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Mba H, Picher M, Daro N, Marchivie M, Guionneau P, Chastanet G, Banhart F. Lattice Defects in Sub-Micrometer Spin-Crossover Crystals Studied by Electron Diffraction. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:8100-8106. [PMID: 37657083 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Spin-crossover particles of [Fe(Htrz)2trz](BF4) with sizes of some hundred nanometers are studied by in situ electron microscopy. Despite their high radiation sensitivity, it was possible to analyze the particles by imaging and diffraction so that a detailed analysis of crystallographic defects in individual particles became possible. The presence of one or several tilt boundaries, where the tilt axis is the direction of the polymer chains, is detected in each particle. An in situ exposure of the particles to temperature variations or short laser pulses to induce the spin crossover shows that the defect structure only changes after a high number of transformations between the low-spin and high-spin phases. The observations are explained by the anisotropy of the atomic architecture within the crystals, which facilitates defects between weakly linked crystallographic planes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilaire Mba
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, UMR 7504, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Matthieu Picher
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, UMR 7504, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nathalie Daro
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Mathieu Marchivie
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Philippe Guionneau
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Guillaume Chastanet
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Florian Banhart
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, UMR 7504, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 67034 Strasbourg, France
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Hu Y, Picher M, Palluel M, Daro N, Freysz E, Stoleriu L, Enachescu C, Chastanet G, Banhart F. Laser-Driven Transient Phase Oscillations in Individual Spin Crossover Particles. Small 2023; 19:e2303701. [PMID: 37246252 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
An unusual expansion dynamics of individual spin crossover nanoparticles is studied by ultrafast transmission electron microscopy. After exposure to nanosecond laser pulses, the particles exhibit considerable length oscillations during and after their expansion. The vibration period of 50-100 ns is of the same order of magnitude as the time that the particles need for a transition from the low-spin to the high-spin state. The observations are explained in Monte Carlo calculations using a model where elastic and thermal coupling between the molecules within a crystalline spin crossover particle govern the phase transition between the two spin states. The experimentally observed length oscillations are in agreement with the calculations, and it is shown that the system undergoes repeated transitions between the two spin states until relaxation in the high-spin state occurs due to energy dissipation. Spin crossover particles are therefore a unique system where a resonant transition between two phases occurs in a phase transformation of first order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaowei Hu
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux UMR 7504, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, Strasbourg, 67034, France
| | - Matthieu Picher
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux UMR 7504, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, Strasbourg, 67034, France
| | - Marlène Palluel
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP (ICMCB-UMR 5026), Pessac, 33600, France
| | - Nathalie Daro
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP (ICMCB-UMR 5026), Pessac, 33600, France
| | - Eric Freysz
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5798, LOMA, Talence cedex, 33405, France
| | - Laurentiu Stoleriu
- Faculty of Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iasi, 700506, Romania
| | - Cristian Enachescu
- Faculty of Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iasi, 700506, Romania
| | - Guillaume Chastanet
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP (ICMCB-UMR 5026), Pessac, 33600, France
| | - Florian Banhart
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux UMR 7504, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, Strasbourg, 67034, France
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Picher M, Sinha SK, LaGrange T, Banhart F. Analytics at the nanometer and nanosecond scales by short electron pulses in an electron microscope. ChemTexts 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40828-022-00169-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Cotin G, Heinrich B, Perton F, Kiefer C, Francius G, Mertz D, Freis B, Pichon B, Strub JM, Cianférani S, Ortiz Peña N, Ihiawakrim D, Portehault D, Ersen O, Khammari A, Picher M, Banhart F, Sanchez C, Begin-Colin S. A Confinement-Driven Nucleation Mechanism of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Obtained via Thermal Decomposition in Organic Media. Small 2022; 18:e2200414. [PMID: 35426247 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202200414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Thermal decomposition is a very efficient synthesis strategy to obtain nanosized metal oxides with controlled structures and properties. For the iron oxide nanoparticle synthesis, it allows an easy tuning of the nanoparticle's size, shape, and composition, which is often explained by the LaMer theory involving a clear separation between nucleation and growth steps. Here, the events before the nucleation of iron oxide nanocrystals are investigated by combining different complementary in situ characterization techniques. These characterizations are carried out not only on powdered iron stearate precursors but also on a preheated liquid reaction mixture. They reveal a new nucleation mechanism for the thermal decomposition method: instead of a homogeneous nucleation, the nucleation occurs within vesicle-like-nanoreactors confining the reactants. The different steps are: 1) the melting and coalescence of iron stearate particles, leading to "droplet-shaped nanostructures" acting as nanoreactors; 2) the formation of a hitherto unobserved iron stearate crystalline phase within the nucleation temperature range, simultaneously with stearate chains loss and Fe(III) to Fe(II) reduction; 3) the formation of iron oxide nuclei inside the nanoreactors, which are then ejected from them. This mechanism paves the way toward a better mastering of the metal oxide nanoparticles synthesis and the control of their properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Cotin
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, Strasbourg, F-67034, France
- Labex CSC, Fondation IcFRC/Université de Strasbourg, 8 allée Gaspard Monge BP 70028, Strasbourg Cedex, F-67083, France
| | - Benoît Heinrich
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, Strasbourg, F-67034, France
| | - Francis Perton
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, Strasbourg, F-67034, France
- Labex CSC, Fondation IcFRC/Université de Strasbourg, 8 allée Gaspard Monge BP 70028, Strasbourg Cedex, F-67083, France
| | - Céline Kiefer
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, Strasbourg, F-67034, France
- Labex CSC, Fondation IcFRC/Université de Strasbourg, 8 allée Gaspard Monge BP 70028, Strasbourg Cedex, F-67083, France
| | - Gregory Francius
- Université de Lorraine and CNRS, LPCME UMR 7564, Nancy, F-54000, France
| | - Damien Mertz
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, Strasbourg, F-67034, France
- Labex CSC, Fondation IcFRC/Université de Strasbourg, 8 allée Gaspard Monge BP 70028, Strasbourg Cedex, F-67083, France
| | - Barbara Freis
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, Strasbourg, F-67034, France
| | - Benoit Pichon
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, Strasbourg, F-67034, France
- Labex CSC, Fondation IcFRC/Université de Strasbourg, 8 allée Gaspard Monge BP 70028, Strasbourg Cedex, F-67083, France
| | - Jean-Marc Strub
- Université Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, UMR 7178, Strasbourg, F-67000, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Université Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, UMR 7178, Strasbourg, F-67000, France
| | - Nathalie Ortiz Peña
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, Strasbourg, F-67034, France
| | - Dris Ihiawakrim
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, Strasbourg, F-67034, France
| | - David Portehault
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 7574, Collège de France, LCMCP, 4 place Jussieu, Paris cedex 05, 75252, France
| | - Ovidiu Ersen
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, Strasbourg, F-67034, France
- Labex CSC, Fondation IcFRC/Université de Strasbourg, 8 allée Gaspard Monge BP 70028, Strasbourg Cedex, F-67083, France
| | - Amir Khammari
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, Strasbourg, F-67034, France
| | - Matthieu Picher
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, Strasbourg, F-67034, France
| | - Florian Banhart
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, Strasbourg, F-67034, France
| | - Clement Sanchez
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 7574, Collège de France, LCMCP, 4 place Jussieu, Paris cedex 05, 75252, France
