiveness in a complete population and how the magnitude of effect differs from the artificial world of clinical trials.
Methods and Results:
Within a three year period (April 2015 - March 2018), 576 patients fit the inclusion criteria of our study and constituted the EVT group of our analysis. The medical treatment group of the ESCAPE trial had 150 patients. Thus our total sample size was 726. We captured outcomes in clinical routine using administrative data and a linked database methodology. Primary outcome of our study was home-time. Home-time refers to the number of days that the patient was back at pre-morbid living situation without increase in level of care within 90 days of index stroke event. Median age of patients was 70 years (interquartile range (IQR) 59 - 81) and 47.8% were female. Median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score was 17 (IQR 13 - 20). EVT was associated with an increased 90-day home-time by an average of 8.5 days compared to medical treatment alone using Cragg hurdle regression (p = 0.009). Age and higher NIHSS score were associated with decreased 90-day home-time (both p = 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression showed no association between EVT and mortality at 90 days (odds ratio 0.76, 95% confidence interval 0.47 - 1.24).
Conclusions:
EVT for acute ischemic stroke due to proximal large vessel occlusion was effective in our province-wide population-based study and results in increased 90-day home-time by ~8.5 days. Home-time is a novel and patient-centered outcome that reflects health circumstances that are easy to understand and meaningful to patients and their caregivers.
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23
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Butalia S, Kaplan GG, Khokhar B, Haubrich S, Rabi DM. The Challenges of Identifying Environmental Determinants of Type 1 Diabetes: In Search of the Holy Grail. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:4885-4895. [PMID: 33328748 PMCID: PMC7734044 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s275080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is the result of autoimmune-mediated destruction and inflammation of the insulin-producing β-cells of the pancreas. The excess morbidity and mortality from its complications coupled with its increasing incidence emphasize the importance to better understand the etiology of this condition. It has a strong genetic component, but a genetic predisposition is not the sole contributor to disease development as only 30% to 50% of identical twins both develop the disease. In addition, there are multiple lines of evidence to support that environmental factors contribute to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Environmental risk factors that have been proposed include infections, dietary factors, air pollution, vaccines, location of residence, childhood obesity, family environment and stress. Researchers have conducted many observational studies to identify and characterize these potential environmental factors, but findings have been inconsistent or inconclusive. Many studies have had inherent methodological issues in recruitment, participation, defining cases and exposures, and/or data analysis which may limit the interpretability of findings. Identifying and addressing these limitations may allow for greatly needed advances in our understanding of type 1 diabetes. As such, the purpose of this article is to review and discuss the limitations of observational studies that aim to determine environmental risk factors for type 1 diabetes and propose recommendations to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Butalia
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- O’Brien Institute for Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Correspondence: Sonia ButaliaDivision of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Richmond Road Diagnostic and Treatment Centre, 1820 Richmond Road SW, Calgary, AlbertaT2T 5C7, CanadaTel +1 403-955-8327Fax +1 403-955-8249 Email
| | - Gilaad G Kaplan
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- O’Brien Institute for Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bushra Khokhar
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sydney Haubrich
- Ward of the 21st Century, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Doreen M Rabi
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- O’Brien Institute for Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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24
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Stone CR, Mickle AT, Boyne DJ, Mohamed A, Rabi DM, Brenner DR, Friedenreich CM. Treatment for lymphoma and late cardiovascular disease risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Sci Rep 2019; 2:e135. [PMID: 31667360 PMCID: PMC6811739 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Lymphoma patients are frequently treated with cancer therapies that may increase the risk of adverse health outcomes later in life, including cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. We sought to investigate the long-term risk of CVD incidence in this survivor population relative to the general population to quantify this health burden. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted using EMBASE, MEDLINE, and CINAHL databases, from date of inception to November 2016, with additional searches completed through June 2018. Included reports were observational studies assessing CVD incidence in patients of either Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin lymphoma (HL, NHL) who survived for at least 5 years from the time of diagnosis or if the study had a median follow-up of 10 years. Meta-analyses were performed using random effects models, and subgroup analyses were conducted to determine the incidence of specific CVD subtypes (coronary heart disease, pericardial disease, valvular heart disease, myocardial disease, cardiac dysrhythmia, and cerebrovascular disease). Heterogeneity was assessed using I 2 statistics and prediction intervals. RESULTS Of the 7734 studies identified, 22 studies were included in this review, representing 32 438 HL and NHL survivors. Relative to the general population, lymphoma survivors had statistically significant two to threefold increases in the risk for nearly all subtypes of CVD examined. Lymphoma survivors appeared to be particularly susceptible to pericardial diseases (HL: 10.67, 95% confidence interval (CI), 7.75-14.69; NHL: 4.70, 95% CI, 2.08-10.61) and valvular diseases (HL: 13.10, 95% CI, 7.41-23.16; NHL: 3.76, 95% CI, 2.12-6.66). Although the 95% CIs were suggestive of increased risks, the 95% prediction intervals often included the null, reflecting the high heterogeneity of the estimates. CONCLUSION Given the suggested increased risks of cardiovascular outcomes in lymphoma survivor populations relative to the general population, tailored screening and prevention programmes may be warranted to offset the future burden of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea R. Stone
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl AlbertaAlberta Health ServicesCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Alexis T. Mickle
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl AlbertaAlberta Health ServicesCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Department of Community Health SciencesCumming School of Medicine, University of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Devon J. Boyne
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl AlbertaAlberta Health ServicesCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Department of Community Health SciencesCumming School of Medicine, University of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Aliya Mohamed
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl AlbertaAlberta Health ServicesCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Doreen M. Rabi