- USIAS Chair of Chemistry of ultradivided matter, University of Strasbourg Institut of Advanced Study, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Sylvie Begin-Colin
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, Strasbourg, F-67034, France
- Labex CSC, Fondation IcFRC/Université de Strasbourg, 8 allée Gaspard Monge BP 70028, Strasbourg Cedex, F-67083, France
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Hu Y, Picher M, Tran NM, Palluel M, Stoleriu L, Daro N, Mornet S, Enachescu C, Freysz E, Banhart F, Chastanet G. Photo-Thermal Switching of Individual Plasmonically Activated Spin Crossover Nanoparticle Imaged by Ultrafast Transmission Electron Microscopy. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2105586. [PMID: 34601766 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202105586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Spin crossover (SCO) is a promising switching phenomenon when implemented in electronic devices as molecules, thin films or nanoparticles. Among the properties modulated along this phenomenon, optically induced mechanical changes are of tremendous importance as they can work as fast light-induced mechanical switches or allow to investigate and control microstructural strains and fatigability. The development of characterization techniques probing nanoscopic behavior with high spatio-temporal resolution allows to trigger and visualize such mechanical changes of individual nanoscopic objects. Here, ultrafast transmission electron microscopy (UTEM) is used to precisely probe the length changes of individual switchable nanoparticles induced thermally by nanosecond laser pulses. This allows revealing of the mechanisms of spin switching, leading to the macroscopic expansion of SCO materials. This study is conducted on individual pure SCO nanoparticles and SCO nanoparticles encapsulating gold nanorods that serve for plasmonic heating under laser pulses. Length changes are compared with time-resolved optical measurements performed on an assembly of these particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaowei Hu
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, UMR 7504 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, F-67034, France
| | - Matthieu Picher
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, UMR 7504 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, F-67034, France
| | - Ngoc Minh Tran
- Universite de Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5798, LOMA, 358 Cours de la libération, Talence cedex, F-33405, France
| | - Marlène Palluel
- Institut de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Bordeaux, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, UMR 5026, Pessac, F-33600, France
| | - Laurentiu Stoleriu
- Faculty of Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iasi, 700506, Romania
| | - Nathalie Daro
- Institut de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Bordeaux, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, UMR 5026, Pessac, F-33600, France
| | - Stephane Mornet
- Institut de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Bordeaux, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, UMR 5026, Pessac, F-33600, France
| | - Cristian Enachescu
- Faculty of Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iasi, 700506, Romania
| | - Eric Freysz
- Universite de Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5798, LOMA, 358 Cours de la libération, Talence cedex, F-33405, France
| | - Florian Banhart
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, UMR 7504 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, F-67034, France
| | - Guillaume Chastanet
- Institut de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Bordeaux, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, UMR 5026, Pessac, F-33600, France
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Shen Y, Su S, Zhao W, Cheng S, Xu T, Yin K, Chen L, He L, Zhou Y, Bi H, Wan S, Zhang Q, Wang L, Ni Z, Banhart F, Botton GA, Ding F, Ruoff RS, Sun L. Sub-4 nm Nanodiamonds from Graphene-Oxide and Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at 423 K. ACS Nano 2021; 15:17392-17400. [PMID: 34128643 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanodiamonds are interesting materials from the point of view of their biocompatibility and their chemical, spectroscopic, and mechanical properties. Current synthetic methods for nanodiamonds involve harsh environments, which are potentially hazardous in addition to being expensive. We report a low-temperature (423 K) hydrothermal approach to form nanodiamonds by using graphene-oxide or nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, or pyrene) as a starting material. The reaction products contain single-crystalline or twinned nanodiamonds with average diameters in the 2-3 nm range. Theoretical calculations prove that, at the nanoscale, sub-4 nm nanodiamonds may adopt a structure that is more stable than graphene-oxide and nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Our findings show that sp2 carbon in the polycyclic aromatic precursor can be converted to sp3 carbon under unexpectedly moderate temperature conditions by using nanoscale precursors and thus offer a low-temperature approach for the synthesis of sub-4 nm nanodiamonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Shen
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi Su
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
- School of Aeronautic Engineering, Nanjing Vocational University of Industry Technology, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Zhao
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Shaobo Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Canadian Centre for Electron Microscopy, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Tao Xu
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Kuibo Yin
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Linjiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Longbing He
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Yilong Zhou
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Hengchang Bi
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Wan
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiubo Zhang
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Wang
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhua Ni
- Department of Physics, Southeast University, 211189, Nanjing, China
| | - Florian Banhart
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 Université de Strasbourg - CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Gianluigi A Botton
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Canadian Centre for Electron Microscopy, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Feng Ding
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Rodney S Ruoff
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Litao Sun
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
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Sinha SK, Khammari A, Picher M, Roulland F, Viart N, LaGrange T, Banhart F. Nanosecond electron pulses in the analytical electron microscopy of a fast irreversible chemical reaction. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3648. [PMID: 31409780 PMCID: PMC6692388 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11669-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We show how the kinetics of a fast and irreversible chemical reaction in a nanocrystalline material at high temperature can be studied using nanosecond electron pulses in an electron microscope. Infrared laser pulses first heat a nanocrystalline oxide layer on a carbon film, then single nanosecond electron pulses allow imaging, electron diffraction and electron energy-loss spectroscopy. This enables us to study the evolution of the morphology, crystallography, and elemental composition of the system with nanosecond resolution. Here, NiO nanocrystals are reduced to elemental nickel within 5 µs after the laser pulse. At high temperatures induced by laser heating, reduction results first in a liquid nickel phase that crystallizes on microsecond timescales. We show that the reaction kinetics in the reduction of nanocrystalline NiO differ from those in bulk materials. The observation of liquid nickel as a transition phase explains why the reaction is first order and occurs at high rates. Detailed knowledge of the transition states and kinetics of fast reactions in nanoparticles is desirable for many applications, but challenging to access. Here the authors obtain insight in nickel oxide reduction, using single-shot electron pulses in an electron microscope with nanosecond resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam K Sinha
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, UMR 7504, 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | - Amir Khammari
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, UMR 7504, 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | - Matthieu Picher
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, UMR 7504, 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | - Francois Roulland
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, UMR 7504, 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nathalie Viart
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, UMR 7504, 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas LaGrange
- Laboratory for Ultrafast Microscopy and Electron Scattering (LUMES), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florian Banhart
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, UMR 7504, 67034, Strasbourg, France.
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Picher M, Bücker K, LaGrange T, Banhart F. Imaging and electron energy-loss spectroscopy using single nanosecond electron pulses. Ultramicroscopy 2018; 188:41-47. [PMID: 29547872 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
We implement a parametric study with single electron pulses having a 7 ns duration to find the optimal conditions for imaging, diffraction, and electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) in the single-shot approach. Photoelectron pulses are generated by illuminating a flat tantalum cathode with 213 nm nanosecond laser pulses in a 200 kV transmission electron microscope (TEM) with thermionic gun and Wehnelt electrode. For the first time, an EEL spectrometer is used to measure the energy distribution of single nanosecond electron pulses which is crucial for understanding the ideal imaging conditions of the single-shot approach. By varying the laser power, the Wehnelt bias, and the condenser lens settings, the optimum TEM operation conditions for the single-shot approach are revealed. Due to space charge and the Boersch effect, the energy width of the pulses under maximized emission conditions is far too high for imaging or spectroscopy. However, by using the Wehnelt electrode as an energy filter, the energy width of the pulses can be reduced to 2 eV, though at the expense of intensity. The first EEL spectra taken with nanosecond electron pulses are shown in this study. With 7 ns pulses, an image resolution of 25 nm is attained. It is shown how the spherical and chromatic aberrations of the objective lens as well as shot noise limit the resolution. We summarize by giving perspectives for improving the single-shot time-resolved approach by using aberration correction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Picher
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, UMR 7504, Strasbourg 67034, France
| | - Kerstin Bücker
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, UMR 7504, Strasbourg 67034, France
| | - Thomas LaGrange
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Electron Microscopy (CIME), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Florian Banhart
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, UMR 7504, Strasbourg 67034, France.
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Abstract
Abstract:Clinical research involves recording, storage and retrieval of disease-related patient data, typically using a database system. In order to facilitate ad hoc queries to clinical databases we have developed a query generator with a graphical interface. The query generator uses an object-oriented data model which is visualized by directed graphs. The main focus of our work was the definition of object-oriented user views to the partly complex data structures of a relational database. Furthermore, we tried to define graphical abstractions for all common types of queries. Thus, even for non-expert database users such as clinicians, it is easy to assemble highly complex queries for a thorough examination of the content of large research databases.
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Abstract
With the rapid development of nanoscale structuring technology, the precision in the etching reaches the sub-10 nm scale today. However, with the ongoing development of nanofabrication the etching mechanisms with atomic precision still have to be understood in detail and improved. Here we observe, atom by atom, how preferential facets form in CaO crystals that are etched by an electron beam in an in situ high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM). An etching mechanism under electron beam irradiation is observed that is surprisingly similar to chemical etching and results in the formation of nanofacets. The observations also explain the dynamics of surface roughening. Our findings show how electron beam etching technology can be developed to ultimately realize tailoring of the facets of various crystalline materials with atomic precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Shen
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Xu
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
- Center for Advanced Materials and Manufacture, Joint Research Institute of Southeast University and Monash University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Tan
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Sun
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Longbing He
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
- Center for Advanced Materials and Manufacture, Joint Research Institute of Southeast University and Monash University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Kuibo Yin
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
- Center for Advanced Materials and Manufacture, Joint Research Institute of Southeast University and Monash University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Yilong Zhou
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Florian Banhart
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS , UMR 7504, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Litao Sun
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
- Center for Advanced Materials and Manufacture, Joint Research Institute of Southeast University and Monash University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
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12
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Bücker K, Picher M, Crégut O, LaGrange T, Reed B, Park S, Masiel D, Banhart F. Electron beam dynamics in an ultrafast transmission electron microscope with Wehnelt electrode. Ultramicroscopy 2016; 171:8-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Torre AL, Åhlgren EH, Fay MW, Ben Romdhane F, Skowron ST, Parmenter C, Davies AJ, Jouhannaud J, Pourroy G, Khlobystov AN, Brown PD, Besley E, Banhart F. Growth of single-layer boron nitride dome-shaped nanostructures catalysed by iron clusters. Nanoscale 2016; 8:15079-15085. [PMID: 27486917 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr03474h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report on the growth and formation of single-layer boron nitride dome-shaped nanostructures mediated by small iron clusters located on flakes of hexagonal boron nitride. The nanostructures were synthesized in situ at high temperature inside a transmission electron microscope while the e-beam was blanked. The formation process, typically originating at defective step-edges on the boron nitride support, was investigated using a combination of transmission electron microscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy and computational modelling. Computational modelling showed that the domes exhibit a nanotube-like structure with flat circular caps and that their stability was comparable to that of a single boron nitride layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A La Torre
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France. and School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - E H Åhlgren
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - M W Fay
- Nanoscale and Microscale Research Centre, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - F Ben Romdhane
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France.
| | - S T Skowron
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - C Parmenter
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - A J Davies
- Nanoscale and Microscale Research Centre, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - J Jouhannaud
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France.
| | - G Pourroy
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France.
| | - A N Khlobystov
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK. and Nanoscale and Microscale Research Centre, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - P D Brown
- Nanoscale and Microscale Research Centre, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK and Department of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - E Besley
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - F Banhart
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France.