- Department of Community Health SciencesCumming School of Medicine, University of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Department of MedicineCumming School of Medicine, University of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Department of Cardiac SciencesCumming School of Medicine, University of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Darren R. Brenner
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl AlbertaAlberta Health ServicesCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Department of Community Health SciencesCumming School of Medicine, University of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Department of OncologyCumming School of Medicine, University of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Christine M. Friedenreich
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl AlbertaAlberta Health ServicesCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Department of Community Health SciencesCumming School of Medicine, University of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Department of OncologyCumming School of Medicine, University of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
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25
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Benham JL, Booth JE, Friedenreich C, Rabi DM, Sigal RJ. 74 - Comparative Success of Recruitment Strategies for an Exercise Intervention Study in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Can J Diabetes 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2019.07.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stroke is a major cause of disability and death worldwide. People with diabetes are at a twofold to fivefold increased risk for stroke compared with people without diabetes. This study systematically reviews the literature on available stroke prediction models specifically developed or validated in patients with diabetes and assesses their predictive performance through meta-analysis. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES A detailed search was performed in MEDLINE, PubMed and EMBASE (from inception to 22 April 2019) to identify studies describing stroke prediction models. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA All studies that developed stroke prediction models in populations with diabetes were included. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Two reviewers independently identified eligible articles and extracted data. Random effects meta-analysis was used to obtain a pooled C-statistic. RESULTS Our search retrieved 26 202 relevant papers and finally yielded 38 stroke prediction models, of which 34 were specifically developed for patients with diabetes and 4 were developed in general populations but validated in patients with diabetes. Among the models developed in those with diabetes, 9 reported their outcome as stroke, 23 reported their outcome as composite cardiovascular disease (CVD) where stroke was a component of the outcome and 2 did not report stroke initially as their outcome but later were validated for stroke as the outcome in other studies. C-statistics varied from 0.60 to 0.92 with a median C-statistic of 0.71 (for stroke as the outcome) and 0.70 (for stroke as part of a composite CVD outcome). Seventeen models were externally validated in diabetes populations with a pooled C-statistic of 0.68. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the performance of these diabetes-specific stroke prediction models was not satisfactory. Research is needed to identify and incorporate new risk factors into the model to improve models' predictive ability and further external validation of the existing models in diverse population to improve generalisability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fahmida Yeasmin
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Doreen M Rabi
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul E Ronksley
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tanvir C Turin
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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27
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Ward R, Delaloye N, Logan L, Jenkins S, Hollenberg MD, Rabi DM. Proceedings from the 9th Annual University of Calgary Leaders in Medicine Research Symposium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 42:E1-E18. [PMID: 31228961 DOI: 10.25011/cim.v42i2.32811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
On November 3, 2017 the Leaders in Medicine (LIM) program at the University of Calgary's Cumming School of Medicine hosted the 9th Annual Leaders in Medicine (LIM) Symposium. This year's event commemorated 20 years of the LIM program and its dedication to the training of clinician- scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Doreen M Rabi
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB.
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28
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Traboulsi D, Potok OV, Ruzycki SM, Surmanowicz P, Hardin J, Khokhar B, Rabi DM, Hazlewood G, Mydlarski PR. Skin cancer knowledge and photoprotective practices of organ transplant recipients. Clin Transplant 2019; 33:e13524. [DOI: 10.1111/ctr.13524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Danya Traboulsi
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Olivia V. Potok
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Shannon M. Ruzycki
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Philip Surmanowicz
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Jori Hardin
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Bushra Khokhar
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Doreen M. Rabi
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Glen Hazlewood
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Paule Régine Mydlarski
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
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29
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Chowdhury MZI, Yeasmin F, Rabi DM, Ronksley PE, Turin TC. Prognostic tools for cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of C-statistics. J Diabetes Complications 2019; 33:98-111. [PMID: 30446478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Risk prediction models are tools widely used to identify individuals at particularly high-risk of adverse events. Many CVD risk prediction models have been developed but their accuracy and consistency vary. OBJECTIVE This study reviews the literature on available CVD risk prediction models specifically developed or validated in patients with diabetes and performs a meta-analysis of C-statistics to assess and compare their predictive performance. METHODS The online databases and manual reference checks of all identified relevant publications were searched. RESULTS Fifteen CVD prediction models developed for patients with diabetes and 11 models developed in a general population but later validated in diabetes patients were identified. Meta-analysis of C-statistics showed an overall pooled C-statistic of 0.67 and 0.64 for validated models developed in diabetes patients and in general populations respectively. This small difference in the C-statistic suggests that CVD risk prediction for diabetes patients depends little on the population the model was developed in (p = 0.068). CONCLUSIONS The discriminative ability of diabetes-specific CVD prediction models were modest. Improvements in the predictive ability of these models are required to understand both short and long-term risk before implementation into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Z I Chowdhury
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada.
| | - Fahmida Yeasmin
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Doreen M Rabi
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada; Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Paul E Ronksley
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada.