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14
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Ben Romdhane F, Rodríguez-Manzo JA, Andrieux-Ledier A, Fossard F, Hallal A, Magaud L, Coraux J, Loiseau A, Banhart F. The formation of the smallest fullerene-like carbon cages on metal surfaces. Nanoscale 2016; 8:2561-2567. [PMID: 26785923 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr08212a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The nucleation and growth of carbon on catalytically active metal surfaces is one of the most important techniques to produce nanomaterials such as graphene or nanotubes. Here it is shown by in situ electron microscopy that fullerene-like spherical clusters with diameters down to 0.4 nm and thus much smaller than C60 grow in a polymerized state on Co, Fe, or Ru surfaces. The cages appear on the surface of metallic islands in contact with graphene under heating to at least 650 °C and successively cooling to less than 500 °C. The formation of the small cages is explained by the segregation of carbon on a supersaturated metal, driven by kinetics. First principles energy calculations show that the clusters polymerize and can be attached to defects in graphene. Under compression, the polymerized cages appear in a crystalline structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ben Romdhane
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, UMR 7504 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France.
| | - J A Rodríguez-Manzo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - A Andrieux-Ledier
- LEM, ONERA-CNRS, 29 avenue de la Division Leclerc, Châtillon, France
| | - F Fossard
- LEM, ONERA-CNRS, 29 avenue de la Division Leclerc, Châtillon, France
| | - A Hallal
- Institut Néel, Université de Grenoble, CNRS, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - L Magaud
- Institut Néel, Université de Grenoble, CNRS, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - J Coraux
- Institut Néel, Université de Grenoble, CNRS, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - A Loiseau
- LEM, ONERA-CNRS, 29 avenue de la Division Leclerc, Châtillon, France
| | - F Banhart
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, UMR 7504 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France.
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15
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Melinte G, Moldovan S, Hirlimann C, Liu X, Bégin-Colin S, Bégin D, Banhart F, Pham-Huu C, Ersen O. Towards nanoprinting with metals on graphene. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8071. [PMID: 26314620 PMCID: PMC4560798 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene and carbon nanotubes are envisaged as suitable materials for the fabrication of the new generation of nanoelectronics. The controlled patterning of such nanostructures with metal nanoparticles is conditioned by the transfer between a recipient and the surface to pattern. Electromigration under the impact of an applied voltage stands at the base of printing discrete digits at the nanoscale. Here we report the use of carbon nanotubes as nanoreservoirs for iron nanoparticles transfer on few-layer graphene. An initial Joule-induced annealing is required to ensure the control of the mass transfer with the nanotube acting as a ‘pen' for the writing process. By applying a voltage, the tube filled with metal nanoparticles can deposit metal on the surface of the graphene sheet at precise locations. The reverse transfer of nanoparticles from the graphene surface to the nanotube when changing the voltage polarity opens the way for error corrections. The precise delivery of materials onto graphene is important for nano-processing but little is known about the mechanisms of such processes. Here, the authors use a range of microscopic techniques for the real-time observation of nanoparticle transfer from the inner channel of a carbon nanotube onto graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Melinte
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg (UdS), 23, rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg cedex 2, France.,Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), UMR 7515 CNRS, ECPM, Université de Strasbourg (UdS), 25, rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - S Moldovan
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg (UdS), 23, rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg cedex 2, France
| | - C Hirlimann
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg (UdS), 23, rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg cedex 2, France
| | - X Liu
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg (UdS), 23, rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg cedex 2, France
| | - S Bégin-Colin
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg (UdS), 23, rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg cedex 2, France
| | - D Bégin
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), UMR 7515 CNRS, ECPM, Université de Strasbourg (UdS), 25, rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - F Banhart
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg (UdS), 23, rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg cedex 2, France
| | - C Pham-Huu
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), UMR 7515 CNRS, ECPM, Université de Strasbourg (UdS), 25, rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - O Ersen
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg (UdS), 23, rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg cedex 2, France
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16
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Ba H, Liu Y, Truong-Phuoc L, Duong-Viet C, Mu X, Doh WH, Tran-Thanh T, Baaziz W, Nguyen-Dinh L, Nhut JM, Janowska I, Begin D, Zafeiratos S, Granger P, Tuci G, Giambastiani G, Banhart F, Ledoux MJ, Pham-Huu C. A highly N-doped carbon phase "dressing" of macroscopic supports for catalytic applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:14393-6. [PMID: 26271207 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc05259a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The straightforward "dressing" of macroscopically shaped supports (i.e.β-SiC and α-Al2O3) with a mesoporous and highly nitrogen-doped carbon-phase starting from food-processing raw materials is described. The as-prepared composites serve as highly efficient and selective metal-free catalysts for promoting industrial key-processes at the heart of renewable energy technology and environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Housseinou Ba
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), ECPM, UMR 7515 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 25, rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02, France.
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17
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La Torre A, Botello-Mendez A, Baaziz W, Charlier JC, Banhart F. Strain-induced metal-semiconductor transition observed in atomic carbon chains. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6636. [PMID: 25818506 PMCID: PMC4389248 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbyne, the sp(1)-hybridized phase of carbon, is still a missing link in the family of carbon allotropes. While the bulk phases of carbyne remain elusive, the elementary constituents, that is, linear chains of carbon atoms, have already been observed using the electron microscope. Isolated atomic chains are highly interesting one-dimensional conductors that have stimulated considerable theoretical work. Experimental information, however, is still very limited. Here we show electrical measurements and first-principles transport calculations on monoatomic carbon chains. When the 1D system is under strain, the chains are semiconducting corresponding to the polyyne structure with alternating bond lengths. Conversely, when the chain is unstrained, the ohmic behaviour of metallic cumulene with uniform bond lengths is observed. This confirms the recent prediction of a metal-insulator transition that is induced by strain. The key role of the contacting leads explains the rectifying behaviour measured in monoatomic carbon chains in a nonsymmetric contact configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A La Torre
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - A Botello-Mendez
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Chemin des étoiles 8, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - W Baaziz
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé, UMR 7515 CNRS Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - J-C Charlier
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Chemin des étoiles 8, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - F Banhart
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
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18
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Romdhane FB, Cretu O, Debbichi L, Eriksson O, Lebègue S, Banhart F. Quasi-2D Cu2 S crystals on graphene: in-situ growth and ab-initio calculations. Small 2015; 11:1253-1257. [PMID: 25367225 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201400444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional crystals of beta-copper sulfide are synthesized in an in-situ electron microscopy experiment. Copper crystals are deposited on an amorphous carbon film containing sulfur. The carbon film graphitizes upon heating and electron irradiation and allows the reaction of Cu and S towards two-dimensional Cu(2) S crystals. These are energetically favourable and bonded via van der Waals interactions to the graphitic substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdaous Ben Romdhane
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux UMR 7504 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034, Strasbourg, France
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19
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Abstract
Linear strings of sp(1)-hybridized carbon atoms are considered as a possible phase of carbon since decades. Whereas the debate about the stability of the corresponding bulk phase carbyne continues until today, the existence of isolated chains of carbon atoms has meanwhile been corroborated experimentally. Since graphene, as the two-dimensional sp(2)-bonded allotrope of carbon, has become a vast field, the question about the importance of one-dimensional carbon became of renewed interest. The present article gives an overview of the work that has been carried out on chains of carbon atoms in the past one or two decades. The review concentrates on isolated chains of carbon atoms and summarizes the experimental observations to date. While the experimental information is still very limited, many calculations of the physical and chemical properties have been published in the past years. Some of the most important theoretical studies and their importance in the present experimental situation are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Banhart
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504 CNRS, University of Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
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20
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Melin F, Noor MR, Pardieu E, Boulmedais F, Banhart F, Cecchini G, Soulimane T, Hellwig P. Investigating the thermostability of succinate: quinone oxidoreductase enzymes by direct electrochemistry at SWNTs-modified electrodes and FTIR spectroscopy. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:3572-9. [PMID: 25139263 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201402354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Succinate: quinone reductases (SQRs) are the enzymes that couple the oxidation of succinate and the reduction of quinones in the respiratory chain of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Herein, we compare the temperature-dependent activity and structural stability of two SQRs, the first from the mesophilic bacterium Escherichia coli and the second from the thermophilic bacterium Thermus thermophilus, using a combined electrochemical and infrared spectroscopy approach. Direct electron transfer was achieved with full membrane protein complexes at single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT)-modified electrodes. The possible structural factors that contribute to the temperature-dependent activity of the enzymes and, in particular, to the thermostability of the Thermus thermophilus SQR are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Melin
- Laboratoire de Bioélectrochimie et Spectroscopie, Chimie de la Matière Complexe (UMR 7140), Université de Strasbourg, 1 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg (France)
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21
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Bi H, Yin K, Xie X, Zhou Y, Wan S, Banhart F, Sun L. Microscopic bimetallic actuator based on a bilayer of graphene and graphene oxide. Nanoscale 2013; 5:9123-9128. [PMID: 23907556 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr01988h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We present an actuator, consisting of a bilayer of graphene and graphene oxide, which allows us to exert forces in micromechanical systems that are at least 50 times higher than reported for other actuators of comparable size. The durability of such a device and stability during many cycles are demonstrated, and the related mechanism is discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengchang Bi
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China.
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22
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Cretu O, Botello-Mendez AR, Janowska I, Pham-Huu C, Charlier JC, Banhart F. Electrical transport measured in atomic carbon chains. Nano Lett 2013; 13:3487-3493. [PMID: 23879314 DOI: 10.1021/nl4018918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The first electrical-transport measurements of monatomic carbon chains are reported in this study. The chains were obtained by unraveling carbon atoms from graphene ribbons while an electrical current flowed through the ribbon and, successively, through the chain. The formation of the chains was accompanied by a characteristic drop in the electrical conductivity. The conductivity of the chains was much lower than previously predicted for ideal chains. First-principles calculations using both density functional and many-body perturbation theory show that strain in the chains has an increasing effect on the conductivity as the length of the chains increases. Indeed, carbon chains are always under varying nonzero strain that transforms their atomic structure from the cumulene to the polyyne configuration, thus inducing a tunable band gap. The modified electronic structure and the characteristics of the contact to the graphitic periphery explain the low conductivity of the locally constrained carbon chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovidiu Cretu
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, Université de Strasbourg, UMR 7504 CNRS, Strasbourg, France
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23