| | - Tanvir C Turin
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada; Department of Family Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
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30
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Armstrong MJ, Rabi DM, Southern DA, Nanji A, Ghali WA, Sigal RJ. Clinical Utility of Pre-Exercise Stress Testing in People With Diabetes. Can J Cardiol 2018; 35:185-192. [PMID: 30760425 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although suggested by practice guidelines, the need for pre-exercise stress testing in asymptomatic people with diabetes remains controversial. We examined the utility of screening with pre-exercise stress testing in patients with diabetes. METHODS We completed a cohort study, evaluating patients with diabetes who attended an exercise program intake session between 2007 and 2012. The exposure of interest was referral for pre-exercise stress testing determined by an algorithm requiring sedentary patients with diabetes and ≥ 1 cardiac risk factor to undergo testing. Outcomes included cardiac catheterization, revascularization, cardiovascular-related admissions, mortality, and change in care. RESULTS Among 1705 people with diabetes, 676 (40%) were referred for pre-exercise stress testing. In patients who were referred for stress testing compared with those who were not, there was no difference in the composite of cardiovascular outcomes (revascularization, cardiovascular-related admissions, and cardiovascular-related death) within 1 year (2.8% vs 1.9%, P = 0.250), or subsequent to the first year (3.1% vs 4.6%, P = 0.164). Within 1 year, more revascularizations were performed in patients referred for stress testing compared with those who were not (2.1% vs 0.8%, P = 0.027) but not during longer-term follow-up (mean 3.4 years). CONCLUSIONS The rates of cardiovascular outcomes in both tested and untested patients were low. Patients undergoing stress testing had no difference in adverse cardiovascular outcomes over the follow-up periods. Referral for stress testing did not result in a change in care for most patients. Our findings suggest stress testing before beginning an exercise program is not necessary for most asymptomatic patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marni J Armstrong
- Department of Cardiovascular & Respiratory Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Doreen M Rabi
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | - William A Ghali
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ronald J Sigal
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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31
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Tobe SW, Stone JA, Anderson T, Bacon S, Cheng AYY, Daskalopoulou SS, Ezekowitz JA, Gregoire JC, Gubitz G, Jain R, Keshavjee K, Lindsay P, L'Abbe M, Lau DCW, Leiter LA, O'Meara E, Pearson GJ, Rabi DM, Sherifali D, Selby P, Tu JV, Wharton S, Walker KM, Hua-Stewart D, Liu PP. Canadian Cardiovascular Harmonized National Guidelines Endeavour (C-CHANGE) guideline for the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease in primary care: 2018 update. CMAJ 2018; 190:E1192-E1206. [PMID: 30301743 PMCID: PMC6175624 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.180194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sheldon W Tobe
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont.
| | - James A Stone
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
| | - Todd Anderson
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
| | - Simon Bacon
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
| | - Alice Y Y Cheng
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
| | - Stella S Daskalopoulou
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
| | - Justin A Ezekowitz
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
| | - Jean C Gregoire
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
| | - Gord Gubitz
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
| | - Rahul Jain
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
| | - Karim Keshavjee
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
| | - Patty Lindsay
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
| | - Mary L'Abbe
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
| | - David C W Lau
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
| | - Lawrence A Leiter
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
| | - Eileen O'Meara
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
| | - Glen J Pearson
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
| | - Doreen M Rabi
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
| | - Diana Sherifali
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
| | - Peter Selby
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
| | - Jack V Tu
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
| | - Sean Wharton
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
| | - Kimberly M Walker
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
| | - Diane Hua-Stewart
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
| | - Peter P Liu
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (Anderson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, Montreal, Que. & Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Montreal, Que.; St. Michael's Hospital (Cheng), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; McGill University (Daskalopoulou), Montreal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Institut de cardiologie de Montreal (Gregoire), Montreal, Que.; Universite de Montreal (Gubitz), Montreal, Que.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbe), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Lau), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation (Lindsay), Ottawa, Ont.; Ottawa Heart Institute (Liu), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Insitut de Cardiologie de Montreal (O'Meara), Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que.; Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Public Health Sciences (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; School of Nursing and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute (Stone), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; ICES, Sunnybrook Research Institute (Tu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (Walker), Toronto, Ont.; McMaster University (Wharton), Hamilton Ont.; York University (Wharton), Toronto, Ont
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Barton KI, Capozzi LC, Aker G, Yipp BG, Hollenberg MD, Rabi DM, Beck PL. The Need for an Executive Leadership Curriculum in Scientist-Clinician Training Programs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 41:E144-E147. [PMID: 30315750 DOI: 10.25011/cim.v41i3.30855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The health of Canadians depends on effective leadership among health care providers to facilitate the translation of new health discoveries into clinical practice. Clinician-scientists play an important role in bridging the gap between research and clinical practice, and require effective leadership skills to advance clinical practice successfully. To accelerate the leadership development in clinician scientist trainees, with the aim of developing strong leaders in administration and health advocacy, the Leaders in Medicine (LIM) training program at the University of Calgary created an Executive Leadership Coaching Program involving three phases: 1) an evidence-based evaluation tool, the Core Values IndexTM (CVI), that was used to identify the key drivers behind how individuals can be most effective in making their contribution; 2) small group workshops to debrief the results of the CVI assessment; and 3) one-on-one executive coaching sessions to facilitate the discovery, development and deployment of individual leadership capabilities. Coaching in leadership strategies enables clinician-scientist trainees to lead, influence, manage and deliver science-based improvements into the practice of medicine. We strongly recommend that other Canadian scientist-clinician training programs consider opportunities like the ones we offer to our LIM trainees. This training has important implications for the delivery of healthcare in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen I Barton
- Leaders in Medicine Program, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Undergraduate Medical Education, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary.
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Boyne DJ, Mickle AT, Brenner DR, Friedenreich CM, Cheung WY, Tang KL, Wilson TA, Lorenzetti DL, James MT, Ronksley PE, Rabi DM. Long-term risk of cardiovascular mortality in lymphoma survivors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Med 2018; 7:4801-4813. [PMID: 30112841 PMCID: PMC6143935 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease has been identified as one of the late complications of cancer therapy. The purpose of this study was to quantify the long-term risk of cardiovascular mortality among lymphoma survivors relative to that of the general population. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted. Articles were identified in November 2016 by searching EMBASE, MEDLINE, and CINAHL databases. Observational studies were included if they assessed cardiovascular mortality in patients with lymphoma who survived for at least 5 years from time of diagnosis or if they had a median follow-up of 10 years. A pooled standardized mortality ratio (SMR) was estimated using a DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model. The Q and I2 statistics were used to assess heterogeneity. Funnel plots and Begg's and Egger's tests were used to evaluate publication bias. Of the 7450 articles screened, 27 studies were included in the systematic review representing 46 829 Hodgkin and 14 764 non-Hodgkin lymphoma survivors. The pooled number of deaths attributable to cardiovascular disease among Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin disease was estimated to be 7.31 (95% CI: 5.29-10.10; I2 = 95.4%) and 5.35 (95% CI: 2.55-11.24; I2 = 94.0%) times that of the general population, respectively. This association was greater among Hodgkin lymphoma survivors treated before the age of 21 (pooled SMR = 13.43; 95% CI: 9.22-19.57; I2 = 78.9%). There was a high degree of heterogeneity and a high risk of bias due to confounding in this body of literature. Lymphoma survivors have an increased risk of fatal cardiovascular events compared to the general population and should be targeted for cardiovascular screening and prevention campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon J. Boyne
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention ResearchCancer Control AlbertaAlberta Health ServicesCalgaryABCanada
- Department of Community Health SciencesCumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
| | - Alexis T. Mickle
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention ResearchCancer Control AlbertaAlberta Health ServicesCalgaryABCanada
- Department of Community Health SciencesCumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
| | - Darren R. Brenner
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention ResearchCancer Control AlbertaAlberta Health ServicesCalgaryABCanada
- Department of Community Health SciencesCumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
- Department of OncologyCumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
| | - Christine M. Friedenreich
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention ResearchCancer Control AlbertaAlberta Health ServicesCalgaryABCanada
- Department of Community Health SciencesCumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
- Department of OncologyCumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
| | - Winson Y. Cheung
- Department of Community Health SciencesCumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
- Department of OncologyCumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
| | - Karen L. Tang
- Department of MedicineCumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
| | - Todd A. Wilson
- Department of Community Health SciencesCumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
| | - Diane L. Lorenzetti
- Department of Community Health SciencesCumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
| | - Matthew T. James
- Department of Community Health SciencesCumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
- Department of MedicineCumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
| | - Paul E. Ronksley
- Department of Community Health SciencesCumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
| | - Doreen M. Rabi
- Department of Community Health SciencesCumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
- Department of MedicineCumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
- Department of Cardiac SciencesCumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
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Benham JL, Yamamoto JM, Friedenreich CM, Rabi DM, Sigal RJ. Role of exercise training in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Obes 2018; 8:275-284. [PMID: 29896935 DOI: 10.1111/cob.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Preliminary evidence suggests exercise in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) may improve reproductive and cardiometabolic parameters. Our primary aim was to determine the impact of exercise training on reproductive health in women with PCOS. Our secondary aim was to determine the effect of exercise training on cardiometabolic indices. A systematic review of published literature was conducted using MEDLINE and EMBASE based on a pre-published protocol (PROSPERO CRD42017065324). The search was not limited by year. Randomized controlled trials, non-randomized controlled trials and uncontrolled trials that evaluated an exercise intervention in women with PCOS and reported reproductive outcomes were included. Reproductive outcomes were analysed semi-quantitatively and a meta-analysis was conducted for reported cardiometabolic outcomes. Of 517 screened abstracts, 14 studies involving 617 women with PCOS were included: seven randomized controlled trials, one non-randomized controlled trial and six uncontrolled trials. There were insufficient published data to describe the effect of exercise interventions on ovulation quantitatively, but semi-quantitative analysis suggested that exercise interventions may improve menstrual regularity, pregnancy and ovulation rates. Our meta-analysis found that exercise improved lipid profiles and decreased waist circumference, systolic blood pressure and fasting insulin. The impact of exercise interventions on reproductive function remains unclear. However, our meta-analysis suggests that exercise interventions may improve cardiometabolic profiles in women with PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Benham
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - J M Yamamoto
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - C M Friedenreich
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Holy Cross Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - D M Rabi
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - R J Sigal
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Daskalopoulou SS, Rabi DM, Schiffrin EL, Feldman RD, Padwal RS, Tremblay G, Khan NA. Hypertension Guidelines in the United States and Canada: Are We Getting Closer? Hypertension 2018; 71:976-978. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.10772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Doreen M. Rabi
- McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; O’Brien Institute of Public Health, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada (D.M.R.)
| | | | - Ross D. Feldman
- Winnipeg Regional Health Authority and the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada (R.D.F.)
| | - Raj S. Padwal
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (R.S.P.)
| | - Guy Tremblay
- CHU-Québec-Hopital St. Sacrement, Quebec, Canada (G.T.)
| | - Nadia A. Khan
- and Division of General Internal Medicine, University of British Columbia and the Center for Health Evaluation and Outcomes Sciences, Vancouver, Canada (N.A.K.)
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Sherifali D, Rabi DM, McDonald CG, Butalia S, Campbell DJ, Hunt D, Leung AA, Mahon J, McBrien KA, Palda VA, Banfield L, Sanger S, Houlden RL. Methods. Can J Diabetes 2018; 42 Suppl 1:S6-S9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Nerenberg KA, Zarnke KB, Leung AA, Dasgupta K, Butalia S, McBrien K, Harris KC, Nakhla M, Cloutier L, Gelfer M, Lamarre-Cliche M, Milot A, Bolli P, Tremblay G, McLean D, Padwal RS, Tran KC, Grover S, Rabkin SW, Moe GW, Howlett JG, Lindsay P, Hill MD, Sharma M, Field T, Wein TH, Shoamanesh A, Dresser GK, Hamet P, Herman RJ, Burgess E, Gryn SE, Grégoire JC, Lewanczuk R, Poirier L, Campbell TS, Feldman RD, Lavoie KL, Tsuyuki RT, Honos G, Prebtani APH, Kline G, Schiffrin EL, Don-Wauchope A, Tobe SW, Gilbert RE, Leiter LA, Jones C, Woo V, Hegele RA, Selby P, Pipe A, McFarlane PA, Oh P, Gupta M, Bacon SL, Kaczorowski J, Trudeau L, Campbell NRC, Hiremath S, Roerecke M, Arcand J, Ruzicka M, Prasad GVR, Vallée M, Edwards C, Sivapalan P, Penner SB, Fournier A, Benoit G, Feber J, Dionne J, Magee LA, Logan AG, Côté AM, Rey E, Firoz T, Kuyper LM, Gabor JY, Townsend RR, Rabi DM, Daskalopoulou SS. Hypertension Canada's 2018 Guidelines for Diagnosis, Risk Assessment, Prevention, and Treatment of Hypertension in Adults and Children. Can J Cardiol 2018; 34:506-525. [PMID: 29731013 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2018.