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Ben Romdhane F, Björkman T, Rodríguez-Manzo JA, Cretu O, Krasheninnikov AV, Banhart F. In situ growth of cellular two-dimensional silicon oxide on metal substrates. ACS Nano 2013; 7:5175-5180. [PMID: 23692544 DOI: 10.1021/nn400905k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Crystalline hexagonally ordered silicon oxide layers with a thickness of less than a nanometer are grown on transition metal surfaces in an in situ electron microscopy experiment. The nucleation and growth of silica bilayers and monolayers, which represent the thinnest possible ordered structures of silicon oxide, are monitored in real time. The emerging layers show structural defects reminiscent of those in graphene and can also be vitreous. First-principles calculations provide atomistic insight into the energetics of the growth process. The interplay between the gain in silica-metal interaction energy due to their epitaxial match and energy loss associated with the mechanical strain of the silica network is addressed. The results of calculations indicate that both ordered and vitreous mono/bilayer structures are possible, so that the actual morphology of the layer is defined by the kinetics of the growth process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdaous Ben Romdhane
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, UMR 7504 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23 Rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
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24
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Bi H, Yin K, Xie X, Zhou Y, Wan N, Xu F, Banhart F, Sun L, Ruoff RS. Low temperature casting of graphene with high compressive strength. Adv Mater 2012; 24:5124-5123. [PMID: 22767490 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201201519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hengchang Bi
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
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25
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Fuchs H, Webster TJ, Tang Z, Banhart F. Functional Nanomaterials and Their Applications: From Origins to Unanswered Questions. Chemphyschem 2012; 13:2423-5. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201200444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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26
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Liu Z, Zhan Y, Shi G, Moldovan S, Gharbi M, Song L, Ma L, Gao W, Huang J, Vajtai R, Banhart F, Sharma P, Lou J, Ajayan PM. Anomalous high capacitance in a coaxial single nanowire capacitor. Nat Commun 2012; 3:879. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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27
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Doan BT, Seguin J, Breton M, Beherec RL, Bessodes M, Rodríguez-Manzo JA, Banhart F, Beloeil JC, Scherman D, Richard C. Functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes containing traces of iron as new negative MRI contrast agents forin vivoimaging. Contrast Media Mol Imaging 2012; 7:153-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bich-Thuy Doan
- Unité de Pharmacologie Chimique et Génétique et d'Imagerie, Chimie ParisTech; Université Paris Descartes, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques; CNRS UMR 8151, Inserm U1022 Paris F-75270 cedex France
- CBM, CNRS; UPR 4301 F-45071 Orléans cedex France
| | - Johanne Seguin
- Unité de Pharmacologie Chimique et Génétique et d'Imagerie, Chimie ParisTech; Université Paris Descartes, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques; CNRS UMR 8151, Inserm U1022 Paris F-75270 cedex France
| | - Marie Breton
- Unité de Pharmacologie Chimique et Génétique et d'Imagerie, Chimie ParisTech; Université Paris Descartes, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques; CNRS UMR 8151, Inserm U1022 Paris F-75270 cedex France
| | - Ronan Le Beherec
- Unité de Pharmacologie Chimique et Génétique et d'Imagerie, Chimie ParisTech; Université Paris Descartes, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques; CNRS UMR 8151, Inserm U1022 Paris F-75270 cedex France
| | - Michel Bessodes
- Unité de Pharmacologie Chimique et Génétique et d'Imagerie, Chimie ParisTech; Université Paris Descartes, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques; CNRS UMR 8151, Inserm U1022 Paris F-75270 cedex France
| | - Julio A. Rodríguez-Manzo
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, UMR 7504 CNRS; Université de Strasbourg; F-67034 Strasbourg France
| | - Florian Banhart
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, UMR 7504 CNRS; Université de Strasbourg; F-67034 Strasbourg France
| | | | - Daniel Scherman
- Unité de Pharmacologie Chimique et Génétique et d'Imagerie, Chimie ParisTech; Université Paris Descartes, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques; CNRS UMR 8151, Inserm U1022 Paris F-75270 cedex France
| | - Cyrille Richard
- Unité de Pharmacologie Chimique et Génétique et d'Imagerie, Chimie ParisTech; Université Paris Descartes, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques; CNRS UMR 8151, Inserm U1022 Paris F-75270 cedex France
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Rodríguez-Manzo JA, Krasheninnikov AV, Banhart F. Engineering the Atomic Structure of Carbon Nanotubes by a Focused Electron Beam: New Morphologies at the Sub-Nanometer Scale. Chemphyschem 2012; 13:2596-600. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201101000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Tyagi PK, Janowska I, Cretu O, Pham-Huu C, Banhart F. Catalytic action of gold and copper crystals in the growth of carbon nanotubes. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2011; 11:3609-3615. [PMID: 21776744 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2011.3740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Multi-wall carbon nanotubes are grown in a chemical vapor deposition process by using bulk gold and copper substrates as catalysts. Nanotube growth starts from a nanometer-sized roughness on the metal surfaces and occurs in a mechanism where the catalyst particle is either at the tip (Au) or root (Cu) of the growing nanotube. Whereas Au leads to nanotubes with good structural perfection, nanotubes grown from Cu show a higher density of defects. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy shows the bonding between Au and carbon at the metal-nanotube interface whereas no bonds between Cu and carbon occur. Highly mobile Au or Cu atoms adsorb at the growing edge of a carbon nanotube from where diffusion along the nanotube wall can lead to the formation of Au or Cu nanowires inside the central hollow of carbon nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan K Tyagi
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, UMR 7504, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
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Rodríguez-Manzo JA, Pham-Huu C, Banhart F. Graphene growth by a metal-catalyzed solid-state transformation of amorphous carbon. ACS Nano 2011; 5:1529-34. [PMID: 21250652 DOI: 10.1021/nn103456z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Single and few-layer graphene is grown by a solid-state transformation of amorphous carbon on a catalytically active metal. The process is carried out and monitored in situ in an electron microscope. It is observed that an amorphous carbon film is taken up by Fe, Co, or Ni crystals at temperatures above 600 °C. The nucleation and growth of graphene layers on the metal surfaces happen after the amorphous carbon film has been dissolved. It is shown that the transformation of the energetically less favorable amorphous carbon to the more favorable phase of graphene occurs by diffusion of carbon atoms through the catalytically active metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio A Rodríguez-Manzo
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, UMR 7504 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
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Abstract
Graphene is one of the most promising materials in nanotechnology. The electronic and mechanical properties of graphene samples with high perfection of the atomic lattice are outstanding, but structural defects, which may appear during growth or processing, deteriorate the performance of graphene-based devices. However, deviations from perfection can be useful in some applications, as they make it possible to tailor the local properties of graphene and to achieve new functionalities. In this article, the present knowledge about point and line defects in graphene are reviewed. Particular emphasis is put on the unique ability of graphene to reconstruct its lattice around intrinsic defects, leading to interesting effects and potential applications. Extrinsic defects such as foreign atoms which are of equally high importance for designing graphene-based devices with dedicated properties are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Banhart
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, UMR 7504 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France.