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension Canada provides annually updated, evidence-based guidelines for the diagnosis, assessment, prevention, and treatment of hypertension in adults and children. This year, the adult and pediatric guidelines are combined in one document. The new 2018 pregnancy-specific hypertension guidelines are published separately. For 2018, 5 new guidelines are introduced, and 1 existing guideline on the blood pressure thresholds and targets in the setting of thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke is revised. The use of validated wrist devices for the estimation of blood pressure in individuals with large arm circumference is now included. Guidance is provided for the follow-up measurements of blood pressure, with the use of standardized methods and electronic (oscillometric) upper arm devices in individuals with hypertension, and either ambulatory blood pressure monitoring or home blood pressure monitoring in individuals with white coat effect. We specify that all individuals with hypertension should have an assessment of global cardiovascular risk to promote health behaviours that lower blood pressure. Finally, an angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor combination should be used in place of either an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker in individuals with heart failure (with ejection fraction < 40%) who are symptomatic despite appropriate doses of guideline-directed heart failure therapies. The specific evidence and rationale underlying each of these guidelines are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara A Nerenberg
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Kelly B Zarnke
- O'Brien Institute for Public Health and Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alexander A Leung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kaberi Dasgupta
- Department of Medicine and Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, McGill University and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sonia Butalia
- Departments of Medicine and Community Health Sciences, O'Brien Institute for Public Health and Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kerry McBrien
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kevin C Harris
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Meranda Nakhla
- Department of Medicine and Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, McGill University and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lyne Cloutier
- Department of Nursing, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mark Gelfer
- Department of Family Practice, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Alain Milot
- Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Peter Bolli
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guy Tremblay
- CHU-Québec-Hopital St. Sacrement, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Donna McLean
- Alberta Health Services and Covenant Health, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Raj S Padwal
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Karen C Tran
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Steven Grover
- McGill Comprehensive Health Improvement Program (CHIP), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Simon W Rabkin
- Vancouver Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gordon W Moe
- St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan G Howlett
- Departments of Medicine and Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Patrice Lindsay
- Director of Stroke, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, Adjunct Faculty, Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael D Hill
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mike Sharma
- McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thalia Field
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver Stroke Program, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Theodore H Wein
- McGill University, Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ashkan Shoamanesh
- McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - George K Dresser
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pavel Hamet
- Faculté de Médicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Robert J Herman
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ellen Burgess
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Steven E Gryn
- Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean C Grégoire
- Université de Montréal, Institut de cardiologie de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Richard Lewanczuk
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Luc Poirier
- Institut National d'Excellence en Sante et Services Sociaux, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tavis S Campbell
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ross D Feldman
- Winnipeg Regional Health Authority and the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Kim L Lavoie
- University of Quebec at Montreal (UQAM), Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ross T Tsuyuki
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - George Honos
- CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ally P H Prebtani
- Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory Kline
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | - Sheldon W Tobe
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, and Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard E Gilbert
- University of Toronto, Division of Endocrinology, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lawrence A Leiter
- University of Toronto, Division of Endocrinology, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charlotte Jones
- Department of Medicine, UBC Southern Medical Program, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Vincent Woo
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Robert A Hegele
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Endocrinology) and Biochemistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Selby
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Pipe
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philip A McFarlane
- Division of Nephrology, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Oh
- University Health Network, Toronto Rehab and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Milan Gupta
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, and Canadian Collaborative Research Network, Brampton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Simon L Bacon
- Department of Exercise Science, Concordia University, and Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS-NIM, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Janusz Kaczorowski
- Department of Family and Emergency Medicine, Université de Montréal and CRCHUM, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luc Trudeau
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Norman R C Campbell
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Swapnil Hiremath
- University of Ottawa and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Roerecke
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joanne Arcand
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcel Ruzicka
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Michel Vallée
- Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cedric Edwards
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Praveena Sivapalan
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | - Anne Fournier
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Geneviève Benoit
- Service de néphrologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Janusz Feber
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janis Dionne
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, University of British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Laura A Magee
- Department of Women and Children's Health, St Thomas' Hospital, London, and Department of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Evelyne Rey
- CHU Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tabassum Firoz
- Department of Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Laura M Kuyper
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jonathan Y Gabor
- Interlake-Eastern Regional Healthy Authority, Concordia Hospital, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Raymond R Townsend
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Doreen M Rabi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Departments of Medicine and Community Health Sciences, O'Brien Institute for Public Health and Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stella S Daskalopoulou
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Butalia S, Audibert F, Côté AM, Firoz T, Logan AG, Magee LA, Mundle W, Rey E, Rabi DM, Daskalopoulou SS, Nerenberg KA. Hypertension Canada's 2018 Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension in Pregnancy. Can J Cardiol 2018; 34:526-531. [PMID: 29731014 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2018.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We present Hypertension Canada's inaugural evidence-based Canadian recommendations for the management of hypertension in pregnancy. Hypertension in pregnancy is common, affecting approximately 7% of pregnancies in Canada, and requires effective management to reduce maternal, fetal, and newborn complications. Because of this importance, these guidelines were developed in partnership with the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada with the main common objective of improving the management of women with hypertension in pregnancy. Guidelines for the diagnosis, assessment, prevention, and treatment of hypertension in adults and children are published separately. In this first Hypertension Canada guidelines for hypertension in pregnancy, 7 recommendations for the management of nonsevere and severe hypertension in pregnancy are presented. For nonsevere hypertension in pregnancy (systolic blood pressure 140-159 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure 80-109 mm Hg), we provide guidance for the threshold for initiation of antihypertensive therapy, blood pressure targets, as well as first- and second-line antihypertensive medications. Severe hypertension (systolic blood pressure ≥ 160 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 110 mm Hg) requires urgent antihypertensive therapy to reduce maternal, fetal, and newborn adverse outcomes. The specific evidence and rationale underlying each of these guidelines are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Butalia
- Departments of Medicine and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Francois Audibert
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHU Sainte Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Tabassum Firoz
- Department of Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | | | - Laura A Magee
- Department of Women and Children's Health, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom; School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - William Mundle
- Maternal Fetal Medicine Clinic, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evelyne Rey
- Division of Obstetric Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHU Sainte Justine, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Doreen M Rabi
- Departments of Medicine and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stella S Daskalopoulou
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kara A Nerenberg
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Siad FM, Fang XY, Santana MJ, Butalia S, Hebert MA, Rabi DM. Understanding the Experiences of East African Immigrant Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Can J Diabetes 2018; 42:632-638. [PMID: 29914780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES East African (EA) women are a subpopulation who are at very high risk for gestational diabetes (GDM) and poor obstetric outcomes, but little is known about the care experiences of this understudied group. The objective of this study was to document the impact of a diagnosis of GDM and the perceptions of diabetes care among EA immigrant women. METHODS Semistructured in-depth interviews were conducted with 10 EA immigrant women diagnosed with GDM in Calgary; they were recruited from community and tertiary care settings. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using inductive thematic content analysis to explore participants' experiences when accessing and receiving care. RESULTS EA immigrant women had varied experiences related to GDM. Thematic analysis revealed the negative impact of GDM diagnoses on women, including the burdens of self-care, fear, community influences and cultural and financial barriers. The positive impacts of the experience of diagnosis noted were primarily in the empowerment to make healthful behaviour changes. CONCLUSIONS Study findings point to the need for more context-specific and culturally appropriate support and care. Diagnoses of GDM extended beyond the individuals affected and impacted their families culturally, psychologically and financially. Addressing the emergent themes during pregnancy is imperative to improving care providers' engagement with EA immigrant women in postpartum diabetes screening activities and beyond. The findings of this study contain elements transferable to other immigrant groups in similar socioecologic contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fartoon M Siad
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xiao Yang Fang
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maria J Santana
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; O'Brien Institute for Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sonia Butalia
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; O'Brien Institute for Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marilynne A Hebert
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; O'Brien Institute for Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Doreen M Rabi
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; O'Brien Institute for Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Tang AR, Rabi DM, Lavoie KL, Bacon SL, Pilote L, Kline GA. Prolonged hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation after acute coronary syndrome in the GENESIS-PRAXY cohort. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2017; 25:65-72. [DOI: 10.1177/2047487317734323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Glucocorticoid excess has been linked with cardiovascular disease. Little is known about the long-term cortisol response in patients after acute coronary syndrome. Design The objective of this study was to describe the distribution of salivary cortisol in the post-acute phase of acute coronary syndrome and to describe the association of late-night salivary cortisol with cardiovascular risk factors. Methods We used late-night salivary cortisol measurements post-discharge to estimate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in 309 patients aged 18–55 years enrolled in the GENESIS-PRAXY study from January 2009–April 2013. We evaluated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and its association with hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, smoking, family history, prior acute coronary syndrome, psychiatric diseases, acute coronary syndrome severity, as well as mortality and rate of rehospitalization at 12 months. Results Persistently elevated late-night salivary cortisol>2.92 nmol/l was seen in 99 (32.0%) patients: within the range of what may be seen in Cushing’s disease. Elevated late-night salivary cortisol was associated with previous acute coronary syndrome (13.3% vs 24.2%, p = 0.02), peripheral vascular disease (3.8% vs 13.1%, p = 0.002), and smoking (32.9% vs 46.5% p = 0.02). Elevated late-night salivary cortisol was associated with higher hemoglobin A1c values (5.6 ± 3.0 vs 6.1 ± 2.9, p = 0.008) and lower high density lipoprotein values (0.94 ± 0.53 vs 0.86 ± 0.50, p = 0.01). There were no differences in psychiatric symptom scores, acute coronary syndrome severity or mortality, and rate of rehospitalization at 12 months. Conclusions Many patients post-acute coronary syndrome have prolonged, marked activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Late-night salivary cortisol co-associates with several cardiovascular risk factors. Further studies are needed to confirm the exact role of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Tang
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Doreen M Rabi
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Kim L Lavoie
- Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, Hopital du Sacre-Coeur de Montreal, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec, Canada
| | - Simon L Bacon
- Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, Hopital du Sacre-Coeur de Montreal, Canada
- Department of Exercise Science, Concordia University, Canada
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Rabi DM, Daskalopoulou SS, Leung AA, Dresser G, Padwal R, Khan N. Pharmacologic Treatment of Hypertension in Adults Aged 60 Years or Older. Ann Intern Med 2017; 167:289-290. [PMID: 28806806 DOI: 10.7326/l17-0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Raj Padwal
- From Hypertension Canada, Markham, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nadia Khan
- From Hypertension Canada, Markham, Ontario, Canada
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Rabi DM. The Evolution of Targeted Interventions in the Age of Precision Medicine. Can J Cardiol 2017; 33:597-600. [PMID: 28449832 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Doreen M Rabi