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Cretu O, Krasheninnikov AV, Rodríguez-Manzo JA, Sun L, Nieminen RM, Banhart F. Migration and localization of metal atoms on strained graphene. Phys Rev Lett 2010; 105:196102. [PMID: 21231186 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.196102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Reconstructed point defects in graphene are created by electron irradiation and annealing. By applying electron microscopy and density functional theory, it is shown that the strain field around these defects reaches far into the unperturbed hexagonal network and that metal atoms have a high affinity to the nonperfect and strained regions of graphene. Metal atoms are attracted by reconstructed defects and bonded with energies of about 2 eV. The increased reactivity of the distorted π-electron system in strained graphene allows us to attach metal atoms and to tailor the properties of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovidiu Cretu
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, UMR 7504 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
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Abstract
Lattice defects in carbon nanotubes and graphene are created by focusing an electron beam in a scanning transmission electron microscope onto a 0.1 nm spot on the objects. Metal atoms migrating on the graphenic surfaces are observed to be trapped by these defects. Depending on the size of the defect, single metal atoms or clusters of several atoms can be localized in or on nanotubes or graphene layers. Subsequent escape of the metal atoms from the trapping centers gives information about the bonding between the metal atom and the defect. The process of trapping and detrapping is studied in a temperature range of 20-670 degrees C. The technique allows one to place metal atoms with almost atomic precision in graphenic structures and to create a predefined pattern of foreign atoms in graphene or carbon nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio A Rodríguez-Manzo
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Materiaux, UMR 7504 CNRS, Universite de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
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Rodríguez-Manzo JA, Tolvanen A, Krasheninnikov AV, Nordlund K, Demortière A, Banhart F. Defect-induced junctions between single- or double-wall carbon nanotubes and metal crystals. Nanoscale 2010; 2:901-905. [PMID: 20648284 DOI: 10.1039/c0nr00098a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Interfaces between the ends of single- or double-wall carbon nanotubes and metal crystals (Fe, Co, Pd, and Pt) are established by electron irradiation with nanometre precision at metal-nanotube contact areas. Calculations of the bonding energies at the metal-nanotube interfaces confirm that the formation of these covalent junctions is energetically favourable in the presence of a certain concentration of structural defects in the nanotubes. The process may be endothermic or exothermic in comparison with the unconnected configuration, but in either case atomic defects in carbon nanotubes are a necessary condition for joining them with metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio A Rodríguez-Manzo
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, UMR 7504 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, France
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Lehtinen O, Nikitin T, Krasheninnikov AV, Sun L, Khriachtchev L, Banhart F, Terao T, Golberg D, Keinonen J. Ion irradiation of multi-walled boron nitride nanotubes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pssc.200982956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Rodríguez-Manzo JA, Janowska I, Pham-Huu C, Tolvanen A, Krasheninnikov AV, Nordlund K, Banhart F. Growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes from sharp metal tips. Small 2009; 5:2710-2715. [PMID: 19743432 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200900590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The nucleation and growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes is observed in situ in a transmission electron microscope. Carbon atoms are implanted into catalytically active metal particles by electron-beam sputtering. The metal particles are then shaped with a focused electron beam. Once the particles have a region of high surface curvature, spontaneous nucleation and growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes occurs on the metal particles. It is shown that the local solubility of carbon in the metal determines the nucleation of nanotubes. This is confirmed by atomistic computer simulations treating the solubility of carbon in a metal particle as a function of the size of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio A Rodríguez-Manzo
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, UMR 7504, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Abstract
The article reviews the interaction between crystalline metals and carbon nanotubes in nanocomposite systems. Starting with an introduction to the chemical interaction between metal atoms and graphitic layers, an overview of the fields of nanotechnology is given where metal-carbon interaction comes into play. The interface between metals and carbon nanotubes is of interest in junctions between nanotubes and their periphery, for example in metallic contacts for electronic devices or in metal supports for carbon nanotube components. Furthermore, metals determine the catalytic growth of carbon nanotubes. The behaviour of individual metal atoms in or on carbon nanotubes is treated as well as the interaction between crystalline metals and nanotube surfaces. Emphasis is put on the common mechanisms of metal-carbon interaction that play a role in such different fields as the electrical transport through a metal-nanotube contact or the catalytic growth of nanotubes from metal particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Banhart
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, UMR 7504, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034, Strasbourg, France.
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Wang MS, Bando Y, Rodriguez-Manzo JA, Banhart F, Golberg D. Cobalt nanoparticle-assisted engineering of multiwall carbon nanotubes. ACS Nano 2009; 3:2632-2638. [PMID: 19678671 DOI: 10.1021/nn900634f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
New methods of processing multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are demonstrated in experiments in the transmission electron microscope (TEM). These include precisely controllable cutting, repairing, and interconnecting of different CNTs with the assistance of an encapsulated Co particle. All processes involve the interactions between the metal and graphitic shells that are driven by combined electrical biasing [using a scanning-tunneling microscope (STM)-TEM setup] of the CNT and focused electron-beam irradiation of a Co-containing region. In particular, we present two CNT soldering processes, that is, Co-joined and Co-catalytic connections. The former process uses a Co particle as the central node to which two CNTs are covalently attached on the opposite sides, and the latter makes use of the segregation of new graphitic shells from the metal at the connecting site, resulting in CNT plumbing. We compare the mechanical robustness of both connection types by direct force measurements in the TEM using an integrated atomic force microscope (AFM) setup. They reveal a tensile strength of 4.2 and 31 GPa, respectively, thus demonstrating the superiority of the Co-catalytic connection whose strength is already comparable to standard CNTs. In addition, all connected nanotubes show metallic conduction. The developed methods could be of particular importance in future nanoelectronic device technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Sheng Wang
- WPI Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.