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Community Health Sciences, O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Austin AW, Pelletier R, Pilote L, Rabi DM. Factors associated with study completion in patients with premature acute coronary syndrome. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173594. [PMID: 28301532 PMCID: PMC5354376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Factors associated with study completion in younger adults are not well understood. This study sought to describe psychosocial, clinical, and demographic features associated with completion of a study of men and women with premature acute coronary syndrome. METHODS As part of the GENdEr and Sex determInantS of cardiovascular disease: From bench to beyond-Premature Acute Coronary Syndrome (GENESIS-PRAXY) study, demographic, psychosocial, and clinical variables were assessed in 1213 patients hospitalized for acute coronary syndrome (≤ 55 years; 30% women). Patients were followed for 12 months. Dropouts withdrew from the study or were lost to follow-up after 12 months; completers were still enrolled after 12 months. RESULTS Of 1213 patients initially enrolled, 777 (64.1%) completed 12-month follow-up. Fully adjusted models suggested that being older (OR = 1.04, 95% CI [1.01, 1.06]), higher subjective social status within one's country (OR = 1.11, 95% CI [1.01, 1.22]), being free of type II diabetes, (OR = 0.66, 95% CI [0.45, 0.97]), non-smoking status (OR = 0.70, 95% CI [0.51, 0.95]) and being free of depression (OR = 1.52, 95% CI [1.11, 2.07]) were independently associated with study completion. CONCLUSIONS Recruitment/retention strategies targeting individuals who smoke, are younger, have low subjective social status within one's country, have diabetes, or have depression may improve participant follow-up in cardiovascular cohort studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony W. Austin
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Pine Bluff, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Roxanne Pelletier
- Centre de psychologie Au fil des maux, Mont-Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, Canada
| | - Louise Pilote
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Doreen M. Rabi
- Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Leung AA, Daskalopoulou SS, Dasgupta K, McBrien K, Butalia S, Zarnke KB, Nerenberg K, Harris KC, Nakhla M, Cloutier L, Gelfer M, Lamarre-Cliche M, Milot A, Bolli P, Tremblay G, McLean D, Tran KC, Tobe SW, Ruzicka M, Burns KD, Vallée M, Prasad GVR, Gryn SE, Feldman RD, Selby P, Pipe A, Schiffrin EL, McFarlane PA, Oh P, Hegele RA, Khara M, Wilson TW, Penner SB, Burgess E, Sivapalan P, Herman RJ, Bacon SL, Rabkin SW, Gilbert RE, Campbell TS, Grover S, Honos G, Lindsay P, Hill MD, Coutts SB, Gubitz G, Campbell NRC, Moe GW, Howlett JG, Boulanger JM, Prebtani A, Kline G, Leiter LA, Jones C, Côté AM, Woo V, Kaczorowski J, Trudeau L, Tsuyuki RT, Hiremath S, Drouin D, Lavoie KL, Hamet P, Grégoire JC, Lewanczuk R, Dresser GK, Sharma M, Reid D, Lear SA, Moullec G, Gupta M, Magee LA, Logan AG, Dionne J, Fournier A, Benoit G, Feber J, Poirier L, Padwal RS, Rabi DM. Hypertension Canada's 2017 Guidelines for Diagnosis, Risk Assessment, Prevention, and Treatment of Hypertension in Adults. Can J Cardiol 2017; 33:557-576. [PMID: 28449828 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension Canada provides annually updated, evidence-based guidelines for the diagnosis, assessment, prevention, and treatment of hypertension. This year, we introduce 10 new guidelines. Three previous guidelines have been revised and 5 have been removed. Previous age and frailty distinctions have been removed as considerations for when to initiate antihypertensive therapy. In the presence of macrovascular target organ damage, or in those with independent cardiovascular risk factors, antihypertensive therapy should be considered for all individuals with elevated average systolic nonautomated office blood pressure (non-AOBP) readings ≥ 140 mm Hg. For individuals with diastolic hypertension (with or without systolic hypertension), fixed-dose single-pill combinations are now recommended as an initial treatment option. Preference is given to pills containing an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker in combination with either a calcium channel blocker or diuretic. Whenever a diuretic is selected as monotherapy, longer-acting agents are preferred. In patients with established ischemic heart disease, caution should be exercised in lowering diastolic non-AOBP to ≤ 60 mm Hg, especially in the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy. After a hemorrhagic stroke, in the first 24 hours, systolic non-AOBP lowering to < 140 mm Hg is not recommended. Finally, guidance is now provided for screening, initial diagnosis, assessment, and treatment of renovascular hypertension arising from fibromuscular dysplasia. The specific evidence and rationale underlying each of these guidelines are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Leung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Stella S Daskalopoulou
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kaberi Dasgupta
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kerry McBrien
- Departments of Family Medicine and Community Health Sciences, Institute for Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sonia Butalia
- Departments of Medicine and Community Health Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, O'Brien Institute of Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kelly B Zarnke
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kara Nerenberg
- Department of Medicine and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kevin C Harris
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Meranda Nakhla
- Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lyne Cloutier
- Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mark Gelfer
- Department of Family Medicine, University of British Columbia, Copeman Healthcare Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Maxime Lamarre-Cliche
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alain Milot
- Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Peter Bolli
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guy Tremblay
- CHU-Québec-Hopital St Sacrement, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Donna McLean
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | - Marcel Ruzicka
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin D Burns
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michel Vallée
- Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Steven E Gryn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ross D Feldman
- Discipline of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
| | - Peter Selby
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Pipe
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ernesto L Schiffrin
- Department of Medicine and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Philip A McFarlane
- Division of Nephrology, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Oh
- University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert A Hegele
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Endocrinology) and Biochemistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Milan Khara
- Vancouver Coastal Health Addiction Services, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Thomas W Wilson
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - S Brian Penner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ellen Burgess
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Praveena Sivapalan
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Robert J Herman
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Simon L Bacon
- Department of Exercise Science, Concordia University, and Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal (CIUSSS-NIM), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Simon W Rabkin
- Vancouver Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Richard E Gilbert
- University of Toronto, Division of Endocrinology, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tavis S Campbell
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Steven Grover
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - George Honos
- University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Patrice Lindsay
- Stroke, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael D Hill
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shelagh B Coutts
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gord Gubitz
- Division of Neurology, Halifax Infirmary, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Norman R C Campbell
- Medicine, Community Health Sciences, Physiology and Pharmacology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gordon W Moe
- St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan G Howlett
- Departments of Medicine and Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jean-Martin Boulanger
- Charles LeMoyne Hospital Research Centre, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Gregory Kline
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lawrence A Leiter
- Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St Michael's Hospital, and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charlotte Jones
- University of British Columbia, Southern Medical Program, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Vincent Woo
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Janusz Kaczorowski
- Université de Montréal and Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luc Trudeau
- Division of Internal Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ross T Tsuyuki
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Swapnil Hiremath
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Denis Drouin