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Rodriguez-Manzo JA, Banhart F. Creation of individual vacancies in carbon nanotubes by using an electron beam of 1 A diameter. Nano Lett 2009; 9:2285-2289. [PMID: 19413339 DOI: 10.1021/nl900463u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The focused electron beam of an aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope is used to create individual vacancies in predefined positions of carbon nanotubes. Vacancies in single-wall tubes are unstable and cause an immediate reconstruction of the lattice between 20 and 700 degrees C. In double-wall tubes, vacancies are stable and observable up to at least 235 degrees C, whereas above 480 degrees C a relaxation of the lattice occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio A Rodriguez-Manzo
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Materiaux (IPCMS-DESI), Universite de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, 23 rue du loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
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Rodríguez-Manzo JA, Banhart F, Terrones M, Terrones H, Grobert N, Ajayan PM, Sumpter BG, Meunier V, Wang M, Bando Y, Golberg D. Heterojunctions between metals and carbon nanotubes as ultimate nanocontacts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:4591-5. [PMID: 19273856 PMCID: PMC2660775 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0900960106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the controlled formation and characterization of heterojunctions between carbon nanotubes and different metal nanocrystals (Fe, Co, Ni, and FeCo). The heterojunctions are formed from metal-filled multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) via intense electron beam irradiation at temperatures in the range of 450-700 degrees C and observed in situ in a transmission electron microscope. Under irradiation, the segregation of metal and carbon atoms occurs, leading to the formation of heterojunctions between metal and graphite. Metallic conductivity of the metal-nanotube junctions was found by using in situ transport measurements in an electron microscope. Density functional calculations show that these structures are mechanically strong, the bonding at the interface is covalent, and the electronic states at and around the Fermi level are delocalized across the entire system. These properties are essential for the application of such heterojunctions as contacts in electronic devices and vital for the fabrication of robust nanotube-metal composite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio A. Rodríguez-Manzo
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7504, Université de Strasbourg, 23 Rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Florian Banhart
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7504, Université de Strasbourg, 23 Rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Mauricio Terrones
- Laboratory for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Research and Advanced Materials Department, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Col. Lomas 4a Sección, 78216 San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Humberto Terrones
- Laboratory for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Research and Advanced Materials Department, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Col. Lomas 4a Sección, 78216 San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Nicole Grobert
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Pulickel M. Ajayan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Rice University, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, TX 77251-1892
| | - Bobby G. Sumpter
- Computer Science and Mathematics Division and Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6367; and
| | - Vincent Meunier
- Computer Science and Mathematics Division and Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6367; and
| | - Mingsheng Wang
- World Premier International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Yoshio Bando
- World Premier International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Dmitri Golberg
- World Premier International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
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Sun L, Krasheninnikov AV, Ahlgren T, Nordlund K, Banhart F. Plastic deformation of single nanometer-sized crystals. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 101:156101. [PMID: 18999616 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.156101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report in situ electron microscopy observations of the plastic deformation of individual nanometer-sized Au, Pt, W, and Mo crystals. Specifically designed graphitic cages that contract under electron irradiation are used as nanoscopic deformation cells. The correlation with atomistic simulations shows that the observed slow plastic deformation is due to dislocation activity. Our results also provide evidence that the vacancy concentration in a nanoscale system can be smaller than in the bulk material, an effect which has not been studied experimentally before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Litao Sun
- Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Gan
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Mainz Mainz 55099, Germany
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Grimm D, Venezuela P, Banhart F, Grobert N, Terrones H, Ajayan PM, Terrones M, Latgé A. Synthesis of SWCNT rings made by two Y junctions and possible applications in electron interferometry. Small 2007; 3:1900-1905. [PMID: 17935076 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200700327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Grimm
- Institute of Physics, University Federal Fluminense, 24210-340, Niterói-RJ, Brazil
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Abstract
Irradiating solids with energetic particles is usually thought to introduce disorder, normally an undesirable phenomenon. But recent experiments on electron or ion irradiation of various nanostructures demonstrate that it can have beneficial effects and that electron or ion beams may be used to tailor the structure and properties of nanosystems with high precision. Moreover, in many cases irradiation can lead to self-organization or self-assembly in nanostructures. In this review we survey recent advances in the rapidly evolving area of irradiation effects in nanostructured materials, with particular emphasis on carbon systems because of their technological importance and the unique ability of graphitic networks to reconstruct under irradiation. We dwell not only on the physics behind irradiation of nanostructures but also on the technical applicability of irradiation for nanoengineering of carbon and other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Krasheninnikov
- Accelerator Laboratory, P.O. Box 43, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Rodríguez-Manzo JA, Terrones M, Terrones H, Kroto HW, Sun L, Banhart F. In situ nucleation of carbon nanotubes by the injection of carbon atoms into metal particles. Nat Nanotechnol 2007; 2:307-311. [PMID: 18654289 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2007.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) of desired chiralities and diameters is one of the most important challenges in nanotube science and achieving such selectivity may require a detailed understanding of their growth mechanism. We report the formation of CNTs in an entirely condensed phase process that allows us, for the first time, to monitor the nucleation of a nanotube on the spherical surface of a metal particle. When multiwalled CNTs containing metal particle cores are irradiated with an electron beam, carbon from graphitic shells surrounding the metal particles is ingested into the body of the particle and subsequently emerges as single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) or multiwalled nanotubes (MWNTs) inside the host nanotubes. These observations, at atomic resolution in an electron microscope, show that there is direct bonding between the tubes and the metal surface from which the tubes sprout and can be readily explained by bulk diffusion of carbon through the body of catalytic particles, with no evidence of surface diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio A Rodríguez-Manzo
- Advanced Materials Department, IPICyT, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Col. Lomas 4a. sección, 78216 San Luis Potosí, México
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Zwanger
- a Max-Planck-Institut für Metallforschung, Institut für Physik , Heisenbergstr. 1, D-70569 , Stuttgart , Germany
- b Universitat Stuttgart, Institut für Theoretische und Angewandte Physik , Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569 , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Florian Banhart
- a Max-Planck-Institut für Metallforschung, Institut für Physik , Heisenbergstr. 1, D-70569 , Stuttgart , Germany
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Sun L, Banhart F, Krasheninnikov AV, Rodríguez-Manzo JA, Terrones M, Ajayan PM. Carbon Nanotubes as High-Pressure Cylinders and Nanoextruders. Science 2006; 312:1199-202. [PMID: 16728637 DOI: 10.1126/science.1124594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Closed-shell carbon nanostructures, such as carbon onions, have been shown to act as self-contracting high-pressure cells under electron irradiation. We report that controlled irradiation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes can cause large pressure buildup within the nanotube cores that can plastically deform, extrude, and break solid materials that are encapsulated inside the core. We further showed by atomistic simulations that the internal pressure inside nanotubes can reach values higher than 40 gigapascals. Nanotubes can thus be used as robust nanoscale jigs for extruding and deforming hard nanomaterials and for modifying their properties, as well as templates for the study of individual nanometer-sized crystals under high pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sun
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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Banhart F, Li J, Terrones M. Cutting single-walled carbon nanotubes with an electron beam: evidence for atom migration inside nanotubes. Small 2005; 1:953-6. [PMID: 17193375 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200500162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Banhart
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany.
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