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kim L Lavoie
- Department of Psychology, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pavel Hamet
- Faculté de Médicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean C Grégoire
- Université de Montréal, Institut de cardiologie de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - George K Dresser
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mukul Sharma
- McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Debra Reid
- Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux (CISSS) de l'Outaouais, Groupes de médecine de famille (GMF) de Wakefield, Wakefield, Quebec, Canada
| | - Scott A Lear
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gregory Moullec
- Research Center, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Public Health School, University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Milan Gupta
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, and Canadian Collaborative Research Network, Brampton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura A Magee
- St George's, University of London and the St George's Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Janis Dionne
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anne Fournier
- Service de cardiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Geneviève Benoit
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Janusz Feber
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luc Poirier
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec et Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Raj S Padwal
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Doreen M Rabi
- Departments of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Rabi DM, Padwal R. The authors respond to “Is it premature to SPRINT?”. CMAJ 2017; 189:E218. [DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.732527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Butalia S, Patel AB, Johnson JA, Ghali WA, Rabi DM. Geographic Clustering of Acute Complications and Sociodemographic Factors in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes. Can J Diabetes 2016; 41:132-137. [PMID: 27887926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2016.08.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the geographic distribution of acute complications in patients with type 1 diabetes in a large urban centre; and to assess the association between acute complications and community-level sociodemographic factors. METHODS Adults (aged ≥18 years old) with type 1 diabetes and acute complications were identified between 2004 and 2008 by using a diabetes centre clinical database or discharge abstracts for acute complications (diabetic ketoacidosis or hypoglycemia). Using a geographic information system, hot-spot analysis was used to identify spatial clusters of acute complications in a large urban centre. The association between acute complications and community-level sociodemographic factors were assessed by Spearman rank correlation. RESULTS We identified 1779 patients with type 1 diabetes, of whom 456 had been hospitalized for acute complications. The mean age of patients was 40.9±16.0 years, and men were more likely to have acute complications (59.2% vs. 52.3%; p<0.01). Spatial clusters of high values and low values were identified. Higher median family income (r=-0.36; p<0.0001) and higher education levels (r=-0.30; p<0.0001) were associated with lower rates of acute complications. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated geographic clusters of hospitalizations for acute complications and important community sociodemographic factors. Prevention strategies and interventions targeting these geographic and sociodemographic disparities need to be explored as a means of minimizing hospitalizations for acute complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Butalia
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Alka B Patel
- O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeffrey A Johnson
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - William A Ghali
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Doreen M Rabi
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Benham JL, Eldoma M, Khokhar B, Roberts DJ, Rabi DM, Kline GA. Proportion of Patients With Hypertension Resolution Following Adrenalectomy for Primary Aldosteronism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2016; 18:1205-1212. [DOI: 10.1111/jch.12916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L. Benham
- Department of Medicine; University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
| | - Maysoon Eldoma
- Department of Medicine; University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
| | - Bushra Khokhar
- Department of Community Health Sciences; University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
| | - Derek J. Roberts
- Department of Surgery and Community Health Sciences; University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
| | - Doreen M. Rabi
- Department of Medicine, Community Health and Cardiac Sciences; University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
| | - Gregory A. Kline
- Department of Medicine; University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen M Rabi
- O'Brien Institute for Public Health (Rabi); Cumming School of Medicine (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Medicine (Padwal), University of Alberta; Alberta Diabetes Institute (Padwal), Edmonton, Alta
| | - Raj Padwal
- O'Brien Institute for Public Health (Rabi); Cumming School of Medicine (Rabi), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Medicine (Padwal), University of Alberta; Alberta Diabetes Institute (Padwal), Edmonton, Alta.
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Butalia S, Kaplan GG, Khokhar B, Rabi DM. Environmental Risk Factors and Type 1 Diabetes: Past, Present, and Future. Can J Diabetes 2016; 40:586-593. [PMID: 27545597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition that results from the destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas. The excess morbidity and mortality resulting from its complications, coupled with its increasing incidence, emphasize the importance of better understanding the causes of this condition. Over the past several decades, a substantive amount of work has been done and, although many advances have occurred in identifying disease-susceptibility genes, there has been a lag in understanding the environmental triggers. Several putative environmental risk factors have been proposed, including infections, dietary factors, air pollution, vaccines, location of residence, family environment and stress. However, most of these factors have been inconclusive, thus supporting the need for further study into the causes of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Butalia
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Gilaad G Kaplan
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bushra Khokhar
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Doreen M Rabi
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Butalia S, Johnson JA, Ghali WA, Southern DA, Rabi DM. Temporal variation of diabetic ketoacidosis and hypoglycemia in adults with type 1 diabetes: A nationwide cohort study. J Diabetes 2016; 8:552-8. [PMID: 26301804 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seasonality in health outcomes has long been recognized for conditions such as colds and flus. The aim of the present study was to determine whether hospitalizations for acute complications of type 1 diabetes (T1D) vary by month and season. METHODS An observational study was performed of national administrative health data. Hospitalizations for acute complications in adults (aged ≥18 years) with T1D were identified using ICD-10 (Canadian revision) codes between 2004 and 2010. Monthly and seasonal counts per year were determined for the study period. For each acute complication, the ratio of the number of observed hospitalizations/expected number of hospitalizations was calculated for each month and season per year, adjusting for varied lengths of month, season, and year. RESULTS In all, there were 21 568 hospitalizations for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and 5349 hospitalizations for hypoglycemia during the study period. December had higher than expected hospitalizations for DKA and March had higher than expected hospitalizations for hypoglycemia. There did not appear to be variation for either DKA or hypoglycemia hospitalizations by season. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study suggest temporal variation in hospitalizations for DKA and hypoglycemia, and therefore signal important times of patient vulnerability. Potential mechanisms underlying this pattern warrant further examination. Prevention strategies and resources for patients with T1D may need to be increased at specific times during the year.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - William A Ghali
- Cardiac Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary
| | | | - Doreen M Rabi
- Cardiac Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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